Our Holding Company Structure and Historical VIE Structure Agora, Inc. is the Cayman Islands holding company of two independent divisions operating under the Agora and Shenagwang brands. Headquartered in Santa Clara, California, Agora is a pioneer and global leader in Real-Time Engagement Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) that operates in the United States, as well as other international markets outside the United States and China. Headquartered in Shanghai, China, Shengwang is a pioneer and leading Real-Time Engagement PaaS provider in the China market. Agora, Inc. does not conduct operations by itself. We conduct our operations primarily (i) through our subsidiaries in the United States, Singapore and other jurisdictions for our global business; and (ii) for our business in China, through our PRC subsidiaries. Therefore, investors are purchasing equity securities of a Cayman Islands holding company rather than equity securities issued by Agora, Inc.’s subsidiaries. The following diagram illustrates our corporate structure as of the date of this annual report, including our significant subsidiaries: Before its termination in January 2025, the Former VIE structure was used to provide foreign investors with economic exposure to China-based businesses in sectors where direct foreign investment was restricted under PRC law. In January 2025, we terminated the foregoing contractual arrangements with the Former VIE and began to conduct our business in China through our PRC subsidiaries, such as Shanghai Shengwang which holds all the permits, licenses and assets necessary to provide our services, and contracts mainly with our customers, vendors and partners. We believe the termination of the Former VIE structure did not have any material impact on our China operations. See “Item 4 Information on The Company—A. History and Development of the Company” for further details of our historical VIE structure and the description of the relevant contractual agreements. Material Licenses and Permits The following table sets out the licenses and permits used in our operations in China as of the date of this annual report. License/Permit Holder Expiration Date Value-added Telecommunication Business Operation License (B2-20240355) Shanghai Shengwang August 8, 2029 As advised by our PRC legal counsel, as of the date of this annual report, our subsidiaries in China have obtained all material 3 licenses, permissions and approvals necessary for our current main business operation in China and no such licenses, permissions or approvals had been denied. As of the date of this annual report, other than the licenses, permissions and approvals we had obtained, we were not required to obtain other permissions or approvals from the China Securities Regulatory Commission (the “CSRC”), the Cyberspace Administration of China (the “CAC”) or any other authorities to operate our business in China. We have been closely monitoring regulatory development in China regarding any necessary permissions or approvals from the CSRC, the CAC or other authorities to operate our business in China. However, there are uncertainties as to the related interpretation and implementation of regulatory requirements. It is possible that we may be required by the regulators to update our existing licenses or to obtain additional licenses, permissions or approvals under the current or future laws, rules and regulations applicable to our business as promulgated and amended from time to time. Any failure by us and our subsidiaries in China, even inadvertently, to maintain compliance with applicable PRC laws and regulations, or obtain and maintain required licenses and permissions, in a timely manner or at all, may result in the suspension or termination of our business activities in China, and even subject us, or our subsidiaries to administrative penalties. See “—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—Our business is subject to a variety of laws and regulations in the jurisdictions where we operate, including those regarding privacy, cybersecurity and data protection, and our customers may be subject to regulations related to the handling and transfer of certain types of sensitive and confidential information. Any failure of our platform to comply with or enable our customers to comply with applicable laws and regulations could harm our business, operating results and financial condition,” “—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—Our former contractual arrangements in relation to the Former VIE may be subject to scrutiny by the PRC tax authorities, and they may determine that we or the Former VIE owe additional taxes, which could negatively affect our financial condition and the value of your investment” and “—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—We may be required to obtain and maintain permits and licenses to operate our business in China.” Apart from above, as of the date of this annual report, we were not required to obtain other permissions or approvals from the CSRC, the CAC or any other PRC authorities to offer the securities being registered to foreign investors. However, there are uncertainties as to the related interpretation and implementation of current regulatory requirements and such regulations are subject to change. If the current or future laws, rules and regulations as promulgated and amended from time to time mandate specific actions to be completed by China-based companies listed on a foreign stock exchange like us, we face uncertainties as to whether such actions can be timely completed, or at all. Complying with these laws and requirements could cause us to incur substantial expenses. Additionally, to the extent we are found to be not in compliance with these laws and requirements, we may be subject to fines, regulatory orders to suspend our operations or offerings, or other regulatory and disciplinary sanctions, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. See “—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—Our business is subject to a variety of laws and regulations in the jurisdictions where we operate, including those regarding privacy, cybersecurity and data protection, and our customers may be subject to regulations related to the handling and transfer of certain types of sensitive and confidential information. Any failure of our platform to comply with or enable our customers to comply with applicable laws and regulations could harm our business, operating results and financial condition” for more details. We will continuously assess the need to obtain and renew permits and licenses to operate our business, closely consult the supervisory authority having jurisdiction over us, and follow their guidance in a timely manner to ensure we run our business legally. However, we may fail, on acceptable terms and in a timely manner, or at all, to obtain, maintain or update the permits and licenses we may need to operate and expand our business from time to time and as required by the supervisory authorities. If we do not receive or maintain the approvals, or we inadvertently conclude that such approvals are not required, or applicable laws, regulations, or interpretations change such that we are required to obtain approval in the future, we may be subject to administrative penalties by relevant PRC regulators with measures including fines, and in very extreme cases, confiscation of the gains derived from the operations, being required to discontinue or restrict our operation and being placed in the credit blacklist made by the PRC regulator, and our business, operating results and financial condition could be materially adversely affected. Restrictions on Foreign Exchange and the Ability to Transfer Cash between Entities, Across Borders and to U.S. Investors In the future, Agora, Inc.’s ability to pay dividends, if any, to its shareholders and ADS holders and to service any debt it may incur will depend upon dividends paid by our PRC subsidiaries. Under PRC laws and regulations, our PRC subsidiaries are subject to certain restrictions with respect to paying dividends or otherwise transferring any of their net assets offshore to Agora, Inc. In particular, under the current effective PRC laws and regulations, dividends may be paid only out of distributable profits. Distributable profits are the net profit as determined under PRC GAAP, less any recovery of accumulated losses and appropriations to statutory and other reserves required to be made. Each of our PRC subsidiaries is required to set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profits each year, after making up previous years’ accumulated losses, if any, to fund certain statutory reserve funds, until the aggregate amount of such a fund reaches 50% of its registered capital. As a result, our PRC subsidiaries may not have sufficient distributable profits to pay dividends to us in the near future. Furthermore, if certain procedural requirements are satisfied, the payment of current account items, including profit distributions and trade and service related foreign exchange transactions, can be made in foreign currencies without prior approval from State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or the SAFE, or its local branches. However, where RMB is to be converted into foreign currency and remitted out of China to pay capital expenses, such as the repayment of loans denominated in foreign currencies, approval from or registration with competent government authorities or its authorized banks is required. The PRC government may 4 take measures at its discretion from time to time to restrict access to foreign currencies for current account or capital account transactions. If the foreign exchange control system prevents us from obtaining sufficient foreign currencies to satisfy our foreign currency demands, we may not be able to pay dividends in foreign currencies to our offshore intermediary holding companies or ultimate parent company, and therefore, our shareholders or investors in our ADSs. Further, we cannot assure you that new regulations or policies will not be promulgated in the future, which may further restrict the remittance of RMB into or out of the PRC. We cannot assure you, in light of the restrictions in place, or any amendment to be made from time to time, that our current or future PRC subsidiaries will be able to satisfy their respective payment obligations that are denominated in foreign currencies, including the remittance of dividends outside of the PRC. If any of our subsidiaries incurs debt on its own behalf in the future, the instruments governing such debt may restrict its ability to pay dividends to Agora, Inc. In addition, our PRC subsidiaries are required to make appropriations to certain statutory reserve funds, which are not distributable as cash dividends except in the event of a solvent liquidation of the companies. For PRC and United States federal income tax consideration of an investment in the ADSs, see “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation.” Implication of the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act According to the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, or the HFCAA, if the SEC determines that we have filed audit reports issued by a registered public accounting firm that has not been subject to inspection by the PCAOB for two consecutive years, the SEC shall prohibit our shares or ADSs from being traded on a national securities exchange or in the over-the-counter trading market in the United States. On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued the HFCAA Determination Report, according to which our auditors are subject to the determinations (the “2021 Determinations”). Our auditor, the independent registered public accounting firm that issues the audit report included elsewhere in this annual report, as an auditor of companies that are traded publicly in the United States and a firm registered with the PCAOB, is subject to laws in the United States pursuant to which the PCAOB conducts regular inspections to assess its compliance with the applicable professional standards. On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB announced that it was able to conduct inspections and investigations completely of PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong in 2022. The PCAOB vacated its previous 2021 Determinations accordingly. However, whether the PCAOB will continue to conduct inspections and investigations completely to its satisfaction of PCAOB- registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong is subject to uncertainty and depends on a number of factors out of our, and our auditor’s, control, including positions taken by authorities of the PRC. If the PCAOB determines in the future that it no longer has full access to inspect and investigate accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong and we continue to use such accounting firm to conduct audit work, we would be identified as a “Commission-Identified Issuer” under the HFCAA following the filing of the annual report for the relevant fiscal year, and if we were so identified for two consecutive years, trading in our securities in the U.S. on a national securities exchange or in the over-the-counter market would be prohibited. For details, see “—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Doing Business in China—The PCAOB had historically been unable to inspect our auditor in relation to their audit work performed for our financial statements and the inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of our auditor in the past has deprived our investors with the benefits of such inspections” and “—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Doing Business in China—Our ADSs will be prohibited from trading in the United States under the HFCAA if the PCAOB is unable to inspect or fully investigate auditors located in China for two consecutive years.” A.[Reserved] B.Capitalization and Indebtedness Not applicable. C.Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds Not applicable. D.Risk Factors We face various legal and operational risks and uncertainties as a company operating in various jurisdictions. We are subject to various risks both in our home markets, the United States and China, and in international markets outside our home markets. See “—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—We are subject to a variety of uncertainties, costs and risks associated with our business operation in global markets outside the United States and China” and “—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—Our business is subject to a variety of laws and regulations in the jurisdictions where we operate, including those regarding privacy, cybersecurity and data protection, and our customers may be subject to regulations related to the handling and transfer of certain types of sensitive and confidential information. Any failure of our platform to comply with or enable our customers to comply with applicable laws and regulations could harm our business, operating results and financial condition” as well as the risks included elsewhere in this annual 5 report. Summary Risk Factors Our business is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including risks that may prevent us from achieving our business objectives or may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, and prospects. These risks are discussed more fully below and include, but are not limited to, risks related to: Risks Related to Our Business and Industry •We operate in a rapidly evolving market. If we cannot adapt and respond effectively to the evolving demands of this market, our revenues may decline, or fail to grow, and we may incur operating losses. For details, please see page 10. •Our operating results and growth prospects depend on acquiring and retaining customers and increasing usage of our products. For details, please see page 10 and 11. •The market in which we participate is competitive, and if we do not compete effectively, our business, operating results and financial condition could be harmed. For details, please see page 11. •If our products do not achieve sufficient market acceptance, our financial results and competitive position will suffer. For details, please see pages 11. •We may not successfully achieve expected growth. For details, please see page 11 and 12. •Our limited operating history and our history of operating and net losses make it difficult to evaluate our current business and prospects and may increase the risks associated with your investment. For details, please see page 12. •Our operating results may fluctuate from time to time. For details, please see page 12. •We receive a portion of our revenues from a limited number of customers, and the loss of, or a significant reduction in usage by, one or more of our major customers would result in lower revenues and could harm our business. For details, please see pages 12. •We may have insufficient transmission bandwidth and co-location space, which could result in disruptions to our product and loss of revenues. For details, please see pages 12 and 13. •We are subject to a variety of uncertainties, costs and risks associated with our business operation in global markets outside the United States and China. For details, please see pages 13 and 14. •If we are unable to maintain and enhance our brand and increase market awareness of our company and products, our business, operating results and financial condition may be adversely affected. For details, please see pages 14. Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure •Our former contractual arrangements in relation to the Former VIE may be subject to scrutiny by the PRC tax authorities, and they may determine that we or the Former VIE owe additional taxes, which could negatively affect our financial condition and the value of your investment. For details, please see page 25. Risks Related to Doing Business in China •Changes in the political and economic policies of the PRC government could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. The laws and regulations in China may be revised or updated from time to time, which could result in a material adverse change in our operations and the value of our ADSs. For details, please see page 26. •Changes to laws and regulations in the PRC could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition and our investors could be affected as a result. For details, please see page 26. •We may be adversely affected by the complexity, uncertainties and changes in PRC laws, rules and regulations, particularly of internet businesses. For details, please see page 26. •We may be required to obtain and maintain permits and licenses to operate our business in China. For details, please see page 26 and 27. 6 •The PCAOB had historically been unable to inspect our auditor in relation to their audit work performed for our financial statements and the inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of our auditor in the past has deprived our investors with the benefits of such inspections. For details, please see page 27. •Our ADSs will be prohibited from trading in the United States under the HFCAA if the PCAOB is unable to inspect or fully investigate auditors located in China for two consecutive years. For details, please see page 27 and 28. •PRC regulations relating to investments in offshore companies by PRC residents may subject our PRC-resident beneficial owners, our PRC subsidiaries to liability or penalties, limit our ability to inject capital into our PRC subsidiaries or limit our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to increase their registered capital or distribute profits. For details, please see page 28. Risks Related to the ADSs •The trading price of our ADSs has been and is likely continue to be volatile, which could result in substantial losses to investors holders of our ADSs. For details, please see page 31 and 32. •Techniques employed by short sellers may drive down the market price of our ADSs. For details, please see page 32. •Our dual-class share structure with different voting rights will limit your ability to influence corporate matters and could discourage others from pursuing any change of control transactions that holders of our Class A ordinary shares and ADSs may view as beneficial. For details, please see page 32 and 33. •We are a “controlled company” as defined under the Nasdaq Stock Market corporate governance rules. As a result, we are qualified for, and rely on, exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements that would otherwise provide protection to shareholders of other companies. For details, please see page 33. •We may fail to meet our publicly announced guidance or other expectations about our business, which could cause our stock price to decline. For details, please see page 33. •If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or if they adversely change their recommendations regarding the ADSs, the market price for the ADSs and trading volume could decline. For details, please see page 33. •Our memorandum and articles of association contain anti-takeover provisions that could have a material adverse effect on the rights of holders of our ordinary shares and ADSs. For details, please see page 34. Risks Related to Our Business and Industry We operate in a rapidly evolving market. If we cannot adapt and respond effectively to the evolving demands of this market, our revenues may decline, or fail to grow, and we may incur operating losses. The RTE-PaaS market in which we operate is rapidly evolving, particularly with the emergence of conversational AI. This market for RTE-PaaS is subject to rapid technological changes, evolving industry standards, regulations and customer needs, requirements and preferences. For example, the rapid evolution of conversational AI could significantly impact the RTE-PaaS market. Although the proliferation of conversational AI use cases, such as AI companions and tutors, expands the demand for real-time engagement, it also creates new challenges in latency and interruption handling that could render our existing technologies obsolete if we fail to adapt. The success of our business will depend, in part, on our ability to adapt and respond to these changes on an effective and timely basis. If we fail to develop new products that satisfy customers and end users and provide enhancements and new features for existing products that keep pace with rapid technological and industry change, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected. In addition, if new technologies emerge that are able to deliver competitive products and services at lower prices, more efficiently, more conveniently or more securely, such technologies could adversely impact our ability to compete effectively. Our products need to be compatible with a variety of network, hardware, mobile and software platforms and technologies, and thus we need to continuously modify and enhance our products to adapt to changes and innovation in these technologies. If customers or their end users adopt new software platforms or infrastructure, we may be required to develop new versions of our products to work with those new platforms or infrastructure. This development effort may require significant resources, which would adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition. Any failure to operate effectively with evolving or new platforms and technologies could reduce the demand for our other products. If we are unable to respond to these changes in a cost-effective manner, our products may become less marketable and less competitive or obsolete, and our business, operation results and financial condition could be adversely affected. Prospective customers may be reluctant or unwilling to use our products for a number of reasons, including concerns about costs, 7 uncertainty regarding the reliability and security of cloud-based offerings, lack of awareness of the benefits of our products, or that they have invested substantial personnel and financial resources in developing internal solutions. Our ability to expand sales depends on several factors that are out of our control, including but not limited to market awareness and acceptance, competition, end-user demand for applications with RTE features launched by our customers, technological challenges and developments. If the RTE-PaaS market or demand for our products does not grow or even decreases, our business, results of operations and financial condition would be adversely affected. Our operating results and growth prospects depend on acquiring and retaining customers and increasing usage of our products. To successfully grow our business, we must continue to attract new customers in a cost-effective manner. We use a variety of marketing channels to promote our products, such as developer conferences and events. In 2023, 2024 and 2025, our sales and marketing expenses were US$34.0 million, US$27.2 million and US$26.4 million, respectively. If the costs of the marketing channels we use increase dramatically, we may choose to use alternative and less expensive channels, which may not be as effective as current ones. Alternatively, we may adopt or expand usage of more expensive channels, which could adversely affect our margins, profitability and financial condition. We invest in marketing before being able to assess whether they improve brand awareness, customer acquisition or increase revenues in a cost-effective manner or at all. If our marketing programs are ineffective or inefficient, our business, operating results and growth prospects would be adversely affected. Our success also depends on retaining customers and increasing their usage of our products over time. We generate revenues from customers’ usage of our products integrated into their applications. Increasing usage of our products over time will require customers to develop new use cases and those use cases to mature. The majority of our customers do not have long-term contractual commitments to us and may reduce or terminate their use of our products at any time without penalty or termination charges. End users’ demand for our customers’ applications that integrate our products are driven by many factors out of our or our customers’ control, making customers’ usage of our products difficult to predict. Furthermore, if a significant number of customers reduce or cease their usage of our products, we may incur greater sales and marketing expenses than expected to maintain or increase revenues from other customers, which may impact our profitability. If usage levels fail to meet our expectations, our business, operating results and growth prospects would be adversely affected. The market in which we participate is competitive, and if we do not compete effectively, our business, operating results and financial condition could be harmed. The global market for RTE-PaaS is rapidly evolving. Currently, our competitors mainly include (i) pure-play RTE- PaaS providers, (ii) cloud communication platforms, and (iii) public cloud providers. While pure-play providers, such as us, focus on technical optimization and flexibility, cloud communications platforms and public cloud providers may leverage their broader product offerings, established customer bases and infrastructure capabilities to expand their presence in the RTE-PaaS market. In particular, there is a trend for certain cloud communications platforms and public cloud service providers to integrate RTE-PaaS functionalities into their broader service offerings. These providers may bundle RTE-PaaS services with other cloud or communication products, offer more competitive pricing or provide integrated solutions across multiple services, which may make their offerings more attractive to customers. As a result, they may be able to capture additional market share and increase competitive pressure on pure-play RTE-PaaS providers. We also compete with in-house solutions developed by our customers or third parties. To succeed, we must continue to demonstrate the performance, reliability and cost-effectiveness of our products. In addition, certain of our competitors have greater financial resources, brand recognition and customer reach than we do, and may be able to respond more effectively to changes in technology and customer demand. If we are unable to compete effectively against such competitors, or if we fail to differentiate our products and services, our market share, pricing and profitability may be adversely affected. If our products do not achieve sufficient market acceptance, our financial results and competitive position will suffer. To meet our customers’ rapidly evolving demands, we invest substantial resources in research and development to incorporate additional functionalities, improve our technology capabilities and expand the use cases that our products empower. In 2023, 2024 and 2025, our research and development expenses were US$77.7 million, US$80.3 million and US$55.5 million, respectively. If we are unable to develop products internally due to inadequate research and development resources, we may not be able to address our customers’ needs in a timely manner, or at all. In addition, if we seek to enhance our research and development capabilities or the breadth of our products through acquisitions, such acquisitions could be expensive and we may not successfully integrate acquired technologies or businesses into our business. When we develop or acquire new or enhanced products, we typically incur expenses and expend resources upfront to develop, market, promote and sell the new offerings. Therefore, new or enhanced products we develop, acquire or introduce need to achieve high market acceptance to justify the upfront investment. Our new products or enhancements and changes to our existing products could fail to attain sufficient market acceptance for many reasons, including: •failure to accurately predict and meet market demand by launching products or functionalities desired by customers; 8 •defects, errors, or failures in our products and solutions; •negative publicity about our platform’s performance or effectiveness; •developments in the legal or regulatory landscape that could adversely affect our products, such as increased legal or regulatory scrutiny; •emergence of competitors whose products and technologies achieve earlier or wider market acceptance than us; •delays in releasing enhancements to our platform to the market, or failure to achieve adequate market acceptance for our products and its enhancements; and •introduction or anticipated introduction of competing products by our competitors. It is important that we maintain and increase the acceptance of our products among developers. We rely on developers to choose our products over other options they may have, and to continue to use and promote our products as they move between companies. These developers often make design decisions and influence the product and vendor processes within our customers. If we fail to gain or maintain their acceptance of our products, our business would be harmed. We may not successfully achieve expected growth. Our future success largely depends on our ability to develop and expand our RTE-PaaS business. In 2023, 2024 and 2025, we recorded total revenues of US$141.5 million, US$133.3 million and US$141.1 million, respectively. Despite we have recorded revenues growth in recent periods, we cannot assure you that we will achieve similar growth rates for our RTE-PaaS business in the future. Our ability to forecast our future operating results is limited and subject to a number of uncertainties. In particular, we cannot accurately predict customers’ usage of our products given the diversity of our customer base and the end users across industries, geographies, use cases and other factors. In the future, our profitability may be lower than it would be if our strategy were to maximize short-term profitability and we may operate at a loss. We intend to continue to invest significantly in sales and marketing efforts and in growing our products and expanding our research and development and portfolio of products, which may not ultimately grow our business or cause long-term profitability. Our limited operating history and our history of operating and net losses make it difficult to evaluate our current business and prospects and may increase the risks associated with your investment. We were founded in 2013 and our limited operating history makes it difficult to evaluate our current business and our future prospects. We have encountered and will continue to encounter risks and difficulties as a rapidly growing company in a constantly evolving industry. If we do not address these risks successfully, our business may be harmed. We recorded net losses from 2019 to 2023, and our revenue increased continuously from 2018 to 2021, followed by an overall decreasing trend from 2021 to 2023, primarily attributable to (i) the COVID-19 pandemic, which drove increased demand for real-time engagement use cases such as remote work, online education and virtual social interactions, followed by a decline in certain use cases after the easing of the pandemic, and (ii) regulatory measures introduced by the PRC government in 2021 to reduce the academic burden on students in K-12 education, which led to a decrease in demand from the K-12 online education sector. In 2023, 2024 and 2025, we recorded loss from operations of US$87.3 million, US$53.3 million and US$9.4 million, respectively, and net loss of US$87.2 million and US$42.7 million in 2023 and 2024, respectively. We will need to generate and sustain increased revenue levels and manage costs in future periods in order to remain profitable. We intend to continue to expend significant funds to support further growth and further develop our products, including expanding research and development workforce to develop our conversational AI products and solutions and enhance the quality of experience of our core video and audio engagement products, growing our developer community and enhancing our developer experience and increasing our marketing activities, and growing our global operations. We will also face increased compliance costs associated with growth, expansion of our customer base and being a public company. Our efforts to grow our business may cost more than we expect, and we may not be able to increase our revenues to offset our increased operating expenses. We may incur significant losses in the future for a number of reasons, including the other risks described in this annual report, and unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications and delays, and other unknown events. If we are unable to achieve and sustain profitability, our business may be harmed. Our operating results may fluctuate from time to time. Our operating results have fluctuated and will continue to vary in the future as a result of a variety of factors, many of which are out of our control. For example, our revenue model is based in large part on end user adoption and usage of our customers’ applications, which can constrain our ability to forecast revenues. In addition, our financial performance is affected by changes in product mix and business decisions. Variations in the contribution of different products, use cases and customer segments may affect our revenue growth and margins. For example, our revenue decline in 2024 was primarily attributable to our decision to cease the sale 9 of a low-margin product. Our operating results are also impacted by our cost structure and continued investments in research and development and business expansion. A significant portion of our costs is relatively fixed in the short term, and we may not be able to adjust our cost base in a timely manner in response to revenue fluctuations. Our performance may also be affected by macroeconomic, regulatory and industry developments. Historically, factors such as changes in demand following the COVID-19 pandemic and regulatory measures affecting the K-12 education sector in China have impacted our results. The occurrence of one or more of the foregoing factors may cause our operating results to vary significantly. For example, a significant percentage of our operating expenses is fixed in nature and is based on forecasted revenue trends. Accordingly, in the event of a revenue shortfall, we may not be able to mitigate the negative impact on profitability in the short term. We receive a portion of our revenues from a limited number of customers, and the loss of, or a significant reduction in usage by, one or more of our major customers would result in lower revenues and could harm our business. Our future success is dependent on establishing and maintaining successful relationships with a diverse set of customers. We currently receive a substantial portion of our revenues from a limited number of customers. In 2023, 2024 and 2025, our top ten customers (after aggregating customers with multiple accounts) accounted for approximately 24.1%, 23.1% and 23.7% of our revenues, respectively. Going forward, it is likely that we will continue to be dependent upon a limited number of customers for a portion of our revenues for the foreseeable future and, in some cases, the portion of our revenues attributable to individual customers may increase. The loss of one or more key customers or a reduction in usage by any major customers would reduce our revenues. If we fail to maintain existing customers or develop relationships with new customers, our business would be harmed. We may have insufficient transmission bandwidth and co-location space, which could result in disruptions to our product and loss of revenues. Our operations are dependent in part upon transmission bandwidth provided by third-party network or cloud providers and leasing co- location facilities for our servers and equipment. Among them, our major suppliers are primarily providers of bandwidth and co-location services. The bandwidth we have contracted to purchase may become unavailable for a variety of reasons, including service outages, payment disputes, suspension or termination of the network providers’ business, natural disasters, pandemics, networks imposing traffic limits, or governments adopting regulations that impact network operations. We also may be unable to move quickly enough to augment capacity to reflect growing traffic or security demands. Failure to put in place the capacity we require could result in a reduction in, or disruption of, services to our customers, or require us to issue credits and ultimately a loss of those customers. Such a failure could result in our inability to acquire new customers demanding capacity not available on our platform. If we are unable to provide sufficient bandwidth, we may also become contractually obligated to provide affected customers with service credits under service level commitments in our customer agreements. We are subject to a variety of uncertainties, costs and risks associated with our business operation in global markets outside the United States and China. In addition to our home markets, the United States and China, we also have operations and employees located in other global markets such as Southeast Asia, India, Japan and Europe. We are continuing to adapt to and develop strategies to address the global markets but there is no guarantee that such efforts will have the desired effect. Going forward, we expect that our global activities will continue to grow over the foreseeable future, as we continue to pursue opportunities in existing and new markets, which will require significant management attention and financial resources worldwide. In connection with such expansion, we may face difficulties including costs associated with varying seasonality patterns, potential adverse movement of currency exchange rates, longer payment cycle, difficulties in collecting accounts receivable in some countries, tariffs and trade barriers, a variety of regulatory or contractual limitations on our ability to operate, adverse tax events, reduced protection of intellectual property rights in some countries, political risks and a geographically and culturally diverse workforce and customer base. Failure to overcome any of these difficulties could harm our business. In addition, we will face risks in doing business globally that could adversely affect our business, including: •the difficulty of managing and staffing global operations and the increased operations, travel, infrastructure and legal compliance costs associated with numerous global locations; •challenges to our corporate culture resulting from a dispersed workforce; •our ability to effectively price our products in competitive international markets; •new and different sources of competition; 10 •our ability to comply with the applicable laws and regulations in different jurisdictions; •the need to adapt and localize our products for specific countries; •the need to offer customer support in various languages; •difficulties in understanding and complying with local laws, regulations and customs in foreign jurisdictions; •difficulties with differing technical and environmental standards, privacy, cybersecurity, data protection and telecommunications regulations and certification requirements outside our home markets, the United States and China, which could prevent customers from deploying our products or limit their usage; •compliance with various export controls, economic sanctions and various anti-bribery and anti-corruption laws in other jurisdictions; •tariffs and other non-tariff trade barriers, such as quotas and local content rules; •more limited protection for intellectual property rights in some countries; •adverse tax consequences; •fluctuations in currency exchange rates, which could increase the price of our products in certain markets, increase the expenses of our global operations and expose us to foreign currency exchange rate risk or the cost and risk of hedging transaction if we choose to enter into such transactions in the future; •currency control regulations or restrictions on the transfer of funds; •deterioration of relations among China, the United States and other countries; •exposure to uncertain political and economic environment that causes instability for businesses and volatility in global financial markets; and •political or social unrest or economic instability in a specific country or region in which we operate, which could have an adverse impact on our operations in that location. We may face an adverse impact on our global operations and further harm our business, operating results and financial condition if our efforts to manage any of these risks are not successful. In some cases, compliance with the laws and regulations of one country could violate the laws and regulations of another. As our global operations continue to evolve, we cannot assure you that we are able to fully comply with the legal requirements of each foreign jurisdiction and successfully adapt our business models to local market conditions. Due to the complexity involved in our international business expansion, we cannot assure you that we are or will be in compliance with all local laws. If we are unable to maintain and enhance our brand and increase market awareness of our company and products, our business, operating results and financial condition may be adversely affected. We must maintain and enhance the “Agora” and “Shengwang” brand identity and increase market awareness of RTE-PaaS solutions generally and our products particularly to be successful. Our efforts to achieve widespread acceptance of our products, attract and retain customers and increase usage of our products depend on our marketing efforts, RTE-PaaS market thought leadership and ability to successfully differentiate our products from alternatives. These efforts require substantial expenditures, and we anticipate that they will increase as our market becomes more competitive and as we expand into new markets. These investments in brand promotion and thought leadership may not yield increased revenues. To the extent they do, the resulting revenues still may not be enough to offset the increased expenses we incur. Failure to effectively develop and expand our sales and marketing capabilities could harm our ability to increase our customer base and achieve broader market acceptance of our products. Historically, we relied on the adoption of our products by developers through our self-service model as well as more targeted sales efforts. Our ability to further increase our customer base and achieve broader market acceptance of our products will significantly depend on our ability to expand our sales and marketing operations. We plan to continue expanding our sales force and network. We also plan to dedicate significant resources to sales and marketing programs. All of these efforts will require us to invest significant financial and other resources, and our business may be harmed if they fail to attract additional customers. As we increase our target sales efforts to larger organizations, we expect to incur higher costs and longer sales cycles. The 11 decision to adopt our products by such customers may require the approval of multiple technical and business decision makers, including security, compliance, procurement, operations and IT. In addition, while certain customers may quickly deploy our products on a limited basis before they commit to deploying our products at scale, they often require extensive education and customer support, engage in protracted pricing negotiations and seek dedicated product development resources. In addition, sales cycles for efforts targeted at larger organizations are inherently more complex and less predictable than the sales through our self-service model, and some customers may not use our products enough to generate revenues that offset the cost of customer acquisition. In addition, complex and resource-intensive sales efforts could place additional strain on our product and engineering resources. We believe that there is significant competition for sales personnel, including sales representatives, sales managers, and sales engineers, with the skills and technical knowledge that we require. Our ability to achieve significant revenue growth will depend, in large part, on our success in recruiting, training, and retaining sufficient numbers of sales personnel to support our growth. New hires require significant training and may take significant time before they achieve full productivity. Our new hires may not become productive as quickly as we expect, if at all, and we may be unable to hire or retain sufficient numbers of qualified individuals in the markets where we do business or plan to do business. In addition, particularly if we continue to grow rapidly, new members of our sales force will have relatively little experience working with us, our products, and our business model. If we are unable to hire and train sufficient numbers of effective sales personnel, our sales personnel do not reach significant levels of productivity in a timely manner, or our sales personnel are not successful in acquiring new customers or expanding usage by existing customers, our business will be harmed. We provide service or experience level commitments under our customer agreements. If we fail to meet these contractual commitments, we could be obligated to provide credits for future service, or face contract termination with refunds of prepaid amounts, which could harm our business. Most of our customer agreements contain service level commitments. In 2020, we launched our first ever experience level agreement to selected customers, which contains our guarantees on certain performance metrics, such as successful log-on rate, jitter rate and latency. If we are unable to meet the stated service level commitments, including failure to meet the uptime and other requirements under our customer agreements, we may be contractually obligated to provide the affected customers with service credits which could significantly affect revenues in the periods in which the uptime or delivery failure occurs and the credits are applied. We could also face customer terminations, which could significantly affect both our current and future revenues. Any service or experience level failures could harm our business. We have incurred and may continue to incur substantial share-based compensation expenses. To attract and retain personnel, provide additional incentives to employees and Directors, and promote the success of our business, our board of directors approved and adopted the 2014 Plan, the Global Plan and ESPP on August 8, 2014, June 15, 2020 and June 15, 2020, respectively. For details of the principal terms of and the outstanding options under the Share Incentive Plans, see “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—B. Compensation—Equity Incentive Plans.” In 2023, 2024 and 2025, our share-based compensation expenses amounted to US$24.6 million, US$22.7 million and US$5.6 million, respectively. In the future, if additional share incentives are granted to our employees, directors or consultants, we will incur additional share-based compensation expenses and our results of operations will be further adversely affected. Any failure to offer high-quality customer support may adversely affect our relationships with our customers and prospective customers, and adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition. Our sales are highly dependent on our business reputation and on positive recommendations from developers. Any failure to maintain high-quality customer support, or a market perception that we do not maintain high-quality customer support, could adversely affect our reputation, business, operating results and financial condition. Many of our large customers depend on our customer support team to assist them in deploying our products effectively by helping them resolve post-deployment issues quickly and providing ongoing support. If we do not invest sufficient resources or are otherwise unsuccessful in assisting our customers effectively, it could adversely affect our ability to retain existing customers and could prevent prospective customers from adopting our products. We may be unable to respond quickly enough to accommodate short-term increases in demand for customer support. We also may be unable to modify the nature, scope and delivery of our customer support to compete with changes in the support services provided by our competitors. Increased demand for customer support without corresponding revenues could increase costs and adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition. We may be subject to credit risks on our accounts receivable. Our accounts receivable primarily derive from our sales to customers. As of December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, we recorded accounts receivable, net of allowance for current expected credit loss, of US$34.7 million, US$31.0 million and US$24.9 million, respectively. We may not be able to collect all such accounts receivable due to a variety of factors that are beyond our control. For example, if any of our customers experiences financial difficulties in settling the accounts receivable, our corresponding trade receivables recoverability might be adversely affected. We may be subject to credit risks on our accounts and other receivables if the 12 actual recoverability of trade and other receivables is lower than the expected level, which could adversely affect our cash flow and ability to meet our working capital requirements, thereby adversely affecting our business, results of operations and financial condition. We could incur substantial costs in protecting or defending our intellectual property rights, and we may in the future become involved in disputes relating to alleged infringement of others’ intellectual property rights. Any failure to protect our intellectual property rights, or alleged infringement of third-party intellectual property rights, could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition. Our success depends, in part, on our ability to protect our brand, trade secrets, trademarks, patents, domain names, copyrights and proprietary methods and technologies, whether registered or not, that we develop under patent and other intellectual property laws of China, the United States and other jurisdictions, so that we can prevent others from using our inventions and proprietary information. We currently rely on patents, trademarks, copyrights and trade secret law to protect our intellectual property rights. However, we cannot assure you that any of our intellectual property rights will not be challenged, invalidated or circumvented, or that our intellectual property will be sufficient to provide us with competitive advantages. Because of the rapid pace of technological change, we cannot assure you that all of our proprietary technologies and similar intellectual property rights can be patented in a timely or cost-effective manner, or at all. In addition, we may be subject to allegation of infringement of other parties’ intellectual proprietary rights, which, whether successful or not, could harm our brand, business, operating results and financial condition. There is considerable patent and other intellectual property development in our industry, and we may be unaware of the intellectual property rights of others that may cover some or all of our technology. Our competitors or other third parties may in the future claim that our products or platform and underlying technology infringe their intellectual property rights, and we may be found to be infringing such rights. Any claims or litigation, if successfully asserted against us, could require that we pay substantial damages or ongoing royalty payments, indemnify our customers or business partners, obtain licenses or modify our products or platform, prevent us from offering our products, develop alternative non-infringing technology or comply with other unfavorable terms, any of which could significantly increase our operating expenses. Even if we were to prevail in the event of claims or litigation against us, any claim or litigation regarding intellectual property could be costly and time-consuming and divert the attention of our management and other employees from our business. We also rely, in part, on confidentiality agreements with our business partners, employees, consultants, advisors, customers and others in our efforts to protect our proprietary technology, processes and methods. These agreements may not effectively prevent disclosure of our confidential information, and it is possible for unauthorized parties to copy our software or other proprietary technology or information, or to develop similar software independently without our having an adequate remedy for unauthorized use or disclosure of our confidential information. In addition, the intensity of legal protection for intellectual property and other proprietary rights varies from country to country. The intellectual property system in China operates under its specific legal framework and practical requirements for registration, maintenance, and enforcement. Statutory laws and regulations are subject to judicial interpretation and enforcement and may not be applied consistently. Confidentiality, invention assignment and non-compete agreements may be breached by counterparties, and there may not be adequate remedies available to us for any such breach. Accordingly, we may not be able to effectively protect our intellectual property rights or to enforce our contractual rights in the jurisdictions where our business operates. To the extent we expand our international activities outside of the United States and China, our exposure to unauthorized copying, transfer and use of our proprietary technology or information may increase. Preventing any unauthorized use of our intellectual property is difficult and costly and the steps we take may be inadequate to prevent the misappropriation of our intellectual property. Litigation may be necessary in the future to enforce our intellectual property rights, determine the validity and scope of our proprietary rights or those of others, or defend against claims of infringement or invalidity. Such litigation could be costly, time- consuming and distracting to management, result in a diversion of significant resources, the narrowing or invalidation of portions of our intellectual property and have an adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition. Our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights may be met with defenses, counterclaims and countersuits attacking the validity and enforceability of our intellectual property rights or alleging that we infringe the counterclaimant’s own intellectual property. Any of our patents, trade secrets, copyrights, trademarks or other intellectual property rights could be challenged by others or invalidated through administrative process or litigation. There can be no assurance that we will prevail in such litigation. In addition, our proprietary methods and technologies that are regarded as trade secrets may be leaked or otherwise become available to, or be independently discovered by, our competitors and in these cases we would not be able to assert any trade secret rights against those parties. Costly and time-consuming litigation could be necessary to enforce and determine the scope of our proprietary rights, and failure to obtain or maintain trade secret protection could adversely affect our competitive business position. To the extent that our employees or consultants use intellectual property owned by others in their work for us, disputes may arise as to the rights in related know-how and inventions. There can be no assurance that our particular ways and means of protecting our intellectual property and proprietary rights, including business decisions about when to file patent applications and trademark applications, will be adequate to protect our 13 business or that our competitors will not independently develop similar technology. We could be required to spend significant resources to monitor and protect our intellectual property rights. If we fail to protect and enforce our intellectual property and proprietary rights adequately, our competitors might gain access to our technology and our business, operating results and financial condition could be adversely affected. We depend largely on the continued services of our senior management, the loss of any of whom could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition. Our future performance depends on the continued services and contributions of our senior management to execute on our business plan, develop our products and platform, deliver our products to customers, attract and retain customers and identify and pursue business opportunities. The loss of services of senior management could significantly delay or prevent the achievement of our development and strategic objectives. In particular, we depend to a considerable degree on the vision, skills, experience and effort of our founder and chief executive officer, Mr. Zhao. The replacement of any of our senior management personnel would likely involve significant time and costs, and such loss could significantly delay or prevent the achievement of our business objectives. The loss of the services of any of our senior management for any reason could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition. If we are unable to hire, retain and motivate qualified personnel, our business will suffer. Our future success depends, in part, on our ability to continue to attract and retain highly skilled personnel. We believe that there is, and will continue to be, intense competition for highly skilled management, technical, sales and other personnel with experience in our industry in the cities where our headquarters are located. We must provide competitive compensation packages and a high-quality work environment to hire, retain and motivate employees. If we are unable to retain and motivate our existing employees and attract qualified personnel to fill important positions, we may be unable to manage our business effectively, including the development, marketing and sale of our products, which could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition. Our research and development team includes outsourced personnel from third-party human resources companies. If any of the outsourced personnel fails to follow the instructions, policies and business guidelines formulated by the human resources companies in accordance with our requirements, our research and development efforts might be adversely affected. To the extent we hire personnel from competitors, we also may be subject to allegations that they have been improperly solicited or divulged proprietary or other confidential information. We may pursue acquisitions or investments, which involve valuation risks, integration risks and the risk that we may not realize the anticipated benefits, synergies, cost savings or efficiencies, and such transactions may adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition. We may in the future evaluate and consider strategic transactions, including acquisitions of, or investments in, businesses, technologies, services, products and other assets. Such transactions involve inherent uncertainties and may result in unforeseen operating difficulties, expenditures and risks. In particular, we may face challenges in integrating the acquired businesses, technologies, products, personnel, operations and brands with our existing business. We may also encounter difficulties in retaining key employees, integrating different product offerings and business models, maintaining customer relationships, and aligning the acquired business with our strategic priorities. In addition, acquisitions and investments involve valuation risks. The valuations of acquired businesses are typically based on assumptions relating to future revenue growth, profitability, customer retention, market conditions and expected synergies, cost savings or operational efficiencies. These assumptions may prove to be inaccurate, particularly if the acquired business operates in a different segment, serves a different customer base or has more limited synergies with our existing business than initially expected. If the acquired business does not perform as expected, or if market conditions or our business strategy change, we may not be able to realize the anticipated benefits, synergies, cost savings or efficiencies from such acquisition or investment. For example, we acquired Easemob in 2021 to complement our core real-time engagement offerings. While its instant messaging business aligned with our PaaS model, its customer engagement cloud business, had limited synergies with our existing portfolio. We subsequently disposed of such business in early 2023 and recognized a full impairment of goodwill of US$31.9 million in 2023. We may not be able to realize the anticipated benefits, synergies or efficiencies from our acquisitions, and that changes in market conditions, business strategy or integration outcomes may result in impairment losses. Acquisitions and investments may also divert management attention, disrupt our existing operations, require significant resources and expose us to unknown liabilities. They may result in the use of substantial cash, the incurrence of debt, potentially dilutive issuances of equity securities, goodwill impairment charges or amortization expenses for other intangible assets. Any of the foregoing could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. Seasonality may cause fluctuations in our sales and operating results. We have seen moderate seasonality in some use cases such as social, entertainment and education. We have experienced lower revenues in the first quarter as end users reduce online activities due to the Chinese Spring Festival and have experienced higher revenues in the fourth quarter as it is the peak season for delivery of real-time engagement on-premise solutions. The growth in our business has offset this seasonal trend to some extent, but its impact on revenues may be more pronounced in future periods. 14 Defects or errors in our products could diminish demand for our products, harm our business and operating results and subject us to liability. Our customers use our products for important aspects of their businesses, and any errors, defects or disruptions to our products and any other performance problems with our products could damage our customers’ businesses and, in turn, hurt our brand and reputation. We provide regular updates to our products, which have in the past contained, and may in the future contain, undetected errors, failures, vulnerabilities and bugs when first introduced or released. Real or perceived errors, failures or bugs in our products could result in negative publicity, loss of or delay in market acceptance of our platform, loss of competitive position, lower customer retention or claims by customers for losses sustained by them. In such an event, we may be required, or may choose, for customer relations or other reasons, to expend additional resources in order to help correct the problem. In addition, we have very limited insurance coverage for our operations in the PRC, the United States and other jurisdictions to compensate us for any losses that may result from claims arising from defects or disruptions in our products. As a result, our reputation and our brand could be harmed, and our business, operating results and financial condition may be adversely affected. Breaches of networks or systems of our suppliers, could degrade our ability to conduct our business, compromise the integrity of our products, platform and data, result in significant data losses and leakage and the theft of our intellectual property, damage our reputation, expose us to liability to third parties and require us to incur significant additional costs to maintain the security of our networks and data. We depend on our IT systems to conduct virtually all of our business operations, ranging from our internal operations and research and development activities to our marketing and sales efforts and communications with our customers, service providers and business partners. Any data security incidents of our suppliers, including virus or similar breach or disruption of our service providers could result in loss of confidential information, damage to our reputation, loss of customers, litigation, regulatory investigations, fines, penalties and other liabilities. Accordingly, if cybersecurity measures of our service providers fail to protect against unauthorized access, attacks (which may include sophisticated cyberattacks), compromise or the mishandling of data by service providers and business partners, our reputation, business, operating results and financial condition could be adversely affected. Indemnity provisions in various agreements potentially expose us to substantial liability for intellectual property infringement and other losses. Our agreements with customers and other third parties typically include indemnification or other provisions under which we agree to indemnify or otherwise be liable to them for losses suffered or incurred as a result of claims of intellectual property infringement, damages caused by us to property or persons or other liabilities relating to or arising from our products or platform or other acts or omissions. The term of these contractual provisions often survives termination or expiration of the applicable agreement. Large indemnity payments or damage claims from contractual breach could harm our business, operating results and financial condition. Any dispute with a customer with respect to such obligations could have adverse effects on our relationship with that customer and other current and prospective customers, thus demand for our products, and adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition. Our use of open-source software could negatively affect our ability to sell our products and subject us to possible litigation. Our products incorporate open-source software, and we expect to continue to incorporate open-source software in our products in the future. Few of the licenses applicable to open-source software have been interpreted by courts, and there is a risk that these licenses could be construed in a manner that could impose unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to commercialize our products. Moreover, we cannot be certain that we have not incorporated open-source software in our products in a manner that is inconsistent with such policies. When we utilize open source software in our products in certain ways, the applicable open source licenses may subject us and our customers to certain requirements, including requirements that we and our customers offer the products that incorporate the open source software for no cost, make available source code for modifications or derivative works that are based on, incorporate or use the open source software, and license such modifications or derivative works under the terms of applicable open source licenses. In some cases, open-source software is also offered under commercial terms which do not include such requirements and obligations, in exchange for the payment of fees to be negotiated with the author or licensors. If it were determined that we had not complied with the conditions of one or more of these open source licenses, or if we are unable to successfully negotiate an acceptable commercial license, we and our customers could be required to incur significant legal expenses defending against such allegations and could be subject to significant damages, enjoined or otherwise prohibited from distributing our products that contained the open-source software, and be required to comply with onerous conditions or restrictions on these products. In any of these events, we and our customers could be required to seek licenses from third parties in order to continue offering our respective products, and to re-engineer our products or platforms or discontinue offering our products in the event re-engineering cannot be accomplished in a timely manner. Any of the foregoing could require us and our customers to devote additional research and development resources to re-engineer our products or platforms, harm our reputation, or result in customer dissatisfaction, and may adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition. 15 Changes in laws and regulations related to the internet or changes in the internet infrastructure itself may diminish the demand for our products, and could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition. The future success of our business depends on the continued use of the internet as a primary medium for commerce, communications and business applications, as well as continued growth in online real-time engagement. The U.S. federal and various state governments, the PRC government as well as foreign governments have in the past adopted, and may in the future adopt, laws or regulations affecting the use of the internet as a commercial medium. Almost all access to the internet in China is maintained through state-owned telecommunication operators under the administrative control and regulatory supervision of the MIIT. In addition, the national networks in China are connected to the internet through state-owned international gateways, which are the only channels through which a domestic user can connect to the internet outside of China. We may face similar or other limitations in other countries in which we operate. We may not have access to alternative networks in the event of disruptions, failures or other problems with the internet infrastructure in China or elsewhere. In addition, the internet infrastructure in the countries in which we operate may not support the demands associated with continued growth in internet usage. The regulatory and market environment related to the industries in which our customers operate may have an adverse effect on our customers and therefore negatively impact our business. Our business may be negatively impacted by adverse regulatory or market changes in our customers’ industries. For example, in 2021, the Chinese government enhanced regulatory oversight over after-school tutoring services which negatively affected certain of our customers and investment in the education sector. This regulatory development had a relatively adverse impact on our business, operating results and financial condition, as we used to provide video, voice and streaming services to support interactive online classes. Changes in these laws or regulations could require us to modify our platform and products in order to comply with these changes. In addition, government agencies or private organizations have imposed and may impose additional taxes, fees or other charges for accessing the internet or commerce conducted via the internet. These laws or charges could limit the growth of internet-related commerce or communications generally, or result in reductions in the demand for internet-based products and services such as our products and platform. In addition, the use of the internet as a business tool could be adversely affected due to delays in the development or adoption of new standards and protocols to handle increased demands of internet activity, security, reliability, cost, ease-of-use, accessibility and quality of service. The performance of the internet and its acceptance as a business tool has been adversely affected by “viruses,” “worms,” and similar malicious programs. If the use of the internet is reduced as a result of these or other issues, then demand for our products could decline, which could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition. We face certain risks relating to the real properties that we lease. As of the date of this annual report, we lease certain of our office spaces from third parties for our operations in the United States and China. Any limitations on the leased properties, or lessors’ title to such properties, may impact our use of the offices, or in extreme cases, result in relocation, which may in turn adversely affect our business operations. As of the date of this annual report, we are not aware of any actions or claims raised by any third parties challenging our use of these properties we currently lease. Despite that, if any third parties who purport to be property owners or mortgagees challenge our right to use the leased properties, it could result in a diversion of management attention and cause us to incur costs associated with defending such actions or claims. Our business is subject to a variety of laws and regulations in the jurisdictions where we operate, including those regarding privacy, cybersecurity and data protection, and our customers may be subject to regulations related to the handling and transfer of certain types of sensitive and confidential information. Any failure of our platform to comply with or enable our customers to comply with applicable laws and regulations could harm our business, operating results and financial condition. We and our customers that use our products may be subject to privacy, cybersecurity and data protection-related laws and regulations that impose obligations in connection with the collection, processing and use of personal data, financial data, health or other similar data and general cybersecurity. The U.S. federal and various state governments as well as the PRC government and governments in other countries have adopted or proposed limitations on, or requirements regarding, the collection, distribution, use, security and storage of information, including personally identifiable information of individuals. In the United States, the U.S. Federal Trade Commission and numerous state attorneys general are applying federal and state consumer protection laws to impose standards on the online collection, use and dissemination of data, and to the security measures applied to such data. Also, the U.S. Congress enacted the Export Controls Act of 2018, or ECA, with the principal purpose to enhance protection of U.S. technology resources by imposing greater restrictions on the transfer to non-U.S. individuals and companies, particularly through exports to China, of certain key foundational and emerging technologies and cybersecurity considered critical to U.S. national security. The ECA has broadened the scope of U.S. export controls policy to protect a wider range of national security interests, including telecommunications technology, against perceived challenges presented by the PRC. The U.S. government may require us to assist in its investigations 16 related to U.S. national security by providing requested information. In the PRC, there are certain laws and regulations specifically regulating the collection, use, sharing, transferring abroad and storage of personal data and other types of data, which are applicable to both us and our customers. These laws and regulations also require network operators, which may include us, to ensure the security and stability of the services provided via network as well as the security of the data processed by us, and to provide assistance and support in accordance with the law for public security and national security authorities to protect national security or assist with criminal investigations. In addition, many other countries and governmental bodies, including the EU member states, have laws and regulations concerning the collection and use of personal data obtained from individuals located in the EU or by businesses operating within their jurisdiction, which are often more restrictive than those in the United States. Laws and regulations in these jurisdictions apply broadly to the collection, use, storage, disclosure and security of personal data that identifies or may be used to identify an individual, such as names, telephone numbers, email addresses and, in certain circumstances, IP addresses and other online identifiers. For example, the EU adopted the General Data Protection Regulation, or the GDPR, which took full effect on May 25, 2018. The GDPR enhances data protection obligations for businesses and requires service providers (data processors) processing personal data on behalf of customers to cooperate with European data protection authorities, implement security measures and keep records of personal data processing activities. The UK has adopted legislation substantially implementing the GDPR, the UK General Data Protection Regulation and the UK Data Protection Act 2018, which we collectively refer to as the UK GDPR. Noncompliance with the GDPR can trigger fines equal to or greater of €20 million or 4% of global annual revenues, and the UK GDPR provides for fines for noncompliance of up to the greater of £17.5 million and 4% of total annual revenues. Given the breadth and depth of its obligations, working to meet the requirements of the GDPR has required significant time and resources, including a review of our technology and systems currently in use against the requirements of the GDPR, and similar expenditures of time and resources are required in the case of the UK GDPR. There are also additional EU laws and regulations (and member states implementations thereof), and laws and regulations in the UK, which govern the protection of consumers and of electronic communications. We have taken measures to address certain obligations under the GDPR and UK GDPR and to make us compliant with those regimes, but we may be required to take additional steps in order to comply with them. If our efforts to comply with GDPR, the UK GDPR, or other applicable EU or UK laws and regulations are not successful, we may be subject to penalties and fines that would adversely impact our business and operating results, and our ability to conduct business in the EU and UK could be significantly impaired. Outside of the EU, we continue to see increased regulation of privacy cybersecurity and data protection, including the adoption of more strict laws with more stringent subject matter specific state laws in the United States and with a broader scope in the PRC. For example, in 2018, California enacted the California Consumer Privacy Act, or the CCPA, which took effect on January 1, 2020. The CCPA gives California residents expanded rights to access and delete their personal information, opt out of certain personal information sharing, and receive detailed information about how their personal information is used. The CCPA provides for civil penalties for violations, as well as a private right of action for data breaches that is expected to increase data breach litigation. Additionally, a new privacy law, the California Privacy Rights Act, or CPRA, was approved by California voters in the November 3, 2020 election. The CPRA took effect on January 1, 2023 and significantly modify the CCPA, including by expanding consumers’ rights with respect to certain personal information and creating a new state agency to oversee implementation and enforcement efforts, potentially resulting in further uncertainty and requiring us to incur additional costs and expenses in an effort to comply. Aspects of the CCPA, the CPRA, and their interpretation remain uncertain. The CCPA, CPRA, and similar laws may increase our compliance costs and potential liability, and we may be required to modify our practices and take additional steps in an effort to comply with them. Some observers have noted that the CCPA and CPRA could mark the beginning of a trend toward more stringent state privacy legislation in the United States, which could increase our potential liability and adversely affect our business. For example, on March 2, 2021, Virginia enacted the Virginia Consumer Data Protection Act, or CDPA, a comprehensive privacy statute that shares similarities with the CCPA, CPRA and legislation proposed in other states. The CDPA became effective on January 1, 2023 and requires us to incur additional costs and expenses in an effort to comply with it. Broad federal privacy legislation also has been proposed in the United States. Recent and new state and federal legislation relating to privacy may add additional complexity, variation in requirements, restrictions and potential legal risk, require additional investment in resources to compliance programs, could impact strategies and availability of previously useful data and could result in increased compliance costs and/or changes in business practices and policies. On January 2, 2013, the Personal Data Protection Act 2012, or the PDPA, was adopted (as amended from time to time) in Singapore to govern the collection, use and disclosure of personal data. The PDPA requires an organization to honor certain data rights of an individual in Singapore regarding personal data in the possession or under the control of the organization, and imposes additional privacy and security obligations on such organization when collecting, using, or disclosing personal data. In recent years, the PRC government has increasingly tightened the regulation of privacy, cybersecurity and data protection. The laws, regulations and governmental policies in the PRC for privacy, cybersecurity and data protection are constantly evolving. For example, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress, or the SCNPC, promulgated the PRC Cybersecurity Law in 2016, which took effect in 2017, and had been further amended in 2025. The PRC Cybersecurity Law requires network operators, which may include us, to perform certain obligations related to cybersecurity and personal information protection. On June 10, 2021, the SCNPC promulgated the PRC Data Security Law, which took effect in September 2021. The PRC Data Security Law, among other things, introduces a data classification and hierarchical protection system and provides for a security review procedure for the data activities that may affect national security. On August 20, 2021, the SCPNC adopted the PRC Personal Information Protection 17 Law, which became effective on November 1, 2021. The PRC Personal Information Protection Law provides the legal conditions that a personal information handler shall meet when processing personal information and the requirements on transparency, data minimization, and security protection. The PRC Personal Information Protection Law also grants a series of rights on personal information protection to individuals and requires personal information handlers to take measures to respond to individuals’ requests for exercising these rights. On September 24, 2024, the State Council of the PRC promulgated the Regulation on Network Data Security Management, which took effect on January 1, 2025. The regulation specifies several key obligations, under the PRC Cybersecurity Law, the PRC Data Security Law, and the PRC Personal Information Protection Law, including requiring network data handlers to specify the purpose and method of personal information processing, as well as the types of personal information involved, before any personal information is handled. In addition, these laws and regulations require, among others, that where a data handler intends to transfer the personal information or important data outside of the PRC, certain specified criteria shall be satisfied, such as a completed official security assessment carried out by the PRC government authorities. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations—Regulation on Cybersecurity and Data Security.” If we are not able to comply with the privacy, cybersecurity and data protection requirements under these PRC laws and regulations in a timely manner, or at all, we may be subject to government enforcement actions and investigations, fines, penalties, suspension of our non-compliant operations, among other sanctions, which could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations. Furthermore, on December 28, 2021, the CAC, together with 12 other government authorities, jointly issued the revised Measures for Cybersecurity Review, or the Revised Review Measures, which became effective on February 15, 2022. Pursuant to the Revised Review Measures, if a “network platform operator” holding personal information of more than one million users intends to list abroad, it must apply for a cybersecurity review. In addition, relevant PRC regulatory authorities are authorized to initiate cybersecurity review if they determine certain network products, services or data processing activities affect or may affect national security. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations—Regulation on Cybersecurity and Data Security.” As of the date of this annual report, we have not received any notice from the CAC of any anticipating formal investigations on cybersecurity review on such basis. If we were subject to a cybersecurity review, we may incur significant costs and face challenges, both in the review process and in making enhancements to our cybersecurity measures that may be required. We also continue to see jurisdictions imposing data localization laws, which require personal information, or certain subcategories of personal information to be stored in the jurisdiction of origin. These regulations may inhibit our ability to expand into those markets or prohibit us from continuing to offer services in those markets without significant additional costs. The uncertainty and changes in the requirements of multiple jurisdictions may increase the cost of compliance, delay or reduce demand for our services, restrict our ability to offer services in certain locations, impact our customers’ ability to deploy our solutions in certain jurisdictions, or subject us to claims and litigation from private actors and investigations, proceedings, and sanctions by data protection regulators, all of which could harm our business, financial condition and operating results. Additionally, although we endeavor to have our products comply with applicable laws and regulations, these and other obligations may be modified, they may be interpreted and applied in an inconsistent manner from one jurisdiction to another, and they may conflict with one another, other regulatory requirements, contractual commitments or our practices. We also may be bound by contractual obligations relating to our collection, use and disclosure of personal, financial and other data or may find it necessary or desirable to join industry or other self-regulatory bodies or other privacy, cybersecurity or data protection-related organizations that require compliance with their rules pertaining to privacy and data protection. We expect that there will continue to be new proposed laws, rules of self-regulatory bodies, regulations and industry standards concerning privacy, data protection and information security in the United States, the PRC, the EU and other jurisdictions, and we cannot yet determine the impact such future laws, rules, regulations and standards may have on our business. Moreover, existing PRC, U.S. federal and various state and foreign privacy, cybersecurity and data protection-related laws and regulations are evolving and subject to potentially differing interpretations, and various legislative and regulatory bodies may expand current or enact new laws and regulations regarding privacy, cybersecurity and data protection-related matters. Because global laws, regulations and industry standards concerning privacy, cybersecurity and data protection have continued to develop and evolve rapidly, it is possible that we or our products may not be, or may not have been, compliant with each such applicable law, regulation and industry standard and compliance with such new laws or to changes to existing laws may impact our business and practices, require us to expend significant resources to adapt to these changes, or to stop offering our products in certain countries. These developments could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition. Further, in many cases we rely on the data processing, privacy, data protection and cybersecurity practices of our suppliers and contractors, including with regard to maintaining the confidentiality, security and integrity of data. If we fail to manage our suppliers or contractors or their relevant practices, or if our suppliers or contractors fail to meet any requirements with regard to data processing, privacy, data protection or cybersecurity required by applicable legal or contractual obligations that we face (including any applicable requirements of our clients), we may be liable in certain cases. Legal obligations such as the GDPR, CCPA, CPRA, CDPA, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, or HIPAA, and other laws and regulations relating to privacy, cybersecurity and data protection may require us to manage our suppliers and their practices and to enter into agreements with them in certain cases. We may face difficulties in binding our suppliers and contractors to these agreements and otherwise managing their relevant practices, which may subject us to claims, proceedings and liabilities. Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with new or existing U.S., PRC, Singapore, EU, UK, or other foreign privacy, cybersecurity or data protection laws, regulations, policies, industry standards or legal obligations, any failure to bind our suppliers 18 and contractors to appropriate agreements or to manage their practices or any systems failure or security incident that results in the unauthorized access to, or acquisition, release or transfer of, personally identifiable information or other data relating to customers or individuals may result in governmental investigations, inquiries, enforcement actions and prosecutions, private claims and litigation, fines and penalties, adverse publicity or potential loss of business. Certain of our products are subject to telecommunications-related regulations, and future legislative or regulatory actions could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition. As a provider of products used in communications applications, we may be indirectly or directly subject to existing or potential Federal Communications Commission, or FCC, regulations relating to the Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act, Telecommunications Relay Service fund contributions and other requirements. These laws require providers of certain advanced communications services to make those services accessible to parties with disabilities, including the hardware or software applications they provide, and to keep records of their compliance obligations. These laws may also require service providers to pay certain fees to support FCC accessibility initiatives. If requirements under these laws were imposed on us indirectly by our customers or directly upon us by the FCC, we would be subject to certain product design, record keeping or fee contribution obligations. FCC classification of our internet voice communications products as telecommunications services could result in additional federal and state regulatory obligations. If we do not comply with FCC rules and regulations, we could be subject to FCC enforcement actions, fines, and possibly restrictions on our ability to operate or offer certain of our products. Any enforcement action by the FCC, which may be a public process, could hurt our reputation in the industry, possibly impair our ability to sell our products to customers and could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition. We may also be subject to a number of rules and regulations in China that apply to internet businesses. See “—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—We may be adversely affected by the complexity, uncertainties and changes in PRC laws, rules and regulations, particularly of internet businesses.” As we continue to expand internationally, we may become subject to telecommunications laws and regulations in the foreign countries where we offer our products. Internationally, we currently offer our products in more than 150 countries and regions. Our global operations are subject to country-specific governmental regulations and related actions that may continue to increase our costs or impact our products or prevent us from offering or providing our products in certain countries. Certain of our products may be used by customers located in countries where voice and other forms of IP communications may be illegal or require special licensing or in countries on a U.S. embargo list. Even where our products are reportedly illegal or become illegal or where users are located in an embargoed country, users in those countries may be able to continue to use our products in those countries notwithstanding the illegality or embargo. We may be subject to penalties or governmental action if end users continue to use our customers’ products in countries where it is illegal to do so, and any such penalties or governmental action may be costly and may harm our business and damage our brand and reputation. We may be required to incur additional expenses to meet applicable international regulatory requirements or be required to discontinue those services if required by law or if we cannot or will not meet those requirements. We may be subject to governmental export controls and economic sanctions regulations that could impair our ability to compete in the international market due to licensing requirements and could subject us to liability if we are not in compliance with applicable laws. Certain of our products and services may be subject to export control and economic sanctions regulations, including but not limited to the U.S. Export Administration Regulations, U.S. Customs regulations and various economic and trade sanctions regulations administered by the U.S. Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Controls. In addition, we might become the target of new sanction programs, export or import controls, or other international trade controls in the future due to the rapid development and frequent expansion of such sanctions programs and export or import controls. Exports of our products and the provision of our services must be made in compliance with these laws and regulations. If we fail to comply with these laws and regulations, we and certain of our employees could be subject to substantial civil or criminal penalties, including the possible loss of export privileges, fines which may be imposed on us and responsible employees or managers, and, in extreme cases, the incarceration of responsible employees or managers. Obtaining the necessary authorizations, including any required license, for a particular deployment may be time-consuming, is not guaranteed and may result in the delay or loss of sales opportunities. In addition, changes in our products or services, or changes in applicable export or economic sanctions regulations may create delays in the introduction and deployment of our products and services in international markets, or, in some cases, prevent the export of our products or provision of our services to certain countries or customers. Any change in export or economic sanctions regulations, shift in the enforcement or scope of existing regulations, or change in the countries, governments, persons or technologies targeted by such regulations, could also result in decreased use of our products and services, or in our decreased ability to export our products or provide our services to existing or prospective customers with global operations. Any decreased use of our products and services or limitation on our ability to export our products and provide our services could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition. Further, we incorporate encryption technology into certain of our products. Various countries regulate the import of certain encryption technology, including through import permitting and licensing requirements, and have enacted laws that could limit our customers’ ability to import our products into those countries. Encryption products and the underlying technology may also be 19 subject to export control restrictions. Governmental regulation of encryption technology and regulation of exports of encryption products, or our failure to obtain required approval for our products, when applicable, could harm our international sales and adversely affect our revenues. Compliance with applicable regulatory requirements regarding the export of our products and provision of our services, including with respect to new releases of our products and services, may create delays in the introduction of our products and services in international markets, prevent our customers with international operations from deploying our products and using our services throughout their globally-distributed systems or, in some cases, prevent the export of our products or provision of our services to some countries altogether. Our business activities are subject to the FCPA and similar anti-bribery and anti-corruption laws, and any allegation or determination that we have violated these laws could have a material adverse effect on our business or our reputation. Our business activities are subject to the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, or the FCPA and similar anti-bribery or anti-corruption laws, regulations or rules of the countries in which we operate. These laws generally prohibit companies and their employees and third party business partners, representatives and agents from engaging in corruption and bribery, including offering, promising, giving, or authorizing the provision of anything of value, either directly or indirectly, to a government official or commercial party in order to influence official action, direct business to any person, gain any improper advantage, or obtain or retain business. We are also subject to the Chinese anti-corruption and anti-unfair competition laws, which strictly prohibits commercial bribery and bribes to government officials. The FCPA also requires public companies to make and keep books and records that accurately and fairly reflect the transactions of the corporation and to devise and maintain an adequate system of internal accounting controls. Our operations are dependent in part upon transmission bandwidth provided by third-party network providers and access to co-location facilities to house our servers, which in some countries may be state- owned, and some of our customers may also be state-owned, in each case exposing us to potential risks. As we continue our international expansion, we may face further challenges related to compliance with global anti-corruption laws. In addition to our own employees, we use third parties to assist us in the process of obtaining government licenses and approvals, including patent and trademark rights. We and our third-party business partners, representatives and agents may have direct or indirect interactions with officials and employees of government agencies, or state-owned or affiliated entities, and we may be held liable for inaccurate or incomplete accounting records, internal accounting controls deemed inadequate by applicable regulatory authorities and corrupt or other illegal activities of our employees, affiliates, third-party business partners, representatives and agents, even if we do not explicitly authorize such activities. There can be no assurance that our employees or the employees of our third-party business partners, representatives and agents will comply with all applicable laws and regulations, particularly given the high level of complexity of these laws. Violations of these laws and regulations could result in whistleblower complaints, adverse media coverage, investigations, loss of export privileges, debarment from U.S. government contracts, substantial diversion of management’s attention, significant legal fees and fines, severe criminal or civil sanctions against us, our officers, or our employees, disgorgement, and other sanctions and remedial measures, and prohibitions on the conduct of our business. Any such violations could include prohibitions on our ability to offer our products in one or more countries and could materially damage our reputation, our brand, our international expansion efforts, our ability to attract and retain employees, and our business, prospects, operating results, financial condition. The current tensions in international trade and rising political tensions may adversely impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations. As a company primarily operating in both China and the United States and seeking to expand globally, we may be exposed to risks arising from geopolitical tensions and international trade disputes. These tensions may lead to financial market volatility, currency fluctuations, disruptions in cross-border trade, and increased procurement costs. In extreme cases, such conflicts could result in economic downturns that materially and adversely impact our operations. If any new legislation and/or regulations are implemented, or existing trade agreements are renegotiated, such changes could have an adverse effect on the business, financial condition and results of operations of us, our customers and our business partners. On October 28, 2024, the U.S. Department of the Treasury issued a final rule on outbound investment (“Outbound Investment Rule”), effective on January 2, 2025, which imposes investment prohibition and notification requirements on U.S. persons for a wide range of investments in entities associated with China (including Hong Kong and Macau), collectively defined as “Covered Foreign Persons,” that are engaged in activities relating to three sectors: (i) semiconductors and microelectronics, (ii) quantum information technologies, and (iii) artificial intelligence systems. U.S. persons subject to the Outbound Investment Rule are prohibited from making, or required to report, certain investments in Covered Foreign Persons, which are defined as “covered transactions.” If we were to be deemed a Covered Foreign Person due to changes in our business operations or amendments to relevant laws and regulations, our ability to raise capital and our stock price may be negatively affected. We may have additional tax liabilities, which could harm our business, operating results and financial condition. We are subject to income taxes and other taxes in the United States, the PRC and other foreign jurisdictions. Significant judgments and estimates are required in determining our provision for income taxes and other tax liabilities. Our tax expense may be impacted, for example, if tax laws change or are clarified or if tax authorities successfully challenge the tax positions that we take, 20 such as, for example, positions relating to the arm’s-length pricing standards for our intercompany transactions and our state sales and use tax positions. In determining the adequacy of income taxes, we assess the likelihood of adverse outcomes if our tax positions were challenged by the Internal Revenue Service, or IRS, the State Taxation Administration, or STA, and other tax authorities. Should the IRS, the STA or other tax authorities assess additional taxes as a result of audits or examinations, we may be required to record charges to operations that could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition. Our global operations and structure subject us to potentially adverse tax consequences. We generally conduct our global operations through subsidiaries and report our taxable income in various jurisdictions worldwide based on our business operations in those jurisdictions. In particular, our intercompany relationships are subject to complex transfer pricing regulations administered by tax authorities in various jurisdictions. Also, our tax expense depends on the applicability of withholding and other taxes, including withholding and indirect taxes on software licenses and related intercompany transactions, under the tax laws of certain jurisdictions in which we have business operations. The relevant revenue and tax authorities may disagree with positions we have taken generally, or our determinations as to the value of assets sold or acquired or income and expenses attributable to specific jurisdictions. If such a disagreement were to occur, and our position were not sustained, we could be required to pay additional taxes, interest and penalties, which could result in additional tax charges, higher effective tax rates, reduced cash flows and lower overall profitability of our operations. The tax laws of certain countries in which we do business could also change on a prospective or retroactive basis, and any such changes could increase our liabilities for taxes, interest and penalties, and therefore could harm our business, cash flows, operating results and financial position. We have limited insurance to cover potential losses and claims arising from certain events. We maintain standard insurance for our employees, including pension insurance, maternity insurance, unemployment insurance, work-related injury insurance, medical insurance and housing funds as required by the laws and regulations of China and mandatory insurances as required by other jurisdictions in which we operate. We also purchase other supplemental commercial medical insurance and accident insurance for our employees. Our insurance coverage is provided by reputable companies in accordance with commercially reasonable standards. We have limited business interruption insurance, key-person insurance or insurance covering potential liabilities. We consider our insurance coverage to be adequate as we have in place all the mandatory insurance policies required by the laws and regulations of all jurisdictions in which we operate business, and we also are in accordance with the commercial practices in our industry. However, our insurance policies are subject to standard deductibles, exclusions and limitations. There is no assurance that the insurance policies we maintain are sufficient to prevent us from incurring any loss or that we will be able to successfully claim our losses under our current insurance policies on a timely basis, or at all. If we incur any loss that is not covered by our insurance policies or the compensated amount is significantly less than our actual loss, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be materially and adversely affected. Negative publicity about us, our services, operations and our management may adversely affect our reputation and business. We may, from time to time, receive negative publicity, including negative internet and blog postings about our company, our business, our management or our services. Certain of such negative publicity may be the result of malicious harassment or unfair competition acts by third parties. We may even be subject to government or regulatory investigation as a result of such third-party conduct and may be required to spend significant time and incur substantial costs to defend ourselves against such third-party conduct, and we may not be able to conclusively refute each of the allegations within a reasonable period of time, or at all. Our brand and reputation may be materially and adversely affected as a result of any negative publicity, which in turn may cause us to lose market share, customers and other third parties with which we conduct business. We may require additional capital to support our business, and this capital might not be available on acceptable terms, if at all. We intend to continue to make investments to support our business and may require additional funds. In particular, we may seek additional funds to develop new products and enhance our platform and existing products, expand our operations, including our sales and marketing organizations and our presence outside of our home markets, improve our infrastructure or acquire complementary businesses, technologies, services, products and other assets. Accordingly, we may need to engage in equity or debt financings to secure additional funds. If we raise additional funds through future issuances of equity or convertible debt securities, our shareholders could suffer significant dilution, and any new equity securities we issue could have rights, preferences and privileges superior to holders of our Class A and Class B Ordinary Shares. Any debt financing that we may secure in the future could involve restrictive covenants relating to our capital raising activities and other financial and operational matters, which may make it more difficult for us to obtain additional capital and to pursue business opportunities. We may not be able to obtain additional financing on terms favorable to us, if at all. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us when we require it, our ability to continue to support our business growth, scale our infrastructure, develop product enhancements and to respond to business challenges could be significantly impaired, and our business, operating results and financial condition may be adversely affected. We face exposure to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, and such fluctuations could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition. We have operations primarily in the United States and China but sell to customers worldwide. As we continue to expand our 21 international operations, we will become increasingly exposed to the effects of fluctuations in currency exchange rates. Although the majority of our cash generated from revenues is denominated in U.S. dollars and Renminbi, a small amount is denominated in other currencies, and our expenses are generally denominated in the currencies of the jurisdictions in which we conduct our operations. Because we conduct business in currencies other than U.S. dollars but report our operating results in U.S. dollars, we also face translation exposure to fluctuations in currency exchange rates, which could hinder our ability to predict our future results and earnings and could materially impact our operating results. We do not currently maintain a program to hedge exposures to foreign currencies. The value of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar and other currencies has in the past fluctuated significantly, and may in the future continue to do so, affected by, among other things, changes in political and economic conditions and the foreign exchange policies adopted by applicable authorities. With the development of the foreign exchange market and progress towards Renminbi internationalization, we cannot assure you that the exchange rate between the Renminbi and the U.S. dollar will not fluctuate significantly in the future. We may rely on dividends paid by our PRC subsidiaries. Any significant fluctuation of Renminbi against the U.S. dollar could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition, and the value of any dividends payable in U.S. dollars. Conversely, if we decide to convert our Renminbi into U.S. dollars for the purpose of making payments for dividends on our ordinary shares or for other business purposes, appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the Renminbi would have a negative effect on the U.S. dollar amount. Our ability to use our net operating losses to offset future taxable income may be subject to certain limitations. Under current U.S. federal income tax law, U.S. federal net operating loss carryforwards (“NOLs”) that our U.S. subsidiaries generated in tax years through December 31, 2017, may be carried forward for 20 years and may fully offset taxable income in the year utilized, while U.S. federal NOLs generated in tax years after December 31, 2017, may be carried forward indefinitely but may only be used to offset 80% of taxable income annually. Furthermore, our U.S. subsidiaries’ ability to use their federal NOLs is conditioned on their maintaining profitability in the future and generating U.S. federal taxable income. Since we do not know whether or when our U.S. subsidiaries will generate the U.S. federal taxable income necessary to use the remaining NOLs, the NOLs generated prior to December 31, 2017 could expire unused. Other limitations may apply to state NOLs under state law, including California. In addition, under Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, if a corporation undergoes an “ownership change,” the corporation's ability to use its pre-change federal NOLs and other tax attributes (such as tax credits) to offset its post-change taxable income and taxes may be limited. In general, an “ownership change” occurs if there is a greater than 50 percentage point change (by value) in a corporation's equity ownership by certain stockholders over a rolling three-year period. If any of our U.S. subsidiaries was to experience ownership changes in the future, such U.S. subsidiary's ability to use pre-change federal NOLs and other tax attributes to offset future taxable income and taxes could be subject to limitations. Similar provisions of state tax law may also apply. For these reasons, even if our U.S. subsidiaries achieve profitability, they may be unable to use a material portion of their NOLs and other tax attributes, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. If we do not appropriately maintain effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes- Oxley Act of 2002, we may be unable to accurately report our financial results and the market price of our ADSs may be adversely affected. We are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and the rules and regulations of the applicable listing and corporate governance standards of the Nasdaq. We expect that the requirements of these rules and regulations will continue to increase our legal, accounting, and financial compliance costs, make some activities more difficult, time-consuming and costly and place significant strain on our personnel, systems and resources. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. Commencing with our fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, we must perform system and process evaluation and testing of our internal control over financial reporting to allow management to report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting in our Form 20-F filing, as required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. In addition, an independent registered public accounting firm must attest to and report on the effectiveness of the company’s internal control over financial reporting. Our management and independent registered public accounting firm have concluded that our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025 was effective. In the future, our management may conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is not effective. Any failure to implement and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could also adversely affect the results of periodic management evaluations and annual independent registered public accounting firm attestation reports regarding the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting that we will be required to include in our periodic reports that will be filed with the SEC. Moreover, even if our management concludes that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, our independent registered 22 public accounting firm, after conducting its own independent testing, may issue a report with adverse opinion if it is not satisfied with our internal controls or the level at which our controls are documented, designed, operated or tested, or if it interprets the relevant requirements differently from us. Our reporting obligations may place a significant strain on our management, operational and financial resources and systems for the foreseeable future. We may be unable to timely complete our evaluation testing and any required remediation. If we fail to implement and maintain an effective internal control environment, we could suffer material misstatements in our consolidated financial statements and fail to meet our reporting obligations, and investors will likely lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, the market price of the ADSs could decline, and we could be subject to sanctions or investigations by the Nasdaq, the SEC or other regulatory authorities. Failure to maintain an effective control systems required of public companies could also restrict our future access to the capital markets. Additionally, ineffective internal control over financial reporting could expose us to increased risk of fraud or misuse of corporate assets and subject us to potential delisting from the stock exchange on which we list, regulatory investigations and civil or criminal sanctions. Our business is subject to the risks of earthquakes, fire, floods, pandemics and other natural catastrophic events, and to interruption by man-made problems such as power disruptions, computer viruses, data security breaches or terrorism. A significant natural disaster, such as an earthquake, fire, flood or pandemic, occurring at one of our headquarters, at one of our other facilities or where a business partner is located could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition. Further, if a natural disaster or man-made problem were to affect our service providers, this could adversely affect the ability of our customers to use our products. In addition, natural disasters and acts of terrorism could cause disruptions in our or our customers’ businesses, national economies or the world economy as a whole. We also rely on our network and third-party infrastructure and enterprise applications and internal technology systems for our engineering, sales and marketing, and operating activities. We may be unable to continue our operations and may endure system interruptions, reputational harm, delays in our development activities, lengthy interruptions in service, breaches of data security and loss of critical data, any of which could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition. In addition, computer malware, viruses and computer hacking, fraudulent use attempts and phishing attacks have become more prevalent in our industry, have occurred on our platform and have impacted some of our services providers in the past and may occur on our platform in the future. Any failure to maintain performance, reliability, security, integrity and availability of our products and technical infrastructure, including third-party infrastructure and services upon which we rely, may give rise to litigation, consumer protection actions, or harm to our reputation, and as a result, may hinder our ability to retain existing customers and attract new customers. Legal or administrative proceedings or allegations of impropriety against us or our management could have a material adverse impact on our business, operating results and financial condition. We and members of our management may be subject to allegations, lawsuits or legal or administrative proceedings brought by our competitors, individuals, government and regulatory authorities or other persons in the future. Our management may hold positions or directorships in other companies, which may expose them to potential litigation risks. Any such lawsuit, allegation or proceeding, with or without merit, or any perceived unfair, unethical, fraudulent or inappropriate business practice by us or perceived wrong-doing by any key member of our management team could harm our reputation and cause our user base to decline and distract our management from day-to- day operations of our company. We cannot assure you that we or key members of our management team will not be subject to lawsuits, allegations or proceedings of a similar nature in the future. There can be no assurance that our employment practices will at all times be in full compliance, which may subject us to labor disputes or other legal or administrative proceedings. Where we can make a reasonable estimate of the liability relating to pending litigation and determine that an adverse liability resulting from such litigation is probable, we will record a related contingent liability. In 2023, 2024 and 2025, we did not record any contingent liabilities relating to pending litigation. However, when we record or revise our estimates of contingent liabilities in the future, the amount of our estimates may be inaccurate due to the inherent uncertainties relating to litigation. In addition, the outcomes of actions we institute against third parties may not be successful or favorable to us. Litigation and allegations against us or any of our management members, irrespective of their veracity, may also generate negative publicity that significantly harms our reputation, which may materially and adversely affect our user base and our ability to attract content providers and advertising customers. In addition to the related cost, managing and defending litigation and related indemnity obligations can significantly divert our management’s and the board of directors’ attention from operating our business. We may also need to pay additional compensation or damages, or settle the litigation with a substantial amount of cash. All of these could have a material adverse impact on our business, operating results and financial condition. The estimates of market opportunity, forecasts of market growth included in this annual report may prove to be inaccurate, and any real or perceived inaccuracies may harm our reputation and negatively affect our business. Even if the market in which we compete achieves the forecasted growth, our business could fail to grow at similar rates, if at all. Market opportunity estimates and growth forecasts included in this annual report are subject to significant uncertainty and are based on assumptions and estimates that may not prove to be accurate. The variables that go into the calculation of our market opportunity are subject to change over time, and there is no guarantee that any particular number or percentage of addressable 23 companies or end users covered by our market opportunity estimates will purchase our products at all or generate any particular level of revenues for us. Even if the market in which we compete meets the size estimates and growth forecasted in this annual report, our business could fail to grow for a variety of reasons, including reasons out of our control, such as competition in our industry. Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure Our former contractual arrangements in relation to the Former VIE may be subject to scrutiny by the PRC tax authorities, and they may determine that we or the Former VIE owe additional taxes, which could negatively affect our financial condition and the value of your investment. Historically, we entered into a series of contractual arrangements with the Former VIE and its shareholders that gave us the ability to direct the Former VIE’s key activities, receive substantially all of its economic benefits, and (when and to the extent permitted by PRC laws) purchase all or part of its equity interests. Under this structure, the Former VIE held our key operating licenses, provided services to our customers, and entered into contracts with our suppliers in China. To reduce structural complexity and regulatory uncertainty, in January 2025, we terminated these contractual arrangements with the Former VIE and began conducting our business in China through our PRC subsidiaries. Under applicable PRC laws and regulations, arrangements and transactions among related parties may be subject to audit or challenge by the PRC tax authorities within ten years after the taxable year in which the transactions occurred. We could face material adverse tax consequences if the PRC tax authorities determine that the historical Former VIE contractual arrangements were not entered into on an arm’s-length basis, resulting in an impermissible reduction in taxes under applicable PRC laws, rules, and regulations, and adjust the income of the Former VIE, if any, through a transfer pricing adjustment. Such an adjustment could, among other things, reduce the Former VIE’s expense deductions for PRC tax purposes—thereby increasing its tax liabilities—without reducing our PRC subsidiaries’ tax expenses. In addition, the PRC tax authorities may impose late payment fees and other penalties on the Former VIE for the adjusted but unpaid taxes under applicable regulations. Our financial position could be adversely affected if the Former VIE’s tax liabilities increase or if it is required to pay late payment fees and other penalties. Risks Related to Doing Business in China Changes in the political and economic policies of the PRC government could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. The laws and regulations in China may be revised or updated from time to time, which could result in a material adverse change in our operations and the value of our ADSs. A substantial part of our operations is conducted in the PRC and a significant portion of our revenues is sourced from the PRC. Accordingly, our business, results of operations and financial condition are affected to a significant extent by economic, political and legal developments in the PRC. The PRC government continues to play a significant role in regulating industry development by imposing industrial policies. The PRC government also exercises macroeconomic control over China’s economic growth by allocating resources, controlling payment of foreign currency-denominated obligations, setting monetary policy, regulating financial services and institutions and providing preferential treatment to particular industries or companies. While the PRC economy has experienced significant growth in the past four decades, growth has been uneven, both geographically and among various sectors of the economy. The PRC government has implemented various measures to encourage economic growth and guide the allocation of resources. Some of these measures may benefit the overall PRC economy, but may also have a negative effect on us. Our business, operating results and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected by government regulation over capital investments or changes in tax regulations that are applicable to us. In addition, the PRC government has implemented certain measures to control the pace of economic growth. These measures may be conducive to China’s overall economy, but they could have an adverse impact on the industry in which we operate and our subsequent business activities, and cause the value of our securities to significantly decline or become worthless. Changes to laws and regulations in the PRC could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition and our investors could be affected as a result. The Chinese government stringently regulates the internet sector, imposing access, investment restrictions, and licensing requirements. Our industry is subject to ongoing regulatory development and supervision under laws and regulations. We must comply with all applicable laws and regulations, including the recently amended Law on Preservation of State Secrets, and meet the compliance requirements set by relevant authorities concerning content management. Regarding the application and interpretation of laws, we must continually monitor regulatory developments and judicial practices, and assess their potential impact on our business accordingly. This makes it challenging to predict how actions or omissions could lead to liabilities within the heavily regulated Chinese internet industry. The rise in internet and online service usage may lead to new laws covering areas like privacy, cybersecurity, and product quality. Compliance with these regulations could affect demand and operating costs. Uncertainties stemming from existing laws, 24 government positions, and potential new regulations pose challenges for foreign investments and internet businesses in China, impacting our operations. We may be adversely affected by the complexity and changes in PRC laws and regulations, particularly of internet businesses. The PRC government has significant oversight and discretion over the conduct of our business in China and may intervene with or influence our operations in China as the government deems appropriate to further regulatory, political and societal goals. We cannot rule out the possibility that it will in the future further release regulations or policies regarding the internet industry that could further adversely affect our business in China, financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, the PRC government has also indicated an intent to implement more regulation over securities offerings and other capital markets activities that are conducted overseas and foreign investment in China-based companies. PRC regulatory authorities published regulations and guidance, such as the Trial Administrative Measures of the Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies and five supporting guidelines published by the CSRC on February 17, 2023 and the Provisions on Strengthening the Confidentiality and Archives Administration Related to the Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Enterprises released by the PRC regulatory authorities, to implement more regulation over securities offerings and other capital markets activities that are conducted overseas and foreign investment in China-based companies. We cannot assure you that we will be able to comply with these laws and regulations in all respects, and we may be ordered to rectify, suspend or terminate any actions or services that are deemed illegal by the regulatory authorities and become subject to material penalties, which may materially harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects, as well as the value of our Shares. We may be required to obtain and maintain permits and licenses to operate our business in China. Our business activities mainly include offering real-time engagement products that enable interactions through audio, video or message within mobile applications, which may be regarded as value-added telecommunications services under the Catalog of Telecommunications Business, or the Catalog. Considering the products we offer and the way our services are provided to our customers, we were of the view that our business activities did not clearly fit into any current category under the Catalog, and there was no specific license that was expressly and completely applicable to our business under the Catalog. However, the RTE-PaaS industry is still at a nascent stage of development and the laws and regulations regarding licenses for value-added telecommunication services in the PRC are continuously evolving. According to our verbal consultations with MIIT conducted on January 19, 2022 through official consultation channel, our business activities of provision of real-time engagement platforms may be regarded as domestic multiparty communication services, a kind of value added telecommunications services and thus, we may be required to obtain the a value-added telecommunication business operation license with service scope for provision of domestic multi-party communication services, or the DMPC license. Though Shanghai Shengwang has already obtained the DMPC license with national coverage on August 8, 2024 to minimize the risk arising from the PRC regulator’s different interpretation and enforcement on relevant laws, rules and regulations, it is possible that the businesses described in the Catalog, along with other relevant rules and regulatory requirements for the licenses, may further be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent with our understanding above, which means that we may be required by the PRC regulators to update our existing licenses or to obtain additional licenses under the current Catalog, or under future laws, rules and regulations applicable to our business as promulgated and amended from time to time. We will continuously assess the need to obtain and renew permits and licenses to operate our business, closely consult the supervisory authority having jurisdiction over us, and follow their guidance in a timely manner to ensure we run our business legally. However, we may fail, on acceptable terms and in a timely manner, or at all, to obtain, maintain or update the permits and licenses we may need to operate and expand our business from time to time and as required by the supervisory authorities. Business operations without proper permits and licenses may subject us to administrative penalties by relevant PRC regulators with measures including fines, and in very extreme cases, confiscation of the gains derived from the operations, being required to discontinue or restrict our operation and being placed in the credit blacklist made by the PRC regulator, and our business, operating results and financial condition could be materially adversely affected. The PCAOB had historically been unable to inspect our auditor in relation to their audit work performed for our financial statements and the inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of our auditor in the past has deprived our investors with the benefits of such inspections. Our auditor, the independent registered public accounting firm that issues the audit report included elsewhere in this annual report, as an auditor of companies that are traded publicly in the United States and a firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), or the PCAOB, is subject to laws in the United States pursuant to which the PCAOB conducts regular inspections to assess its compliance with the applicable professional standards. The auditor is located in mainland China, a jurisdiction where the PCAOB was historically unable to conduct inspections and investigations completely before 2022. As a result, we and investors in the ADSs were deprived of the benefits of such PCAOB inspections. The inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of auditors in mainland China and Hong Kong in the past has made it more difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of our independent registered public accounting firm’s audit procedures or quality control procedures as compared to auditors outside 25 of mainland China and Hong Kong that are subject to the PCAOB inspections. On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB issued a report that vacated its December 16, 2021 determination and removed mainland China and Hong Kong from the list of jurisdictions where it is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms. However, if the PCAOB determines in the future that it no longer has full access to inspect and investigate completely accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong, and we use an accounting firm headquartered in one of these jurisdictions to issue an audit report on our financial statements filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, we and investors in our ADSs would again be deprived of the benefits of such PCAOB inspections again, which could cause investors and potential investors in the ADSs to lose confidence in our audit procedures and reported financial information and the quality of our financial statements. Additionally, the delisting of the ADSs, or the threat of their being delisted, may nevertheless materially and adversely affect the value of your investment. If this happens there is no certainty that we will be able to list our ordinary shares on a non-U.S. exchange or that a market for our ordinary shares will develop outside of the United States. Our ADSs will be prohibited from trading in the United States under the HFCAA if the PCAOB is unable to inspect or fully investigate auditors located in China for two consecutive years. Pursuant to the HFCAA, if the SEC determines that we have filed audit reports issued by a registered public accounting firm that has not been subject to inspections by the PCAOB for two consecutive years, the SEC will prohibit our shares or ADSs from being traded on a national securities exchange or in the over-the-counter trading market in the United States. On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued a report to notify the SEC of its determination that the PCAOB was unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong and our auditor was subject to that determination. In May 2022, the SEC conclusively listed us as a Commission-Identified Issuer under the HFCAA following the filing of our annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021. On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB removed mainland China and Hong Kong from the list of jurisdictions where it is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms. For this reason, we do not believe we are at risk of having our securities subject to a trading prohibition under the HFCAA unless a new determination is made by the PCAOB. However, the PCAOB will determine annually whether it can inspect and investigate completely audit firms in mainland China and Hong Kong, among other jurisdictions. If the PCAOB determines in the future that it no longer has full access to inspect and investigate completely accounting firms in mainland China and Hong Kong and we use an accounting firm headquartered in one of these jurisdictions to issue an audit report on our financial statements filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, we would be identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer following the filing of the annual report on Form 20-F for the relevant fiscal year. In accordance with the HFCAA, our securities would be prohibited from being traded on a national securities exchange or in the over-the-counter trading market in the United States if we are identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer for two consecutive years in the future. If our shares and ADSs are prohibited from trading in the United States, there is no certainty that we will be able to list on a non-U.S. exchange or that a market for our shares will develop outside of the United States. Such a delisting would significantly affect our ability to raise capital on terms acceptable to us, or at all, which would have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and prospects. PRC regulations relating to investments in offshore companies by PRC residents may subject our PRC-resident beneficial owners, or our PRC subsidiaries to liability or penalties, limit our ability to inject capital into our PRC subsidiaries or limit our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to increase their registered capital or distribute profits. Pursuant to Circular of the SAFE on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Control on Domestic Residents’ Offshore Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment through Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 37, PRC residents are required to register with local branches of the SAFE in connection with their direct establishment or indirect control of an offshore entity, for the purpose of overseas investment and financing, with such PRC residents’ legally owned assets or equity interests in domestic enterprises or offshore assets or interests, referred to in SAFE Circular 37 as a “special purpose vehicle.” Pursuant to SAFE Circular 37, “control” refers to the act through which a PRC resident obtains the right to carry out business operation of, to gain proceeds from or to make decisions on a special purpose vehicle by means of, among others, shareholding entrustment arrangement. SAFE Circular 37 further requires amendment to the registration in the event of any significant changes with respect to the special purpose vehicle, such as change of shareholders of the special purpose vehicle, increase or decrease of capital contributed by PRC individuals, share transfer or exchange, merger, division or other material event. In the event that a PRC shareholder holding interests in a special purpose vehicle fails to fulfill the required SAFE registration, the PRC subsidiaries of that special purpose vehicle may be prohibited from making profit distributions to the offshore parent and from carrying out subsequent cross-border foreign exchange activities, and the special purpose vehicle may be restricted in its ability to contribute additional capital into its PRC subsidiaries. Moreover, failure to comply with the various SAFE registration requirements described above could result in liability under PRC law for evasion of foreign exchange controls. According to the Notice of the SAFE on Further Simplifying and Improving Policies for the Foreign Exchange Administration of Direct Investment released on February 13, 2015 by the SAFE and amended on December 30, 2019, local banks will examine and handle foreign exchange registration for overseas direct investment, including the initial foreign exchange registration and amendment registration, under SAFE Circular 37 from June 1, 2015. See also “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations—Regulations on Overseas Listing.” Mr. Zhao completed the initial SAFE registration pursuant to SAFE Circular 37 in 2014. We have notified substantial beneficial owners of ordinary shares who we know are PRC residents of their filing obligation, including the obligation to complete the SAFE 26 registration and to make updates under SAFE Circular 37. Nevertheless, we may not be continuously aware of the identities of all of our beneficial owners who are PRC residents. We do not have control over our beneficial owners and there can be no assurance that all of our PRC-resident beneficial owners will comply with SAFE Circular 37 and subsequent implementation rules, and there is no assurance that the registration under SAFE Circular 37 and any amendment will be completed in a timely manner, or will be completed at all. The failure of our beneficial owners who are PRC residents to register or amend their foreign exchange registrations in a timely manner pursuant to SAFE Circular 37 and subsequent implementation rules, or the failure of future beneficial owners of our company who are PRC residents to comply with the registration procedures set forth in SAFE Circular 37 and subsequent implementation rules, may subject such beneficial owners, our PRC subsidiaries to fines and legal sanctions. Failure to register or comply with relevant requirements may also limit our ability to contribute additional capital to our PRC subsidiaries and limit our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to distribute dividends to our company. These risks could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition. There may exist uncertainties with respect to effecting service of legal process, enforcing foreign judgments or bringing actions in the PRC against us or our management based on foreign laws. We are an exempted company with limited liability incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands, we conduct a majority of our operations in China, and we have significant assets located in the PRC. In addition, most of our senior executive officers reside within the PRC for a significant portion of the time and the majority of them are PRC nationals. In addition, the PRC does not have treaties providing for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of judgments of courts with the Cayman Islands and many other countries and regions. Even if you are successful in bringing an action of this kind, you may face uncertainties with respect to the enforcement of judgments rendered under the laws of the Cayman Islands and the PRC against our assets or the assets of our Directors and officers. We may rely on dividends, loans and other distributions on equity paid by our principal operating subsidiaries to fund offshore cash and financing requirements. Any limitation on the ability of our PRC operating subsidiaries to make payments to us could adversely affect our ability to conduct our business. We are a holding company and may rely on dividends, loans and other distributions on equity paid by our principal operating subsidiaries and on remittances from our PRC subsidiaries for our offshore cash and financing requirements, including the funds necessary to pay dividends and other cash distributions to our shareholders, fund inter-company loans, service any debt we may incur outside of China and pay our expenses. When our PRC subsidiaries incur additional debt, the instruments governing the debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends, make loans or make other distributions or remittances to us. Furthermore, the laws, rules and regulations applicable to our PRC subsidiaries permit payments of dividends only out of its retained earnings, if any, determined in accordance with applicable accounting standards and regulations. Under PRC laws, rules and regulations, our PRC subsidiaries are required to set aside at least 10% of their net income each year to fund certain statutory reserves until the cumulative amount of such reserves reaches 50% of their registered capital. These reserves, together with the registered capital, are not distributable as cash dividends. As a result of these laws, rules and regulations, our PRC subsidiaries are restricted in their ability to transfer a portion of their respective net assets to their shareholders as dividends, loans or advances. In addition, registered share capital and capital reserve accounts are also restricted from withdrawal in the PRC, up to the amount of net assets held in each operating subsidiary. Limitations on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to pay dividends to us could limit our ability to access cash generated by the operations of those entities, including making investments or acquisitions that could be beneficial to our businesses, paying dividends to our shareholders or otherwise funding and conducting our business. The discontinuation of the preferential tax treatment available to us in China could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition. Under PRC tax laws and regulations, some of our PRC subsidiaries currently benefit from a number of preferential tax treatments. For example, Shanghai Shengwang enjoy a reduced enterprise tax rate of 15%, because they are qualified as the “high and new technology enterprises strongly supported by the state,” or HNTEs, under the modified Enterprise Income Tax Law of the PRC, or the EIT Law. Continued qualification as a HNTE is subject to a three-year review by the relevant government authorities in China, and in practice certain local tax authorities also require annual evaluation of the qualification. In addition to the foregoing tax benefit, some of our PRC subsidiaries obtained the certificate of Qualified Software Enterprise and some of our products have obtained software product registration certificates, based on which the relevant PRC subsidiaries enjoy certain preferential enterprise income tax and value-added tax benefits, according to a number of applicable rules in China. In the event the preferential tax treatment for our PRC subsidiaries is discontinued or is not verified by the local tax authorities, and the affected entity fails to obtain preferential tax treatments, it will become subject to the standard tax rates and policies, including the PRC enterprise income tax rate of 25%. We cannot assure you that the tax authorities will not, in the future, discontinue our preferential tax treatment, potentially with retroactive effect in accordance with the laws and regulations. We and our non-PRC subsidiaries may be treated as resident enterprises for PRC tax purposes under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, and we may therefore be subject to PRC income tax on our global income. 27 Under the modified Enterprise Income Tax Law of the PRC and its implementing rules, enterprises established under the laws of jurisdictions outside of China with “de facto management bodies” located in China may be considered PRC tax resident enterprises for tax purposes and may be subject to the PRC enterprise income tax at the rate of 25% on their global income. Pursuant to the Notice Regarding the Determination of Chinese-Controlled Offshore-Incorporated Enterprises as PRC Tax Resident Enterprises on the Basis of De Facto Management Bodies, or Circular 82, there are certain specific criteria for determining whether the “de facto management body” of a Chinese- controlled offshore-incorporated enterprise is located in China. Although Circular 82 only applies to offshore enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises or PRC enterprise groups, not those controlled by foreign enterprises or individuals, the determining criteria set forth in Circular 82 may reflect the STA’s general position on how the “de facto management body” test should be applied in determining the tax resident status of offshore enterprises, regardless of whether they are controlled by PRC enterprises or PRC enterprise groups. If we or any of our non- PRC subsidiaries were to be considered a PRC resident enterprise, we or the subsidiary would be subject to PRC enterprise income tax at the rate of 25% on our or the subsidiary’s global income. In such case, our profitability and cash flow may be materially reduced as a result of our global income being taxed under the Enterprise Income Tax Law of the PRC. We believe that none of our entities outside of China is a PRC resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes. However, the tax resident status of an enterprise is subject to determination by the PRC tax authorities and uncertainties remain with respect to the interpretation of the term “de facto management body.” It may be difficult for regulators of other jurisdictions to conduct investigations or collect evidence within China. Shareholder claims or regulatory investigation that are common in the United States generally are difficult to pursue as a matter of law or practicality in China. For example, in China, there are significant legal and other obstacles to providing information needed for regulatory investigations or litigation initiated outside China. Although the authorities in China may establish a regulatory cooperation mechanism with the securities regulatory authorities of another country or region to implement cross-border supervision and administration, such cooperation with the securities regulatory authorities in the Unities States may not be efficient in the absence of mutual and practical cooperation mechanism. Furthermore, according to Article 177 of the PRC Securities Law, which became effective in March 2020, no foreign securities regulator is allowed to directly conduct investigations or evidence collection activities within the PRC territory. While detailed interpretation of or implementation rules under Article 177 have yet to be promulgated, the inability for an foreign securities regulator to directly conduct investigations or evidence collection activities within China may further increase the difficulties you face in protecting your interests. See also “—Risks Related to the ADSs—You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands Act and conduct a significant portion of our business operations in emerging markets.” Dividends paid to our non-PRC investors and gains on the sale of our ADSs by our non-PRC investors may be subject to PRC tax. Under the modified Enterprise Income Tax Law of the PRC and its implementation regulations issued by the State Council, a 10% PRC withholding tax is applicable to dividends paid to investors that are non-resident enterprises, which do not have an establishment or place of business in the PRC or which have such establishment or place of business but the dividends are not effectively connected with such establishment or place of business, to the extent such dividends are derived from sources within the PRC. In addition, any gain realized on the transfer of ADSs by such investors is subject to PRC tax at a current rate of 10% if such gain is regarded as income derived from sources within the PRC. If we are deemed a PRC resident enterprise, dividends paid on our ordinary shares, and any gain realized from the transfer of our ADSs, may be treated as income derived from sources within the PRC and as a result may be subject to PRC taxation. Furthermore, if we are deemed a PRC resident enterprise, dividends paid to individual investors who are non-PRC residents and any gain realized on the transfer of ADSs by such investors may be subject to PRC tax at a current rate of 20% (which in the case of dividends may be withheld at source). If we are considered a PRC resident enterprise, any PRC tax described above may be reduced under applicable tax treaties or arrangements between jurisdictions. However, it is unclear whether holders of our ADSs would be able to obtain the benefit of income tax treaties or agreements entered into between China and their home jurisdictions. If dividends paid to our non-PRC investors, or gains from the transfer of our ADSs by such investors, are deemed as income derived from sources within the PRC and thus are subject to PRC tax, the value of your investment in our ADSs may decline significantly. We and our shareholders face uncertainties with respect to indirect transfers of equity interests in PRC resident enterprises or other assets attributed to a Chinese establishment of a non-PRC company, or immovable properties located in China owned by non-PRC companies. Pursuant to the Bulletin on Issues of Enterprise Income Tax on Indirect Transfers of Assets by Non-PRC Resident Enterprises, or Bulletin 7, an “indirect transfer” of assets, including equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise, by non-PRC resident enterprises may be re- characterized and treated as a direct transfer of PRC taxable assets, if such arrangement does not have a reasonable commercial purpose and was established for the purpose of avoiding payment of PRC enterprise income tax. As a result, gains derived from such indirect transfer may be subject to PRC enterprise income tax. According to Bulletin 7, “PRC taxable assets” include assets attributed to an establishment in China, immovable properties located in China, and equity investments in PRC resident enterprises, in respect of which gains from their transfer by a direct holder, being a non-PRC resident enterprise, would be subject to PRC enterprise income taxes. When determining whether there is a “reasonable commercial purpose” of the transaction arrangement, features to be taken into consideration include: whether the main value of the equity interest of the relevant offshore enterprise derives from PRC 28 taxable assets; whether the assets of the relevant offshore enterprise mainly consists of direct or indirect investment in China or if its income mainly derives from China; whether the offshore enterprise and its subsidiaries directly or indirectly holding PRC taxable assets have real commercial nature which is evidenced by their actual function and risk exposure; the duration of existence of the business model and organizational structure; the replicability of the transaction by direct transfer of PRC taxable assets; and the tax situation of such indirect transfer and applicable tax treaties or similar arrangements. In respect of an indirect offshore transfer of assets of a PRC establishment, the resulting gain is to be included with the enterprise income tax filing of the PRC establishment or place of business being transferred, and would consequently be subject to PRC enterprise income tax at a rate of 25%. Where the underlying transfer relates to the immovable properties located in China or to equity investments in a PRC resident enterprise, which is not related to a PRC establishment or place of business of a non-resident enterprise, a PRC enterprise income tax of 10% would apply, subject to available preferential tax treatment under applicable tax treaties or similar arrangements, and the party who is obligated to make the transfer payments has the withholding obligation. Bulletin 7 does not apply to transactions of sale of shares by investors through a public stock exchange where such shares were acquired from a transaction through a public stock exchange. On October 17, 2017, the STA promulgated the Announcement on Issues Concerning the Withholding of Non-resident Enterprise Income Tax at Source, or STA Circular 37, which amends certain provisions in Bulletin 7. Due to the uncertainty of the application of Bulletin 7 and STA Circular 37, we face uncertainties as to the reporting and other implications of certain past and future transactions where PRC taxable assets are involved, such as offshore restructuring, sale of the shares in our offshore subsidiaries or investments. Our company may be subject to filing obligations or taxed if our company is transferor in such transactions, and may be subject to withholding obligations if our company is transferee in such transactions under Bulletin 7. For transfer of shares in our company by investors that are non-PRC resident enterprises, our PRC subsidiaries may be requested to assist in the filing under Bulletin 7. As a result, we may be required to expend valuable resources to comply with Bulletin 7 and STA Circular 37 or to request the relevant transferors from whom we purchase taxable assets to comply with Bulletin 7 and STA Circular 37, or to establish that our company should not be taxed under Bulletin 7 and STA Circular 37, which could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition. We are subject to restrictions on currency exchange. A substantial portion of our revenues are denominated in Renminbi. The Renminbi is currently convertible under the “current account,” which includes dividends, trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, but not under the “capital account,” which includes foreign direct investment and loans, including loans we may secure from our PRC subsidiaries. Currently, our PRC subsidiaries may purchase foreign currency for settlement of “current account transactions,” including payment of dividends to us, without the approval of the SAFE by complying with certain procedural requirements. However, the relevant PRC governmental authorities may limit or eliminate our ability to purchase foreign currencies in the future for current account transactions. Foreign exchange transactions under the capital account remain subject to limitations and require approvals from, or registration with, the SAFE and other relevant PRC governmental authorities. Since a significant amount of our future revenues and cash flow will be denominated in Renminbi, any existing and future restrictions on currency exchange may limit our ability to utilize cash generated in Renminbi to fund our business activities outside of the PRC or pay dividends in foreign currencies to our shareholders, and may limit our ability to obtain foreign currency through debt or equity financing for our PRC subsidiaries. PRC regulation of loans to, and direct investment in, PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion may affect us in making loans to our PRC subsidiaries, or to make additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries. We, as an offshore holding company, are permitted under PRC laws and regulations to provide funding to our PRC subsidiaries, which is treated as a foreign-invested enterprise under PRC laws, through loans or capital contributions. However, loans by us to these PRC subsidiaries to finance its activities cannot exceed statutory limits and must be registered with the local counterpart of SAFE and capital contributions to them is subject to the requirement of making necessary filings or registrations through enterprise registration system with relevant governmental authorities in China. SAFE promulgated the Notice of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Reforming the Administration of Foreign Exchange Settlement of Capital of Foreign-invested Enterprises, or Circular 19, effective on June 1, 2015 and was amended on December 30, 2019 and on March 23, 2023, in replacement of the Circular of the General Affairs Department of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on the Relevant Operating Issues Concerning the Improvement of the Administration of the Payment and Settlement of Foreign Currency Capital of Foreign-Invested Enterprises, or SAFE Circular 142, the Supplementary Circular of the General Affairs Department of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Business Operational Issues Concerning Improving Administration for the Payment and Settlement of the Foreign Exchange Capital of Foreign-Invested Enterprises, or SAFE Circular 88, and the Circular of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Relevant Issues Concerning Pilot Reform in Some Regions on Administrative Approaches to Settlement of Foreign Exchange Capital of Foreign-invested Enterprise, or Circular 36. According to Circular 19, the flow and use of the Renminbi capital converted from foreign currency-denominated registered capital of a foreign-invested company is regulated such that Renminbi capital may not be used for the issuance of Renminbi entrusted loans, the repayment of inter-enterprise loans or the repayment of banks loans that have been transferred to a third party. Although Circular 19 allows Renminbi capital converted from foreign currency-denominated registered capital of a foreign-invested enterprise to be used for equity investments within the PRC, it also reiterates the principle that Renminbi converted from the foreign currency- denominated capital of a foreign-invested company may not be directly or indirectly used for 29 purposes beyond its business scope. Thus, it is unclear whether SAFE will permit such capital to be used for equity investments in the PRC in actual practice. SAFE promulgated the Notice of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Reforming and Standardizing the Foreign Exchange Settlement Management Policy of Capital Account, or Circular 16, effective on June 9, 2016 and amended on December 4, 2023, which reiterates some of the rules set forth in Circular 19, but changes the prohibition against using Renminbi capital converted from foreign currency-denominated registered capital of a foreign-invested company to issue Renminbi entrusted loans to a prohibition against using such capital to issue loans to non-associated enterprises. Violations of SAFE Circular 19 and Circular 16 could result in administrative penalties. Circular 19 and Circular 16 may significantly limit our ability to transfer any foreign currency we hold, including the net proceeds from the offering, to our PRC subsidiaries, which may adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business in the PRC. In light of the various requirements imposed by PRC regulations on loans to, and direct investment in, PRC entities by offshore holding companies, we cannot assure you that we will be able to complete the necessary government registrations or obtain the necessary government approvals in a timely manner, if at all, with respect to future loans to our PRC subsidiaries or future capital contributions by us to our PRC subsidiaries. As a result, uncertainties exist as to our ability to provide prompt financial support to our PRC subsidiaries when needed. If we fail to complete such registrations or obtain such approvals, our ability to use foreign currency, including the proceeds we received from the offering, and to capitalize or otherwise fund our PRC operations may be negatively affected, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business. Risks Related to the ADSs The trading price of our ADSs has been and is likely continue to be volatile, which could result in substantial losses to investors holders of our ADSs. The trading price of our ADSs has been, and is likely to continue to be, volatile and could fluctuate widely due to factors beyond our control. This may happen because of broad market and industry factors, including the performance and fluctuation of the market prices of other companies with business operations located mainly in China that have listed their securities in the United States. In addition to market and industry factors, the price and trading volume for the ADSs may be highly volatile for factors specific to our own operations, including but not limited to, the following: •variations in our revenue, earnings and cash flows; •regulatory developments affecting us, our customers, or our industry; •announcements of new products or service offerings and expansions by us or our competitors; •announcements of new investments, acquisitions, strategic partnerships or joint ventures by us or our competitors; •changes in financial estimates by securities analysts; •changes in end-user and customer demand as end-users increase and decrease their time online or changes in end-user or customer demand for our products; •detrimental adverse publicity about us, our products or services or our industry; •additions or departures of key personnel; •detrimental negative publicity about us, our management or our industry; •fluctuations of exchange rates between RMB and U.S. dollar; •release of lock-up or other transfer restrictions on our outstanding equity securities or sales of additional equity securities; •sales of additional ADSs in the public markets or the perception that such sales may occur; and •actual or potential litigation or regulatory investigations. Any of these factors may result in large and sudden changes in the trading volume and market price of the ADSs. The stock market in general, and the market for technology companies in particular, has experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. The securities of some of these companies have experienced significant volatility since their initial public offerings, including, in some cases, substantial price declines in the trading prices of their securities. The trading performances of other Chinese companies’ securities, including technology companies, may affect the attitudes of investors toward Chinese companies listed in the United States, which 30 consequently may impact the trading performance of our ADSs, regardless of our actual operating performance. In addition, any negative news or perceptions about inadequate corporate governance practices or fraudulent accounting, corporate structure or matters of other Chinese companies may also negatively affect the attitudes of investors towards Chinese companies in general, including us, regardless of whether we have conducted any inappropriate activities. In particular, the global financial crisis, the ensuing economic recessions and deterioration in the credit market in many countries, and the geopolitical tension between the U.S. and China have contributed and may continue to contribute to extreme volatility in the global stock markets. These broad market, industry and geopolitical fluctuations may adversely affect the market price of our ADSs. In addition, a portion of our ADSs may be traded by short sellers, which may further increase the volatility of the trading price of our ADSs. All these fluctuations and incidents may have a material and adverse effect on the trading price of our ADSs. Volatility or a lack of positive performance in our ADS price may also adversely affect our ability to retain key employees, most of whom have been granted options or other equity incentives. Techniques employed by short sellers may drive down the market price of our ADSs. Public companies that have significant operations in China have been the subject of short selling. Much of the scrutiny and negative publicity has centered on allegations of a lack of effective internal control over financial reporting resulting in financial and accounting irregularities and mistakes, inadequate corporate governance policies or a lack of adherence thereto and, in many cases, allegations of fraud. As a result, many of these companies are now conducting internal and external investigations into the allegations and, in the interim, are subject to Shareholder lawsuits and/or enforcement actions by the SEC or other U.S. authorities. If we were to become the subject of any unfavorable allegations, whether such allegations are proven to be true or untrue, we could have to expend a significant amount of resources to investigate such allegations and/or defend ourselves. We may be constrained in the manner in which we can proceed against the relevant short seller by principles of freedom of speech, applicable state law or issues of commercial confidentiality. Such a situation could be costly and time-consuming and could distract our management from growing our business. Even if such allegations are ultimately proven to be groundless, allegations against us could severely impact our business operations, and any investment in our ADSs could be greatly reduced or even rendered worthless. Our dual-class share structure with different voting rights will limit your ability to influence corporate matters and could discourage others from pursuing any change of control transactions that holders of our Class A ordinary shares and ADSs may view as beneficial. Our ordinary shares are divided into Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares (with a third class of undesignated shares). Holders of Class A ordinary shares are be entitled to one vote per share, while holders of Class B ordinary shares are entitled to 20 votes per share on all matters subject to vote at our general meetings. Each Class B ordinary share is convertible into one Class A ordinary share at any time by its holder, while Class A ordinary shares are not convertible into Class B ordinary shares under any circumstances. As of March 31, 2026, our chief executive officer beneficially owned all of our issued Class B ordinary shares. These Class B ordinary shares constitute approximately 27.0% of our total outstanding share capital and 86.2% of the aggregate voting power of our total outstanding share capital, due to the disparate voting powers associated with our dual-class share structure. See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—E. Share Ownership.” Upon any sale, transfer, assignment or disposition of any Class B ordinary shares by their holder or a change of ultimate beneficial ownership of any Class B ordinary shares will generally result in the automatic and immediate conversion of such Class B ordinary shares into Class A ordinary shares, except for transfers to certain permitted transferees, which include Agora Partners L.P., an exempted limited partnership to be established in the Cayman Islands (the limited partners of which shall consist primarily of members of management of our company and its affiliates, and which we refer to as the Management Partnership), and affiliates controlled by our chief executive officer, Mr. Zhao. Because of the 20-to-1 voting ratio between our Class B ordinary shares and Class A ordinary shares, Mr. Zhao and any permitted transferees holding Class B ordinary shares, including potentially the Management Partnership, will continue to control a majority of the combined voting power of our ordinary shares and therefore be able to control all matters submitted to our shareholders for approval. Our board of directors will have the authority without further action by our shareholders to issue additional Class B ordinary shares, which will further dilute the voting power of our Class A ordinary shareholders. As a result of the dual-class share structure and the concentration of ownership, our chief executive officer and any future holder of Class B ordinary shares, including potentially the Management Partnership, will have considerable influence over matters such as mergers, consolidations and the sale of all or substantially all of our assets, election of directors, amendments to organizational documents and other significant corporate actions. Our chief executive officer and any future holder of Class B ordinary shares, including potentially the Management Partnership, may take actions that are not in the best interest of our other shareholders. This concentration of ownership may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company, which could have the effect of depriving our other shareholders of the opportunity to receive a premium for their shares as part of a sale of our company and may reduce the price of our ADSs. This concentrated control will limit your ability to influence corporate matters and could discourage others from pursuing any potential merger, takeover or other change of control transactions that holders of Class A ordinary shares and ADSs may view as beneficial. The voting rights of our chief executive officer and, if Class B ordinary shares are transferred to it, the Management Partnership, will limit your ability to influence corporate matters, including any matters to be determined by our board of directors. The interests 31 of our chief executive officer and, if Class B ordinary shares are transferred to it, the Management Partnership, may not coincide with your interests, and the Management Partnership may make decisions with which you disagree, including decisions on important topics such as compensation, management succession, acquisition strategy and our business and financial strategy. As of the date of this annual report, the partners of the Management Partnership have not been determined, and in the future the partners may change from time to time. Because the Management Partnership will primarily consist of members of our management team, our chief executive officer, the Management Partnership and any directors the election of which he, or it, controls, may focus on the long-term interests of our customers at the expense of our short-term financial results, which may differ from the expectations and desires of shareholders unaffiliated with our chief executive officer, or if Class B ordinary shares are transferred to it, the Management Partnership. To the extent that these interests differ from your interests, you may be disadvantaged by any action that our chief executive officer or the Management Partnership may seek to pursue. In addition, our chief executive officer and any future holder of Class B ordinary shares, including potentially the Management Partnership, will continue to be able to control all matters submitted to our shareholders for approval even if their shareholdings represent substantially less than a majority of our issued and outstanding ordinary shares. This concentrated control will limit your ability to influence corporate matters for the foreseeable future, and, as a result, the trading price of our ADSs could be adversely affected. We are a “controlled company” as defined under the Nasdaq Stock Market corporate governance rules. As a result, we are qualified for, and rely on, exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements that would otherwise provide protection to shareholders of other companies. We are a “controlled company” as defined under the Nasdaq Stock Market corporate governance rules because Mr. Zhao, our chief executive officer and chairman, owns more than 50% of the aggregate voting power of our issued and outstanding share capital. If Mr. Zhao transfers shares to the Management Partnership, we may remain a controlled company even if Mr. Zhao ceases to be our employee, director or shareholder. For so long as we remain a controlled company, we may rely on certain exemptions from the corporate governance rules, including the rule that we have to establish a nominating and corporate governance committee composed entirely of independent directors. As a result, you will not have the same protection afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to these corporate governance requirements. Even if we cease to be a controlled company, we may still rely on exemptions available to foreign private issuers, including being able to adopt home country practices in relation to corporate governance matters. See the sections of this annual report captioned “— We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of the rules under the Exchange Act, and as such we are exempt from certain provisions applicable to U.S. domestic public companies” and “—As an exempted company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, we are permitted to adopt certain home country practices in relation to corporate governance matters that differ significantly from the Nasdaq Stock Market corporate governance standards; these practices may afford less protection to shareholders than they would enjoy if we comply fully with the Nasdaq Stock Market corporate governance standards.” We may fail to meet our publicly announced guidance or other expectations about our business, which could cause our stock price to decline. We may from time to time provide guidance regarding our expected financial and business performance. Correctly identifying key factors affecting business conditions and predicting future events is inherently an uncertain process, and our guidance may not ultimately be accurate in all respects. Our guidance is based on certain assumptions, such as those relating to anticipated usage, price and bandwidth cost. If our guidance varies from actual results, the market value of our ADSs could decline significantly. If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or if they adversely change their recommendations regarding the ADSs, the market price for the ADSs and trading volume could decline. The trading market for the ADSs will be influenced by research or reports that industry or securities analysts publish about our business. If one or more analysts who cover us downgrade the ADSs, the market price for the ADSs would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease to cover us or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause the market price or trading volume of the ADSs to decline. Our memorandum and articles of association contain anti-takeover provisions that could have a material adverse effect on the rights of holders of our ordinary shares and ADSs. Our memorandum and articles of association contains provisions which could limit the ability of others to acquire control of our company or cause us to engage in change-of-control transactions. These provisions could have the effect of depriving our shareholders and ADS holders of an opportunity to sell their shares or ADSs at a premium over prevailing market prices by discouraging third parties from seeking to obtain control of our company in a tender offer or similar transactions. Our board of directors has the authority, without further action by our shareholders, to issue preferred shares in one or more series and to fix their designations, powers, preferences, privileges, and relative participating, optional or special rights and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions, including dividend rights, conversion rights, voting rights, terms of redemption and liquidation preferences, any or all of which may be greater than the rights associated with our ordinary shares, in the form of ADS or otherwise. Preferred shares could be issued quickly with terms calculated to delay or prevent a change in control of our company or make removal of management more difficult. If our board of directors decides to issue preferred shares, the price of the ADSs may fall and the voting and other rights of 32 the holders of our ordinary shares and ADSs may be materially and adversely affected. You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands Act and conduct a significant portion of our business operations in emerging markets. We are an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. Our corporate affairs are governed by, among other things, our memorandum and articles of association, the Companies Act of the Cayman Islands (as Revised), and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders to take action against our directors, actions by our minority shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors to us under Cayman Islands laws are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as from the common law of England, the decisions of whose courts are of persuasive authority, but are not binding, on a court in the Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors under Cayman Islands laws are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedent in some jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands has a less developed body of securities laws than the United States. Some U.S. states, such as Delaware, have more fully developed and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law than the Cayman Islands. In addition, Cayman Islands companies may not have standing to initiate a shareholder derivative action in a federal court of the United States. Shareholders of Cayman Islands exempted companies like us have no general rights under Cayman Islands laws to inspect corporate records (other than the memorandum and articles of association, our register of mortgages and charges and special resolutions of our shareholders) or obtain copies of the list of shareholders of these companies. Under Cayman Islands laws, the names of our current directors can be obtained from a search conducted at the Registrar of Companies in the Cayman Islands. Our directors have discretion under our articles of association to determine whether or not, and under what conditions, our corporate records may be inspected by our shareholders, but are not obliged to make them available to our shareholders. This may make it more difficult for you to obtain the information needed to establish any facts necessary for a shareholder motion or to solicit proxies from other shareholders in connection with a proxy contest. Certain corporate governance practices in the Cayman Islands, which is our home country, differ significantly from requirements for companies incorporated in other jurisdictions such as the United States. If we choose to follow home country practice, our shareholders may be afforded less protection than they otherwise would under rules and regulations applicable to U.S. domestic issuers. In addition, we conduct a significant portion of our business operations in emerging markets, including China. The SEC, U.S. Department of Justice, or the DOJ, and other authorities often have substantial difficulties in bringing and enforcing actions against non-U.S. companies and non-U.S. persons, including company directors and officers, in certain emerging markets. Additionally, our public shareholders may have limited rights and few practical remedies in emerging markets where we operate, as shareholder claims that are common in the United States, including class action based on securities law and fraud claims, generally are difficult or impossible to pursue as a matter of law or practicality in many emerging markets. As a result of the above, our public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by our management, members of our board of directors or our controlling shareholders than they would as public shareholders of a company incorporated in the United States. Certain judgments obtained against us by our shareholders may not be enforceable. We are a Cayman Islands exempted company and the majority of our assets are located outside of the United States. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for you to bring an action against us or against these individuals outside of United States in the event that you believe that your rights have been infringed under the U.S. federal securities laws or otherwise. Even if you are successful in bringing an action of this kind, there are significant legal and other obstacles to obtaining information needed for such actions. See “—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—It may be difficult for regulators of other jurisdictions to conduct investigations or collect evidence within China,” and “—You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands Act and conduct a significant portion of our business operations in emerging markets” for risks associated with investing in us as a Cayman Islands company. Furthermore, the laws of the Cayman Islands and of jurisdictions outside of United States may render you unable to enforce a judgment against our assets or the assets of our directors and officers. The voting rights of holders of ADSs are limited by the terms of the deposit agreement, and you may not be able to exercise your right to direct how the Class A ordinary shares which are represented by your ADSs are voted. Holders of ADSs do not have the same rights as our shareholders. As a holder of the ADSs, you will not have any direct right to attend general meetings of our shareholders or to cast any votes at such meetings. You will only be able to exercise the voting rights which are carried by the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs indirectly by giving voting instructions to the depositary in accordance with the provisions of the deposit agreement. 33 Under the deposit agreement, you may vote only by giving voting instructions to the depositary. If we instruct the depositary to ask for your instructions, then upon receipt of your voting instructions, the depositary will try, as far as is practicable, to vote the underlying Class A ordinary shares which are represented by your ADSs in accordance with your instructions. If we do not instruct the depositary to ask for your instructions, the depositary may still vote in accordance with instructions you give, but it is not required to do so. You will not be able to directly exercise your right to vote with respect to the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs unless you cancel and withdraw such Class A ordinary shares and become the registered holder of such Class A ordinary shares prior to the record date for the general meeting. Under our memorandum and articles of association, the minimum notice period required to be given by our company to our shareholders to convene a general meeting is ten calendar days. When a general meeting is convened, you may not receive sufficient advance notice of the meeting to withdraw the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs and become the registered holder of such Class A ordinary shares to allow you to attend the general meeting and to vote directly with respect to any specific matter or resolution to be considered and voted upon at the general meeting. In addition, under our memorandum and articles of association, for the purposes of determining those shareholders who are entitled to attend and vote at any general meeting, our directors may close our register of members or fix in advance a record date for such meeting, and such closure of our register of members or the setting of such a record date may prevent you from withdrawing the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs and becoming the registered holder of such shares prior to the record date, so that you would not be able to attend the general meeting or to vote directly. If we ask for your instructions, the depositary will notify you of the upcoming vote and will arrange to deliver our voting materials to you. We have agreed to give the depositary at least 45 days’ prior notice of shareholder meetings. Nevertheless, we cannot assure you that you will receive the voting materials in time to ensure that you can instruct the depositary to vote the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs. In addition, the depositary and its agents are not responsible for failing to carry out voting instructions or for their manner of carrying out your voting instructions. This means that you may not be able to exercise your right to direct how the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs are voted and you may have no legal remedy if the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs are not voted as you requested. The depositary for the ADSs will give us a discretionary proxy to vote our Class A ordinary shares underlying your ADSs if you do not vote at shareholders’ meetings, which could adversely affect your interests. Under the deposit agreement for the ADSs, if you do not vote, the depositary may give us a discretionary proxy to vote the Class A ordinary shares underlying your ADSs at shareholders’ meetings if: •we have timely provided the depositary with notice of meeting and related voting materials; •we have instructed the depositary that we wish a discretionary proxy to be given; •we have informed the depositary that there is no substantial opposition as to a matter to be voted on at the meeting; and •a matter to be voted on at the meeting would not have a material adverse impact on shareholders. The effect of this discretionary proxy is that if you do not vote at shareholders’ meetings, you cannot prevent the Class A ordinary shares underlying your ADSs from being voted, except under the circumstances described above. This may make it more difficult for shareholders to influence the management of our company. Holders of our ordinary shares are not subject to this discretionary proxy. You may not receive dividends or other distributions on our ordinary shares and you may not receive any value for them, if it is illegal or impractical to make them available to you. The depositary of the ADSs has agreed to distribute, subject to the terms of the deposit agreement, the cash dividends or other distributions it or the custodian receives on our Class A ordinary shares or other deposited securities underlying the ADSs, after deducting its fees and expenses. You will receive these distributions in proportion to the number of Class A ordinary shares your ADSs represent. However, the depositary is not responsible if it decides that it is unlawful or impractical to make a distribution available to any holders of ADSs. For example, it would be unlawful to make a distribution to a holder of ADSs if it consists of securities that require registration under the Securities Act but that are not properly registered or distributed under an applicable exemption from registration. The depositary may also determine that it is not feasible to distribute certain property. Additionally, the value of certain distributions may be less than the cost of distribution. In these cases, the depositary may determine not to distribute such property. We have no obligation to register under U.S. securities laws any ADSs, ordinary shares, rights or other securities received through such distributions. We also have no obligation to take any other action to permit the distribution of ADSs, ordinary shares, rights or anything else to holders of ADSs. This means that you may not receive distributions we make on our ordinary shares or any value for them if it is illegal or impractical for us to make them available to you. These restrictions may cause a material decline in the value of the ADSs. You may experience dilution of your holdings due to inability to participate in rights offerings. 34 We may, from time to time, distribute rights to our shareholders, including rights to acquire securities. Under the deposit agreement, the depositary will not distribute rights to holders of ADSs unless the distribution and sale of rights and the securities to which these rights relate are either exempt from registration under the Securities Act with respect to all holders of ADSs, or are registered under the provisions of the Securities Act. The depositary may, but is not required to, attempt to sell these undistributed rights to third parties, and may allow the rights to lapse. We may be unable to establish an exemption from registration under the Securities Act, and we are under no obligation to file a registration statement with respect to these rights or underlying securities or to endeavor to have a registration statement declared effective. Accordingly, holders of ADSs may be unable to participate in our rights offerings and may experience dilution of their holdings as a result. You may be subject to limitations on the transfer of your ADSs. Your ADSs are transferable on the books of the depositary. However, the depositary may close its books at any time or from time to time when it deems expedient in connection with the performance of its duties. The depositary may close its books from time to time for a number of reasons, including in connection with corporate events, such as a rights offering, or “for record date or processing purposes” in emergencies, and on weekends and public holidays. The depositary may refuse to deliver, transfer or register transfers of the ADSs generally when our share register or the books of the depositary are closed, or at any time if we or the depositary thinks it is advisable to do so because of any requirement of law or of any government or governmental body, or under any provision of the deposit agreement, or for any other reason. ADS holders may not be entitled to a jury trial with respect to claims arising under the deposit agreement, which could result in less favorable outcomes to the plaintiffs in any such action. The deposit agreement governing the ADSs representing our Class A ordinary shares provides that, to the fullest extent permitted by law, ADS holders waive the right to a jury trial of any claim they may have against us or the depositary arising out of or relating to our shares, the ADSs or the deposit agreement, including any claim under the U.S. federal securities laws. If we or the depositary opposed a jury trial demand based on the waiver, the court would determine whether the waiver was enforceable based on the facts and circumstances of that case in accordance with the applicable state and federal law. To our knowledge, the enforceability of a contractual pre-dispute jury trial waiver in connection with claims arising under the federal securities laws has not been finally adjudicated by the U.S. Supreme Court. However, we believe that a pre-dispute contractual waiver of jury trial is generally enforceable, including under the laws of the State of New York, which govern the deposit agreement, by a federal or state court in the City of New York, which has non-exclusive jurisdiction over matters arising under the deposit agreement. In determining whether to enforce a pre- dispute contractual waiver of jury trial, courts will generally consider whether a party knowingly, intelligently and voluntarily waived the right to a jury trial. We believe that this is the case with respect to the deposit agreement and the ADSs. It is advisable that you consult legal counsel regarding the jury waiver provision before entering into the deposit agreement. If you or any other holders or beneficial owners of ADSs bring a claim against us or the depositary in connection with matters arising under the deposit agreement or the ADSs, including claims under federal securities laws, you or such other holder or beneficial owner may not be entitled to a jury trial with respect to such claims, which may have the effect of limiting and discouraging lawsuits against us and the depositary. If a lawsuit is brought against either or both of us and the depositary under the deposit agreement, it may be heard only by a judge or justice of the applicable trial court, which would be conducted according to different civil procedures and may result in different outcomes than a trial by jury would have, including results that could be less favorable to the plaintiffs in any such action. Nevertheless, if this jury trial waiver provision is not permitted by applicable law, an action could proceed under the terms of the deposit agreement with a jury trial. No condition, stipulation or provision of the deposit agreement or ADSs serves as a waiver by any holder or beneficial owner of ADSs or by us or the depositary of compliance with any substantive provision of the U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of the rules under the Exchange Act, and as such we are exempt from certain provisions applicable to U.S. domestic public companies. Because we are a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, we are exempt from certain provisions of the securities rules and regulations in the United States that are applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, including: •the rules under the Exchange Act requiring the filing of quarterly reports on Form 10-Q or current reports on Form 8-K with the SEC; •the sections of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents, or authorizations in respect of a security registered under the Exchange Act; •the sections of the Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their stock ownership and trading activities and liability for insiders who profit from trades made in a short period of time; and 35 •the selective disclosure rules by issuers of material nonpublic information under Regulation FD. We are, however, required to file an annual report on Form 20-F within four months of the end of each fiscal year. In addition, we intend to continue to publish our results on a quarterly basis through press releases, distributed pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Nasdaq Stock Market. Press releases relating to financial results and material events will also be furnished to the SEC on Form 6-K. However, the information we are required to file with or furnish to the SEC will be less extensive and less timely compared to that required to be filed with the SEC by U.S. domestic issuers. As a result, you may not be afforded the same protections or information which would be made available to you were you investing in a U.S. domestic issuer. As an exempted company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, we are permitted to adopt certain home country practices in relation to corporate governance matters that differ significantly from the Nasdaq Stock Market corporate governance standards; these practices may afford less protection to shareholders than they would enjoy if we comply fully with the Nasdaq Stock Market corporate governance standards. As a Cayman Islands exempted company that is listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market, we are subject to the Nasdaq Stock Market corporate governance rules. However, Nasdaq Stock Market rules permit a foreign private issuer like us to follow the corporate governance practices of its home country. Certain corporate governance practices in the Cayman Islands, which is our home country, may differ significantly from the Nasdaq Stock Market corporate governance standards. If we choose to follow home country practice in the future, our shareholders may be afforded less protection than they would otherwise enjoy under the Nasdaq Stock Market corporate governance standards applicable to U.S. domestic issuers. We believe we likely were a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for 2025, and there is a significant risk that we will be a PFIC for the current taxable year, and possibly future taxable years, in which case U.S. investors owning the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares will generally be subject to adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences. A non-U.S. corporation, such as our company, will be considered a PFIC for any taxable year if either (1) at least 75% of its gross income is passive income or (2) at least 50% of the value of its assets (based on an average of the quarterly values of the assets during a taxable year) is attributable to assets that produce, or are held for the production of, passive income. Passive income generally includes dividends, interest, rents, royalties and certain gains. Cash is generally a passive asset for these purposes. Goodwill is characterized as a non- passive or passive asset based on the nature of the income produced in the activity to which the goodwill is attributable. A separate determination must be made after the close of each taxable year as to whether a non-U.S. corporation was a PFIC for that year. Although the law in this regard is not entirely clear, we treat the Former VIE as being owned by us for U.S. federal income tax purposes because we control its management decisions and are entitled to substantially all of the economic benefits associated with it. In January 2025, we terminated all contractual arrangements with our Former VIE. Based on the composition of our income and assets and the estimated value of our assets, we believe that we likely were a PFIC for our 2025 taxable year. The assets shown on our balance sheet consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents and short-term and long-term investments, and while this continues to be the case our PFIC status for any taxable year will depend largely on the value of our goodwill. The value of our goodwill may be determined, in large part, by reference to our average market capitalization for that year. Our market capitalization has been volatile and has declined significantly since our initial public offering. As a result of this decline and the amount of passive assets held by us throughout our 2025 taxable year, we believe we likely were a PFIC for our 2025 taxable year, and there is a significant risk that we will be a PFIC for the current and possibly future taxable years if the market price of the ADSs does not increase. If we are or were a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. investor holds or held an ADS or an ordinary share, and unless the U.S. Holder makes or has made a mark-to-market election (as described below in the section of this annual report captioned “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations—Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules”), certain adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences will generally apply to the U.S. investor, including increased tax liability on disposition gains and “excess distributions,” as well as additional reporting requirements. This will continue to be the case even if we cease to be a PFIC in a later taxable year, unless one of certain elections is made. See the section of this annual report captioned “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation–U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations—Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules.”