Implications of Being a Foreign Private Issuer and a China-based Company We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of the rules under the Exchange Act, and as such we are exempt from certain provisions of the securities rules and regulations in the United States that are applicable to U.S. domestic issuers. Moreover, the information we are required to file with or furnish to the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) will be less extensive and less timely compared to that required to be filed with the SEC by U.S. domestic issuers. In addition, as a company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, we are permitted to adopt certain home country practices in relation to corporate governance matters that differ significantly from the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) listing standards. These practices may afford less protection to shareholders than they would enjoy if we complied fully with the New York Stock Exchange listing standards. We are exposed to legal and operational risks associated with our operations in China. We are subject to risks arising from China’s legal system, including uncertainties in the interpretation and the enforcement of the PRC laws and regulations. In addition, rules and regulations in China can change quickly with little advance notice. In recent years, Chinese regulators have announced regulatory actions targeting certain sectors of China’s economy. Although the solar power industry has not been directly affected, we cannot guarantee that the Chinese government will not in the future take regulatory actions that materially and adversely affect the business environment and financial markets in China as they relate to us, our ability to operate our business, our liquidity and our access to capital. The PRC government may also intervene or influence our operations at any time, which could result in a material change in our operations or the value of our ADSs. Any actions by the PRC government to exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas or foreign investment in China-based issuers, including us, could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless. Recently, the PRC government has initiated a series of regulatory actions and statements to regulate business operations in China, such as filing requirements for China-based companies’ overseas securities offerings and listing, new measures to extend the scope of cybersecurity reviews, new laws and regulations related to data privacy and security, and expanded efforts in anti-monopoly enforcement. While we do not believe that these regulatory changes currently have any material impact on us, we will be required to comply with the filing requirements for our future securities offerings, which we cannot assure you that we will be able to complete in a timely manner, or at all. On July 6, 2021, the General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the General Office of the State Council jointly issued the Opinions on Severe and Lawful Crackdown on Illegal Securities Activities. These opinions emphasized the need to strengthen the administration over illegal securities activities and the supervision on overseas listings by China-based companies. These opinions proposed to take effective measures, such as promoting the construction of relevant regulatory systems, to deal with the risks and incidents facing China-based overseas-listed companies and the demand for cybersecurity and data privacy protection. These opinions and any related implementation rules to be enacted may subject us to additional compliance requirement in the future. ​ 3 Table of Contents On February 17, 2023, the China Securities Regulatory Commission (the “CSRC”) promulgated the Trial Administrative Measures for Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies (the “Trial Measures”), as well as Supporting Guidance Rules No. 1 through No. 5, Notes on the Trial Measures, Notice on Administration Arrangements for the Filing of Overseas Listings by Domestic Enterprises, which became effective on March 31, 2023. The Trial Measures set out the new regulatory requirements and filing procedures for PRC domestic companies seeking direct or indirect listing in overseas markets. According to the Trial Measures, PRC domestic companies that seek to offer and list securities in overseas markets shall fulfill the filing procedures with and report relevant information to the CSRC, and filings shall be submitted within three working days after (i) the application for an initial public offering is submitted and (ii) any completion of offering of shares in the same stock market after the initial public offering and listing. If we make any equity or convertible debt offering in the U.S. in the future, the Trial Measures and any related implementation rules to be enacted may subject us to additional compliance requirements. With the trend of strengthening anti-monopoly supervision around the world, the PRC government has issued a series of anti-monopoly laws and regulations, paying more attention to corporate compliance. On February 7, 2021, the Anti-monopoly Commission of the State Council of the PRC promulgated the Guidelines for Anti-monopoly in the Field of Platform Economy. On November 15, 2021, the State Administration for Market Regulation of the PRC promulgated the Guidelines for the Overseas Anti-monopoly Compliance of Enterprises. On April 4, 2024, the Anti-monopoly Commission of the State Council of the PRC promulgated the Guide to the Anti-monopoly Compliance of Undertakings. We believe that these regulations currently have little impact on us, but we cannot guarantee that regulators will agree with us or that these regulations will not affect our business operations in the future. Cybersecurity and data privacy and security issues are subject to increasing legislative and regulatory focus in China. For example, the State Council of the PRC promulgated the Regulation on the Protection of the Security of Critical Information Infrastructure on July 30, 2021, which took effect on September 1, 2021. This regulation requires, among others, certain competent authorities to identify critical information infrastructures. The Cyberspace Administration of China (the “CAC”) and a number of other departments under the State Council promulgated the Measures for Cybersecurity Review on December 28, 2021, which became effective on February 15, 2022. According to this regulation, critical information infrastructure operators purchasing network products and services and data processors carrying out data processing activities, which affect or may affect national security, are required to conduct cybersecurity review. On July 7, 2022, the CAC issued the Measures for the Security Assessment of Data Cross-border Transfer, or the Security Assessment Measures, which became effective on September 1, 2022. In accordance with the Security Assessment Measures, a data processor should apply to the CAC for a security assessment under certain circumstances. On September 30, 2024, the State Council of the PRC promulgated the Regulation on Network Data Security Management, which became effective on January 1, 2025. The regulation sets forth different scenarios under which data processors would be required to apply for cybersecurity review. On June 27, 2025, the CAC promulgated the Guide to Applications for Security Assessment of Outbound Data Transfers (Third Edition). We believe that these regulations have little impact on us, because we are neither a critical information infrastructure operator nor a data processor within the meanings of these regulations. However, we cannot guarantee that the regulators will agree with us. On September 1, 2021, the PRC Data Security Law became effective, which imposes data security and privacy obligations on entities and individuals conducting data-related activities, and introduces a data classification and hierarchical protection system. In addition, the Standing Committee of the PRC National People’s Congress promulgated the Personal Information Protection Law (the “PIPL”) on August 20, 2021, which took effect on November 1, 2021. The PIPL further emphasizes processors’ obligations and responsibilities for personal information protection and sets out the basic rules for processing personal information and the rules for cross-border transfer of personal information. On October 14, 2025, the CAC and the State Administration for Market Regulation of the PRC promulgated Measures for the Certification of Cross-Border Provision of Personal Information, which became effective on January 1, 2026. The regulation sets forth the process and necessary conditions for providing personal information to outside the PRC territory by means of certification of cross-border provision of personal information. We do not expect to have significant data security or privacy issues given that the nature of our business does not involve collecting and use of vast personal data. However, we cannot guarantee that the regulators will agree with us or will not in the future adopt new regulations that restrict our business operations. Since these regulations are relatively new, there may be uncertainties in their interpretation and implementation, which could impact our daily business operations and our financing plans. The PRC government may also adopt other rules and restrictions that affect our business operations in the future. ​ 4 Table of Contents Our financial statements contained in this annual report have been audited by Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Certified Public Accountants LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm that is headquartered in Shanghai, China with offices in other cities in China. It is a firm registered with the U.S. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (the “PCAOB”), and is required by the laws of the U.S. to undergo regular inspections by the PCAOB to assess its compliance with the laws of the U.S. and professional standards. The United States adopted the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act on December 18, 2020, which was amended by the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 that was signed into law by the U.S. president on December 29, 2022 (the amended act hereinafter referred to as the “HFCA Act”). The HFCA Act states if the SEC determines that a company has filed audit reports issued by a registered public accounting firm that has not been subject to inspection by the PCAOB for two consecutive years, the SEC shall prohibit such ordinary shares from being traded on a national securities exchange or in the over-the-counter trading market in the U.S. Pursuant to amendments made to the HFCA Act in 2022, the PCAOB may determine that it is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms in any foreign jurisdictions because of positions taken by any foreign authority, rather than an authority in the location in which the firms are headquartered or in which they have a branch or office, as was the case under the original version of the Act. The process for implementing trading prohibitions pursuant to the HFCA Act is based on a list of registered public accounting firms that the PCAOB is unable to inspect and investigate completely as a result of a position taken by a foreign authority. The first such list was announced by the PCAOB on December 16, 2021, and all PCAOB-registered firms in China, including our auditor, were included on that list. Subsequently, we were conclusively identified by the SEC as a “Commission-Identified Issuer” under the HFCA Act on May 4, 2022 in respect of our annual report for 2021 filed on April 22, 2022. On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB announced its determination that it had been able to inspect and investigate audit firms in mainland China and Hong Kong completely for purposes of the HFCA Act, and the PCAOB vacated its December 16, 2021 determinations. As a result of this announcement, we were not for the fiscal year of 2023 or 2024, and do not expect to be for the fiscal year of 2025 or the foreseeable future, a Commission-Identified Issuer in respect of our annual report on Form 20-F. However, the PCAOB stated that should PRC authorities obstruct the PCAOB’s ability to inspect or investigate completely in any way and at any point in the future, the PCAOB Board will act immediately to consider the need to issue new determinations consistent with the HFCA Act. While we currently do not expect the HFCA Act to prevent us from maintaining the trading of our ADSs in the U.S., uncertainties exist with respect to future determinations of the PCAOB in this respect and any further legislative or regulatory actions to be taken by the U.S. or Chinese governments that could affect our listing status in the U.S. If trading in our ADSs is prohibited under the HFCA Act in the future because the PCAOB determines that it cannot inspect or fully investigate our auditor, the NYSE may determine to delist our ADSs and trading in our ADSs could be prohibited. The delisting of our ADSs, or the threat of their being delisted, could materially and adversely affect the value of your investment. We are a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands without any substantive operations, and our business is conducted through our PRC subsidiaries. We may rely upon dividends paid to us by our subsidiaries in the PRC to pay dividends and to finance any debt we may incur. If our subsidiaries or any newly formed subsidiaries incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing their debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends to us. In addition, our subsidiaries are permitted to pay dividends to us only out of their accumulated profits, if any, as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. Under PRC laws and regulations, each of our Chinese subsidiaries are required to set aside a portion of their net income each year to fund a statutory surplus reserve until such reserve reaches 50% of its registered capital. This reserve is not distributable as dividends. As a result, our Chinese subsidiaries are restricted in their ability to transfer a portion of its net assets to us in the form of dividends, loans or advances. As an offshore holding company, we will be permitted under PRC laws and regulations to provide funding from the proceeds of our offshore fund-raising activities to our subsidiaries in China only through loans or capital contributions, subject to the satisfaction of the applicable government registration and approval requirements. Before providing loans to our PRC subsidiaries, we will be required to make filings about details of the loans with the State Administration of Foreign Exchange of the PRC (the “SAFE”) in accordance with relevant PRC laws and regulations. Our PRC subsidiaries that receive the loans are only allowed to use the loans for the purposes set forth in these laws and regulations. Under regulations of the SAFE, Renminbi is not convertible into foreign currencies for capital account items, such as loans, repatriation of investments and investments outside of China, unless the prior approval of the SAFE is obtained and prior registration with the SAFE is made. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China” for more details. A. [Reserved] B. Capitalization and Indebtedness Not applicable. C. Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds Not applicable. 5 Table of Contents D. Risk Factors Risks Related to Our Business You should carefully consider the following risk factors in addition to the other information included or incorporated by reference in this report, including matters addressed in the section entitled “Forward-Looking Statements.” We caution you not to place undue reliance on the forward-looking statements contained in this report, which speak only as of the date hereof. The risks and uncertainties described below include all of the material risks applicable to us. However, they are not the only risks and uncertainties that we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also impair our business operations. Summary of Risk Factors The following is a summary of significant risk factors and uncertainties that may affect our business, which are discussed in more details below. ● Our ability to maintain our growth and profitability depend on the demand for photovoltaic products and the development of photovoltaic technologies; ● The imbalance between polysilicon supply and demand could cause polysilicon prices to decline; ● The reduction in or elimination of government subsidies and economic incentives for solar energy applications could cause demand for our products and our revenues to decline; ● We need a significant amount of cash to fund our future capital expenditure requirements and working capital needs; ● We may not be successful in our efforts to continue to manufacture high quality polysilicon in a cost-effective manner; ● Further development in alternative polysilicon production technologies or other changes in the photovoltaic industry could render our production process too costly or obsolete; ● Our future commercial production and expansion projects may not be successful. In particular, we may not be able to successfully build and operate our polysilicon and silicon metal facilities in Baotou, Inner Mongolia and Shihezi, Xinjiang; ● We depend on a limited number of customers and sales contracts for a significant portion of our revenues; ● Polysilicon production is energy-intensive, and our energy costs could rise and our electricity and other utility supplies could be disrupted; ● Existing laws and regulations and changes to these laws and regulations may present technical, regulatory, economic and trade barriers to the purchase and use of photovoltaic products, and restrictions on our ability to import or certain controlled U.S. technologies could also negatively affect us; ● Our production, storage, administrative, and research and development facilities may be exposed to risks of damages or disruptions, and we may be exposed to risks of dealing with sanctioned persons; ● Changes in United States and China relations and related regulations may adversely impact our business, our operating results, our ability to raise capital, the continued listing of our ADSs on the NYSE, and the market price of our ordinary shares and/or our ADSs; ● Uncertainties in China’s legal system, including the interpretation and enforcement of PRC laws and regulations, could limit the legal protection available to you and us; ● Recent regulatory developments in China may subject us to additional regulatory review and disclosure requirements, expose us to government interference, or otherwise restrict or completely hinder our ability to offer securities and raise capital outside China; 6 Table of Contents ● Future equity offerings of our subsidiary, Xinjiang Daqo, in China’s A-share market may be subject to approval of the Shanghai Stock Exchange, CSRC and other regulatory agencies in China, which could impose uncertainty on our capital raising activities; and ● If the PCAOB is unable to inspect our auditors as required under the HFCA Act, the SEC will prohibit the trading of our ADSs, which may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment; and compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act. Our ability to maintain our growth and profitability depend on the demand for photovoltaic products and the development of photovoltaic technologies, among other things. The solar industry is still at a relatively early stage of development, and the extent of acceptance of photovoltaic products is uncertain. The photovoltaic industry does not have data as far back as the semiconductor industry or other more established industries, for which trends can be assessed more reliably from data gathered over a longer period of time. Demand for photovoltaic products may not develop or may develop to a lesser extent than we anticipate. Many factors may affect the viability of widespread adoption of photovoltaic technology and demand for photovoltaic products, including: ● decreases in government subsidies and incentives to support the development of the photovoltaic industry; ● international trade conflicts and consequently imposed tariffs for solar photovoltaic, or PV, products, and other renewable energy sources and products; ● relative cost-effectiveness, performance and reliability of photovoltaic products compared to conventional; ● success of other alternative energy sources, such as wind power, hydroelectric power and biofuel; ● fluctuations in economic and market conditions that affect the viability of conventional and other renewable energy sources, such as increases or decreases in the prices of oil and other fossil fuels; ● the ability of photovoltaic product manufacturers to finance their business operations, expansions and other capital expenditures; ● capital expenditures by end users of photovoltaic products, which tend to decrease when the economy slows down; and ● deregulation or other regulatory actions affecting the electric power industry and the broader energy industry. In the event that photovoltaic technologies do not develop in a manner that increases the demand for polysilicon or demand for solar products does not expand as we expect, average selling prices (“ASPs”) may move downward as a result, and our future growth and profitability will be materially and adversely affected. 7 Table of Contents The imbalance between polysilicon supply and demand could cause polysilicon prices to decline and materially and adversely affect our profitability. Our polysilicon selling prices are affected by a variety of factors, including global supply and demand conditions. Over the years, many polysilicon manufacturers have significantly increased their capacity to meet customer demand and continue to expand capacities in order to achieve economies of scale. In 2021, polysilicon prices increased significantly due to strong PV demand and relatively limited additional supply of polysilicon. In 2022, the overall global solar PV demand continued to increase and the polysilicon supply was insufficient, resulting in further increases in polysilicon prices. In 2023, the polysilicon industry experienced substantial price volatility as new polysilicon capacities began production and additional polysilicon supply came to the market, which contributed to oversupply and excess of polysilicon inventory, leading to substantial price declines. Polysilicon prices rebounded in the second half of 2023, driven by delayed production plans as the low price level in Q2 was unsustainable for new entrants, and an accelerated transition to N-type products which required higher purity polysilicon products. In 2024, as oversupply of polysilicon persisted, polysilicon prices further declined and remained sluggish. In 2025, polysilicon prices rebounded substantially since the third quarter of 2025 after the Chinese authorities took initiatives to tackle irrational competition and industry overcapacity. For 2026, the industry could continue to be impacted by overcapacity and pressure from high inventory level, but we anticipate that these initiatives will continue. There may be additional government anti-involution policies implemented to address the overcapacity issue in the industry. However, market conditions could develop differently from what we had expected. If the overall solar demand cannot consume the supply of polysilicon, it could cause polysilicon prices to decline and thus materially and adversely affect our profitability. The reduction in or elimination of government subsidies and economic incentives for solar energy applications could cause demand for our products and our revenues to decline. When upfront system costs are factored into cost per kilowatt hour, the current cost of solar power still exceeds the cost of traditional forms of energy in many locations. As a result, national and local governmental authorities in many countries, including China, have provided subsidies and economic incentives in the form of feed-in tariffs, rebates, tax credits and other incentives to distributors, system integrators and manufacturers of photovoltaic products to promote the use of solar energy and to reduce dependency on other forms of energy. We believe that the near-term growth of the market for solar energy applications depends in large part on the availability and size of government subsidies and economic incentives. The reduction or elimination of government subsidies and economic incentives may hinder the growth of this market or result in increased price competition for solar energy products, which could cause our revenues to decline. These government subsidies and economic incentives could be reduced or eliminated altogether. For example, China has announced several reductions in solar feed-in tariffs (“FITs”) since the release of the “Notice on Leveraging the Price for the Development of the Solar Energy Industry” in 2013. A reduction in solar FITs was announced in May 2018 for solar power projects approved after May 31, 2018. The new FIT for solar power projects in Zone 1, 2 and 3 was reduced to RMB0.5 per kWh, RMB0.6 per kWh and RMB0.7 per kWh, respectively. In 2019, China adopted a new method of bidding process to allocate subsidies for most of the domestic solar PV installations. A similar policy was applied in 2020. In February 2025, China announced the “Notice on Deepening Market-Based Reform of Renewable Energy on-Grid Tariffs to Promote High-Quality Renewable Energy Development,” which stipulates that starting June 1, 2025, all electricity generated by China’s new energy projects must fully participate in the power market and be traded at market prices. In January 2026, China announced a reduction in export value-added tax (VAT) rebates for solar PV products. Under the new policy, export VAT rebates will be lowered from 9% to 6% starting April 1, 2026 and will be abolished from January 1, 2027. According to industry research, global solar PV installations continued its growing trend and reached approximately 170 GW in 2021, 230 GW in 2022, 390 GW in 2023, 530 GW in 2024, and 580 GW in 2025. Reductions in, or elimination of, government subsidies and economic incentives for solar energy applications before the photovoltaic industry achieves economies of scale necessary for solar power to become cost-effective in a non-subsidized market place could result in decreased demand for solar generation products and, as a result, for polysilicon, which could cause our revenues to decline. ​ 8 Table of Contents Our revenues and results of operations have fluctuated and are likely to fluctuate in the future. Fluctuations of our revenues and results of operations may occur on a quarterly and on an annual basis and may be due to a number of factors, many of which are beyond our control. These factors include, among others, fluctuation in the global average selling prices of photovoltaic products, fluctuation in the volume of our products shipped, changes in end-user demand for the photovoltaic products manufactured and sold by us or our customers, the gain or loss of significant customers, the availability of governmental subsidies or financial support and changes in our electricity, natural gas, raw material or labor costs. Although our revenue improved after 2013 and we regained profitability from 2014 to 2023, we recognized net loss in 2024 and 2025, and our revenues and results of operations may worsen if one or more of the above factors become unfavorable to our business. While we generally have long-term sales contracts of photovoltaic products with our customers and some of these contracts provide for prepayment by the customers, we cannot assure you that the customers will place orders in accordance with the contracts. The customers’ purchases from us depend on, among others, the market supply and demand situation, supply chain developments, the customers’ inventories at hand, market prices, and general economic and market conditions. Our business model, technology and ability to achieve satisfactory manufacturing yields for polysilicon at higher volumes are unproven. Compared to companies with a long and well-established operating history and companies operating in less volatile sectors, our results of operations are more susceptible to the impact of adverse operating environment and supply and demand risks. Therefore, you should consider our future prospects in light of the risks and uncertainties experienced by early-stage companies in a rapidly evolving and increasingly competitive market in China. Our future success will depend on our ability to expand our manufacturing capacity significantly beyond its current level and further expand our customer base. To address these risks, we must, among other things, continue to respond to competition and volatile market developments, attract, retain and motivate qualified personnel, implement and successfully execute expansion plans and improve our technologies. We cannot assure you that we will be successful in addressing such risks and sustain revenue growth or profitability. We need a significant amount of cash to fund our future capital expenditure requirements and working capital needs; if we cannot obtain additional sources of liquidity when needed, our growth prospects and future profitability may be materially and adversely affected. We need a significant amount of cash to fund our operations. In particular, we will need substantial additional funding to finance our expansion projects at our polysilicon facilities in Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang. We will also require cash resources to fund our research and development activities in order to remain competitive on cost and technology. We have relied in the past year and expect in the next 12 months to continue to rely mainly on our cash, cash equivalents, and fixed term deposits to finance our working capital, capital expenditures requirements and other commitments. The photovoltaic markets remain competitive, and payment collection in the solar photovoltaic industry remains challenging. Any delay or failure in collecting amounts owed from customers will adversely affect our company’s cash flow situation. In addition, future acquisitions, expansions, market changes or other developments may cause us to require additional financing. We may incur additional debt in the future. Our ability to obtain external financing in the future is subject to a number of uncertainties, including: ● our future financial condition, results of operations and cash flows; ● general market conditions for financing activities by companies in our industry; ● economic, political and other conditions in China and elsewhere; and ● development and sustainability of global economic recovery. If we are unable to obtain funding in a timely manner or on commercially acceptable terms, or at all, our growth prospects and ability to maintain profitability may be materially and adversely affected. 9 Table of Contents We may not be successful in our efforts to continue to manufacture high quality polysilicon in a cost-effective manner. The technology used to manufacture polysilicon is complex, requires costly equipment and is continuously being modified in an effort to improve yields and product performance. We may face significant challenges relating to high quality polysilicon production in the future. Microscopic impurities such as dust and other contaminants, difficulties in the manufacturing process, disruptions in the supply of utilities or defects in the key materials or tools used to manufacture polysilicon could interrupt manufacturing, reduce yields or cause a portion of the polysilicon to be rejected by our customers, which would materially and adversely affect our profitability. We cannot assure you that we can continue to maintain the current level of high quality polysilicon production for mono-wafer applications or achieve the expected increases in the portion of N-type products in 2026. Our effective capacity and ability to produce high volumes of polysilicon depend on the cycle time for each batch of polysilicon. We may encounter problems in our manufacturing process or facilities as a result of, among other things, production failures, construction delays, human error, equipment malfunction or process contamination, all of which could seriously harm our operations. We are dependent on the availability of inexpensive electricity to keep our production costs down. We may experience production delays if any modifications we make in the manufacturing process to shorten production cycles are unsuccessful. Moreover, failure to achieve acceptable manufacturing levels may make our polysilicon costs uncompetitive, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Further development in alternative polysilicon production technologies or other changes in the photovoltaic industry could render our production process too costly or obsolete, which could reduce our market share and cause our sales and profits to decline. Although the vast majority of the polysilicon produced in the world utilizes the chemical vapor deposition process, or the “modified Siemens process,” several alternative production processes have been developed that may have significantly lower production costs. Compared with other polysilicon production processes, a disadvantage of the modified Siemens process is the large amount of electricity required. For example, REC, GCL and Tianhong, a joint venture formed by REC and Shanxi Youser, used to operate or currently operate facilities that use the “fluidized bed reactor” method for producing polysilicon using silane (SiH4) as feed-in gas. Moreover, some polysilicon manufacturers who are using the modified Siemens process have adopted newer technologies such as Hydrochlorination, which could enable them to produce polysilicon in a more cost-effective way compared to the traditional modified Siemens process. Further developments in competing polysilicon production technologies may result in lower manufacturing costs or higher product performance than those achieved from the modified Siemens process, including the one we employ. We will need to invest significant financial resources in research and development to expand our market position, keep pace with technological advances in polysilicon production and effectively compete in the future. Failure to further refine our technology could make our production process too costly or obsolete, which could reduce our margins and market share, cause our revenues to decline and materially and adversely affect our results of operations. Technological changes in the solar power industry could render our products uncompetitive or obsolete, which could reduce our market share and cause our sales and profits to decline. The solar power industry is characterized by evolving technologies and standards. These technological evolutions and developments place increasing demands on the improvement of our polysilicon products. Other companies may develop production technologies that enable them to produce polysilicon of higher quality at a lower cost than our products. Technologies developed or adopted by others may prove more advantageous than ours for commercialization of solar power products and may render our products obsolete. As a result, we may need to invest significant resources in research and development to maintain our market position, keep pace with technological advances in the solar power industry, and effectively compete in the future. Our failure to further refine and enhance our products and processes or to keep pace with evolving technologies and industry standards could cause our products to become uncompetitive or obsolete and increase the risk of impairment of our fixed asset, which could materially and adversely reduce our market share and affect our results of operations. 10 Table of Contents Alternative technologies in cell manufacturing may reduce the demand for polysilicon. The vast majority of silicon-based photovoltaic cell manufacturers use chunk or granular polysilicon. However, alternative technologies that use little to no silicon in the production of solar cells are already under research and development or have been commercialized. One example of such technologies is thin-film solar cell. Although in general thin-film solar cells are currently not as competitive as silicon-based solar cells in terms of efficiency and cost, thin-film solar cells have their own dominating niche markets, for example, the markets for building integrated PV applications. Another example is the perovskite solar cell. Although currently the perovskite solar cell cannot compete with silicon-based solar cells in terms of stability and scale, it possesses great potential due to its higher theoretical conversion efficiency and lower production costs in large-scale production. If the demand for polysilicon is adversely affected by increased demand for, and improvements to, alternative technologies, our revenues and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. Our future commercial production and expansion projects may not be successful. In particular, we may not be able to successfully build and operate our polysilicon and silicon metal facilities in Baotou, Inner Mongolia and Shihezi, Xinjiang. We began our Phase 4B project in March 2021 and completed the construction of the project in December 2021. We ramped it up to its full capacity of 35,000 MT, which increased our total annual production capacity to 105,000 MT in January 2022. Our Phase 5 project of polysilicon project for the solar industry in Baotou comprises Phase 5A and Phase 5B. We began the construction of our Phase 5A project in April 2022 and completed it in April 2023. We ramped it up to its full capacity in June 2023, which increased our total annual production capacity to 205,000 MT. We began the construction of our Phase 5B project in March 2023 and started production in May 2024, which has increased our total annual production capacity to 305,000 MT. In addition, we began the construction of a 1,000 MT polysilicon project for the semiconductor industry in March 2022 and began trial production in May 2024. Semiconductor-grade polysilicon has higher purity than our existing products, which requires relatively high production technology, and its application areas and target customers are different from our existing products. In addition, we have no prior experience in manufacturing semiconductor-grade polysilicon. Therefore, there is no guarantee that we will have sufficient production or technological experience in implementing the expansion plan as scheduled, or at all, or that our product quality, capacity or client penetration can meet our expectations. Any of these factors could negatively affect our ability to achieve the anticipated benefits from this investment. In addition, there are many risks associated with our future production in Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia, any of which could cause significant disruption to production, including: ● being unable to construct and complete our expansion plan as scheduled; ● being unable to fully ramp up the newly added capacity or achieve our targets for cost and quality; ● being unable to successfully operate our newly built polysilicon and silicon metal facilities; ●being unable to obtain approvals and enjoy preferential treatment from local authorities; ● uncertainties in the stability in supply and price of electricity for our manufacturing facilities; ● extremely cold temperatures, particularly in Xinjiang; ● lack of workers in Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia experienced in our manufacturing; ● inability to reduce manufacturing cost to stay competitive; ● difficulties in timely transporting products to our customers, most of whom are located in other areas of China that are a significant distance from Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia; and ● potential political or social unrest, including in Xinjiang. One or more of these factors could harm our Xinjiang or Inner Mongolia operations and consequently, could adversely affect our overall operating results. 11 Table of Contents If we are unable to manage our expansion effectively, our business and financial results may be adversely affected. Since 2013, we have experienced a period of growth and expansion in terms of production capacity and sales volume. In 2023, 2024 and 2025, we sold 200,002 MT, 181,362 MT and 126,707 MT, respectively, of polysilicon. We began our Phase 4B project in March 2021 and completed the construction of the project in December 2021. We ramped it up to its full capacity of 35,000 MT and increased our total annual nameplate production capacity to 105,000 MT in January 2022. In addition, our Phase 5A expansion project in Baotou, Inner Mongolia, increased our nameplate annual production capacity for polysilicon to 205,000 MT in the second quarter of 2023. Our Phase 5B expansion project in Baotou, Inner Mongolia, increased our nameplate annual production capacity for polysilicon to 305,000 MT in the third quarter of 2024. To accommodate our continued expansion, we anticipate that we will need to implement a variety of new and upgraded operational and financial systems, procedures and controls, including the improvement of our accounting and other internal management systems, all of which require substantial management efforts. We also will need to continue to expand, train, manage and motivate our workforce and manage our customer relationships. All of these endeavors will require substantial management efforts and skill and significant additional expenditures. We cannot assure you that we will be able to manage our growth effectively, and any failure to do so may have a material adverse effect on our business and financial results. Moreover, even if we do expand our polysilicon manufacturing capacity as planned, we may be unable to generate sufficient customer demand for our photovoltaic products to support our increased production levels or successfully integrate our polysilicon business to achieve operational efficiency, which could adversely affect our business and results of operations. Our future success depends substantially on our ability to significantly expand our polysilicon production capacity and output, which exposes us to a number of risks and uncertainties. Our future success depends on our ability to significantly increase both polysilicon production capacity and output. If we fail to do so, we may not be able to benefit from economies of scale to reduce our costs per kilogram of polysilicon, to maintain our competitive position or to improve our profitability. Our ability to establish additional production capacity and increase output is subject to significant risks and uncertainties, including: ● the need to raise significant additional funds to purchase additional production equipment or to build additional manufacturing facilities, which we may not be able to obtain on commercially viable terms or at all; ● cost overruns and delays as a result of a number of factors, many of which are beyond our control, such as increases in the price of electricity or problems with equipment delivery; ● delays or denial of required approvals by relevant government authorities; ● failure to obtain production inputs in sufficient quantities or at acceptable cost; ● significant diversion of management’s attention and other resources; and ● failure to execute our expansion plan effectively. 12 Table of Contents We operate in an increasingly competitive market, and we may not be able to compete successfully with competitors who have greater resources than us. The photovoltaic market is expected to become increasingly competitive. Our major international competitors include Wacker, OCI and Hemlock, and our major competitors in China include GCL-Poly, Xinte Energy, Tongwei Yongxiang, Asia Silicon and Xinjiang East Hope New Energy. There are also new entrants into the polysilicon manufacturing market in China. In addition, some solar cell and module manufacturers, including some of our existing and potential customers may have the intention of establishing polysilicon production or affiliate relationships with manufacturers of polysilicon. We compete with these in-house capabilities, which could limit our ability to expand our sales or even reduce our sales to our existing customers. Many of our competitors have substantially greater financial, technical, manufacturing and other resources than we do. Our competitors’ greater size and longer operating history provide them with a competitive advantage with respect to manufacturing costs because of their economies of scale and their ability to purchase raw materials at lower prices. Our competitors may have stronger relationships or may enter into exclusive relationships with some of our key customers. We also expect there to be additional polysilicon supply capacities from our competitors in the foreseeable future. As a result, they may be able to respond more quickly to changing customer demands or to devote greater resources to the development, promotion and sales of polysilicon than we can. Failure to adapt to changing market conditions and to compete successfully with existing or new competitors may materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. We depend on a limited number of customers and sales contracts for a significant portion of our revenues, and the loss of any customer or cancellation of any contract may cause significant fluctuations or declines in our revenues. In 2023, 2024 and 2025, our top three customers in aggregate accounted for approximately 64.4% and 53.8% and 63.5% of our total revenues from continuing operations, respectively. We anticipate that our dependence on a limited number of customers will continue for the foreseeable future. As a result of our customer concentration, our financial performance may fluctuate significantly from period to period based, among others, on exogenous circumstances related to our clients. In addition, any one of the following events may cause materially adverse effect to our cash flows, revenues and results of operations: ● reduction, delay or cancellation of orders from one or more of our significant customers; ● loss of one or more of our significant customers and failure to identify additional or replacement customers; ● failure of any of our significant customers to make timely payment for our products; or ● the customers becoming insolvent or having difficulties meeting their financial obligations to us for any reason. Polysilicon production is energy-intensive, and if our energy costs rise or if our electricity and other utility supplies are disrupted, our results of operations will be materially and adversely affected. The polysilicon production process, particularly the modified Siemens process that we use, is highly dependent on a constant supply of electricity and other utilities, such as steam and water, to maintain the optimal conditions for polysilicon production. If electricity or other utility supplies are not maintained at the desired level, we may experience significant delays in the production of polysilicon. In the past, there have been shortages in electricity supply in various regions across China, especially during peak seasons, such as in the summer or winter. The local governmental authorities in the worst-hit areas have at times taken measures to reduce or restrict the amount of electricity and other utility supplies to non-residential users which could potentially disrupt our manufacturing process. In addition to shortages, we are subject to potential risks of interruptions in energy supply due to power outages, equipment failure, weather conditions or other causes which could force us to cease production for a prolonged period of time. In the event that electricity or other utility supplies to our manufacturing facilities are disrupted, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected. Even if we have access to sufficient sources of electricity and other utilities, any significant increase in the costs of utilities could adversely affect our profitability, as we consume substantial amounts of electricity and other utilities in our manufacturing process. If electricity and other utility costs were to rise, our results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. 13 Table of Contents Xinjiang Daqo’s status as a publicly traded company that is controlled, but less than wholly owned, by our company could have an adverse effect on us. Actions being taken in connection with the STAR Listing, including placement of shares by Xinjiang Daqo, our principal operating subsidiary, to certain shareholders, have resulted in the decrease of our shareholding in Xinjiang Daqo. This minority interest in Xinjiang Daqo increases subsequent to the completion of the STAR Listing and any follow-on offering by Xinjiang Daqo, and the interests in Xinjiang Daqo of these minority shareholders may diverge from the interests of our company and our other subsidiaries in the future. We may face conflicts of interest in managing, financing or engaging in transactions with Xinjiang Daqo, or allocating business opportunities between our subsidiaries. Our company retained majority ownership of Xinjiang Daqo after the STAR Listing, but Xinjiang Daqo has since been managed by a separate board of directors and officers, and those directors and officers will owe fiduciary duties to the various stakeholders of Xinjiang Daqo, including shareholders other than our wholly-owned subsidiary that holds Xinjiang Daqo’s shares. In the operation of Xinjiang Daqo’s business, situations may arise whereby the directors and officers of Xinjiang Daqo, in the exercise of their fiduciary duties, take actions that may be contrary to the best interests of our company. In July 2020, in order to comply with the PRC law, some of our senior management resigned from our company, while continuing to carry out their respective responsibilities at Xinjiang Daqo. In addition, there might be future requirements of the PRC law, including demands from the China Securities Regulatory Commission, or CSRC, the Shanghai Stock Exchange or other relevant authorities, that might have a bearing on holders of our ordinary shares and ADSs. Xinjiang Daqo has issued, and may in the future issue, options, restricted shares and other forms of share-based compensation to its directors, officers and employees, which could dilute our ownership in Xinjiang Daqo. In addition, Xinjiang Daqo has engaged, and may continue to engage, in capital raising activities that could further dilute our ownership interest in it. For example, in July 2022 Xinjiang Daqo completed its private offering of 212,396,215 shares on the STAR Market for our polysilicon expansion project in Baotou and raised funds of approximately RMB11 billion. We currently hold a 72.8% equity interest in Xinjiang Daqo. Our organizational structure will become more complex, including as a result of preparations for the STAR Listing. We will need to continue to scale and adapt our operational, financial and management controls, as well as our reporting systems and procedures, at both our company and Xinjiang Daqo. The continued expansion of our business will require us to commit substantial financial, operational and management resources before our revenue increases and without any assurance that our revenue will increase. It is difficult to predict the effect of the STAR Listing on the ADSs. The CSRC initially launched the STAR Market in June 2019 and trading on the Market began in July 2019. No assurance can be given regarding the effect of the STAR Listing on the market price of the ADSs. The market price of the ADSs may be volatile or may decline, for reasons other than the risk and uncertainties described above, as the result of investor negativity or uncertainty with respect to the impact of the completed STAR Listing. Holders of our ordinary shares and ADSs may have limited opportunities to purchase Xinjiang Daqo’s shares although the STAR Listing has been completed. Investors may elect to invest in our business and operations by purchasing Xinjiang Daqo’s shares in the STAR Listing or on the STAR Market rather than purchasing the ADSs, and that reduction in demand could lead to a decrease in the market price for the ADSs. We face risks and uncertainties in expanding our business through alliances, joint ventures or acquisitions. We may in the future, if presented with appropriate opportunities, acquire or invest in technologies, businesses or assets that are strategically important to our business or form alliances with key players in the photovoltaic industry to further expand our business. Such acquisitions and investments could expose us to potential risks, including risks associated with the assimilation of new operations, technologies and personnel, unforeseen or hidden liabilities, the inability to generate sufficient revenues to offset the costs and expenses of acquisitions, and potential loss of, or harm to, our relationships with employees, customers and suppliers as a result of integration of new businesses. Investments in new businesses may also divert our cash flow from servicing our debts and making necessary capital expenditures. In addition, we may incur impairment losses on our acquisitions and investments in equity securities. 14 Table of Contents The diversion of our management’s attention and any difficulties encountered with respect to the acquisitions, investments or alliances or in the process of integration could have an adverse effect on our ability to manage our business. Furthermore, our experience in the polysilicon manufacturing industry may not be as relevant or applicable in downstream markets. We may also face intense competition from companies with greater experience or established presence in the targeted downstream markets or competition from our industry peers with similar expansion plans. Any failure to integrate any acquired businesses or joint ventures into our operations successfully and any material liabilities or potential liabilities of any acquired businesses or joint ventures that are not identified by us during our due diligence process for such acquisitions or investments could materially and adversely affect our business and financial condition. If we are unable to operate effectively or if operational disruptions occur, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected. Production of polysilicon requires the use of volatile materials and chemical reactions sensitive to temperature and pressure and requires the use of external controls to maintain safety. For example, in the production of polysilicon, we use trichlorosilane, or TCS, which is a highly combustible substance if brought into contact with moisture in the air and is therefore potentially destructive and extremely dangerous if mishandled or used in uncontrolled circumstances. The occurrence of a catastrophic event involving TCS as a result of a natural disaster or human error at one of our polysilicon production facilities could threaten, disrupt or destroy a significant portion or all of our polysilicon production capacity at such facilities for a significant period of time. Additionally, the smooth operation of our polysilicon production facilities depends significantly on our ability to maintain temperatures and pressure at appropriate levels, the supply of steam at a consistent pressure level, the availability of adequate electricity and our ability to control the application of such electricity. Accordingly, mistakes in operating our equipment or an interruption in the supply of electricity or steam at our production facilities could result in the production of substandard polysilicon or substantial shortfalls in production, could reduce our production capacity for a significant period of time and could have negative effect on our customer relationships. In addition, we voluntarily shut down our manufacturing facilities from time to time on an as-needed basis for maintenance and quality check purposes. For example, we completed annual maintenance of our Xinjiang polysilicon facilities in the third quarter of 2021 and 2022 and the fourth quarter of 2023. In 2024 and 2025, with the expansion of our capacity and the increased number of our production lines, we conducted multiple rounds of maintenance of various production lines. With the expansion of our capacity and the increased number of production lines, we conducted annual maintenance on different production lines at various times throughout 2024 and 2025. The annual maintenance, construction, installation of new equipment and interconnection of facilities will affect our polysilicon production to some extent. These abovementioned shutdowns have reduced and may further reduce the volume and increase the cost of polysilicon we produce. We could experience events such as equipment failures, explosions or fires due to employee errors, equipment malfunctions, accidents, and interruptions in electricity supplies, natural disasters or other causes. In addition, such events could cause damage to properties, personal injuries or even deaths. As a result, we may in the future experience production curtailments or shutdowns or periods of reduced production. The occurrence of any such events or disruptions could result in loss of revenues and could also damage our reputation, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition. 15 Table of Contents Our operations are subject to natural disasters, adverse weather conditions, operating hazards, environmental incidents, labor disputes and litigation risks. We may experience earthquakes, floods, mudslides, snowstorms, typhoon, power outages, labor disputes or similar events beyond our control that would affect our operations. Our manufacturing processes involve the use of hazardous equipment, including furnaces, squaring machines and wire saws. We also use, store and generate volatile and otherwise dangerous chemicals and waste during our manufacturing processes, which are potentially destructive and dangerous if not properly handled or in the event of uncontrollable or catastrophic circumstances, including operating hazards, fires and explosions, natural disasters, adverse weather conditions and major equipment failures. On July 2, 2020, one of our projects with an annual output of 13,000 tons of polysilicon suffered a leakage accident, which caused no casualties but resulted in loss to us due to the leakage. The equipment and facilities damaged in the accident have been properly repaired, and the production and operation activities have been resumed after a proper safety risk assessment of the accident. However, we cannot guarantee that any similar incident will not recur. In addition, our polysilicon production and storage facilities are located in Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia, China. The occurrence of any natural disaster, unanticipated catastrophic event or unexpected accident in these locations could result in production curtailments, shutdowns or periods of reduced production, which could significantly disrupt our business operations, cause us to incur additional costs and affect our ability to deliver our products to our customers as scheduled, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Moreover, such events could result in severe damage to property, personal injuries, fatalities, regulatory enforcement proceedings or in our being named as a defendant in lawsuits asserting claims for large amounts of damages, which in turn could lead to significant liabilities. Occurrences of natural disasters, as well as accidents and incidents of adverse weather in or around Xinjiang, China in the future may result in significant property damage, electricity shortages, disruption of our operations, work stoppages, civil unrest, personal injuries and, in severe cases, fatalities. Such incidents may result in damage to our reputation or cause us to lose all or a portion of our production capacity, and future revenue anticipated to be derived from the relevant facilities, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition. We may from time to time be subject to litigation or other legal proceedings. Such litigation and other proceedings may include actions relating to intellectual property, supply or sales agreements or other commercial arrangements, leased properties, share transfers, non-competition, labor law, fiduciary duties, or other harm resulting from acts or omissions by us or individuals or entities outside of our control. We cannot predict with certainty the cost of defense, the cost of prosecution or the ultimate outcome of litigation and other proceedings filed by or against us, our directors, management or employees, including remedies or damage awards, and adverse results in such litigation and other proceedings may harm our business or reputation. For example, we are defendant in a pending lawsuit related to our contract disputes with two processing service suppliers. The plaintiffs requested for termination of the contract and compensation for economic losses with a total amount of RMB1,847.8 million. In September 2025, we received the verdict of the first instance court’s retrial, which affirmed termination of the business cooperation agreement and ordered Xinjiang Daqo to compensate the plaintiffs for their direct losses and attorney fees totaling RMB3.3 million, while rejecting the plaintiffs’ claims for consequential damages. In October 2025, we received court summons, in which the plaintiffs appealed to the second instance court, requesting for vacation of the first instance court’s decision and compensation from Xinjiang Daqo for their economic losses totaling RMB744.9 million, as well as costs of litigation and attorneys’ fees for the trials. The case is still pending the final verdict. If these lawsuits were not adjudicated in our favor, we may be ordered by the court to compensate the plaintiffs for their damages, which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial position. 16 Table of Contents We face risks related to health epidemics and other outbreaks. Our business could be adversely affected by the effects of swine flu, avian flu, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, or SARS, Ebola, Zaika, COVID-19, monkey pox (m-pox) or other epidemics or outbreaks. China reported a number of cases of SARS in April 2004. For example, since 2022 there have been reports of m-pox outbreaks in various parts of the world. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic began in early 2020 and continued for approximately three years. The pandemic significantly affected China and many other countries, which imposed restrictive measures to prevent its spread, such as quarantines, travel restrictions and home office policies. These measures interrupted commercial activities throughout the world and adversely affected our business operations. China lifted most of the pandemic-control measures in December 2022 and downgraded the management of COVID-19 from Class A to Class B in January 2023. However, if the pandemic resurges, we may be subject to further negative impact by its outbreaks and related pandemic-control measures. Any prolonged occurrence or recurrence of these epidemics or other adverse public health developments in China or any of the major markets in which we do business may have a material adverse effect on our business and operations. These could include our ability to deliver our products within or outside of China, as well as temporary closure of our manufacturing facilities, or our suppliers’ or customers’ facilities, delay in the supply of raw materials from our suppliers, and delayed or cancelled orders from our customers. Any severe travel or shipment restrictions and closures would severely disrupt our operations and adversely affect our business and results of operations. Existing laws and regulations and their changes may present technical, regulatory, economic and trade barriers to the purchase and use of photovoltaic products, which may significantly reduce demand for our products, and negatively affect polysilicon prices; restrictions on our ability to import or use certain controlled U.S. technologies could also negatively affect us. Photovoltaic products are subject to national and local regulations relating to building codes, safety, environmental protection, utility interconnection and metering, and other aspects of the electric utility industry. In a number of countries, including China, these regulations are being modified and may continue to be modified. The purchases of, or further investment in the research and development of, alternative energy sources, including photovoltaic technology, could be deterred by unfavorable regulations, which could result in a significant reduction in the potential demand for our products. For example, without a regulatorily mandated exception for solar power systems, electric utility companies are often charged interconnection or standby fees for putting distributed power generation on the electric utility grid. These fees could increase the cost to end users of photovoltaic products and make them less desirable. In addition, trade authorities in foreign countries (for example, trade authorities of the U.S. given the recent trade conflicts between China and the U.S.) may apply trade sanctions against photovoltaic product imports from China if they determine that export sales from China are in violation of fair trade practices. These types of trade sanctions can result in significant additional duties, which may adversely affect photovoltaic product demand, thereby harming our business, prospects, results of operations and financial condition. Moreover, if China reduces or removes the antidumping and countervailing duties that it now imposes on non-Chinese producers, polysilicon imports to China may increase, which may reduce demand for our polysilicon and negatively impact our selling prices. 17 Table of Contents The U.S. President signed the Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act, or the UFLP Act, into law in December 2021. The UFLP Act prohibits all goods manufactured wholly or in part in Xinjiang from entering the United States unless U.S. Customs and Border Protection, or CBP, determines that the goods have not been manufactured by forced labor. The UFLP Act relies on Section 307 of the U.S. Tariff Act of 1930, as amended, or Section 307, which prohibits U.S. importation of goods that are produced or manufactured, wholly or in part, in any non-U.S. country by forced or indentured labor. In effect, for products manufactured in whole or in part in Xinjiang, the UFLP Act has switched the operation of Section 307 (under which CBP previously issued a withhold release order, or WRO, when it determined there was an indication that the goods were produced with forced labor), to a prohibition on all such imports unless CBP determines by clear and convincing evidence that they were not produced with forced labor. In addition, the UFLP Act requires companies to take significant affirmative steps to determine whether their supply chain links to Xinjiang and to prepare to reassure regulators that such links are not affected by forced labor. Some of our polysilicon manufacturing facilities are located in Xinjiang to be close to sources of raw materials and energy for polysilicon production. We do not tolerate any use of forced labor whether in our own manufacturing facilities or throughout our supply chain. However, we cannot assure you that the relevant U.S. authorities will not decide that forced labor exists in our supply chain or in the manufacturing of our polysilicon and, pursuant to the ULFP Act and Section 307, they may prohibit U.S. imports of products (including those of our customers) containing our polysilicon. In June 2022, our subsidiary Xinjiang Daqo was added to the UFLP Act entity list by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Although we typically do not sell our polysilicon to the U.S. market directly and our customers typically serve the global solar market, some of our major customers likely sell their products containing our polysilicon to the U.S. market. These products are likely to be prohibited from export to the United States and producers of products that use our products as raw materials will also likely be unable to export to the United States, which may reduce the demand for our products. Furthermore, since the UFLP Act has been enacted, given the difficulty in proving no use of forced labor throughout the supply chain, the demand for our products will likely decrease. Any of these types of regulatory or legislative developments could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition to the actions taken or being considered by the U.S. government discussed above, there is a growing concern in the European Union, Japan and certain other countries regarding the alleged used of forced labor in Xinjiang. If any new legislation or regulatory action with respect to these issues were to be enacted in those regions that impose additional restrictions or requirements on importation of goods that are produced or manufactured, wholly or in part, in Xinjiang, our business in these regions could be adversely affected. In June 2021, our subsidiary Xinjiang Daqo was included in the entity list by the Bureau of Industry and Security of the U.S. Department of Commerce, or the Entity List. This designation limits Xinjiang Daqo’s ability to obtain certain commodities, software and technologies subject to the U.S. Department of Commerce’s Export Control Regulations, or the EAR. This designation could subject us to negative publicity, which could cause certain business counterparties, particularly those in the United States, from dealing with us. Furthermore, the EAR are subject to change from time to time, and future changes could negatively affect us. We obtain certain production equipment from a limited number of suppliers, and if such equipment is not delivered on time, is damaged in shipment or is otherwise unavailable, our ability to deliver polysilicon on time will suffer, which in turn could result in cancellation of orders and loss of revenues. Our operations and expansion plans depend on our ability to obtain a sufficient amount of equipment that meets our specifications on a timely basis. Some of our equipment used in polysilicon production is not readily available from alternative vendors and would be difficult to repair or replace if it were to become damaged or cease working. If any of these suppliers were to experience financial difficulties or go out of business, or if there were any damage to or a breakdown of our production equipment, our business would incur losses. In addition, a supplier’s failure to supply our ordered equipment in a timely manner, with adequate quality and on terms acceptable to us, could delay the capacity expansion of our manufacturing facilities and otherwise disrupt our production schedule or increase our costs of production. We have experienced significant delays in the delivery of our key equipment in the past. Failure to obtain equipment meeting our specifications could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, demand for polysilicon production equipment may result in significant increases in prices of such equipment or shortages in related components for our intended expansion. Any unexpected price increases could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. 18 Table of Contents Product defects could result in increased costs, decreased sales, and damage to our customer relationships and our reputation. Our photovoltaic products may contain defects that are not detected until after they are shipped or processed by our customers. In the event our products are returned to us due to product defects, we would be required to replace the defective products promptly. If we deliver products with defects, or if there is a perception that our products are of substandard quality, we may incur substantially increased costs associated with termination of contracts and replacement of shipped products, and our credibility, market reputation and relationship with customers will be harmed and sales of our products may be materially and adversely affected. Our production, storage, administrative, and research and development facilities may be exposed to risks of damages or disruptions, and we may be exposed to risks of dealing with sanctioned persons. Our production, storage, administrative, and research and development facilities are located in Shihezi, Xinjiang and Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China. Natural disasters, such as fires, floods, earthquakes, snow storms, or other unanticipated catastrophic events, including power interruption, telecommunications failures, equipment failures, explosions, break-ins, terrorist acts or war, could significantly disrupt our ability to manufacture our products and operate our business. If any of our production facilities or material equipment were to experience any significant damage or downtime, we would not be able to meet our production targets and our business would incur losses. Substantial damage to or disruption at these facilities could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our operations in Xinjiang may also expose us to risks of dealing with sanctioned persons. On July 31, 2020, the U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control, or OFAC, added Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, or XPCC, to OFAC’s Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List, or the SDN List, on the basis of XPCC’s alleged involvement in human rights abuses. Under OFAC’s so-called “50% rule,” any entity that is in the aggregate owned 50% or more, directly or indirectly, by an entity on the SDN list is also subject to the OFAC sanctions applicable to the entity named on the SDN List, even if it is not included on that list. XPCC owns a number of companies in Xinjiang and elsewhere in China and acts essentially as the local government in Shihezi and certain other parts of Xinjiang. We cannot assure you that none of our suppliers of public utilities or other products or services or other business partners will, due to their relationships with XPCC, be deemed as sanctioned persons by the U.S. or other governments. There is no assurance that we would be able to cease dealing with these types of suppliers or business partners, even if they were to be deemed as sanctioned persons. We also deal with the local government in Shihezi in the ordinary course of our business, including investing in our production facilities there. If we are deemed to have significant dealings with XPCC or one or more other sanctioned persons, U.S. entities (including financial institutions) and others may decide not to provide services to us, purchase or own our securities, or otherwise deal with us, which could negatively affect our business operations and access to capital markets. These types of issues may also subject us to negative publicity, which could distract our management’s attention and adversely affect investors’ perception of our company. Our ADS prices may also be adversely affected by these issues, and the holders of our ADSs and ordinary shares might be unable to sell, or receive distributions with respect to, the ADSs or our ordinary shares. Failure to protect our intellectual property rights may undermine our competitive position, and litigation to protect our intellectual property rights may be costly. We rely primarily on trade secrets and other contractual restrictions to protect our intellectual property. Contractual arrangements, such as the confidentiality and non-competition agreements and terms between us and our research and development personnel, afford only limited protection and the actions we may take to protect our trade secrets and other intellectual property may not be adequate. In addition, as of December 31, 2025, we held 510 patents and had 179 pending patent applications in China covering various aspects of the polysilicon and wafer manufacturing process. However, we cannot assure you that our patent applications will be eventually issued with sufficiently broad coverage to protect our technology and products. Failure to protect our intellectual property and proprietary rights may undermine our competitive position. Third parties may infringe on or misappropriate our proprietary technologies or other intellectual property and proprietary rights and use them to compete against us, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or operating results. Policing unauthorized use of proprietary technology can be difficult and expensive. In particular, the laws and enforcement procedures of China and certain other countries may not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws and enforcement procedures of the United States do. See “— Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Uncertainties in the interpretation and enforcement of PRC laws and regulations could limit the legal protection available to you and us” below. We may need to resort to court proceedings to enforce our intellectual property rights in the future. Litigation relating to our intellectual property might result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management attention away from our business. An adverse determination in any such litigation will impair our intellectual property and proprietary rights and may harm our business, prospects and reputation. 19 Table of Contents We rely on network and information systems and other technologies for our business activities, and certain events, such as computer hackings, viruses or other destructive or disruptive software or activities may disrupt our operations and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Network and information systems and other technologies are important to our business activities and operations. Network and information systems related events, such as computer hackings, cyber threats, security breaches, viruses, or other destructive or disruptive software, process breakdowns or malicious or other activities could result in a disruption of our services and operations or improper disclosure of personal data or confidential information, which could damage our reputation and require us to expend resources to remedy any such breaches. Moreover, the amount and scope of any insurance we maintain against losses resulting from any such events or security breaches may not be sufficient to cover our losses or otherwise adequately compensate us for any disruptions to our businesses, and the occurrence of any such events or security breaches could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. The risk of these systems-related events and security breaches occurring has intensified, in part because we maintain certain information necessary to conduct our businesses in digital form stored on cloud servers. While we develop and maintain systems seeking to prevent security breaches from occurring, the development and maintenance of these systems is costly and requires ongoing monitoring and updating as technologies change and efforts to overcome security measures become more sophisticated. Despite these efforts, there can be no assurance that disruptions and security breaches will not occur. Moreover, we may provide certain confidential or proprietary information to third parties in connection with our businesses, and while we obtain assurances that these third parties will protect this information, there is a risk that this information may be compromised. The occurrence of any of such network or information systems-related events or security breaches could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We may be exposed to infringement or misappropriation claims by third parties, which, if determined adversely to us, could cause us to pay significant damage awards. Although we are currently strengthening our research and development capability, to date, some of the intellectual property rights used in our production process were developed by third parties. Our success will be jeopardized if we cannot use and develop our technology and know-how without infringing the intellectual property rights of third parties. The validity and scope of claims relating to photovoltaic technology patents involve complex scientific, legal and factual questions and analysis and, therefore, may be highly uncertain. We may be subject to litigation involving claims of patent infringement or violation of other intellectual property rights of third parties. The defense and prosecution of intellectual property suits, patent opposition proceedings, and related legal and administrative proceedings can be both costly and time-consuming and may significantly divert the efforts and resources of our technical and management personnel. An adverse determination in any such litigation or proceedings to which we may become a party could subject us to significant liability to third parties, require us to seek licenses from third parties, to pay ongoing royalties, or to redesign our manufacturing process or our products or subject us to injunctions prohibiting the manufacture and sale of our products or the use of our technologies. Protracted litigation could also result in our customers or potential customers deferring or limiting their purchase or use of our products until resolution of such litigation. Our business depends substantially on the continuing efforts of our executive officers and key employees, and our business may be severely disrupted if we lose their services. Our future success depends substantially on the continued services of our executive officers and key employees, especially Mr. Xiang Xu, our chairman and chief executive officer. If one or more of our executive officers or key employees were unable or unwilling to continue in their present positions, we might not be able to replace them easily, in a timely manner, or at all. Our business may be severely disrupted, our financial conditions and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected and we may incur additional expenses to recruit, train and retain personnel. If any of our executive officers or key employees join a competitor or form a competing company, we may lose customers, suppliers, know-how and key professionals and staff members. Each of our executive officers and key employees has entered into an employment agreement with us. Any non-competition provisions in the employment agreement with an executive officer or key employee may not be enforceable in China, where such persons reside, if any dispute arises between such persons and us. 20 Table of Contents Certain of our principal shareholders have substantial influence over our company and their interests may not be aligned with the interests of our other shareholders. As of March 31, 2026, Messrs. Xiang Xu, Guangfu Xu, Dafeng Shi and Fei Ge and Ms. Xiaoyu Xu, our directors that are affiliated with Daqo Group Co., Ltd. (“Daqo Group”), beneficially owned a total of 120,372,554 or 35.6% of our ordinary shares, including shares that they had the right to acquire within 60 days. As a result of their relatively high level of shareholding given our broad shareholder base, these shareholders have substantial influence over our business, including decisions regarding mergers, consolidations and the sale of all or substantially all of our assets, election of directors and other significant corporate actions. These shareholders may take actions that are not in the best interest of us or our other shareholders. This concentration of ownership may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company, which could deprive our other shareholders of an opportunity to receive a premium for their shares as part of a sale of our company and might reduce the price of our ADSs. These actions may be taken even if they are opposed by our other shareholders. These shareholders’ interests as beneficial owners of Daqo Group may not always be aligned with their interests as our shareholders. Should any conflict of interest arise, these shareholders may take actions not in the best interest of us and our other shareholders. If we are unable to attract, train and retain qualified personnel, our business may be materially and adversely affected. Our future success depends, to a significant extent, on our ability to attract, train and retain qualified personnel, particularly technical personnel with expertise in the photovoltaic industry. Since our industry is characterized by high demand and intense competition for talent, there can be no assurance that we will be able to attract or retain qualified technical staff or other highly skilled employees that we will need to achieve our strategic objectives. Despite recent setbacks, our ability to train and integrate new employees into our operations may not meet the growing demands of our business. If we are unable to attract and retain qualified personnel, our business may be materially and adversely affected. Compliance with environmental regulations can be expensive, and non-compliance with these regulations may result in adverse publicity and potentially significant monetary damages and fines. As our manufacturing processes generate waste water and gas and other industrial wastes, we are required to comply with all applicable regulations regarding protection of the environment. We are in compliance with present environmental protection requirements in all material respects and have all the necessary environmental permits to conduct our business. However, in light of the Chinese government’s higher environmental protection requirements, the local authorities and electricity and other suppliers in Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia may implement increasingly stringent environmental protection measures, which could negatively affect the supply and price levels of the electricity available to our production facilities. As a result, our polysilicon production volume and costs could be adversely affected. While Xinjiang Daqo has entered into a power purchase agreement with the local authorities and electricity supplier, we cannot ensure that the local authorities and electricity supplier will fully perform the contract. We cannot assure you that our pollution controls will always be effective and we may experience environmental non-compliance incidents. If we fail to comply with present or future environmental regulations, we may be required to pay substantial fines, suspend production or cease operations, which in turn would have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. The discontinuation of any of the preferential tax treatment or the financial incentives and grants currently available to us in China could adversely affect our overall results of operations. Various Chinese governmental authorities have provided tax incentives to our subsidiaries in China. These incentives include income tax exemption or reduced enterprise income tax rates. For example, under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law (“EIT Law”), the statutory enterprise income tax rate is 25%. However, pursuant to the Notice on Continuation of the Enterprise Income Tax Policies for Enterprises of Encouraged Industries in Western China (Circular [2020] No. 23) issued by the State Taxation Administration, the NDRC and the Ministry of Finance on April 23, 2020, enterprises that are set up in Western China, whose principal businesses are included in the Catalogue of Encouraged Industries in Western China (NDRC Circular No.15) and whose revenue from main operations for the year accounts for over 60% of their total revenue, are entitled to a preferential enterprise income tax rate of 15% from January 1, 2021 to December 31, 2030. This preferential tax treatment is applicable to our subsidiary Xinjiang Daqo. Any increase in the enterprise income tax rate applicable to our Chinese subsidiaries or discontinuation or reduction of any of the preferential tax treatment or financial incentives currently enjoyed by our subsidiaries in China could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition. 21 Table of Contents In addition, our financial results and effective tax rates may be affected by other factors, including shifts in the mix of profits earned across jurisdictions with different tax rates, changes in applicable tax laws or their interpretations, and other developments. In particular, in 2021, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development announced an Inclusive Framework on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting including Pillar Two Model Rules establishing a global minimum tax, which calls for the taxation of large multinational corporations at a minimum effective rate of 15%. A number of tax jurisdictions, including Hong Kong, Canada and the U.K., have enacted, or are in the process of enacting, legislation to implement the Pillar Two rules. To the extent that any such legislation applies to us or our subsidiaries, it could limit or eliminate the benefit of the preferential tax treatment currently enjoyed by our Chinese subsidiaries. We will continue to monitor and evaluate the impact of such legislative developments in the tax jurisdictions where we operate. As these rules and their implementing measures continue to evolve, there can be no assurance that our results of operations and financial condition would not be materially and adversely affected. The dividends we receive from our Chinese subsidiaries and our global income may be subject to Chinese tax under the EIT Law, which would have a material adverse effect on our results of operations; our foreign ADS holders may be subject to Chinese withholding tax upon the dividends payable by us and Chinese tax on gains realized upon the sale or other disposition of our ADSs if we are classified as a Chinese “resident enterprise.” Under the Chinese enterprise income tax laws and regulations, dividends, interests, rent, royalties and gains on transfers of property payable by a foreign-invested enterprise in China to its foreign investor who is a non-resident enterprise will be subject to a 10% withholding tax, unless such non-resident enterprise’s jurisdiction of incorporation has a tax treaty with China that provides for a reduced rate of withholding tax and such non-resident enterprise is the beneficial owner of the dividends, interests, rent, royalties and gain on transfers of property. Our distributable earnings generated by Xinjiang Daqo since 2021 are subject to the 10% withholding tax. The Cayman Islands, where Daqo Cayman is incorporated, does not have such a tax treaty with China. Under the EIT Law, an enterprise established outside China with its “de facto management body” within China is considered a “resident enterprise” in China and will be subject to the Chinese enterprise income tax at the rate of 25% on its worldwide income. In April 2009, the Chinese State Administration of Taxation, or the SAT, issued a circular, also known as Circular 82, to clarify criteria for determining the “resident enterprise” status of foreign companies which are controlled by PRC enterprises or PRC enterprise groups. Pursuant to Circular 82, to determine whether a company formed outside of mainland China and controlled by PRC enterprises or PRC enterprise groups incorporated in China should be treated as a Chinese resident enterprise, the tax authority will review factors such as the routine operation of the organizational body that effectively manages the enterprise’s production and business operations, locations of personnel holding decision-making power, location of finance and accounting functions and properties of the enterprise, and whether more than half of the directors or senior management personnel reside in China. Substantially all of our management members are based in China. However, it remains unclear how PRC tax authorities will classify an overseas company such as ours, which is controlled by PRC natural persons rather than PRC enterprises. If the Chinese tax authorities subsequently determine that Daqo Cayman should be classified as a resident enterprise, then our worldwide income will be subject to Chinese income tax, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Notwithstanding the foregoing provision, the EIT Law also provides that, if a resident enterprise directly invests in another resident enterprise, the dividends received by the investing resident enterprise from the invested enterprise are exempted from income tax, subject to certain conditions. Therefore, if Daqo Cayman is classified as resident enterprise under the EIT Law, the dividends received from our Chinese subsidiaries may be exempted from withholding tax. Moreover, if Daqo Cayman is classified as a “resident enterprise” in China, non-resident enterprise ADS holders may be subject to a 10% withholding tax (20% in the case of non-PRC individual ADS holders) upon dividends payable by us and 10% tax on gains realized upon the sale or other disposition of our ADSs (20% in the case of non-PRC individual ADS holders). Any such tax may reduce the returns on your investment in our ADSs. We have limited insurance coverage. In particular, we do not have any product liability insurance or business interruption insurance. As the insurance industry in China is still in an early stage of development, the product liability insurance and business interruption insurance available in China offer limited coverage compared to that offered in many other countries. We do not have any product liability insurance or business interruption insurance. Any business disruption or natural disaster could result in substantial costs and a diversion of resources, which would have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. 22 Table of Contents As with other photovoltaic product manufacturers, we are exposed to risks associated with product liability claims if the use of our photovoltaic products results in injury. Since our polysilicon products are made into electricity generating devices, it is possible that users could be injured or killed by devices that use our products as a result of product malfunctions, defects, improper installation or other causes. We cannot predict whether product liability claims will be brought against us in the future or the effect of any resulting negative publicity on our business. The successful assertion of product liability claims against us could result in potentially significant monetary damages and require us to make significant payments. We have granted, and may continue to grant, stock options and other share-based compensation in the future, which may materially impact our future results of operations. We adopted our 2009 share incentive plan, or the 2009 Plan, our 2014 share incentive plan, or the 2014 Plan, our 2018 share incentive plan, or the 2018 Plan, and our 2022 share incentive plan, or the 2022 Plan, in August 2009, December 2014, April 2018 and August 2022, respectively, that permit the grant of stock options, restricted shares and restricted share units to employees, directors and consultants of our company. Under the 2009 Plan, the 2014 Plan, the 2018 Plan and the 2022 Plan, we may issue awards to purchase up to 15,000,000, 21,000,000, 38,600,000 and 37,253,465 ordinary shares of our company, respectively. As of March 31, 2026, excluding expired or cancelled options and restricted share units, we have granted options to purchase a total of 23,393,525 of our ordinary shares and 94,293,015 restricted share units of our company under these plans. In addition, we modified the exercise prices for certain outstanding options in January 2012, April 2013, January 2015 and September 2015 in order to provide additional incentives to our employees and directors pursuant to an express authorization under our share incentive plan, allowing our board of directors to approve a downward adjustment of the option exercise prices without our shareholders’ approval. In September 2022, Xinjiang Daqo adopted its 2022 share incentive plan and granted Xinjiang Daqo’s stock options to its directors, senior executives and other personnel determined by its board of directors. As a result of these option grants, option re-pricings and potential future grants under the plans, we have incurred, and will incur in future periods, significant share-based compensation expenses. We account compensation costs for all stock awards using a fair-value based method and recognize expenses in our consolidated statement of income in accordance with the relevant rules in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which may have a material adverse effect on our net income. In addition, the additional expenses associated with share-based compensation may reduce the attractiveness of such incentive plans to us. Moreover, the vesting of restricted share units and exercise of share options could dilute your ownership interests in our company and may adversely impact the value of our ADSs and ordinary shares. However, if we limit the scope of our share incentive plans, we may not be able to attract or retain key personnel who expect to be compensated with incentive shares or options. Risks Related to Doing Business in China Uncertainties in the global economy and the slowdown of the Chinese economy may adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. The global financial markets experienced significant disruptions in 2008, and the United States, Europe and other economies went into recession. The recovery from the lows of 2008 and 2009 was uneven, including the escalation of the European sovereign debt crisis since 2011 and the impact of COVID-19. In addition, the global economy faces challenges from geopolitical conflicts such as the Russia-Ukraine crisis since early 2022 and the related sanctions on Russia by Western countries, unrest in the Middle East such as the Israel-Hamas war since October 2023, and the tensions between the U.S. and Iran that have resulted in volatility in oil and other markets. Furthermore, the territorial disputes involving China in Asia, the tensions in the relationship between China and Japan, and the trade conflicts and tensions between China and the U.S. have, and may continue to, put pressure on China’s economic growth, particularly our downstream customers’ export to the U.S. Moreover, the Chinese economy’s growth has slowed down in the recent years. It is unclear whether this trend will continue, and economic conditions in China are sensitive to global economic conditions. On the other hand, inflation risks have been heightened following the expansionary monetary and fiscal policies adopted by the central banks and financial authorities of some of the world’s leading economies. To combat inflation, the U.S. Federal Reserve significantly raised the interest rate on reserve balances beginning from 2022. Other major currencies including the Euro and the GBP also followed suit in interest rate raises. While major economies have cut interest rates to some extent, it is uncertain whether and at what pace they will continue to do so. These circumstances have resulted in significant market volatility globally. 23 Table of Contents Any prolonged slowdown in the global or Chinese economy may have a negative impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition, and continued turbulence in the international markets may adversely affect our ability to access the capital markets to meet liquidity needs. We derive substantially all of our revenues from customers in China, one of the world’s largest emerging markets, while the economies of emerging markets are typically more vulnerable to market downturns and economic slowdowns elsewhere in the world. Any prolonged slowdown in the Chinese economy may have a negative impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition in a number of ways. For example, our customers may reduce or delay purchases from us, while we may have difficulty expanding our customer base fast enough, or at all, to offset the impact of decreased purchases by our existing customers. In addition, to the extent we offer credit to any customer and such customer experiences financial difficulties due to the economic slowdown, we could have difficulty collecting payment from such customer. Changes in United States and China relations and related regulations may adversely impact our business, our operating results, our ability to raise capital, the continued listing of our ADSs on the NYSE, and the market price of our ordinary shares and/or our ADSs. Political tensions between the United States and China have escalated. The U.S. government has taken a range of action relating to U.S-China relations, including imposing several rounds of tariffs affecting certain products manufactured in China; imposing sanctions, export controls and investment restrictions against Chinese companies, such as prohibitions on certain investments in China related to semiconductors and microelectronics, quantum information technologies, and artificial intelligence; imposing sanctions on certain officials of the PRC and Hong Kong governments; enacting legislation such as the UFLP Act, the HFCA Act and the CHIPS and Science Act; and implementing enhanced reviews of companies with significant China-based operations. In April 2025, the United States announced broad tariffs on imports from all countries, comprising a 10% so-called “baseline” tariff on all countries, varying so-called “reciprocal” tariffs on certain trade partners, and a so-called “fentanyl-related” tariff of 20% on goods from China, Mexico and Canada. On February 20, 2026, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down tariffs imposed by U.S. President Trump under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act. Following the decision, the administration rescinded the IEEPA-based tariffs, but concurrently imposed a 10% temporary import surcharge under section 122 of the Trade Act of 1974 on imports from all U.S. trading partners for a 150-day period commencing on February 24, 2026 and discussed plans to impose other tariffs in reliance on other statutory authority. These changing policies have created considerable uncertainty regarding future tariff rates and the trajectory of U.S.-China trade relations. In addition, on October 28, 2024, the U.S. Department of the Treasury issued a final rule to implement President Biden’s August 2023 Executive Order on Addressing United States Investments in Certain National Security Technologies and Products in Countries of Concern, which became effective on January 2, 2025. This rule provided for the establishment of a new national security regulatory framework to control outbound investment from the United States in certain sensitive industry sectors in China, including Hong Kong and Macau. Subsequently, the U.S. government issued a broadly worded “America First Trade Policy” on January 20, 2025 and an “America First Investment Policy” February 21, 2025. In particular, the America First Trade Policy directs the Treasury and several other executive departments and offices of the U.S. government to review the outbound investment program. In addition, the America First Investment Policy Memorandum contemplates possible application of the outbound investment program to a wider range of technologies, including biotechnology, hypersonics, aerospace, advanced manufacturing, directed energy, and other areas “implicated by the PRC’s national Military-Civil Fusion strategy” and applying restrictions to a wider range of investments, including publicly traded securities. On December 18, 2025, the Comprehensive Outbound Investment National Security Act of 2025 (the “COINS Act”) was signed into law. The COINS Act will keep the core of the final rule while expanding its scope and coverage, including underwriting services as an exception and amending certain key definitions such as “Covered Foreign Person.” It directs the U.S. Department of Treasury to define the technical parameters for prohibited and notifiable transactions. The content of the implementation regulations remains uncertain. Any expansion of the restrictions under the existing outbound investment rule could limit the ability of Chinese companies (including us) to raise capital from U.S. investors. Against this backdrop, the PRC government has also, in addition to the retaliatory tariffs, taken a number of steps affecting U.S.-China relations, including the issuance of the Unreliable Entity List in 2019 (as amended from time to time), the enactment of the Anti-Foreign Sanctions Law in 2021, and the issuance of Provisions on Implementation of the Anti-foreign Sanctions Law of the People’s Republic of China in 2025. The Anti-Foreign Sanctions Law and Provisions on its implementation provide a legal basis for the Chinese regulators to take action in response to foreign sanctions, as well as for Chinese citizens and organizations to bring civil actions for injunctive relief or damages. Under the Anti-Foreign Sanctions Law and Provisions on its implementation, the competent department of the State Council may place any individuals and organizations that are directly or indirectly involved in making, determining, or implementing the discriminatory restrictive measures as provided therein on the countermeasure list. 24 Table of Contents Rising political tensions between China and the U.S. could reduce levels of trade, investment, technological exchanges and other economic activities between the two major economies, which would have a material adverse effect on global economic conditions and the stability of global financial markets. The measures taken by the U.S. and Chinese governments may also restrict our ability to do business with entities both within and outside of China and may cause investors to lose confidence in Chinese companies and counterparties, including us. In addition, new legislation, executive orders, laws or regulations may be adopted that negatively affect companies with significant connections to the U.S. or to China, our industry or on us. Any unfavorable government policies on cross-border relations or international trade, including increased scrutiny on companies with significant China-based operations may affect the competitive position of our products, the hiring of research and development personnel, our ability to sell our polysilicon products in the U.S. and certain other markets, the demand for our polysilicon products or the products of companies that use our products as raw materials, our ability to raise capital, and the market price of our ADSs. In addition, the SEC has issued statements and several sample comment letters focused on companies with significant China-based operations, such as us. Our periodic reports and other filings with the SEC may be subject to enhanced review by the SEC, and this additional scrutiny could affect our ability to effectively raise capital in the United States. Furthermore, during a recent television interview, in response to a journalist’s question on whether the U.S. government could include possible delistings of Chinese companies from U.S. exchanges as a possible step in resolving its ongoing trade disputes with China, the U.S. Secretary of Treasury, Scott Bessent, declined to exclude this possibility. If the U.S. government were to take such steps, it is not known how or when the U.S. government might implement such delistings or whether there would be any transition period or exceptions. If the U.S. government were to issue any order or otherwise require or cause the delisting of equity securities issued by China-based issuers, it could have a material adverse effect on the price of our ADSs. If our ADSs were to be delisted from the NYSE, we may be unable to readily obtain a listing on another stock exchange and our shareholders may suffer losses or be unable to trade our securities as a result. We are subject to many of the economic and political risks associated with emerging markets due to our operations in China. Changes in China’s economic, political or social conditions or government policies could have a material adverse effect on our business and operations. Substantially all of our assets are located in and substantially all of our revenues are currently sourced from China, one of the world’s largest emerging markets. In light of our operations in an emerging market, we may be subject to risks and uncertainties including fluctuations in GDP, unfavorable or unpredictable treatment in relation to tax matters, exchange controls, restrictions affecting our ability to make cross-border transfer of funds, regulatory proceedings, inflation, currency fluctuations or the absence of, or unexpected changes in, regulations and unforeseeable operational risks. In addition, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be influenced to a significant degree by political, economic and social conditions in China generally and by continued economic growth in China. The Chinese economy differs from the economies of most developed countries in many respects, including the level of government involvement, level of development, growth rate, control of foreign exchange and allocation of resources. Although the Chinese government has implemented measures since the late 1970s emphasizing the utilization of market forces for economic reform, the reduction of state ownership of productive assets and the establishment of improved corporate governance in business enterprises, a substantial portion of productive assets in China is still owned by the Chinese government. In addition, the Chinese government continues to play a significant role in regulating industry development by imposing industrial policies. The Chinese government also exercises significant control over the Chinese economic growth through the allocation of resources, foreign exchange controls, setting monetary policies, and providing preferential treatment to particular industries or companies. While the Chinese economy has experienced significant growth over the past decades, growth has been uneven, both geographically and among various sectors of the economy. Any prolonged slowdown in the Chinese economy may reduce the demand for our services. The Chinese government has implemented various measures to encourage economic growth and guide the allocation of resources. Some of these measures benefit the overall Chinese economy, but may have a negative effect on us. For example, our operating results and financial condition may be adversely affected by government control over capital investments or changes in tax regulations that are applicable to us, and by government policies or guidance aimed at curtailing the perceived over-capacity of certain industry sectors, such as polysilicon, steel, concrete and wind power equipment. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Renewable Energy Law and Other Government Directives.” The Chinese government has implemented certain measures to control the pace of economic growth. These measures may cause decreased economic activity in China, which could in turn reduce the demand for our products and materially and adversely affect our operating results and financial condition. 25 Table of Contents Uncertainties in China’s legal system, including the interpretation and enforcement of PRC laws and regulations, could limit the legal protection available to you and us. It is especially difficult for us to accurately predict the potential impact to us of new legal requirements in China because the Chinese legal system is a civil law system based on written statutes. Unlike common law systems, it is a system in which legal decisions have limited value as precedents. The overall effect of legislation and rule-making over the past decades has been to significantly increase the protections afforded to various forms of foreign or private-sector investment in China. Our Chinese operating subsidiary, Xinjiang Daqo, is a foreign-invested enterprise and is subject to laws and regulations applicable to foreign-invested enterprises as well as various PRC laws and regulations generally applicable to companies in China. Our business is also subject to various industry policies, safety and environmental laws and regulations that affect our operations and production facility expansion plans, including those related to investment, project construction, building, zoning, fire prevention and work safety. These laws and regulations are still evolving, and their interpretation and enforcement involve uncertainties. Furthermore, rules and regulations in China can change quickly with little advance notice. In recent years, Chinese regulators have announced regulatory actions aimed at providing the Chinese government with greater oversight over certain sectors of China’s economy. Although the solar power industry has not been directly affected, we cannot guarantee that the Chinese government will not in the future take regulatory actions that materially adversely affect the business environment and financial markets in China, our ability to operate our business, our liquidity and our access to capital. For example, if a competent government agency requires us to obtain its approval and we fail to obtain such approval in a timely manner, or at all, we may be subject to the imposition of fines against us, or the suspension or cessation of our production capacity expansion plans. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Renewable Energy Law and Other Government Directives.” It may be more difficult to evaluate the outcome of any regulatory or legal proceedings and the level of legal protection we enjoy than in more developed legal systems. These uncertainties may impede our ability to continue our operations or planned capacity expansions, which, as a result, could materially and adversely affect our business and operations. In addition, the PRC government has formally designated anti-involution as a national policy priority in China’s 15th Five-Year Plan. Following this policy, relevant authorities have deployed targeted regulatory measures to address irrational competition and overcapacity, including by issuing standards guidance, enhancing quality supervision, taking enforcement actions, and promoting technological advancement. The legislative framework governing competition and pricing has been amended, and a new mandatory national standard has been proposed that would impose strict energy consumption limits on polysilicon production on a per-unit-output basis. These regulatory developments are ongoing, and failure to comply with these requirements may subject us to penalties, suspension of business operations, mandatory shutdown of facilities deemed obsolete, or other administrative or enforcement measures. Any such consequences could materially and adversely affect our profitability. Recent regulatory developments in China will subject us to additional regulatory review and disclosure requirements, expose us to government interference, or otherwise restrict or completely hinder our ability to offer securities and raise capital outside China, which could adversely affect our business operations and cause the value of our securities to significantly decline or become worthless. As substantially all of our business is conducted in China, we are exposed to legal and other risks associated with our operations in China. The PRC government may intervene or influence our operations at any time, which could result in a material change in our operations or the value of our ADSs. Any actions by the PRC government to exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas or foreign investment in companies having operations in China, including us, could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors, and cause the value of our securities to significantly decline or become worthless. Since 2021, the PRC government has initiated a series of regulatory actions and statements to regulate business operations in China, such as filing requirements for China-based companies’ overseas securities offerings and listing, new measures to extend the scope of cybersecurity reviews and new laws and regulations related to data privacy and security, and expanded efforts in anti-monopoly enforcement. While we do not believe that these regulatory changes currently have any material impact on us, we will be required to comply with the filing requirements for our future securities offerings and listing, which we cannot guarantee that we will be able to complete in a timely manner, or at all. 26 Table of Contents On July 6, 2021, the General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the General Office of the State Council jointly issued the Opinions on Severe and Lawful Crackdown on Illegal Securities Activities. These opinions emphasized the need to strengthen the administration over illegal securities activities and the supervision on overseas listings by China-based companies. These opinions proposed to take effective measures, such as promoting the construction of relevant regulatory systems, to deal with the risks and incidents facing China-based overseas-listed companies and the demand for cybersecurity and data privacy protection. These opinions and any related implementation rules to be enacted may subject us to additional compliance requirement in the future. As these opinions were recently issued, official guidance and interpretation of the opinions remain unclear in several respects at this time. Therefore, we cannot assure you that we will remain fully compliant with all new regulatory requirements of these opinions or any future implementation rules on a timely basis, or at all. With the trend of strengthening anti-monopoly supervision around the world, the PRC government has issued a series of anti-monopoly laws and regulations, paying more attention to corporate compliance. On February 7, 2021, the Anti-monopoly Commission of the State Council of the PRC promulgated the Guidelines for Anti-monopoly in the Field of Platform Economy. On November 15, 2021, the State Administration for Market Regulation of the PRC promulgated the Guidelines for the Overseas Anti-monopoly Compliance of Enterprises. On April 4, 2024, the Anti-monopoly Commission of the State Council of the PRC promulgated the Guide to the Anti-monopoly Compliance of Undertakings. On December 10, 2024, the State Administration for Market Regulation of the PRC promulgated Guidelines for the Review of Horizontal Concentrations. On December 9, 2025, the State Administration for Market Regulation of the PRC promulgated Provisions on Prohibiting Monopoly Agreements (2025 Revision), which became effective on February 1, 2026. On December 15, 2025, the State Administration for Market Regulation of the PRC promulgated Guidelines for the Review of Non-Horizontal Concentrations, which became effective on February 1, 2026. We believe that these regulations have little impact on us, but we cannot guarantee that regulators will agree with us or that these regulations will not affect our business operations in the future. Cybersecurity and data privacy and security issues are subject to increasing legislative and regulatory focus in China. On July 30, 2021, the State Council of the PRC promulgated the Regulation on the Protection of the Security of Critical Information Infrastructure, which took effect on September 1, 2021. This regulation requires, among others, certain competent authorities to identify critical information infrastructures. If any critical information infrastructure is identified, the relevant authorities shall promptly notify the relevant operator and the Ministry of Public Security. The CAC and a number of other departments under the State Council promulgated the Measures for Cybersecurity Review on December 28, 2021, which became effective on February 15, 2022. According to this regulation, critical information infrastructure operators purchasing network products and services and data processors carrying out data processing activities, which affect or may affect national security, are required to conduct cybersecurity review. On July 7, 2022, the CAC issued the Measures for the Security Assessment of Data Cross-border Transfer, or the Security Assessment Measures, which became effective on September 1, 2022. In accordance with the Security Assessment Measures, a data processor should apply to the CAC for a security assessment under certain circumstances, including (i) where a data processor provides important data abroad; (ii) where a critical information infrastructure operator or a data processor processing personal information of over one million people provides personal information abroad; (iii) where a data processor has provided personal information of 100,000 people or sensitive personal information of 10,000 people in total abroad since January 1 of the previous year; and (iv) other circumstances prescribed by the CAC. Moreover, the Security Assessment Measures provide that for non-compliant cross-border data transfers that had been carried out before this regulation came into effect, rectification must be completed within six months from the effective date of the regulation. On June 27, 2025, the CAC promulgated the Guide to Applications for Security Assessment of Outbound Data Transfers (Third Edition) to guide and assist data processors in making applications for security assessment of outbound data transfers in a compliant and orderly manner. We believe that these regulations are not applicable to us, because we are neither a critical information infrastructure operator nor a data processor within the meanings of these regulations However, we cannot guarantee that the regulators will agree with us. On September 30, 2024, the State Council of the PRC promulgated the Regulation on Network Data Security Management, which became effective on January 1, 2025. The regulation set forth different scenarios under which data processors would be required to apply for cybersecurity review. As of the date hereof, we have not been involved in any investigations on cybersecurity review made by the CAC, and we have not received any inquiry, notice, warning, or sanctions in such respect. However, as these are new regulations, there remain uncertainties as to how they will be interpreted or implemented in the context of an overseas offering. 27 Table of Contents We may be subject to PRC laws relating to the collection, use, sharing, retention security, and transfer of confidential and private information, such as personal information and other data. These PRC laws apply not only to third-party transactions, but also to transfers of information between us and our wholly foreign-owned enterprises in China, and other parties with which we have commercial relations. For example, on September 1, 2021, the PRC Data Security Law became effective, which imposes data security and privacy obligations on entities and individuals conducting data-related activities, and introduces a data classification and hierarchical protection system based on the importance of data in economic and social development, as well as the degree of harm it will cause to national security, public interests, or legitimate rights and interests of individuals or organizations when such data is tampered with, destroyed, leaked, or illegally acquired or used. In addition, the Standing Committee of PRC National People’s Congress promulgated the PIPL on August 20, 2021, which took effect on November 1, 2021. The PIPL further emphasizes processors’ obligations and responsibilities for personal information protection and sets out the basic rules for processing personal information and the rules for cross-border transfer of personal information. On October 14, 2025, the CAC and the State Administration for Market Regulation of the PRC promulgated Measures for the Certification of Cross-Border Provision of Personal Information, which became effective on January 1, 2026. The regulation sets forth the process and necessary conditions for providing personal information to outside the PRC territory by means of certification of cross-border provision of personal information. As of the date hereof, we have not been involved in any investigations on data security or privacy compliance issues in connection with the PRC Data Security Law, the PIPL or Measures for the Certification of Cross-Border Provision of Personal Information, and we have not received any inquiry, notice, warning, or sanctions in such respect. In addition, we do not expect to have significant data security or privacy issues given that the nature of our business does not involving collecting and use of vast personal data. However, we cannot guarantee that the regulators will agree with us or will not in the future adopt new regulations that restrict our business operations. Since these statements and regulatory actions are new, it is highly uncertain how soon legislative or administrative regulation making bodies will respond and what existing or new laws or regulations or detailed implementations and interpretations will be modified or promulgated, if any, or the potential impact such modified or new laws and regulations will have on our daily business operation, our ability to accept foreign investments and listing on a U.S. or other foreign exchanges. PRC laws and their interpretations and enforcement continue to develop and are subject to change, and the PRC government may adopt other rules and restrictions in the future. Future securities offerings of our Company or our subsidiary, Xinjiang Daqo, may be subject to approval of the Shanghai Stock Exchange, CSRC or other regulatory agencies in China (as the case may be), which could impose uncertainty on our capital raising activities. The Provisions Regarding Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Projects by Foreign Investors (the “M&A Rules”) require an overseas special purpose vehicle that is controlled by PRC companies or individuals formed for the purpose of seeking a public listing on an overseas stock exchange through acquisitions of PRC domestic companies using shares of such special purpose vehicle or held by its shareholders as considerations to obtain the approval of the CSRC prior to the listing and trading of such special purpose vehicle’s securities on an overseas stock exchange. However, the application of the M&A Rules remains unclear. If any approval from the Shanghai Stock Exchange, the CSRC or other PRC regulatory agencies (as the case may be) is required for our or Xinjiang Daqo’s securities offerings, it is uncertain whether it would be possible for us or Xinjiang Daqo to obtain the approval. Any failure to obtain or delay in obtaining such approval could subject us to sanctions imposed by the Shanghai Stock Exchange, the CSRC or other PRC regulatory agencies (as the case may be). 28 Table of Contents On February 17, 2023, the CSRC issued the Trial Administrative Measures of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Enterprises, or the Trial Measures, which became effective on March 31, 2023. On the same date, the CSRC also circulated Supporting Guidance Rules No. 1 through No. 5, Notes on the Trial Measures, Notice on Administration Arrangements for the Filing of Overseas Listings by Domestic Enterprises, or collectively, the Guidance Rules and Notice. Specifically, the examination and determination of an indirect offering and listing will be conducted on a substance-over-form basis, and an offering and listing shall be considered as an indirect overseas offering and listing by a domestic company if the issuer meets the following conditions: (i) the operating income, gross profit, total assets, or net assets of the domestic enterprise in the most recent fiscal year was more than 50% of the relevant line item in the issuer’s audited consolidated financial statement for that year; and (ii) senior management personnel responsible for business operations and management are mostly PRC citizens or are ordinarily resident in the PRC, and the main place of business is in the PRC or carried out in the PRC. Under the Trial Measures and the Guidance Rules and Notice, domestic enterprises conducting overseas offering and listing of securities (including shares, depository receipts, corporate bonds convertible into shares and other securities in the nature of equity), either directly or indirectly, shall complete filings with the CSRC pursuant to the Trial Measures’ requirements within three working days after (i) the application for an initial public offering is submitted and (ii) any completion of offering of shares in the same stock market after the initial public offering and listing. Failure to comply with the filing requirements may result in fines to the relevant domestic companies, suspension of their businesses, revocation of their business licenses and operation permits, and fines on the controlling shareholders as well as other responsible persons. The Trial Measures also sets forth certain regulatory red lines for overseas offerings and listings by domestic enterprises. On December 24, 2025, People’s Bank of China and SAFE jointly issued the Notice on Issues Concerning the Administration of Funds Raised by Domestic Enterprises Listed Overseas (“Notice No.252”), which became effective on April 1, 2026. The notice applies to the direct overseas listing and issuance of overseas depositary receipts by domestic joint-stock limited companies, and sets forth systematic provisions regarding registration, accounts, cross-border receipts and payments and exchange, information reporting, and compliance review. Under the Trial Measures and Notice No.252, any future securities offering and listing overseas by us, including follow-on offerings, secondary listings, and going private transactions, will be subject to various requirements, including the filing requirements with the CSRC, under the Trial Measures and Notice No.252, and we cannot assure you that we will be able to comply with such requirements in a timely manner, or at all. We may face sanctions by the CSRC or other PRC regulatory agencies for failure to obtain or for delay in obtaining approval for our offerings by the CSRC or other regulatory agencies. These sanctions may include fines and penalties on our operations in China, limitations on our operating privileges in China, delays in or restrictions on the repatriation of the proceeds from our offerings into the PRC, restrictions on or prohibition of the payments or remittance of dividends by our subsidiaries in China, or other actions that could have a material and adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial condition, results of operations, prospects, as well as the trading price of our ADSs. Chinese regulations relating to offshore investment activities by Chinese residents may increase the administrative burden we face and may subject our Chinese resident beneficial owners or employees to personal liabilities, limit our subsidiaries’ ability to increase their registered capital or distribute profits to us, limit our ability to inject capital into our Chinese subsidiaries, or may otherwise expose us to liability under PRC laws. SAFE has promulgated regulations that require Chinese residents and Chinese corporate entities to register with local branches of SAFE in connection with their direct or indirect offshore investment activities. These regulations may apply to our shareholders who are Chinese residents and may apply to any offshore acquisitions that we make in the future. SAFE promulgated the Circular on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Control on Relating to Domestic Resident’s Offshore Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment through Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 37, in July 2014 that requires PRC residents or entities to register with SAFE or its local branch in connection with their establishment or control of any special purpose vehicles established for the purpose of overseas investment or financing. In addition, such PRC residents or entities must update their SAFE registrations when the offshore special purpose vehicle undergoes material events relating to any change of basic information (including change of such PRC citizens or residents, name and operation term), increases or decreases in investment amount, transfers or exchanges of shares, or mergers or divisions. SAFE Circular 37 is issued to replace the Notice on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Administration for PRC Residents Engaging in Financing and Roundtrip Investments via Overseas Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 75. If a Chinese shareholder with a direct or indirect stake in an offshore parent company fails to make the required SAFE registration, the Chinese subsidiaries of such offshore parent company may be prohibited from making distributions of profit to the offshore parent and from paying the offshore parent proceeds from any reduction in capital, share transfer or liquidation in respect of the Chinese subsidiaries, and the offshore parent company may also be prohibited from injecting additional capital into its Chinese subsidiaries. Furthermore, failure to comply with the SAFE registration requirement described above may result in liability for the Chinese shareholders and the Chinese subsidiaries under PRC laws for foreign exchange registration evasion. 29 Table of Contents We believe that, as of the date of this annual report, all current beneficial shareholders of our company who are, to our knowledge, Chinese residents have completed SAFE registration. However, we may not be fully informed of the identities of the beneficial owners of our company and we cannot assure you that all of our Chinese resident beneficial owners will comply with SAFE regulations. The failure of our beneficial owners who are Chinese residents to make any required registrations may subject us to fines and legal sanctions, and prevent us from making distributions or paying dividends, as a result of which our business operations and our ability to distribute profits to you could be materially and adversely affected. Participants of our share incentive plans who are PRC individuals are required to register with SAFE, and the failure to so comply could subject us and such participants to penalties. In February 2012, SAFE promulgated the Notice on the Administration of Foreign Exchange Matters for Domestic Individuals Participating in the Stock Incentive Plans of Overseas Listed Companies, or the Stock Option Notice. According to the Stock Option Notice, a PRC domestic qualified agent or the PRC subsidiary of such overseas listed company must file an application with SAFE or its local counterpart on behalf of PRC resident individuals who participate in stock incentive plans of overseas publicly listed companies to obtain approval for an annual allowance with respect to the purchase of foreign exchange in connection with the stock holding or share option exercises. Our company is an “overseas publicly listed company,” and therefore, we and participants of our share incentive plans who are PRC individuals are subject to these regulations. We have completed registration for options and restricted share units granted as of the date of this annual report. For future option and restricted share unit grants, if our application is unsuccessful or our option plan participants who are PRC individuals fail to work with us to complete the registration, we or such persons may be subject to fines and legal sanctions. Any failure to comply with such regulations may subject us and the relevant participants of our share incentive plan to fines and legal sanctions and prevent us from being able to grant share incentives to our personnel, as a result of which our business operations may be adversely affected. Chinese regulation of direct investment and loans by offshore holding companies to Chinese entities may delay or limit us from making additional capital contributions or loans to our Chinese subsidiaries. Any capital contributions or loans that we, as an offshore entity, make to our Chinese subsidiaries are subject to Chinese regulations. For example, for each of our Chinese subsidiaries as a foreign invested enterprise, the aggregate amount of our loans to the Chinese subsidiary cannot exceed the larger amount of (i) the balance between the registered total investment amount and registered capital of the Chinese subsidiary, or (ii) twice the amount of the net assets of the Chinese subsidiary calculated in accordance with PRC GAAP, subject to satisfaction of applicable government registration or approval requirements, and the loans must be registered with the local branch of SAFE. There is a specific statutory guideline relating to the ratio of a foreign invested enterprise’s registered capital amount over total investment amount. For each foreign invested enterprise, such as Xinjiang Daqo, it may increase its registered capital to receive additional capital contributions from us and currently there is no statutory limit to increasing its registered capital, subject to satisfaction of applicable government registration and filing requirements. We cannot assure you that we will be able to complete the necessary registrations or obtain the necessary government approvals on a timely basis, if at all, with respect to future loans to our Chinese subsidiaries or future capital contributions by us to our Chinese subsidiaries. If we fail to complete such registrations or obtain such approvals, our ability to make equity contributions or provide loans to our Chinese subsidiaries or to fund their operations may be negatively affected, which could adversely affect our Chinese subsidiaries’ liquidity and their ability to fund their working capital and expansion projects and meet their obligations and commitments. 30 Table of Contents We may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our wholly owned operating subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of our operating subsidiaries to pay dividends to us could have a material adverse effect on our ability to borrow money or pay dividends. As a holding company, we may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our Chinese subsidiaries for our cash requirements, including funds necessary to service any debt we may incur. If our Chinese subsidiaries incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other distributions to us. Furthermore, relevant PRC laws and regulations permit payments of dividends by our Chinese subsidiaries only out of their retained earnings, if any, determined in accordance with Chinese accounting standards and regulations. Under PRC laws and regulations, each of our Chinese subsidiaries are required to set aside a portion of their net income each year to fund a statutory surplus reserve until such reserve reaches 50% of its registered capital. This reserve is not distributable as dividends. As a result, our Chinese subsidiaries are restricted in their ability to transfer a portion of its net assets to us in the form of dividends, loans or advances. Limitation on the ability of our Chinese subsidiary to pay dividends to us could materially and adversely limit our ability to borrow money outside of China or pay dividends to holders of our ADSs. See “—Risks Related to Our Business—The dividends we receive from our Chinese subsidiaries and our global income may be subject to Chinese tax under the EIT Law, which would have a material adverse effect on our results of operations; our foreign ADS holders may be subject to a Chinese withholding tax upon the dividends payable by us and Chinese tax on gains realized upon the sale or other disposition of our ADSs if we are classified as a Chinese ‘resident enterprise’.” Fluctuations in exchange rates could result in foreign currency exchange losses. The conversion of RMB into foreign currencies is based on rates set by the People’s Bank of China. The value of RMB against the U.S. dollar and other currencies is affected by changes in China’s political and economic conditions and by China’s foreign exchange policies, among other things. In July 2005, the PRC government changed its decades-old policy of pegging the value of RMB to the U.S. dollar, and RMB appreciated more than 20% against the U.S. dollar over the following three years. Between July 2008 and June 2010, this appreciation halted and the exchange rate between RMB and the U.S. dollar remained within a narrow band. Since June 2010, RMB has fluctuated against the U.S. dollar, at times significantly and unpredictably. The PBOC further enlarged the floating band of RMB against the U.S. dollar in March 2014 and announced its intention to improve the central parity quotation system of RMB against the U.S. dollar. Effective from October 1, 2016, RMB has been included in the International Monetary Fund’s basket of special drawing rights. It is difficult to predict how market forces or PRC or U.S. government policies may impact the exchange rate between RMB and the U.S. dollar in the future. We cannot assure you that RMB will not appreciate or depreciate significantly in value against foreign currencies in the future. The financial records of our PRC subsidiaries are maintained in RMB, which is their functional currency. We are therefore exposed to fluctuations in the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and RMB. We do not currently hedge, and have not historically hedged, our operational exposure to this foreign currency fluctuation. Our consolidated financial results are presented in U.S. dollars, and therefore, during times of a strengthening U.S. dollar versus RMB, our reported revenue and earnings that are denominated in RMB will be reduced because RMB will translate into fewer U.S. dollars. In addition, assets and liabilities are translated at the exchange rates at the balance sheet date. Equity accounts are translated at historical exchange rates. Revenues, expenses, gains and losses are translated at average rate of exchange prevailing during the periods presented. Translation adjustments arising from the use of differing exchange rates from period to period are recorded as cumulative translation adjustments and are shown as a separate component of other comprehensive income in our statement of changes in equity and comprehensive income. Accordingly, changes in currency exchange rates will cause our revenues, expenses, gains and losses, shareholders’ equity, and comprehensive income to fluctuate, and such fluctuations may have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, any significant depreciation of RMB against the U.S. dollar may have a material adverse effect on the value of, and any dividends payable on, our ADSs and ordinary shares. If we decide to convert our RMB into U.S. dollars for the purpose of making payments for dividends on our ordinary shares or for other business purposes, depreciation of RMB against the U.S. dollar would reduce the U.S. dollar amount available to us. On the other hand, to the extent that we need to convert U.S. dollars into RMB for our operations, appreciation of RMB against the U.S. dollar would have an adverse effect on RMB amount we receive from the conversion. In addition, the value of your investment in our ADSs will be affected by the exchange rate between U.S. dollar and RMB because the value of our business is effectively denominated in RMB, while the ADSs will be traded in U.S. dollars. Fluctuation in the value of RMB in either direction could have a material adverse effect on the value of our company and the value of your investment. 31 Table of Contents Failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could have a material and adverse effect on the trading price of our ADSs. We are subject to the reporting obligations under the U.S. securities laws. As of December 31, 2025, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective. For the year ended December 31, 2025, our independent registered public accounting firm performed an audit of our internal control over financial reporting. However, we cannot assure you that we will maintain effective internal control over financial reporting on an ongoing basis. If we fail to maintain effective internal controls over financial reporting, we will not be able to conclude and our independent registered public accounting firm will not be able to report that we have effective internal controls over financial reporting in accordance with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 in our future annual report on Form 20-F covering the fiscal year in which this failure occurs. Effective internal control over financial reporting is necessary for us to produce reliable financial reports. Any failure to maintain effective internal controls over financial reporting could result in the loss of investor confidence in the reliability of our financial statements, which in turn could have a material and adverse effect on the trading price of our ADSs. Furthermore, we may need to incur additional costs and use additional management and other resources as our business and operations further expand or in an effort to remediate any significant control deficiencies that may be identified in the future. In addition, our internal controls over financial reporting will not prevent or detect all errors or fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system’s objectives will be met. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and instances of fraud will be detected. If the PCAOB is unable to inspect our auditors as required under the HFCA Act, the SEC will prohibit the trading of our ADSs, which may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment. The United States adopted the HFCA Act on December 18, 2020, which was amended by the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 on December 29, 2022. Under the HFCA Act, if the SEC determines that we have filed audit reports issued by a registered public accounting firm that has not been subject to inspection by the PCAOB for two consecutive years, the SEC will prohibit our securities, including our ADSs, from being traded on a U.S. national securities exchange, including the NYSE, or in the over-the-counter trading market in the U.S. The process for implementing trading prohibitions pursuant to the HFCA Act will be based on a list of registered public accounting firms that the PCAOB has been unable to inspect and investigate completely as a result of a position taken by a foreign authority. Pursuant to amendments made to the HFCA Act in 2022, the PCAOB may determine that it is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms in any foreign jurisdictions because of positions taken by any foreign authority, rather than an authority in the location in which the firms are headquartered or in which they have a branch or office, as was the case under the original version of the Act. The first such list was included in a release by the PCAOB on December 16, 2021, and our auditor, Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Certified Public Accountants LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm that is headquartered in Shanghai, China with offices in other cities in China, was included on that list. The SEC reviews annual reports filed with it to determine if the auditor used for such reports was so identified by the PCAOB, and such issuers are designated as “Commission-Identified Issuers” on a list to be published by the SEC. If an issuer is a Commission-Identified Issuer for two consecutive years (which will be determined after the second such consecutive annual report), the SEC will issue an order that will implement the trading prohibitions described above. Upon the SEC’s review of our filed annual report for 2021, we were designated by SEC as Commission-Identified Issuers on May 4, 2022. 32 Table of Contents On August 26, 2022, the PCAOB signed a Statement of Protocol with the CSRC and the Ministry of Finance of the PRC, taking a first step toward opening access for the PCAOB to inspect and investigate registered public accounting firms headquartered in Mainland China and Hong Kong. On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB announced its determination that it has been able to inspect and investigate audit firms in mainland China and Hong Kong completely for purposes of the HFCA Act, and the PCAOB vacated its December 16, 2021 determinations. As a result of this announcement, we were not for the fiscal year of 2023 or 2024, and do not expect to be for the fiscal year of 2025 or the foreseeable future, a Commission-Identified Issuer in respect of our annual report on Form 20-F. However, the PCAOB stated that should PRC authorities obstruct the PCAOB’s ability to inspect or investigate completely in any way and at any point in the future, the PCAOB Board will act immediately to consider the need to issue new determinations consistent with the HFCA Act. While we currently do not expect the HFCA Act to prevent us from maintaining the trading of our ADSs in the U.S., uncertainties exist with respect to future determinations of the PCAOB in this respect and any further legislative or regulatory actions to be taken by the U.S. or Chinese governments that could affect our listing status in the U.S. If trading in our ADSs is prohibited under the HFCA Act in the future because the PCAOB determines that it cannot inspect or fully investigate our auditor, the NYSE may determine to delist our ADSs and trading in our ADSs could be prohibited. The delisting of our ADSs, or the threat of their being delisted, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment. If we are unable to be listed on another securities exchange that provides sufficient liquidity, such a delisting may substantially impair your ability to sell or purchase our ADSs when you wish to do so. Furthermore, even if we are able to maintain a listing of our ordinary shares on a non-U.S. exchange, investors owning our ADSs may have to take additional steps to engage in transactions on that exchange, including converting ADSs into ordinary shares and establishing non-U.S. brokerage accounts. Restrictions on currency exchange under PRC laws may limit our ability to convert cash derived from our operating activities into foreign currencies and may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment. Substantially all of our revenues and operating expenses are denominated in RMB. Under the relevant foreign exchange restrictions in China, conversion of the RMB is permitted, without the need for SAFE approval, for “current account” transactions, which includes dividends, trade, and service-related foreign exchange transactions, by complying with certain procedural requirements. Conversion of the RMB for “capital account” transactions, which includes foreign direct investment and loans, is still subject to significant limitations and requires approvals from and registration with SAFE and other Chinese regulatory authorities. We cannot assure you that SAFE or other Chinese governmental authorities will not further limit or eliminate our ability to purchase foreign currencies in the future. Any existing and future restrictions on currency exchange in China may limit our ability to convert cash derived from our operating activities into foreign currencies to fund expenditures denominated in foreign currencies. If the foreign exchange restrictions in China prevent us from obtaining U.S. dollars or other foreign currencies as required, we may not be able to pay dividends in U.S. dollars or other foreign currencies to our shareholders, including holders of our ADSs. Furthermore, foreign exchange control in respect of the capital account transactions could affect our Chinese subsidiaries’ ability to obtain foreign exchange or conversion into RMB through debt or equity financing, including by means of loans or capital contributions from us. Risks Related to Our ADSs The trading prices of our ADSs have been and may continue to be volatile, which could result in substantial losses to investors. The closing trading prices of our ADSs ranged from $12.74 to $35.69 in 2025, and may remain volatile in the future and could fluctuate widely due to factors beyond our control. This may happen because of broad market and industry factors, like the performance and fluctuation of the market prices of other companies with business operations located mainly in China that have listed their securities in the United States. A number of China-based companies, including many solar energy companies, have listed their securities on U.S. stock exchanges. The securities of some of these companies have experienced significant volatility, including price declines in connection with their initial public offerings. The trading performance of these Chinese companies’ securities after their offerings may affect the attitudes of investors toward Chinese companies listed in the United States in general and consequently may impact the trading performance of our ADSs, regardless of our actual operating performance. In addition to market and industry factors, the price and trading volume for our ADSs may be volatile for factors specific to our own operations, including the following: ● variations in our revenues, earnings and cash flow; ● announcements of our new investments, acquisitions, strategic partnerships, or joint ventures; ● announcements of new products and expansions by us or our competitors; 33 Table of Contents ● announcements of sale of existing business segments; ● fluctuations in market prices of or demand for our products; ● changes in financial estimates by securities analysts; ● changes in the ratio of ADSs vs. ordinary shares; ● additions or departures of key personnel; and ● potential litigation or regulatory investigations. Any of these factors may result in large and sudden changes in the volume and price at which our ADSs will trade. We cannot assure you that these factors will not occur in the future. The sale or availability for sale of substantial amounts of our ADSs could adversely affect their market price. Sales of substantial amounts of our ADSs in the public market or the perception that these sales could occur, could adversely affect the market price of our ADSs and could materially impair our ability to raise capital through equity offerings in the future. Our ADSs are freely tradable without restriction or further registration under the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, subject to the restrictions in Rule 144 and Rule 701 under the Securities Act. In addition, market sales of securities held by our significant shareholders or any other shareholder or the availability of these securities for future sale may adversely affect the market price of our ADSs. We may issue additional ordinary shares or other equity or equity-linked securities, which may materially and adversely affect the price of our ordinary shares or ADSs. We may issue additional equity or equity-linked securities for a number of reasons, including to finance our operations and business strategy (including in connection with business expansion or other transactions), or for other reasons. Any future issuances of equity or equity-linked securities could substantially dilute your interests and may materially and adversely affect the price of our ordinary shares or ADSs. We cannot predict the timing or size of any future issuances or sales of equity or equity-linked securities, or the effect, if any, that such issuances or sales may have on the market price of our ordinary shares or ADSs. Market conditions could also require us to accept less favorable terms for the issuance of those securities in the future. Our Fourth Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association contain anti-takeover provisions that could have a material adverse effect on the rights of holders of our ordinary shares and ADSs. Our Fourth Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association contain provisions to limit the ability of others to acquire control of our company or cause us to engage in change-of-control transactions. These provisions could have the effect of depriving our shareholders of an opportunity to sell their shares at a premium over prevailing market prices by discouraging third parties from seeking to obtain control of our company in a tender offer or similar transaction. 34 Table of Contents You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law. We are an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. Our corporate affairs are governed by our memorandum and articles of association, as amended from time to time, the Companies Act of the Cayman Islands, as amended from time to time, and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders to take actions against the directors, actions by minority shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors to us under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as from the common law of England, the decisions of whose courts are of persuasive authority, but are not binding, on a court in the Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedent in some jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands has a less developed body of securities laws than the United States. Some U.S. states, such as Delaware, have more fully developed and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law than the Cayman Islands. In addition, Cayman Islands companies may not have standing to initiate a shareholder derivative action in a federal court of the United States. The Cayman Islands courts are also unlikely: ● to recognize or enforce against us judgments of courts of the United States based on certain civil liability provisions of U.S. securities laws; and ● to impose liabilities against us, in original actions brought in the Cayman Islands, based on certain civil liability provisions of U.S. securities laws that are penal in nature. There is no statutory recognition in the Cayman Islands of judgments obtained in the United States, although the courts of the Cayman Islands will in certain circumstances recognize and enforce a non-penal judgment of a foreign court of competent jurisdiction without retrial on the merits. As a result of all of the above, public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by management, members of the Board of Directors or controlling shareholders than they would as public shareholders of a company incorporated in the United States. You may experience difficulties in enforcing judgments against us and our management, and the ability of U.S. authorities to bring actions against us or our management may also be limited. We are a Cayman Islands company and all of our assets are located outside of the United States. Substantially all of our current operations are conducted in China, one of the world’s largest emerging markets. In addition, a majority of our current directors and officers are nationals and residents of countries other than the United States. Substantially all of the assets of these persons are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for you to bring an action against us or against these individuals in the United States in the event that you believe that your rights have been infringed under the United States federal securities laws or otherwise. Even if you are successful in bringing an action of this kind, the laws of the Cayman Islands and of China may render you unable to enforce a judgment against our assets or the assets of our directors and officers. In addition, due to jurisdictional limitations, matters of comity and various other factors, the SEC, Department of Justice (“DOJ”) and other U.S. authorities may be limited in their ability to take enforcement actions, including in instances of fraud, against us or our directors and officers in China. In addition, shareholder claims that are common in the United States, including class action securities law and fraud claims, generally uncommon in China. For example, in China, there are significant legal and other obstacles to obtaining information needed for shareholder investigations or litigation outside China or otherwise with respect to foreign entities. Although the local authorities in China may establish a regulatory cooperation mechanism with the securities regulatory authorities of another country or region to implement cross-border supervision and administration, such regulatory cooperation with the securities regulatory authorities in the U.S. have not been efficient in the absence of mutual and practical cooperation mechanism. According to Article 177 of the PRC Securities Law which became effective in March 2020, no overseas securities regulator is allowed to directly conduct investigation or evidence collection activities within the territory of the PRC. Accordingly, without the consent of the competent PRC securities regulators and relevant authorities, no organization or individual may provide the documents and materials relating to securities business activities to overseas parties. 35 Table of Contents The voting rights of holders of ADSs are limited by the terms of the deposit agreement, and you may not be able to exercise your right to vote your ordinary shares. As a holder of our ADSs, you will only be able to exercise the voting rights with respect to the underlying ordinary shares in accordance with the provisions of the deposit agreement. Under the deposit agreement, you must vote by giving voting instructions to the depositary. Upon receipt of your voting instructions, the depositary will vote the underlying ordinary shares in accordance with these instructions. You will not be able to directly exercise your right to vote with respect to the underlying shares unless you withdraw the shares. Under our Fourth Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association, the minimum notice period required for convening a general meeting is seven days. When a general meeting is convened, you may not receive sufficient advance notice to withdraw the shares underlying your ADSs to allow you to vote with respect to any specific matter. If we ask for your instructions, the depositary will notify you of the upcoming vote and will arrange to deliver our voting materials to you. We cannot assure you that you will receive the voting materials in time to ensure that you can instruct the depositary to vote your shares. In addition, the depositary and its agents are not responsible for failing to carry out voting instructions or for their manner of carrying out your voting instructions. This means that you may not be able to exercise your right to vote and you may have no legal remedy if the shares underlying your ADSs are not voted as you requested. The depositary for our ADSs will give us a discretionary proxy to vote our ordinary shares underlying your ADSs if you do not vote at shareholders’ meetings, except in limited circumstances, which could adversely affect your interests. Under the deposit agreement for the ADSs, if you do not vote, the depositary will give us a discretionary proxy to vote our ordinary shares underlying your ADSs at shareholders’ meetings unless: ● we have failed to timely provide the depositary with notice of meeting and related voting materials; ● we have instructed the depositary that we do not wish a discretionary proxy to be given; ● we have informed the depositary that there is substantial opposition as to a matter to be voted on at the meeting; ● a matter to be voted on at the meeting would have a material adverse impact on shareholders; or ● the voting at the meeting is to be made by a show of hands. The effect of this discretionary proxy is that if you do not vote at shareholders’ meetings, you cannot prevent our ordinary shares underlying your ADSs from being voted, except under the circumstances described above. This may make it more difficult for shareholders to influence the management of our company. Holders of our ordinary shares are not subject to this discretionary proxy. You may not receive dividends or other distributions on our ordinary shares and you may not receive any value for them, if it is illegal or impractical to make them available to you. The depositary of our ADSs has agreed to pay to you the cash dividends or other distributions it or the custodian receives on ordinary shares underlying our ADSs, after deducting its fees and expenses. You will receive these distributions in proportion to the number of ordinary shares your ADSs represent. However, the depositary is not responsible if it decides that it is unlawful or impractical to make a distribution available to any holders of ADSs. For example, it would be unlawful to make a distribution to a holder of ADSs if it consists of securities that require registration under the Securities Act but that are not properly registered or distributed under an applicable exemption from registration. The depositary may also determine that it is not feasible to distribute certain property through the mail. Additionally, the value of certain distributions may be less than the cost of mailing them. In these cases, the depositary may determine not to distribute such property. We have no obligation to register under U.S. securities laws any ADSs, ordinary shares, rights or other securities received through such distributions. We also have no obligation to take any other action to permit the distribution of ADSs, ordinary shares, rights or anything else to holders of ADSs. This means that you may not receive distributions we make on our ordinary shares or any value for them if it is illegal or impractical for us to make them available to you. These restrictions may cause a material decline in the value of our ADSs. 36 Table of Contents You may not be able to participate in rights offerings and may experience dilution of your holdings. We may, from time to time, distribute rights to our shareholders, including rights to acquire securities. Under the deposit agreement, the depositary will not distribute rights to holders of ADSs unless the distribution and sale of rights and the securities to which these rights relate are either exempt from registration under the Securities Act with respect to all holders of ADSs, or are registered under the provisions of the Securities Act. The depositary may, but is not required to, attempt to sell these undistributed rights to third parties, and may allow the rights to lapse. We may be unable to establish an exemption from registration under the Securities Act, and we are under no obligation to file a registration statement with respect to these rights or underlying securities or to endeavor to have a registration statement declared effective. Accordingly, holders of ADSs may be unable to participate in our rights offerings and may experience dilution of their holdings as a result. You may be subject to limitations on transfer of your ADSs. Your ADSs are transferable on the books of the depositary. However, the depositary may close its books at any time or from time to time when it deems expedient in connection with the performance of its duties. The depositary may close its books from time to time for a number of reasons, including in connection with corporate events such as a rights offering, during which time the depositary needs to maintain an exact number of ADS holders on its books for a specified period. The depositary may also close its books in emergencies, and on weekends and public holidays. The depositary may refuse to deliver, transfer or register transfers of our ADSs generally when our share register or the books of the depositary are closed, or at any time if we or the depositary thinks it is advisable to do so because of any requirement of law or of any government or governmental body, or under any provision of the deposit agreement, or for any other reason. As a company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, we are permitted to adopt certain home country practices in relation to corporate governance matters that differ significantly from the NYSE corporate governance listing standards; these practices may afford less protection to shareholders than they would enjoy if we complied fully with the NYSE corporate governance listing standards. As a Cayman Islands company listed on the NYSE, we are subject to the NYSE corporate governance listing standards. However, NYSE rules permit a foreign private issuer like us to follow the corporate governance practices of its home country. Certain corporate governance practices in the Cayman Islands, which is our home country, may differ significantly from the NYSE corporate governance listing standards. For example, we are not required to have a compensation committee and corporate governance and nominating committee composed entirely of independent directors, we are not required to hold annual general meetings, and we are not required to obtain shareholder approval for equity compensation plans or before issuing ordinary shares to a related party. See “Item 16G. Corporate governance.” Since we have chosen to follow certain home country practice, our shareholders may be afforded less protection than they otherwise would enjoy under the NYSE corporate governance listing standards applicable to U.S. domestic issuers. 37 Table of Contents We believe we were a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes for our prior taxable year and there is a significant risk that we will be a PFIC for our current taxable year and in future taxable years, which could result in significant adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. Holders in our ADSs or ordinary shares. A non-United States corporation, such as our company, will be classified as a passive foreign investment company (“PFIC”) for United States federal income tax purposes for any taxable year if either (i) 75% or more of its gross income consists of certain types of “passive” income or (ii) 50% or more of the average value of its assets is attributable to assets (generally determined on the basis of a quarterly average) that produce or are held for the production of passive income. Based on our financial statements, the manner in which we conduct our business, the trading price of our ordinary shares and ADSs, the value and nature of our assets, and the sources and nature of our income, we believe that we were a PFIC for the taxable year ended December 31, 2025. Additionally, there is a significant risk that we will be a PFIC for our current taxable year and in future taxable years. The determination of whether we are a PFIC is made annually after the close of each taxable year based on the facts and circumstances at the time, some of which may be beyond our control, such as the amount and composition of our income and the valuation and composition of our assets, including goodwill and other intangible assets, as implied by the market price of our ADSs. The market price of our ADSs may continue to fluctuate considerably and, consequently, we cannot assure you of our PFIC status for any taxable year. In addition, the composition of our income and assets will also be affected by how, and how quickly, we use our liquid assets. If we are a PFIC for any taxable year, a U.S. Holder (as defined in “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—United States Federal Income Tax Considerations”) may incur significantly increased United States federal income tax on (i) gain recognized on the sale or other disposition of the ADSs or ordinary shares and (ii) distributions on the ADSs or ordinary shares, and such U.S. Holder may be subject to burdensome reporting requirements. Further, if we are classified as a PFIC for any year during which a U.S. Holder holds our ADSs or ordinary shares, we generally will continue to be treated as a PFIC for all succeeding years during which such U.S. Holder holds our ADSs or ordinary shares, even if we no longer satisfy the tests described above, unless we cease to be a PFIC and the U.S. Holder makes a special “purging” election on U.S. Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) Form 8621. See “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—United States Federal Income Tax Considerations—Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations” for more information. U.S. Holders are urged to consult their own tax advisors regarding U.S. federal income tax consequences of holding stock or ADSs in a PFIC. We are a “foreign private issuer,” and have disclosure obligations that are different from those of U.S. domestic reporting companies; as a result, you should not expect to receive the same information about us at the same time when a U.S. domestic reporting company provides the information required to be disclosed. We are a foreign private issuer and, as a result, we are not subject to the same requirements that are imposed upon U.S. domestic issuers by the SEC. Under the Exchange Act, we will be subject to reporting obligations that, to some extent, are more lenient and less frequent than those of U.S. domestic reporting companies. For example, we are not required to issue quarterly reports or proxy statements. We have 120 days to file our annual report with the SEC. We are not required to disclose detailed individual executive compensation information that is required to be disclosed by U.S. domestic issuers. Further, our principal shareholders are not required to report equity holdings under Section 16 of the Securities Act, and our directors, executive officers and principal shareholders are not subject to the insider short-swing profit disclosure and recovery regime. As a foreign private issuer, we are also exempt from the requirements of Regulation FD (Fair Disclosure) which, generally, are meant to ensure that select groups of investors are not privy to specific information about an issuer before other investors. We are, however, still subject to the anti-fraud and anti-manipulation rules of the SEC, such as Rule 10b-5 under the Exchange Act. Since many of the disclosure obligations imposed on us as a foreign private issuer are different than those imposed on U.S. domestic reporting companies, our shareholders should not expect to receive the same information about us and at the same time as the information received from, or provided by, U.S. domestic reporting companies. If securities or industry analysts do not actively follow our business, or if they publish unfavorable research about our business, our ADS price and trading volume could decline. The trading market for our ADS depends in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. If one or more of the analysts who covers us downgrades our ADSs or publishes unfavorable research about our business, our ADS price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts ceases coverage of our company or fails to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our ADSs could decrease, which could cause our ADS price and trading to decline. ​ 38 Table of Contents