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As of the date of this Form 10-Q, there have been no material changes to the risk factors disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025, filed with the SEC on March 2, 2026, other than as noted below and in Part II, Item 1A “Risk Factors” of our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2026. Any of these factors could result in a significant or material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition. Additional risk factors not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also impair our business or results of operations. We may disclose changes to such risk factors or disclose additional risk factors from time to time in our future filings with the SEC.
If we were found to be operating without having obtained necessary state or local licenses, it could adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, and future prospects.
Certain states have adopted laws regulating and requiring licensing, registration, notice filing, or other approval by parties that engage in certain activities regarding consumer finance transactions. For example, several states, including California, Kansas, Missouri, Nevada, South Carolina, and Wisconsin, have adopted regulatory and licensing requirements specific to “earned wage access” products (collectively, “State Earned Wage Access Laws”). The Connecticut Department of Labor also issued guidance regarding earned wage access products, stating that the products may implicate state wage statutes and fees for the products that are passed to the employees must be approved by the Commissioner of Labor. The State Earned Wage Access Laws have exemptions for bank-issued products such as ExtraCash, but it is possible that the relevant states’ regulatory authorities may not agree with the Company’s interpretation of these exemptions.
In addition, certain states have adopted laws regulating and requiring licensing by parties that engage in certain activity regarding consumer finance transactions, including facilitating and assisting such transactions in certain circumstances. These laws also may contain restrictions on the charging of certain fees or have usury limits for loans originated under those laws. The application of some consumer finance licensing and related usury or fee restriction laws to Dave is uncertain, evolving and unsettled. If we were found to be in violation of one or more of the licensure, usury or State Earned Wage Access Laws, we could be subject to fines, damages, injunctive relief, and other penalties or consequences. For example, in November 2024, the Washington, D.C. attorney general filed a complaint against the earned wage access provider EarnIn, alleging that its product is a loan, that fees for instant access to funds are misrepresented to consumers and not properly disclosed, and that the interest rate associated with the fees for instant access to funds exceeds the Washington, D.C. usury cap. Also, in April, 2025, the Office of the Attorney General of the State of New York filed a civil action in the Supreme Court of the State of New York, County of New York, against MoneyLion Inc. The complaint alleges, among other things, that MoneyLion’s earned wage access product violates New York’s civil and criminal usury laws.
We have also received inquiries from state regulatory agencies regarding requirements to obtain licenses from or register with those states, including in states where we have determined that we are not required to obtain such a license or be registered with the state, and we expect to continue to receive such inquiries. The application of certain consumer financial licensing laws to our platform and the related activities it performs is not always clear, and regulatory agencies may not agree with our determinations on the applicability of such laws to us. In addition, state licensing requirements may evolve over time, including, in particular, recent trends in legislation seeking to impose licensing requirements and regulation of parties engaged in the business of offering “earned wage access” products to consumers. For example, in 2023, the banking regulators in Connecticut and Maryland issued guidance (and in the case of Maryland, a regulatory change) (collectively, “State Regulatory Changes”) indicating that traditional “earned wage access” products would, under certain circumstances, be considered small loans under the state lending laws, and that optional fees and tips, which the Company previously received in connection with ExtraCash, would be finance charges for purposes of calculating the interest rate under the state’s applicable usury limit under certain circumstances. These State Regulatory Changes would subject those covered by them to licensure and limitations or prohibitions on certain charges. Although we do not believe that ExtraCash is covered by the State Regulatory Changes, there may be uncertainty regarding the application of the State Regulatory Changes to our business.
We have received an inquiry from the Connecticut banking regulator relating to licensing and the State Regulatory Changes, our relationship with our bank partner, and other issues relating to earned wage access and related products we offer in Connecticut. We have also received an inquiry from the Maryland banking regulator regarding licensure and the State Regulatory Changes. In addition, we have received a subpoena from the Maryland Attorney General requesting information regarding any earned wage access and related products that we offer in the state of Maryland, including information relating to marketing practices, fees, our bank partnership, and other issues. We have also received a subpoena from the New York State Department of Financial Services for documents and information relating to products and services offered in the state of New York since 2021, including marketing materials, applications, consumer communications, terms and conditions, and fees. These inquiries and investigations are ongoing, and although we believe that our practices and products offered at all times in Connecticut, Maryland and New York have been in compliance with applicable law, the defense or resolution of these matters could involve significant monetary costs or penalties and have a significant impact on our financial results and operations.
We have had recent communications with the California Department of Financial Protection and Innovation (“DFPI”) which reflect that the DFPI believes that the Company is a “covered person” subject to the California Consumer Financial Protection Law (“CCFPL”) and that the DFPI intends to supervise us, in relation to the activities we engage in related to the offering of financial products and services, in the immediate future. The DFPI’s supervision of us would enable it, among other things, to conduct comprehensive and rigorous examinations and to request reports, in each case, to assess our compliance with consumer financial protection laws, which in turn may result in matters requiring attention, as well as potentially a referral for investigation and enforcement action, which may result in civil monetary penalties and limits on our activities or functions, among other relief. The DFPI, through its enforcement authority, could increase our compliance costs, potentially hinder our ability to respond to market changes, impose requirements to alter products and services that would make them less attractive to consumers and impair our ability to offer products and services profitably.
If we were found to be in violation of applicable state licensing, fee restrictions, usury or other requirements by a court or a state, federal, or local enforcement agency, or agree to resolve such concerns by voluntary agreement, we could be subject to or agree to pay fines, damages, injunctive relief (including required modification or discontinuation of our business in certain areas), criminal penalties, and other penalties or consequences, and the ExtraCash receivables facilitated through our platform could be rendered void in whole or in part, any of which could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.