Our Holding Company Structure NovaBridge Biosciences (referred to herein as “NovaBridge”) is a Cayman Islands holding company with its current business operations primarily conducted by its subsidiary based in the United States and China. Investors in our ADSs are purchasing equity interest in a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands instead of equity interest in our operating subsidiaries. This structure involves unique risks to investors who hold our ADSs. Prior to April 2024, we conducted business operations in China through TJBio Shanghai to advance the Greater China portfolio. In February 2024, we entered into definitive agreements with TJBio Hangzhou, an unconsolidated investee of ours, and a group of China-based investors to divest our Greater China assets and business operations. In April 2024, we closed the divestiture of our Greater China assets and business operations. Since the completion of these transactions, we have conducted our business operations primarily through our U.S. subsidiary. In 2025, we established Visara, Inc. (“Visara”), a U.S. subsidiary and Bridge Health Bio-Tech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. (“Bridge Health”), a subsidiary in China, to support business operations. Any operations that we may conduct through our PRC subsidiaries are subject to complex and evolving PRC laws and regulations. For example, the PRC government has issued statements and regulatory actions relating to areas such as the regulatory approvals on U.S. based offerings and listings by, and foreign investment in, companies with operations in China, and implemented industry-wide regulations, including cybersecurity and data privacy related regulations. The PRC government has significant authority in regulating any operations that we may conduct through our PRC subsidiaries and may influence any operations that we may conduct through our PRC subsidiaries. The PRC may exert more oversight and control over offerings conducted overseas by, and foreign investment in, issuers with operations in China, which could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors. Implementation of industry-wide regulations, including data security or anti-monopoly related regulations, may cause the value of our securities to significantly decline. Permissions may be Required from the PRC Authorities for the Offering of Our Securities The PRC government has promulgated certain regulations and rules to exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted outside of China and investments in China-based issuers. Based on the nature and scale of data processed or handled by us in our business operations and our historical issuance of securities to foreign investors, under the current PRC laws, regulations and regulatory rules, as of the date of this annual report, we and our PRC subsidiaries, (i) have not been required to go through the filing procedures with regard to the historical listing and historical issuance of securities by our company to foreign investors with the China Securities Regulatory Commission (the “CSRC”) under the Trial Administrative Measures of the Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies, (ii) have not been required by the Cyberspace Administration of China (the “CAC”) or any of its local counterparts, to go through the cybersecurity review under the Cybersecurity Review Measures, and (iii) have not received or were denied such permissions by the CSRC or the CAC. Nevertheless, in the event that we conduct any offering and listing outside China or any securities offerings in the future that will be captured by the trial administrative measures, we may be required to go through the filing procedures with the CSRC. For more detailed information, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Financial Position and Need for Additional Capital—The approval of and filing with PRC government authorities may be required in connection with our offshore offerings under PRC law, and, if required, we cannot predict whether or for how long we will be able to obtain such approval or complete such filing.” 5 Table of Contents The Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act Pursuant to the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, which was enacted on December 18, 2020 and further amended by the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 signed into law on December 29, 2022 (the “HFCAA”), if the SEC determines that we have filed audit reports issued by a registered public accounting firm that have not been subject to inspections by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) for two consecutive years, the SEC will prohibit our shares or the ADSs from being traded on a national securities exchange or in the over-the-counter trading market in the United States. On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued a report to notify the SEC of its determination that the PCAOB was unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong, including our prior auditor. In May 2022, the SEC conclusively listed us as a Commission-Identified Issuer under the HFCAA following the filing of our annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021. On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB issued a report that vacated its December 16, 2021 determination and removed mainland China and Hong Kong from the list of jurisdictions where it is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms. While vacating those determinations, the PCAOB noted that, should it encounter any impediment to conducting an inspection or investigation of auditors in mainland China or Hong Kong as a result of a position taken by any authority there, the PCAOB would act to immediately reconsider the need to issue new determinations consistent with the HFCAA and PCAOB’s Rule 6100. On August 6, 2024, our Audit Committee approved the dismissal of PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian LLP as our independent registered public accounting firm, effective August 7, 2024, and the appointment of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP as our new independent registered public accounting firm for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024. The office of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP is located at 400 Campus Drive, Florham Park, NJ 07932. PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP is registered with the PCAOB and subject to PCAOB inspection. Therefore, we believe that as of the date of this report, PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP is not subject to the determinations as to the inability to inspect or investigate registered firms completely announced by the PCAOB on December 16, 2021. PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian LLP must still be able to produce any audit work papers upon any PCAOB inspection or investigative demand and make any relevant audit personnel available to the PCAOB upon inspection or investigative demand. The failure of PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian LLP to meet any of its legal or professional obligations with respect to PCAOB inspection and investigative demands, or the failure of the PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian LLP to comply with all applicable audit standards could result in significant liability for us or result in the delisting of our securities pursuant to the HFCAA. Cash and Asset Flows through Our Organization NovaBridge is a holding company with no operations of its own. As a result, although other means are available for us to obtain financing at the holding company level, our ability to pay dividends to our shareholders and holders of the ADSs and to service any debt we may incur may depend upon dividends paid by our subsidiaries. If any of our subsidiaries incur debt on its own behalf in the future, the instruments governing such debt may restrict its ability to pay dividends to NovaBridge. In addition, our PRC subsidiaries are permitted to pay dividends to NovaBridge only out of their retained earnings, if any, as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. Further, our PRC subsidiaries are required to make appropriations to certain statutory reserve funds or may make appropriations to certain discretionary funds, which are not distributable as cash dividends except in the event of a solvent liquidation of the PRC subsidiaries. For more details, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—B. Liquidity and Capital Resources—Holding Company Structure.” Under PRC laws and regulations, our PRC subsidiaries are subject to certain restrictions with respect to paying dividends or otherwise transferring any of their net assets out of China to us. Remittance of dividends by a wholly foreign-owned enterprise out of China is also subject to examination by the banks designated by the State Administration of Foreign Exchange (“SAFE”). Furthermore, cash transfers from our PRC subsidiaries to entities outside of China are subject to PRC government control of currency conversion. Shortages in the availability of foreign currency may temporarily delay the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to remit sufficient foreign currency to pay dividends or other payments to us, or otherwise satisfy their foreign currency denominated obligations. For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, no dividends or distributions were made to NovaBridge by our existing PRC subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, our PRC subsidiaries held cash and cash equivalents of $7.4 million and $0.9 million respectively. Under PRC law, NovaBridge may provide funding to our PRC subsidiaries only through capital contributions or loans, subject to satisfaction of applicable government registration and approval requirements. NovaBridge has not declared or paid any cash dividends, nor does it have any present plan to pay any cash dividends on our ordinary shares in the foreseeable future. We currently intend to retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings to operate and develop our business. See “Item 8. Financial Information—A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Dividend Policy.” For PRC and U.S. federal income tax considerations of an investment in our ADSs, see “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation.” 6 Table of Contents A.Reserved B.Capitalization and Indebtedness Not applicable. C.Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds Not applicable. D.Risk Factors Our business faces significant risks. Before deciding to invest in our securities, you should carefully consider all of the information set forth in this annual report and in our other filings with the SEC, including the following risk factors which we face and which are faced by our industry. Our business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially adversely affected by any of these risks. This annual report also contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our results could materially differ from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements, as a result of certain factors including the risks described below and elsewhere in this annual report and our other SEC filings. See “Forward-Looking Statements” above. Summary of Risk Factors An investment in our ADSs or ordinary shares involves significant risks. Below is a summary of material risks we face. These risks are discussed more fully in this section. •We have a limited operating history, which may make it difficult to evaluate our current business and predict our future performance. •We have incurred net losses in the past and we may not be able to achieve or maintain profitability in the future. •We recorded net cash outflow from operating activities in the past. We may need to obtain additional financing to fund our operations. If we are unable to obtain such financing, we may be unable to complete the development and potential commercialization of our drug candidates. •Clinical development involves a lengthy and expensive process with an uncertain outcome, and results of earlier studies and trials may not be predictive of future trial results. •We depend substantially on the success of our drug candidates, all of which are in preclinical or clinical development, and our ability to identify additional drug candidates. If we are unable to successfully identify new drug candidates, complete clinical development, obtain regulatory approval and commercialize our drug candidates, or experience significant delays in doing so, our business will be materially harmed. •We may not be able to identify, discover or in-license new drug candidates, and may allocate our limited resources to pursue a particular drug candidate or indication and fail to capitalize on drug candidates or indications that may later prove to be more profitable, or for which there is a greater likelihood of success. •The regulatory approval processes of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) and other comparable regulatory authorities are time-consuming and may evolve over time, and if we are ultimately unable to obtain regulatory approval for our drug candidates, our business will be substantially harmed. •We have never completed a registrational clinical trial or made a biologics license application or similar drug application in the United States and may be unable to successfully do so for our current drug candidates. •If our drug candidates cause adverse effects in patients once in the market, we can face material drug liability claims. •The failure to obtain a patent term extension and data exclusivity for any drug candidates we may develop could increase the risk of generic competition with our products. 7 Table of Contents •Our drug candidates may fail to achieve the degree of market acceptance by physicians, patients, third-party payors and others in the medical community necessary for commercial success. •We face intense competition and rapid technological change and the possibility that our competitors may develop therapies that are similar, more advanced, or more effective than ours, which may adversely affect our financial condition and our ability to successfully commercialize our drug candidates. •As we engage in collaborations worldwide, including conducting clinical trials globally, we may be exposed to specific risks of conducting our business and operations in international markets. •As we rely on third parties to conduct our preclinical studies and clinical trials, if we lose our relationships with these third parties or if they do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or meet expected deadlines, we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for, or commercialize our drug candidates and our business could be substantially harmed. •We plan to continue to rely on third parties to manufacture our drug candidate supplies, and we intend to rely on third parties for the manufacturing process of our drug candidates, if approved. Our business could be harmed if those third parties fail to provide us with sufficient quantities of product or fail to do so at acceptable quality levels or prices. •If we are unable to obtain and maintain patent and other intellectual property protection for our drug candidates, or if the scope of such intellectual property rights obtained is not sufficiently broad, third parties could develop and commercialize products and technologies similar or identical to ours and compete directly against us, and our ability to successfully commercialize any product or technology may be adversely affected. •We enjoy only limited geographical protection with respect to certain patents and may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world. •Obtaining and maintaining our patent protection depends on compliance with various procedural, document submission, fee payment, and other requirements imposed by governmental patent agencies, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for non-compliance with these requirements. •Our future success depends on our ability to attract, retain and motivate senior management and qualified scientific employees. •We will need to increase the size and capabilities of our organization, and we may experience difficulties in managing our development. •Any failure to comply with the various applicable laws and regulations related to data security, cybersecurity and personal information and privacy protection could affect our offshore offerings and lead to liabilities, penalties or other regulatory actions, which could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. •Uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system could materially and adversely affect us. •The ability of U.S. authorities to bring actions for violations of U.S. securities law and regulations against us or our directors may be limited. Therefore, our investors may not be afforded the same protection as provided to investors in U.S. domestic companies. •We have identified material weaknesses in our internal control related to ineffective information technology general controls which could, if not remediated, result in material misstatements in our financial statements. •If we were deemed to be an investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “Investment Company Act”), applicable restrictions could make it impractical for us to continue our business as contemplated and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. •We may not be able to maintain compliance with the continued listing requirements of Nasdaq. •The trading price of our ADSs may be volatile, which could result in substantial losses to our investors. 8 Table of Contents Risks Related to Our Financial Position and Need for Additional Capital We have a limited operating history, which may make it difficult to evaluate our current business and predict our future performance. We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company with a limited operating history. Our operations to date have focused on organizing and staffing our operations, business planning, raising capital, establishing our intellectual property portfolio and conducting preclinical and clinical trials of our drug candidates. We have not yet demonstrated an ability to successfully manufacture, obtain marketing approvals for, or commercialize our drug candidates. We have no products approved for commercial sale. Consequently, any predictions about our future success or viability may not be as accurate as they could be if we had a longer operating history. We are focused on the development of precision immuno-oncology agents for the treatment of cancer and ophthalmology therapeutics. Our limited operating history, particularly in light of the rapidly evolving drug research and development industry in which we operate and the changing regulatory and market environments we encounter, may make it difficult to evaluate our prospects for future performance. As a result, any assessment of our future performance or viability is subject to significant uncertainty. We will encounter risks and difficulties frequently experienced by early-stage companies in rapidly evolving fields as we seek to transition to a company capable of supporting commercial activities. If we do not address these risks and difficulties successfully, our business will suffer. Under our new business model, we have expanded and may continue to expand our business through the acquisition of businesses or rights to new drug candidates that could disrupt our business, harm our financial condition and may also dilute current shareholders’ ownership interests in our company. Our new business model is focused on identifying and advancing high-value therapeutic assets through strategic partnerships and specialized subsidiary entities, and we may seek to acquire businesses or in-license drug candidates to do so. Acquisitions involve numerous risks, including substantial cash expenditures; potentially dilutive issuance of equity securities; the potential incurrence of debt and contingent liabilities, some of which may be difficult or impossible to identify at the time of acquisition; difficulties in developing in-licensed drug candidates or managing the operations of the acquired companies; diverting our management’s attention away from other business concerns; risks of entering markets in which we have limited or no direct experience; and the potential loss of our key employees or key employees of an acquired business. We cannot assure you that any acquisition will result in short-term or long-term benefits to us. We may misjudge the value or worth of an acquired or in-licensed drug candidate or an acquired business. In addition, our future success would depend in part on our ability to manage the rapid growth associated with acquisitions. We cannot assure you that we will be able to make the combination of our business with that of acquired drug candidates or businesses work or be successful. Furthermore, the development or expansion of our business or any acquired drug candidates or business may require a substantial capital investment by us. We may not have these necessary funds, or they might not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. We may also seek to raise funds by issuing and selling ordinary shares or ADSs, which would dilute each current shareholder’s ownership interest in our company. We have identified material weaknesses in our internal control related to ineffective information technology general controls which could, if not remediated, result in material misstatements in our financial statements. In connection with the preparation of our financial statements as of December 31, 2025, we concluded there are material weaknesses in our internal control related to ineffective information technology general controls (“ITGCs”). Notwithstanding, we have also concluded that the material weaknesses did not result in any identified misstatements to the consolidated financial statements, and there were no changes to previously released financial results. To remediate our material weaknesses, we have been implementing and will continue to implement measures designed to ensure that control deficiencies contributing to the material weaknesses are remediated, such that these controls are designed, implemented, and operating effectively. If our remedial measures are insufficient to address the material weaknesses, or if additional material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting are discovered or occur in the future, our financial statements may contain material misstatements and we could be required to restate our financial results. We are in the process of designing and implementing measures to improve our internal control over financial reporting to remediate these material weaknesses. While we are designing and implementing measures to remediate these material weaknesses, we cannot predict the success of such measures or the outcome of our assessment of these measures at this time. We can give no assurance that these measures will remediate the deficiencies in internal control or that additional material weaknesses or any significant deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting will not be identified in the future. If we fail to establish and maintain adequate internal controls, we could suffer material misstatements in our financial statements and fail to meet our reporting obligations, which would likely cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information. This could limit our access to capital markets, adversely affect our results of operations and lead to a decline in the trading price of our ADSs. Additionally, ineffective internal controls could 9 Table of Contents expose us to an increased risk of fraud or misuse of corporate assets and subject us to potential delisting from the stock exchange on which we list or to other regulatory investigations and civil or criminal sanctions. We could also be required to restate our historical financial statements. For more information see “Item 15. Controls and Procedures— Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting.” We have incurred net losses in the past and we may not be able to maintain profitability in the future. Investment in the development of biopharmaceutical products is highly speculative, as it entails substantial upfront capital expenditures and significant risks that a drug candidate may fail to demonstrate efficacy and/or safety to gain regulatory or marketing approvals or become commercially viable. To date, we have financed our activities primarily through public and private placements, as well as revenue from licensing and collaboration deals. We have incurred significant research and development expenses and other expenses related to our ongoing operations. As a result, we incurred net losses of $88.3 million, $22.2 million and $207.7 million in 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Substantially all of our net losses have resulted from costs incurred in connection with our research and development programs and from administrative costs associated with our operations. We cannot assure our investors that we will be able to generate net profits in the future. Our ability to achieve and maintain profitability depends in large part on our ability to out-license some of our commercialization rights and execute our product commercialization strategies as our business further develops. Accordingly, we intend to continue to invest for the foreseeable future in certain activities relating to our development, including the following: •conducting clinical trials of our drug candidates; •manufacturing clinical trial materials through contract manufacturing organizations; •seeking regulatory approvals to advance the development of our drug candidates; •commercializing any of our drug candidates for which we have obtained marketing approval; •hiring additional clinical, operational, financial, quality control and scientific personnel; •establishing a sales, marketing and commercialization team for any future products that have obtained regulatory approval; •seeking to identify additional drug candidates; •obtaining, maintaining, developing and protecting our intellectual property portfolio; •enforcing and defending any intellectual property-related claims; and •acquiring or in-licensing other drug candidates, intellectual property and technologies. Typically, it takes many years to develop a new drug from the time it is discovered to when it becomes available for treating patients. During the process, we may encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications, delays or other unknown factors that may adversely affect our business. The size of our future net losses will depend partially on the rate of the future growth of our expenses, our ability to generate revenues and the timing and amount of milestone payments and other payments that we receive from or pay to third parties. If any of our drug candidates fails during clinical trials or does not gain regulatory approval, or, even if approved, fails to achieve market acceptance, our business may not become profitable. Even if we achieve profitability in the future, we may not be able to sustain profitability in subsequent periods thereafter. Our prior losses and expected future losses have had, and will continue to have, an adverse effect on our working capital and shareholders’ equity. We recorded net cash outflow from operating activities in the past. We may need to obtain additional financing to fund our operations. If we are unable to obtain such financing, we may be unable to complete the development and commercialization of our drug candidates. Since our inception, our operations have consumed substantial amounts of cash. We raised over $400 million in pre-IPO financing. In the past, we received total net proceeds of approximately $105.3 million, $397.2 million, $105.6 million and $61.2 million from our initial public offering, subsequent private placement and warrants issued and subsequently exercised in connection with the private placement, respectively. In August 2025, we issued and sold 33,333,330 ADSs in an underwritten offering, representing in the aggregate 76,666,659 ordinary shares, at an offering price of $1.95 per ADS. The underwritten offering resulted in net proceeds to us, after 10 Table of Contents deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses payable by us, of approximately $61.2 million. We used $20.6 million, $52.7 million and $72.7 million in net cash in our operations for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Despite the divestiture of our Greater China assets and business operations, we expect to continue to incur significant expenses in connection with the adoption of our new business model and ongoing clinical activities, particularly as we advance the clinical development of our clinical-stage drug candidates, and initiate additional clinical trials of, and seek regulatory approval for, these and other potential future drug candidates. In addition, if we obtain regulatory approvals for any of our drug candidates, we expect to incur significant commercialization expenses relating to product manufacturing, marketing, sales and distribution and post-approval commitments to continue monitoring the efficacy and safety data of our future products on the market. In particular, the costs that may be required for the manufacture of any drug candidate that has received regulatory approval may be substantial. We have incurred and may continue to incur expenses as we create additional infrastructure to support our operations as a public company. Accordingly, we will need to obtain substantial additional funding in connection with our continuing operations through public or private equity offerings, debt financing, collaborations or licensing arrangements or other sources. If we are unable to raise capital when needed or on acceptable terms, we could be forced to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our research and development programs or any future commercialization efforts. There have been uncertainties and interruptions to the global economy and significant volatility across the financial markets, which had a cooling effect on financing and investing activities in general. We believe that our current cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments of $210.8 million will be sufficient to meet our present anticipated working capital requirements and capital expenditures into the fourth quarter of 2028. However, if the volatility in the financial markets continues, our ability to raise additional capital may be materially and adversely affected, which may in turn have an adverse effect on our ability to meet our working capital requirement and our liquidity. Raising additional capital may cause dilution to the interests of the holders of our ADSs and our shareholders, restrict our operations or require us to relinquish rights to our technologies or drug candidates. We may seek additional funding through a combination of asset sales, equity offerings, debt financings, collaborations, licensing arrangements, strategic alliances or partnerships and government grants or subsidies. To the extent that we raise capital through asset sales, we can provide no assurance as to the timing of any asset sales or the proceeds that could be realized by us from any such asset sale. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, investors’ ownership interest will be diluted, and the terms may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect our investors’ rights as holders of our ADSs. The incurrence of indebtedness or the issuance of certain equity securities could give rise to increased fixed payment obligations and also result in certain additional restrictive covenants, such as limitations on our ability to incur additional debt or issue additional equity, limitations on our ability to acquire or license intellectual property rights and other operating restrictions that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business. In addition, the issuance of additional equity securities, or the possibility of such issuance, may cause the market price of our ADSs to decline. In the event we enter into collaborations or licensing arrangements in order to raise capital, we may be required to accept unfavorable terms, including relinquishing or licensing to a third party our rights to technologies or drug candidates on unfavorable terms, which we would have otherwise sought to develop or commercialize on our own or reserve for future potential arrangements when we are more likely to achieve more favorable terms. The approval of and filing with PRC government authorities may be required in connection with our offshore offerings under PRC law, and, if required, we cannot predict whether or for how long we will be able to obtain such approval or complete such filing. The Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors adopted by six PRC regulatory agencies in 2006 and amended in 2009 require an overseas special purpose vehicle formed for listing purposes through acquisitions of PRC domestic companies and controlled by PRC persons or entities to obtain the approval of the CSRC prior to the listing and trading of such special purpose vehicle’s securities on an overseas stock exchange. The interpretation and application of the regulations remain unclear, and our offshore offerings may ultimately require approval of the CSRC. If the CSRC approval is required, it is uncertain whether we can or how long it will take us to obtain the approval and, even if we obtain such CSRC approval, the approval could be rescinded. Any failure to obtain or delay in obtaining the CSRC approval for any of our offshore offerings, or a rescission of such approval if obtained by us, may subject us to sanctions imposed by the CSRC or other PRC regulatory authorities, which may include fines and penalties on our operations in China, restrictions or limitations on our ability to pay dividends outside of China, and other forms of sanctions that may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. 11 Table of Contents On February 17, 2023, the CSRC promulgated the Trial Administrative Measures of the Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies along with five relevant guidelines, which came into effect on March 31, 2023. The trial administrative measures comprehensively improve and reform the existing regulatory regime for overseas offering and listing of PRC domestic companies’ securities and regulate both direct and indirect overseas offering and listing of PRC domestic companies’ securities by adopting a filing-based regulatory regime. Pursuant to these trial administrative measures, an overseas offering and listing by a domestic company, whether directly or indirectly, must be filed with the CSRC. Specifically, the examination and determination of an indirect overseas offering and listing shall be conducted on a substance-over-form basis, and an offering and listing will be considered as an indirect overseas offering and listing by a domestic company if the issuer meets both of the following conditions: (i) the operating income, gross profit, total assets or net assets of such domestic company in the most recent fiscal year was more than 50% of the relevant line items in the issuer’s audited consolidated financial statements for that year; and (ii) the main part of operating activities is conducted in the PRC or the main place of business is located in the PRC, or the senior management personnel responsible for business operations and management are mostly PRC citizens or are ordinarily resident in the PRC. Following the completion of the divestiture of our Greater China assets and business operations in April 2024, we conduct a majority of our business outside of China and only conduct a small portion of our research and development activities in China, we generate a majority of our net assets from outside the PRC and the majority of our senior management personnel responsible for business operations and management are neither PRC citizens nor habitually reside in the PRC, as of the date of this annual report. However, we may still be subject to the CSRC filing requirements in connection with our proposed offering and listing outside China, and we cannot assure our investors that the above-mentioned assets and business operations in China and the citizenship of our senior management personnel will not change in the future, and there is no assurance that we may not be required to file the relevant documents with the CSRC in connection with our proposed offerings and listings outside mainland China in the future. Following the issuance of the trial administrative measures, the CSRC subsequently issued several rules and regulations on overseas offerings and listings, providing further guidance on the filing requirements in connection with overseas securities issuance and listing by domestic companies. We cannot assure our investors that any new rules or regulations promulgated in the future will not impose additional requirements on us. If it is determined in the future that approval or filing from any regulatory authorities or other procedures are required for our offshore offerings, it is uncertain whether we can, or how long it will take us to, obtain such approval or complete such filing procedures and any such approval or filing could be rescinded or rejected. Any failure to obtain or delay in obtaining such approval or completing such filing procedures for our offshore offerings, or a rescission of any such approval or filing if obtained by us, may subject us to sanctions by the regulatory authorities. These regulatory authorities may impose fines and penalties on our operations in China, limit our ability to pay dividends outside of China, limit our operating privileges in China, delay or restrict the repatriation of the proceeds from our offshore offerings into China or take other actions that could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects, as well as the trading price of our listed securities. These regulatory authorities also may take actions requiring us, or making it advisable for us, to halt our offshore offerings before settlement and delivery of the shares offered. Consequently, if investors engage in market trading or other activities in anticipation of and prior to settlement and delivery, they do so at the risk that settlement and delivery may not occur. In addition, if any regulatory authorities later promulgate new rules or explanations requiring that we obtain their approvals or accomplish the required filing or other regulatory procedures for our prior offshore offerings, we may be unable to obtain a waiver of such approval requirements, if and when procedures are established to obtain such a waiver. Any uncertainties or negative publicity regarding such approval requirement could materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, reputation, and the trading price of our listed securities. We have granted, and may continue to grant, options and other types of awards under our share incentive plans, which may result in increased share-based compensation expenses. We have adopted the Second Amended and Restated 2017 Employee Stock Option Plan (the “2017 Plan”), the Second Amended and Restated 2018 Employee Stock Option Plan (the “2018 Plan”), the 2019 Share Incentive Plan (the “2019 Plan”), the 2020 Share Incentive Plan (the “2020 Plan”), the 2021 Share Incentive Plan (the “2021 Plan”), the 2022 Share Incentive Plan (the “2022 Plan”), the 2024 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2024 Plan”), the 2025 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2025 Plan”), and the 2025 Share Incentive Scheme (the “2025 Scheme”) for the purpose of granting share-based compensation awards to employees, directors and consultants to incentivize their performance and align their interests with ours. We recognize expenses in our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. As of March 24, 2026, the awards that had been granted to our directors, officers, employees and consultants and remained outstanding included (i) options to purchase an aggregate of 185,587 ordinary shares under the 2020 Plan, 103,454 ordinary shares under the 2021 Plan, 331,154 ordinary shares under the 2022 Plan, 7,720,355 ordinary shares under the 2024 Plan, and 18,853,968 ordinary shares under the 2025 Plan, excluding options that were forfeited, cancelled, or exercised after the grant date; and (ii) restricted share units to receive an aggregate of 31,041 ordinary shares under the 2022 Plan, an aggregate of 3,472,997 ordinary shares under the 2024 Plan, and an aggregate of 1,078,109 ordinary shares under the 2025 Plan, excluding restricted share units that were forfeited, cancelled, or vested after the grant date. See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—B. Compensation—Share Incentive Plans.” 12 Table of Contents We believe the granting of share-based compensation is of significant importance to our ability to attract and retain key personnel and employees, and we will continue to grant share-based compensation to employees in the future. As a result, our expenses associated with share-based compensation may increase, which may have an adverse effect on our results of operations. We may re-evaluate the vesting schedules, lock-up period, exercise price or other key terms applicable to the grants under our currently effective share incentive plans from time to time. If we choose to do so, we may experience a substantial change in our share-based compensation charges. Our strategic reprioritization and related reduction in force may not achieve our intended outcome. In January 2025, we announced a strategic reprioritization of resources (the “Realignment Plan”) and, in connection with the Realignment Plan, we reduced our workforce by approximately 27%. The Realignment Plan may result in unintended consequences and costs, such as the loss of institutional knowledge and expertise, attrition beyond the intended number of employees, decreased morale among our remaining employees, and the risk that we may not achieve the anticipated benefits of the reduction in force. The Realignment Plan could also make it difficult for us to pursue, or prevent us from pursuing, new opportunities and initiatives due to insufficient personnel, or require us to incur additional and unanticipated costs to hire new personnel to pursue such opportunities or initiatives. The Realignment Plan could also harm our reputation, making our ability to recruit skilled personnel difficult. Any failure to attract or retain qualified personnel could prevent us from successfully developing potential drug candidates or supporting our existing license agreements. If we are unable to realize the anticipated benefits from the reduction in force, or if we experience significant adverse consequences from the reduction in force, our business, financial condition, and results of operations may be materially adversely affected. Additionally, the prioritization of our capital resources in accordance with Realignment Plan may not prove successful, and we may forgo the pursuit of other indications, whether through future collaborations, licenses, other similar arrangements, or otherwise, that could be more successful. Furthermore, we may undertake further similar cost-saving initiatives, which may include additional restructuring or workforce reductions. These types of cost-reduction activities can be complex and result in unintended consequences and costs, including decreased employee morale, loss of institutional knowledge and expertise and could adversely impact our business and financial condition. Risks Related to Clinical Development of Our Drug Candidates Clinical development involves a lengthy and expensive process with an uncertain outcome, and results of earlier studies and trials may not be predictive of future trial results. Clinical testing is expensive and lengthy, and its outcome is inherently uncertain. While our exclusive focus is to develop drug candidates with the potential to become novel or highly differentiated drugs globally, we cannot guarantee that we are able to achieve this for any of our drug candidates. Failure can occur at any time during the clinical development process. The results of preclinical studies and early clinical trials of our drug candidates may not be predictive of the results of later-stage clinical trials. Drug candidates during later stages of clinical trials may fail to show the desired results in safety and efficacy despite having progressed through preclinical studies and initial clinical trials and despite the level of scientific rigor in the study, design and adequacy of execution. In addition, there can be significant variability in safety and/or efficacy results among different trials of the same drug candidate due to numerous factors, including demographics, differences in individual patient conditions, such as genetic differences, and other compounding factors, such as other medications or pre-existing medical conditions. In the case of any trials we conduct, results may differ from earlier trials due to the larger number of clinical trial sites, larger number of patients enrolled and additional countries and languages involved in such trials. A number of companies in the biopharmaceutical industry have suffered significant setbacks in advanced clinical trials due to a lack of efficacy or adverse safety profiles, notwithstanding promising results in earlier trials. We cannot guarantee that our future clinical trial results will be favorable based on currently available clinical and preclinical data. We depend substantially on the success of our drug candidates, all of which are in preclinical or clinical development, and our ability to identify additional drug candidates. If we are unable to successfully identify new drug candidates, complete clinical development, obtain regulatory approval and commercialize our drug candidates, or experience significant delays in doing so, our business will be materially harmed. Our business will depend on the successful development, regulatory approval and commercialization of our drug candidates for the treatment of patients with our targeted indications, all of which are still in early clinical development, and other new drug candidates that we may identify and develop. As of the date of this annual report, we have open investigational new drug applications (“INDs”) with the FDA for four of our drug candidates, givastomig, VIS-101, ragistomig, and uliledlimab. However, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to obtain regulatory approvals to conduct clinical trials for our other existing drug candidates in a timely manner, or at 13 Table of Contents all. In addition, none of our drug candidates have been approved for marketing in any jurisdiction. Each of our drug candidates will require additional preclinical and/or clinical development, regulatory approvals in multiple jurisdictions, development of manufacturing supply and capacity, substantial investment and significant marketing efforts before we generate any revenue from product sales. The success of our drug candidates will depend on several factors, including successful completion of preclinical and/or clinical trials or studies, receipt of regulatory approvals from applicable regulatory authorities for planned clinical trials, successful completion of future clinical trials or drug registrations, successful manufacturing and commercialization of our existing drug candidates, obtaining coverage and reimbursement from third-party payors, hiring sufficient technical experts to oversee all development and regulatory activities and license renewal and meeting safety requirements. If we do not achieve one or more of these in a timely manner or at all, we could experience significant delays in our ability to obtain approval for our drug candidates, which would materially harm our business, and we may not be able to generate sufficient revenues and cash flows to continue our operations. As a result, our financial condition, results of operations and prospects will be materially and adversely harmed. We may not be able to identify, discover or in-license new drug candidates, and may allocate our limited resources to pursue a particular drug candidate or indication and fail to capitalize on drug candidates or indications that may later prove to be more profitable, or for which there is a greater likelihood of success. Although a substantial amount of our effort will focus on the continued clinical testing, potential approval, and potential commercialization of our drug candidates including givastomig and VIS-101, the success of our business depends in part upon our ability to identify, license, discover, develop or commercialize additional drug candidates. Research programs to identify new drug candidates require substantial technical, financial and human resources. We may focus our efforts and resources on potential programs or drug candidates that ultimately prove to be unsuccessful. Our research programs or licensing efforts may fail to identify, discover or in-license new drug candidates for clinical development and commercialization for a number of reasons, including, without limitation, the following: •our research or business development methodology or search criteria and process may be unsuccessful in identifying potential drug candidates; •our potential drug candidates may be shown to have harmful side effects or may have other characteristics that may make the products unmarketable or unlikely to receive marketing approval; and •it may take greater human and financial resources to identify additional therapeutic opportunities for our drug candidates or to develop suitable potential drug candidates through internal research programs than we possess, thereby limiting our ability to diversify and expand our drug portfolio. Because we have limited financial and managerial resources, we focus on research programs and drug candidates for specific indications. As a result, we may forgo or delay pursuit of opportunities with other drug candidates or for other indications that later may prove to have greater commercial potential or a greater likelihood of success. Our resource allocation decisions may cause us to fail to capitalize on viable commercial products or profitable market opportunities. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that we will ever be able to identify additional therapeutic opportunities for our drug candidates or to develop suitable potential drug candidates through internal research programs, which could materially adversely affect our future growth and prospects. If we encounter delays or difficulties enrolling patients in our clinical trials, our clinical development progress could be delayed or otherwise adversely affected. We may not be able to initiate or continue clinical trials for our drug candidates if we are unable to locate and enroll a sufficient number of eligible patients to participate in these trials as required by the FDA, or similar regulatory authorities, or if there are delays in the enrollment of eligible patients as a result of the competitive clinical enrollment environment. The inability to enroll a sufficient number of patients who meet the applicable criteria for our clinical trials would result in significant delays. As of the date of this annual report, we have initiated clinical trials for givastomig and uliledlimab in the United States. In addition, some of our competitors have ongoing clinical trials for drug candidates that treat the same indications as our drug candidates, and patients who would otherwise be eligible for our clinical trials may instead enroll in the clinical trials of our competitors’ drug candidates, which may further delay our clinical trial enrollments. 14 Table of Contents Patient enrollment for our clinical trials may be affected by other factors, including the following: •severity of the disease under investigation; •total size and nature of the patient population; •design and eligibility criteria for the clinical trial in question; •perceived risks and benefits of the drug candidate under study; •our resources to facilitate timely enrollment in clinical trials; •patient referral practices of physicians; •availability of competing therapies also undergoing clinical trials; •our investigators’ or clinical trial sites’ efforts to screen and recruit eligible patients; and •proximity and availability of clinical trial sites for prospective patients. Even if we are able to enroll a sufficient number of patients in our clinical trials, delays in patient enrollment may result in increased costs or may affect the timing or outcome of the planned clinical trials, which could prevent completion of these trials and adversely affect our ability to advance the development of our drug candidates. If clinical trials of our drug candidates fail to demonstrate safety and efficacy to the satisfaction of regulatory authorities or do not otherwise produce positive results, we may incur additional costs or experience delays in completing, or ultimately be unable to complete, the development and commercialization of our drug candidates. Before obtaining regulatory approval for the sale of our drug candidates, we must conduct extensive clinical trials to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of our drug candidates in humans. We may experience numerous unexpected events during, or as a result of, clinical trials that could delay or prevent our ability to receive regulatory approval or commercialize our drug candidates, including: •regulators, institutional review boards, or ethics committees may not authorize us or our investigators to commence a clinical trial or conduct a clinical trial at a prospective trial site; •our inability to reach agreements on acceptable terms with prospective contract research organizations (“CROs”) and trial sites, the terms of which can be subject to extensive negotiation and may vary significantly among different CROs and trial sites; •manufacturing issues, including problems with manufacturing, supply quality, compliance with good manufacturing practice or obtaining sufficient quantities of a drug candidate from third parties for use in a clinical trial; •our partners identify safety concerns in the clinical candidates that we licensed, which lead to the termination of the collaboration and development of the underlying clinical candidates with our partners; •clinical trials of our drug candidates may produce negative or inconclusive results, and we may decide to conduct additional clinical trials or abandon drug development programs, or regulators may require us to do so; •the number of patients required for clinical trials of our drug candidates may be larger than we anticipate, enrollment may be insufficient or slower than we anticipate or patients may drop out at a higher rate than we anticipate; •our third-party contractors, including clinical investigators, may fail to comply with regulatory requirements or meet their contractual obligations to us in a timely manner, or at all; •we might have to suspend or terminate clinical trials of our drug candidates for various reasons, including a finding of a lack of clinical response or other unexpected characteristics or a finding that participants are being exposed to unacceptable health risks; 15 Table of Contents •regulators, institutional review boards or ethics committees may require that we or our investigators suspend or terminate clinical research or not rely on the results of clinical research for various reasons, including non-compliance with regulatory requirements; •the cost of clinical trials of our drug candidates may be greater than we anticipate; and •the supply or quality of our drug candidates, companion diagnostics or other materials necessary to conduct clinical trials of our drug candidates may be insufficient or inadequate. If we fail to timely and effectively address the above challenges, we may (i) be delayed in obtaining regulatory approval for our drug candidates; (ii) obtain approval for indications that are not as broad as intended; (iii) not obtain regulatory approval at all; (iv) have the drug removed from the market after obtaining regulatory approval; (v) be subject to additional post-marketing testing requirements; (vi) be subject to restrictions on how the drug is distributed or used; or (vii) be unable to obtain reimbursement for use of the drug. Significant clinical trial delays may also increase our development costs and could shorten any periods during which we have the exclusive right to commercialize our drug candidates or allow our competitors to bring drugs to market before we do. This could impair our ability to commercialize our drug candidates and may harm our business and results of operations. Risks Related to Obtaining Regulatory Approval for Our Drug Candidates All material aspects of the research, development and commercialization of pharmaceutical products are heavily regulated. Jurisdictions in which we intend to conduct our pharmaceutical-industry activities regulate these activities in great depth and detail. We intend to focus our activities in the United States and other major global markets. These jurisdictions strictly regulate the pharmaceutical industry, and in doing so they employ broadly similar regulatory strategies, including regulation of product development and approval, manufacturing, and marketing, sales and distribution of products. However, there are differences in the regulatory requirements that make for a more complex and costly regulatory compliance burden for a company like us that plans to operate in these regions. The process of obtaining regulatory approvals and compliance with appropriate laws and regulations requires the expenditure of substantial time and financial resources. Failure to comply with the applicable requirements at any time during the product development process and approval process, or after approval, may subject an applicant to administrative or judicial sanctions. These sanctions could include refusal to approve pending applications, withdrawal of an approval, license revocation, clinical hold, voluntary or mandatory product recalls, product seizures, total or partial suspension of production or distribution, injunctions, fines, refusals of government contracts, providing restitution, undergoing disgorgement, or other civil or criminal penalties. Failure to comply with these regulations could have a material adverse effect on our business. The regulatory approval processes of the FDA and other comparable regulatory authorities are time-consuming and may evolve over time, and if we are ultimately unable to obtain regulatory approval for our drug candidates, our business will be substantially harmed. The time required to obtain the approval of the FDA and other comparable regulatory authorities is inherently uncertain and depends on numerous factors, including the substantial discretion of the regulatory authorities. Generally, such approvals take many years to obtain following the commencement of preclinical studies and clinical trials. In addition, approval policies, regulations or the type and amount of clinical data necessary to gain approval may change during the course of a drug candidate’s clinical development and may vary among jurisdictions. Our drug candidates could fail to receive the regulatory approval of the FDA or a comparable regulatory authority for many reasons, including: •disagreement with the design or implementation of our clinical trials; •failure to demonstrate that a drug candidate is safe and effective for its proposed indication; •failure of our clinical trial results to meet the level of statistical significance required for approval; •failure of our clinical trial process to pass good clinical practice inspections; •failure to demonstrate that a drug candidate’s clinical and other benefits outweigh its safety risks; 16 Table of Contents •disagreement with our interpretation of data from preclinical studies or clinical trials; •insufficient data collected from the clinical trials of our drug candidates to support the submission and filing of a new drug application, biologics license application or other submissions or to obtain regulatory approval; •failure of our drug candidates to pass current good manufacturing practice, inspections during the regulatory review process or across the production cycle of our drug; •failure of our clinical sites to pass audits carried out by the FDA or comparable regulatory authorities, resulting in a potential invalidation of our research data; •findings by the FDA or comparable regulatory authorities of deficiencies related to our manufacturing processes or the facilities of third-party manufacturers with whom we contract for clinical and commercial supplies; •changes in approval policies or regulations that render our preclinical and clinical data insufficient for approval; and •failure of our clinical trial process to keep up with any scientific or technological advancements required by approval policies or regulations. The FDA or a comparable regulatory authority may require more information, including additional preclinical or clinical data, to support approval, which may delay or prevent approval and our commercialization plans. Even if we were to obtain approval, regulatory authorities may approve any of our drug candidates for fewer or more limited indications than we request, grant approval contingent on the performance of costly post-marketing clinical trials, or approve a drug candidate with an indication that is not desirable for the successful commercialization of that drug candidate. Any of the foregoing scenarios could materially harm the commercial prospects of our drug candidates. The failure to obtain a patent term extension and data exclusivity for any drug candidates we may develop could increase the risk of generic competition with our products. In the United States, the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act provides the opportunity for patent-term restoration, meaning a patent term extension of up to five years to reflect patent term lost during clinical trials and the FDA regulatory review process. A patent term extension cannot extend the remaining term of a patent beyond a total of 14 years from the date of drug approval, only one patent may be extended and only those claims covering the approved drug, a method for using it, or a method for manufacturing it may be extended. Depending upon the timing, duration and specifics of any FDA marketing approval process for any drug candidates we may develop, one or more of our U.S. patents, if issued, may be eligible for limited patent term extension. However, we may not be granted an extension because of, for example, failing to exercise due diligence during the testing phase or regulatory review process, failing to apply within applicable deadlines, failing to apply prior to expiration of relevant patents, or otherwise failing to satisfy applicable requirements. Furthermore, the applicable time period or the scope of patent protection afforded could be less than we request. In addition, the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act of 2009 created an abbreviated pathway for the approval of biosimilar and interchangeable biologic products. Under this act, an application for a highly similar or “biosimilar” product may not be submitted to the FDA until four years following the date that the original branded product was first approved by the FDA. In addition, an application for a biosimilar product cannot be approved by the FDA until 12 years after the original branded product was approved under a biologics license application (“BLA”). The law is complex and is still being interpreted and implemented by the FDA. As a result, its ultimate impact, implementation, and meaning are subject to uncertainty. In other jurisdictions where we seek patent protection for our drug candidates, patent term compensation and patent linkage system may be available to us. However, there is no assurance that we may be granted a patent term extension as we request or our pending or future patent applications may qualify for patent linkage. If we are unable to obtain patent term extension or the term of any such extension is less than we request, or our pending or future patent applications do not qualify for patent linkage, our competitors may obtain approval of competing products following our patent expiration, and our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects could be materially harmed. 17 Table of Contents Our drug candidates may cause undesirable adverse events or have other properties that could delay or prevent their regulatory approval, limit the commercial potential of an approved label, or result in significant negative consequences following regulatory approval. Undesirable adverse events caused by our drug candidates could cause us or regulatory authorities to interrupt, delay or halt clinical trials and may result in a more restrictive label, a delay or denial of regulatory approval by the FDA or other comparable regulatory authorities, or a significant change in our clinical protocol or even our development plan. In particular, as is the case with drugs treating cancers, it is likely that there may be side effects, such as liver toxicities, cytokine release syndrome, and infusion-related reactions, associated with the use of certain of our drug candidates. Results of our trials could reveal a high and unacceptable severity or incidence of certain adverse events. In such an event, our trials could be suspended or terminated and the FDA or other comparable regulatory authorities could order us to cease further development of, or deny approval of, our drug candidates for any or all targeted indications. Adverse events related to our drug candidates may affect patient recruitment or the ability of enrolled subjects to complete the trial, and could result in potential liability claims. Any of these occurrences may significantly harm our reputation, business, financial condition and prospects. Additionally, if we or others identify undesirable side effects caused by those of our existing drug candidates that have received regulatory approval, or our other drug candidates after having received regulatory approval, this may lead to potentially significant negative consequences which include the following: •we may suspend marketing of the drug candidate; •regulatory authorities may withdraw their approvals of or revoke the licenses for the drug candidate; •regulatory authorities may require additional warnings on the label; •the FDA may require the establishment of a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy or a comparable regulatory authority may require the establishment of a similar strategy that may, for instance, restrict distribution of our drugs and impose burdensome implementation requirements on us; •we may be required to conduct specific post-marketing studies; •we could be subjected to litigation proceedings and held liable for harm caused to subjects or patients; and •our reputation may suffer. Any of these events could prevent us from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of any particular drug candidate that is approved and could significantly harm our business, results of operations and prospects. Further, combination therapy, such as using our drug candidates as well as third-party agents, may involve unique adverse events that could be exacerbated compared with adverse events from monotherapies. Results of our trials could reveal a high and unacceptable severity or prevalence of adverse events. These types of adverse events could be caused by our drug candidates and could cause us or regulatory authorities to interrupt, delay or halt clinical trials and may result in a more restrictive indication or the delay or denial of regulatory approval by the FDA or other comparable regulatory authority. Even if we receive regulatory approval for our drug candidates, we will be subject to ongoing regulatory obligations and continued regulatory review, which may result in significant additional expenses and we may be subject to penalties if we fail to comply with regulatory requirements or experience unanticipated problems with our drug candidates. If the FDA or a comparable regulatory authority approves any of our drug candidates, the manufacturing processes, labeling, packaging, distribution, adverse event reporting, storage, advertising, promotion and recordkeeping for the drug will be subject to extensive and ongoing regulatory requirements on pharmacovigilance. These requirements include submissions of safety and other post-marketing information and reports, registration, random quality control testing, adherence to any chemistry, manufacturing and controls, variations, continued compliance with current good manufacturing practice, and good clinical practices and potential post-approval studies for the purposes of license renewal. Any regulatory approvals that we receive for our drug candidates may also be subject to limitations on the approved indicated uses for which the drug may be marketed or to the conditions of approval, or contain requirements for potentially costly post-marketing studies, including Phase 4 studies for the surveillance and monitoring of the safety and efficacy of the drug. 18 Table of Contents In addition, once a drug is approved by the FDA or a comparable regulatory authority for marketing, it is possible that there could be a subsequent discovery of previously unknown problems with the drug, including problems with third-party manufacturers or manufacturing processes, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements. If any of the foregoing occurs with respect to our drug products, it may result in, among other things: •restrictions on the marketing or manufacturing of the drug, withdrawal of the drug from the market, or voluntary or mandatory drug recalls; •fines, warning letters or holds on our clinical trials; •refusal by the FDA or comparable regulatory authorities to approve pending applications or supplements to approved applications filed by us, or suspension or revocation of drug license approvals; •refusal by the FDA or comparable regulatory authorities to accept any of our other IND approvals, new drug applications or biologics license applications; •drug seizure or detention, or refusal to permit the import or export of drugs; and •injunctions or the imposition of civil, administrative or criminal penalties. Any government investigation of alleged violations of law could require us to expend significant time and resources and could generate negative publicity. Moreover, regulatory policies may change or additional government regulations may be enacted that could prevent, limit or delay regulatory approval of our drug candidates. If we are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, we may lose the regulatory approvals that we have already obtained and may not achieve or sustain profitability, which in turn could significantly harm our business, financial condition and prospects. An orphan drug designation by the FDA does not increase the likelihood that our product candidates will receive marketing exclusivity. Under the Orphan Drug Act, the FDA may grant orphan drug designation (“ODD”) to a drug or biologic intended to treat a rare disease or condition, which is a disease or condition that affects fewer than 200,000 individuals in the United States, or more than 200,000 individuals in the United States for which there is no reasonable expectation that the cost of developing and making available in the United States a drug or biologic for this type of disease or condition will be recovered from sales in the United States for that drug or biologic. ODD must be requested before submitting an NDA or BLA. After the FDA grants ODD, the generic identity of the therapeutic agent and its potential orphan use are disclosed publicly by the FDA. ODD does not convey any advantage in, or shorten the duration of, the regulatory review or approval process. If a product that has ODD subsequently receives the first FDA approval for the disease for which it has such designation, the product is entitled to orphan exclusivity, which means that the FDA may not approve any other applications, including a full NDA or BLA, to market the same product for the same indication for seven years, except in limited circumstances, such as a showing of clinical superiority to the product with orphan drug exclusivity. Orphan exclusivity does not prevent FDA from approving a different drug or biologic for the same disease or condition, or the same drug or biologic for a different disease or condition. Among the other benefits of ODD are tax credits for certain research and a waiver of the BLA application fee. A designated orphan product may not receive orphan exclusivity if it is approved for a use that is broader than the indication for which it received ODD. In addition, exclusive marketing rights in the United States may be lost if the FDA later determines that the request for designation was materially defective or if the manufacturer is unable to assure sufficient quantities of the product to meet the needs of patients with the rare disease or condition. We have obtained ODD from the FDA for givastomig, targeting Claudin18.2 x 4-1BB in clinical trials. Although we have obtained ODD for givastomig, and even if we obtain ODD for additional product candidates or other indications, we may not be the first to obtain marketing approval of these product candidates for the orphan-designated indication due to the uncertainties associated with developing pharmaceutical products. If a competitor with a product that is determined by the FDA to be the same as one of our product candidates obtains marketing approval before us for the same indication we are pursuing and obtains orphan drug exclusivity, our product candidate may not be approved until the period of exclusivity ends unless we are able to demonstrate that our product candidate is clinically superior. Even after obtaining approval, we may be limited in our ability to market our product. In addition, exclusive marketing rights in the United States may be limited if we seek approval for an indication broader than the orphan-designated indication or may be lost if the FDA later determines that the request for designation was materially defective or if the manufacturer is unable to assure sufficient 19 Table of Contents quantities of the product to meet the needs of patients with the rare disease or condition. Further, even if we obtain orphan drug exclusivity for a product, that exclusivity may not effectively protect the product from competition because different drugs with different principal molecular structural features can be approved for the same condition. Even after a product is approved with orphan drug exclusivity, the FDA can subsequently approve the same drug for the same condition if the FDA concludes that the later drug is safer, more effective or makes a major contribution to patient care. ODD neither shortens the development time or regulatory review time of a drug nor gives the drug any advantage in the regulatory review or approval process. Risks Related to Commercialization of Our Drug Candidates Our drug candidates may fail to achieve the degree of market acceptance by physicians, patients, third-party payors and others in the medical community necessary for commercial success. Even if our drug candidates receive regulatory approval, they may nonetheless fail to gain sufficient market acceptance by physicians and patients and others in the medical community. Physicians and patients may prefer other drugs or drug candidates to ours. If our drug candidates do not achieve an adequate level of acceptance, we may not generate significant revenue from sales of our drugs or drug candidates and may not become profitable. The degree of market acceptance of our drug candidates, if and only when they are approved for commercial sale, will depend on a number of factors, including: •the clinical indications for which our drug candidates are approved; •physicians, hospitals and patients considering our drug candidates as a safe and effective treatment; •whether our drug candidates have achieved the perceived advantages of our drug candidates over alternative treatments; •the prevalence and severity of any side effects; •product labeling or package insert requirements of the FDA or other comparable regulatory authorities; •limitations or warnings contained in the labeling approved by the FDA or other comparable regulatory authorities; •timing of market introduction of our drug candidates as well as competitive drugs; •cost of treatment in relation to alternative treatments; •availability of adequate coverage and reimbursement from third-party payors and government authorities in the United States or any other jurisdictions; •willingness of patients to pay any out-of-pocket expenses in the absence of coverage and reimbursement by third-party payors and government authorities; •relative convenience and ease of administration, including as compared with alternative treatments and competitive therapies; and •the effectiveness of our sales and marketing efforts. If our drug candidates are approved but fail to achieve market acceptance among physicians, patients, hospitals or others in the medical community, we will not be able to generate significant revenue or become profitable. Even if our drugs achieve market acceptance, we may not be able to maintain such market acceptance over time if new products or technologies are introduced which are more favorably received than our drugs, are more cost effective or render our drugs obsolete. 20 Table of Contents We face intense competition and rapid technological change and the possibility that our competitors may develop therapies that are similar, more advanced or more effective than ours, which may adversely affect our financial condition and our ability to successfully commercialize our drug candidates. The biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries are intensely competitive and subject to rapid and significant technological change. While our exclusive focus is to develop drug candidates with potential to become novel or highly differentiated drugs, we continue to face competition with respect to our current drug candidates, and will face competition with respect to any drug candidates that we may seek to develop or commercialize in the future. Our competitors include major pharmaceutical companies, specialty pharmaceutical companies and biotechnology companies worldwide. We are developing our drug candidates for the treatment of cancer in competition with a number of large biopharmaceutical companies that currently market and sell drugs or are pursuing the development of drugs also for the treatment of cancer. Some of these competitive drugs and therapies are based on scientific approaches that are the same as or similar to our approach, and others are based on entirely different approaches. For details, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Our Drug Pipeline.” Potential competitors further include academic institutions, government agencies and other public and private research organizations that conduct research, seek patent protection and establish collaborative arrangements for research, development, manufacturing and commercialization. Many of our competitors have substantially greater financial, technical, and other resources, such as larger research and development staff and experienced marketing and manufacturing organizations. Additional mergers and acquisitions in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries may result in even more resources being concentrated in our competitors. As a result, these companies may obtain regulatory approval from the FDA or other comparable regulatory authorities more rapidly than we are able to and may be more effective in selling and marketing their products as well. Smaller or early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large, established companies. Competition may increase further as a result of advances in the commercial applicability of technologies and greater availability of capital for investment in these industries. Our competitors may succeed in developing, acquiring, or licensing on an exclusive basis, products that are more effective or less costly than any drug candidate that we may develop, or achieve earlier patent protection, regulatory approval, product commercialization, and market penetration than we do. Additionally, technologies developed by our competitors may render our potential drug candidates uneconomical or obsolete, and we may not be successful in marketing our drug candidates against competitors. We have no experience in launching and marketing drug candidates. We may not be able to effectively build and manage our sales network, or benefit from third-party collaborators’ sales network. We currently have no sales, marketing or commercial product distribution capabilities and have no experience in marketing drugs. We and our third-party collaborators will have to compete with other biopharmaceutical companies to recruit, hire, train and retain marketing and sales personnel. If we are unable or decide not to establish internal sales, marketing and commercial distribution capabilities for any or all of the drugs we develop, we will likely pursue collaborative arrangements regarding the sales and marketing of our drugs. However, there can be no assurance that we will be able to establish or maintain such collaborative arrangements, or, if we are able to do so, that they will have effective sales forces. Any revenue we receive will depend on the efforts of such third parties, which may not be successful. We may have little or no control over the marketing and sales efforts of such third parties, and our revenue from product sales may be lower than if we had commercialized our drug candidates ourselves. We will also face competition in our search for third parties to assist us with the sales and marketing efforts of our drug candidates. There can be no assurance that we will be able to develop in-house sales and commercial distribution capabilities or establish or maintain relationships with third-party collaborators to successfully commercialize any product, and as a result, we may not be able to generate product sales revenue. Our product candidates may cause undesirable or unforeseen side effects or have other unexpected properties that could delay or prevent their regulatory approval, limit the commercial profile of an approved label, or result in post-approval regulatory action. In addition to the risks described above in “Our drug candidates may cause undesirable adverse events or have other properties that could delay or prevent their regulatory approval, limit the commercial profile of an approved label, or result in significant negative consequences following regulatory approval”, undesirable or unforeseen side effects from our drug candidates could arise after the product has been marketed. Undesirable side effects could result in a more restrictive or narrower label or the delay or denial of regulatory approval by the FDA or comparable foreign authorities. 21 Table of Contents Additionally, if we or others identify undesirable side effects, or other previously unknown problems, in connection with a product after obtaining U.S. or foreign regulatory approval, a number of potentially negative consequences could result, including: •regulatory authorities may suspend or withdraw approvals of such product candidate; •regulatory authorities may require additional warnings in the labeling; •we may be required to change the way a product candidate is administered or conduct additional clinical trials; •we could be sued and held liable for harm caused to patients; and •our reputation may suffer. Any of these occurrences could prevent us or our potential partners from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of the product and could substantially increase the costs of commercializing such product. Even if we are able to commercialize any approved drug candidates, reimbursement may be limited or unavailable in certain market segments for our drug candidates, and we may be subject to unfavorable pricing regulations, which could harm our business. The regulations that govern regulatory approvals, pricing and reimbursement for new therapeutic products vary widely from country to country. Some countries require approval of the sale price of a drug before it can be marketed. In many countries, the pricing review period begins after marketing or licensing approval is granted. In some non-U.S. markets, prescription pharmaceutical pricing remains subject to continuing governmental control even after initial approval is granted. As a result, we might obtain regulatory approval for a drug in a particular country, but then be subject to price regulations that delay our commercial launch of the drug and negatively impact the revenues we are able to generate from the sale of the drug in that country. Adverse pricing limitations may hinder our ability to recoup our investment in one or more drug candidates, even if our drug candidates obtain regulatory approval. Our ability to commercialize any drugs successfully will also depend in part on the extent to which reimbursement for these drugs and related treatments will be available from government health administration authorities, private health insurers and other organizations. Government authorities and third-party payors, such as private health insurers and health maintenance organizations, decide which medications they will pay for and establish reimbursement levels. A primary trend in the global healthcare industry is cost containment. Government authorities and these third-party payors have attempted to control costs by limiting coverage and the amount of reimbursement for particular medications. Increasingly, third-party payors are requiring that companies provide them with predetermined discounts from list prices and are challenging the prices charged for medical products. We cannot be sure that reimbursement will be available for any drug that we commercialize and, if reimbursement is available, what the level of reimbursement will be. Reimbursement may impact the demand for, or the price of, any drug for which we obtain regulatory approval. Obtaining reimbursement for our drugs may be particularly difficult because of the higher prices often associated with drugs administered under the supervision of a physician. If reimbursement is not available or is available only to limited levels, we may not be able to successfully commercialize any drug candidate that we successfully develop. Further, coverage policies and third-party payor reimbursement rates may change at any time. Even if favorable coverage and reimbursement status is attained for a product for which we receive regulatory approval, less favorable coverage policies and reimbursement rates may be implemented in the future. There may be significant delays in obtaining reimbursement for approved drug candidates, and coverage may be more limited than the purposes for which the drug candidates are approved by the FDA or other comparable regulatory authorities. Moreover, eligibility for reimbursement does not imply that any drug will be paid for in all cases or at a rate that covers our costs, including research, development, manufacture, sale and distribution. Interim payments for new drugs, if applicable, may also not be sufficient to cover our costs and may not be made permanent. Payment rates may vary according to the use of the drug and the clinical setting in which it is used, may be based on payments allowed for lower cost drugs that are already reimbursed, and may be incorporated into existing payments for other services. Net prices for drugs may be reduced by mandatory discounts or rebates required by government healthcare programs or private payors and by any future weakening of laws that presently restrict imports of drugs from countries where they may be sold at lower prices than in the United States. Our inability to promptly obtain coverage and profitable payment rates from both government-funded and private payors for any future approved drug candidates and any new drugs that we develop could have a material adverse effect on our business, our operating results, and our overall financial condition. Current and future legislation may increase the difficulty and cost for us to obtain marketing approval of and commercialize our drug candidates and affect the prices we may obtain. In the United States and certain other jurisdictions, there have been a number of legislative and regulatory changes and proposed changes regarding the healthcare system that could prevent or delay marketing approval of our drug candidates, restrict post-approval activities and affect our ability to sell profitably any drug candidates for which we obtain marketing approval. Our current and future arrangements with healthcare professionals, principal investigators, consultants, customers and third-party payors may expose us to 22 Table of Contents broadly applicable fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws. Failure to comply with such laws could subject us to significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties. For a detailed discussion of these healthcare laws, see “Item 4. U.S. Regulation – Healthcare Regulation - Other U.S. Healthcare Laws and Compliance Requirements.” Further, in the United States and elsewhere there is significant interest in promoting changes in healthcare systems with the stated goals of containing healthcare costs, improving quality and/or expanding access. In the United States for example, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended (“ACA”), was passed, which intended to broaden access to health insurance, reduce or constrain the growth of healthcare spending, enhance remedies against fraud and abuse, add new transparency requirements for the healthcare and health insurance industries, impose new taxes and fees on the health industry and impose additional health policy reforms. Further, on August 16, 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (“IRA”), was signed into law, which among other things, extends enhanced subsidies for individuals purchasing health insurance coverage in ACA marketplaces through plan year 2025. These enhanced subsidies expired on December 31, 2025. The IRA also eliminates the “donut hole” under the Medicare Part D program beginning in 2025 by significantly lowering the beneficiary maximum out-of-pocket cost through a newly established manufacturer discount program. In addition, the IRA, among other things, (i) directs the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (“HHS”), to negotiate the price of certain high-expenditure, single-source drugs that have been on the market for at least seven years and biologics that have been on the market for at least 11 years covered under Medicare Part B and Medicare Part D, and subjects drug manufacturers to civil monetary penalties and a potential excise tax by offering a price that is not equal to or less than the negotiated “maximum fair price” under the law (the “Medicare Drug Negotiation Program”), and (ii) imposes rebates under Medicare Part B and Medicare Part D to penalize price increases that outpace inflation. These provisions began to take effect progressively in fiscal year 2023, although the Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program is currently subject to legal challenges. On August 15, 2024, HHS announced the agreed-upon prices of the first 10 drugs, which became effective on January 1, 2026. On January 17, 2025, HHS selected 15 additional products covered under Part D for negotiation, with agreements signed on March 14, 2025 and negotiated prices effective in 2027. On January 27, 2026, 15 drugs were selected for the third negotiation cycle (effective 2028). Each year thereafter more Part B and Part D products will become subject to the Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program. These provisions, and others like them, may be subject to legal challenges. For example, the provisions related to the negotiation of selling prices of high-expenditure single-source drugs and biologics have been challenged in multiple lawsuits brought by pharmaceutical manufacturers. Although full economic effect of the IRA on our business and the pharmaceutical industry in general is unknown at this time, it will likely have a significant impact on the pharmaceutical industry and the pricing of our products and product candidates. Similarly, the adoption of restrictive price controls in new jurisdictions, more restrictive controls in existing jurisdictions or the failure to obtain or maintain timely or adequate pricing could also reduce our profitability. We expect pricing pressures will continue globally. At the state level, legislatures are increasingly enacting legislation and implementing regulations designed to control pharmaceutical and biological product pricing, including price or patient reimbursement constraints, discounts, restrictions on certain product access and marketing cost disclosure and transparency measures, and, in some cases, designed to encourage importation from other countries and bulk purchasing. In addition, the FDA released a final rule in 2020 providing guidance for states to build and submit importation proposals for drugs from Canada, and the FDA authorized the first such plan in Florida in 2024. It is unclear how this program will be implemented, including which drugs will be chosen, and whether it will be subject to legal challenges in the United States or Canada. Other states have also submitted proposals that are pending review by the FDA. Legislative and regulatory proposals have been made to expand post-approval requirements and restrict sales and promotional activities for pharmaceutical products. We cannot be sure whether additional legislative changes will be enacted, particularly in light of the recent U.S. Presidential and Congressional elections, or whether the FDA regulations, guidance or interpretations will be changed, or what the impact of such changes on the marketing approvals, if any, of our drug candidates may be. In addition, increased scrutiny by the U.S. Congress of the FDA’s approval process may significantly delay or prevent marketing approval, as well as subject us to more stringent product labeling and post-marketing conditions and other requirements. As we engage in collaborations worldwide, including conducting clinical trials globally, we may be exposed to specific risks of conducting our business and operations in international markets. Markets outside of the United States form an important component of our growth strategy, as we conduct certain of our clinical trials outside of the United States. If we fail to obtain applicable licenses or fail to enter into strategic collaboration arrangements with third parties in these markets, or if these collaboration arrangements turn out unsuccessful, our revenue-generating growth potential will be adversely affected. 23 Table of Contents Moreover, international business relationships subject us to additional risks that may materially adversely affect our ability to attain or sustain profitable operations, including: •efforts to enter into collaboration or licensing arrangements with third parties in connection with our international sales, marketing and distribution efforts may increase our expenses or divert our management’s attention from the acquisition or development of drug candidates; •changes in a specific country’s or region’s political and cultural climate or economic condition; •differing regulatory requirements for drug approvals and marketing internationally; •difficulty of effective enforcement of contractual provisions in local jurisdictions; •potentially reduced protection for intellectual property rights; •potential third-party patent rights; •unexpected changes in tariffs, trade barriers and regulatory requirements; •economic weakness, including inflation or political instability; •compliance with tax, employment, immigration and labor laws for employees traveling abroad; •the effects of applicable local tax structures and potentially adverse tax consequences; •currency fluctuations, which could result in increased operating expenses and reduced revenue, and other obligations incidental to doing business in another country; •workforce uncertainty and labor unrest; •the potential for so-called parallel importing, which is what happens when a local seller, faced with high or higher local prices, opts to import goods from an international market with low or lower prices rather than buying them locally; •failure of our employees and contracted third parties to comply with Office of Foreign Assets Control rules and regulations and the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of the United States, and other applicable rules and regulations; •production shortages resulting from any events affecting raw material supply or manufacturing capabilities abroad; and •business interruptions resulting from geo-political actions, including war and terrorism, or natural disasters, including earthquakes, volcanoes, typhoons, floods, hurricanes and fires. These and other risks may materially adversely affect our ability to attain or sustain revenue from international markets. If safety, efficacy, or other issues arise with any medical product that is used in combination with our drug candidates, we may be unable to market such drug candidate or may experience significant regulatory delays or supply shortages, and our business could be materially harmed. We plan to develop certain of our drug candidates for use as a combination therapy. If the FDA or another comparable regulatory agency revokes its approval of another therapeutic we use in combination with our drug candidates, we will not be able to market our drug candidates in combination with such revoked therapeutic. If safety or efficacy issues arise with these or other therapeutics that we seek to combine with our drug candidates in the future, we may experience significant regulatory delays, and we may be required to redesign or terminate the applicable clinical trials. In addition, if manufacturing or other issues result in a supply shortage of any component of our combination drug candidates or if we cannot secure supply of any component of our drug candidates at commercially reasonable or acceptable prices, we may not be able to complete clinical development of our drug candidates on our current timeline or within our current budget, or at all. 24 Table of Contents Lack of third-party combination drugs may materially and adversely affect demand for our drugs. Our drug candidates are under evaluation to be administered in combination with drugs of other pharmaceutical companies as one regimen. In addition, we often use such third-party drugs in our development and clinical trials as controls for our studies. As a result, both the results of our clinical trials and the sales of our drugs may be affected by the availability of these third-party drugs. If other pharmaceutical companies discontinue these combination drugs, regimens that use these combination drugs may no longer be prescribed, and we may not be able to introduce or find an alternative drug to be used in combination with our drugs at all or in a timely manner and on a cost-effective basis. As a result, demand for our drugs may be lowered, which would in turn materially or adversely affect our business and results of operations. We are subject to strict healthcare laws, regulation and enforcement, and our failure to comply with those laws could adversely affect our business, operations and financial condition. Certain federal and state healthcare laws and regulations pertaining to fraud and abuse, privacy, transparency, and patients’ rights are and will be applicable to our business. We are subject to regulation by both the federal government and the states in which we or our partners conduct business. The healthcare laws and regulations that may affect our ability to operate include but are not limited to: the federal Anti-Kickback Statute; federal civil and criminal false claims laws and civil monetary penalty laws; HIPAA (as defined below); the Prescription Drug Marketing Act (for sampling of drug product among other things); the federal physician sunshine requirements under the ACA; the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act as it applies to activities outside of the United States; the federal Right-to-Try legislation; and similar state laws of such federal laws, which may be broader in scope. Because of the breadth of these laws and the narrowness of the statutory exceptions and safe harbors available, it is possible that some of our business activities could be subject to challenge under one or more of such laws. In addition, recent healthcare reform legislation has strengthened these laws. For example, the ACA, among other things, amended the intent requirement of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute and certain criminal healthcare fraud statutes. A person or entity no longer needs to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it. In addition, the ACA provided that the government may assert that a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the federal civil False Claims Act. Achieving and sustaining compliance with these laws may prove costly. In addition, any action against us for violation of these laws, even if we successfully defend against it, could cause us to incur significant legal expenses and divert management’s attention from the operation of our business and result in reputational damage. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of the laws described above or any other governmental laws or regulations that apply to us, we may be subject to significant penalties, including administrative, civil and criminal penalties, damages, including punitive damages, fines, disgorgement, the exclusion from participation in federal and state healthcare programs, imprisonment, additional oversight and reporting obligations, or the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, and injunctions, any of which could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and financial results. Risks Related to Our Reliance on Third Parties As we rely on third parties to conduct our preclinical studies and clinical trials, if we lose our relationships with these third parties or if they do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or meet expected deadlines, we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for or commercialize our drug candidates and our business could be substantially harmed. We have relied on and plan to continue to rely on third-party CROs to monitor and manage data for some of our ongoing preclinical and clinical programs. We rely on these parties for the execution of our preclinical and clinical trials, and control only certain aspects of their activities. Nevertheless, we are responsible for ensuring that each of our studies is conducted in accordance with the applicable protocol and legal, regulatory and scientific standards, and our reliance on the CROs does not relieve us of our regulatory responsibilities. We also rely on third parties to assist in conducting our preclinical studies in accordance with good laboratory practices. We and our CROs are required to comply with good clinical practice, good laboratory practice and other regulatory regulations and guidelines enforced by the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities for all of our drug candidates in clinical development. Regulatory authorities enforce these regulatory requirements of good clinical practice, good laboratory practice or other regulatory requirements through periodic inspections of trial sponsors, investigators and trial sites. If we or any of our CROs fail to comply with applicable good clinical practice, good laboratory practice or other regulatory requirements, the data generated in our clinical trials may be deemed unreliable and the FDA or other comparable regulatory authorities may require us to perform additional clinical trials before approving our marketing applications. There can be no assurance that upon inspection by a given regulatory authority, such regulatory authority will determine that any of our clinical trials complies with requirements of good clinical practice. In addition, our clinical trials must be conducted with drug candidates or products produced under current good manufacturing practice requirements. Failure to comply with these regulations may require us to repeat preclinical studies and clinical trials, which would delay the regulatory approval process. 25 Table of Contents Our CROs have the right to terminate their agreements with us in the event of an unrectified material breach. If any of our relationships with our third-party CROs is terminated, we may not be able to (i) enter into arrangements with alternative CROs or do so on commercially reasonable terms or (ii) meet our desired clinical development timelines. In addition, there is a natural transition period when a new CRO commences work, and the new CRO may not provide the same type or level of services as the original provider and data from our clinical trials may be compromised as a result. There is also a need for relevant technology to be transferred to the new CRO, which may take time and further delay our development timelines. Except for remedies available to us under our agreements with our CROs, we cannot control whether or not our CROs devote sufficient time and resources to our ongoing clinical, nonclinical and preclinical programs. If our CROs do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or obligations or meet expected deadlines or if the quality or accuracy of the clinical data they obtain is compromised due to their failure to adhere to our clinical protocols, regulatory requirements or for other reasons, our clinical trials may be extended, delayed or terminated and we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for or successfully commercialize our drug candidates. As a result, our results of operations and the commercial prospects for our drug candidates would be harmed and our costs could increase. In turn, our ability to generate revenues could be delayed or compromised. Because we rely on third parties, our internal capacity to perform these functions is limited. Outsourcing these functions involves certain risks that third parties may not perform to our standards, may not produce results in a timely manner or may fail to perform at all. In addition, the use of third-party service providers requires us to disclose our proprietary information to these third parties, which could increase the risk that such information will be misappropriated. We currently have a small number of employees, which limits the internal resources we could utilize to identify and monitor our third-party service providers. To the extent we are unable to identify and successfully manage the performance of third-party service providers in the future, our business may be adversely affected. Though we carefully manage our relationships with our CROs, there can be no assurance that we will not encounter similar challenges or delays in the future or that these delays or challenges will not have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and prospects. We plan to continue to rely on third parties to manufacture our drug candidate supplies, and we intend to rely on third parties for the manufacturing process of our drug candidates, if approved. Our business could be harmed if those third parties fail to provide us with sufficient quantities of product or fail to do so at acceptable quality levels or prices. We have relied on and plan to continue to rely on third-party vendors to manufacture supplies and process our drug candidates. We have not yet manufactured or processed our drug candidates on a commercial scale and may not be able to do so for any of our drug candidates. We have limited experience in managing the manufacturing process, and our process may be more difficult or expensive than the approaches currently in use. Our reliance on third-party manufacturers exposes us to certain risks, including the following: •we may be unable to identify manufacturers on acceptable terms or at all because the number of potential manufacturers is limited and the National Medical Products Administration (“NMPA”), the FDA or other comparable regulatory authorities must approve any manufacturers as part of their regulatory oversight of our drug candidates. This approval would require new testing and compliance inspections of current good manufacturing practice by the NMPA, the FDA or other comparable regulatory authorities. In addition, a new manufacturer would have to be educated in, or develop substantially equivalent processes for, production of our drugs; •our contract manufacturers may have little or no experience with manufacturing our drug candidates, and therefore may require a significant amount of support from us in order to implement and maintain the infrastructure and processes required to manufacture our drug candidates; •our contract manufacturers may have limited capacity or limited manufacturing slots, which may affect the timeline for the production of our drugs; •our contract manufacturers might be unable to timely manufacture our drug candidates or produce the quantity and quality required to meet our clinical and commercial needs, if any; •contract manufacturers may not be able to execute our manufacturing procedures and other logistical support requirements appropriately; •our future contract manufacturers may not perform as agreed, may not devote sufficient resources to our drugs, or may not remain in the contract manufacturing business for the time required to supply our clinical trials or to successfully produce, store and distribute our drugs; 26 Table of Contents •our contract manufacturers are subject to ongoing periodic unannounced inspections by the NMPA and the FDA to ensure strict compliance with current good manufacturing practice and other government regulations in the PRC and the United States, respectively, and by other comparable regulatory authorities for corresponding regulatory requirements. We do not have control over third-party manufacturers’ compliance with these regulations and requirements; •we may not own, or may have to share, the intellectual property rights to any improvements made by our third-party manufacturers in the manufacturing process for our drugs; •our contract manufacturers could breach or terminate their agreements with us; •our contract manufacturers may be unable to sustain their business and become bankrupt as a result; •raw materials and components used in the manufacturing process, particularly those for which we have no other source or supplier, may not be available or may not be suitable or acceptable for use due to material or component defects; •products and components from our third-party manufacturers may be subject to tariffs and additional customs and import charges, which may cause us to incur delays or additional costs as a result; •our contract manufacturers and critical reagent suppliers may be subject to inclement weather, as well as natural or man-made disasters; and •our contract manufacturers may have unacceptable or inconsistent product quality success rates and yields. Each of these risks could delay or prevent the completion of our clinical trials or the approval of any of our drug candidates by the FDA or other comparable regulatory authorities, result in higher costs or adversely impact the commercialization of our drug candidates. In addition, we rely on third parties to perform certain specification tests on our drug candidates prior to delivery to patients. If these tests are not appropriately done and test data is not reliable, patients could be put at risk of serious harm and the FDA or other comparable regulatory authorities could place significant restrictions on our company until deficiencies are remedied. We also rely on third parties, including those located in China, for supply of our drug candidates, and our strategy is to outsource all manufacturing of our drug candidates and products to third parties. For any activities conducted in China, we are exposed to the increased possibility of supply disruptions and higher costs in the event of changes in the policies of the U.S. or Chinese governments, political unrest or unstable economic conditions including sanctions on China or any of our China-based suppliers. Our manufacturing costs could also increase as a result of future appreciation of the local currency in China or increased labor costs if the demand for skilled laborers increases and/or the availability of skilled labor declines in China. In addition, certain Chinese biotechnology companies may become subject to trade restrictions, sanctions, other regulatory requirements, or proposed legislation by the U.S. government, which could restrict or even prohibit our ability to work with such entities, thereby potentially disrupting the supply of material to us. Such disruption could have adverse effects on the development of our drug candidates and our business operations. The manufacture of biopharmaceutical products is complex and requires significant expertise and capital investment, including the development of advanced manufacturing techniques and process controls. Currently, our drug raw materials for our manufacturing activities are supplied by multiple source suppliers. We have agreements for the supply of drug materials with manufacturers or suppliers that we believe have sufficient capacity to meet our demands. In addition, we believe that adequate alternative sources for such supplies exist. However, there is a risk that, if supplies are interrupted, our business would be materially harmed. Manufacturers of biopharmaceutical products often encounter difficulties in production, particularly in scaling up or out, validating the production process, and assuring high reliability of the manufacturing process, including the absence of contamination. These problems include logistics and shipping, difficulties with production costs and yields, quality control, including stability of the product, product testing, operator error and availability of qualified personnel, as well as compliance with strictly enforced regulations in the United States and other applicable jurisdictions. Further, if contaminants are discovered in the supply of our drug candidates or in the manufacturing facilities, such manufacturing facilities may need to be closed for an extended period of time for us to investigate and remedy the contamination. There can be no assurance that any stability failures or other issues relating to the manufacture of our drug candidates will not occur in the future. Additionally, our contract manufacturers may experience manufacturing difficulties due to resource constraints or as a result of labor disputes or unstable political environment. If our contract manufacturers were to encounter any of these difficulties, or otherwise fail to comply with their contractual obligations, our ability to provide our drug candidate to patients in clinical trials would be jeopardized. Any delay or interruption in the supply of clinical trial supplies could delay the completion of our clinical trials, increase the costs associated with maintaining clinical trial programs and, depending upon the period of delay, require us to begin new clinical trials at additional expense or terminate clinical trials completely. 27 Table of Contents We have entered into collaborations and may form or seek collaborations or strategic alliances or enter into additional licensing arrangements in the future, and we may not realize the benefits of such alliances or licensing arrangements. We may form or seek strategic alliances, create joint ventures or collaborations, or enter into additional licensing arrangements with third parties that we believe will complement or augment our development and commercialization efforts with respect to our drug candidates and any future drug candidates that we may develop. For example, in June 2024, we entered into a clinical trial collaboration and supply agreement with Bristol-Myers Squibb Company (“BMS”) to evaluate our novel bispecific antibody, givastomig, targeting Claudin18.2 x 4-1BB in clinical trials, in combination with BMS’s anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody product known as OPDIVO® (nivolumab). Any of these relationships may require us to incur recurring or non-recurring expenses and other charges, increase our near and long-term expenditures, issue securities that dilute the value of our ADSs, or disrupt our management and business. In addition, we face significant competition in seeking appropriate strategic partners and the negotiation process is time-consuming and complex. Moreover, we may not be successful in our efforts to establish a strategic partnership or other alternative arrangements for our drug candidates because they may be deemed to be at too early a stage of development for collaborative effort and third parties may not view our drug candidates as having the requisite potential to demonstrate safety and efficacy. If and when we collaborate with a third party for the development and commercialization of a drug candidate, we can expect to relinquish some or all of the control over the future success of that drug candidate to the third party. Further, collaborations involving our drug candidates are subject to specific risks, which include the following: •collaborators have significant discretion in determining the efforts and resources that they will apply to a collaboration; •collaborators may not pursue the development and commercialization of our drug candidates or may elect not to continue or renew the development or commercialization programs based on clinical trial results, change in their strategic focus due to the acquisition of competitive drugs, availability of funding, or other external factors, such as a business combination that diverts resources or creates competing priorities; •collaborators may delay clinical trials, provide insufficient funding for a clinical trial, discontinue a clinical trial, repeat or conduct new clinical trials, or require a new formulation of a drug candidate for clinical testing; •collaborators could independently develop, or develop with third parties, drugs that compete directly or indirectly with our drug candidates or future drugs; •collaborators with marketing and distribution rights to one or more of our drug candidates or future drugs may not commit sufficient resources to their marketing and distribution; •collaborators may not properly maintain or defend our intellectual property rights or may use our intellectual property or proprietary information in a way that gives rise to actual or threatened litigation that could jeopardize or invalidate our intellectual property or proprietary information or expose us to potential liability; •collaborators may not always be cooperative or responsive in providing their services in a clinical trial; •disputes may arise between us and a collaborator that cause a delay or termination of the research, development or commercialization of our drug candidates, or that result in costly litigation or arbitration that diverts management attention and resources; •collaborations may be terminated and, if terminated, may result in a need for additional capital to pursue further development or commercialization of the applicable drug candidates; and •collaborators may own or co-own intellectual property covering our drug candidates or future drugs that results from our collaborating with them, and in such cases, we would not have the exclusive right to commercialize such intellectual property. As a result, for any ongoing collaborations or any collaboration or license agreements and strategic partnerships we may enter into in the future, we may not be able to realize the benefit of such transactions if we are unable to address the risks mentioned above and successfully integrate these agreements or partnerships with our existing operations and company culture, which could delay our timelines or otherwise adversely affect our business. For example, in September 2020, we granted AbbVie Ireland Unlimited Company (“AbbVie”), a global license, excluding mainland China, Hong Kong and Macau, to develop and commercialize lemzoparlimab (as well as certain other compounds directed against CD47). On August 15, 2022, we and AbbVie Global Enterprises Ltd. (as an assignee of AbbVie) entered into an amendment to the original licensing and collaboration agreement. This amended agreement is referred to as the AbbVie Collaboration Agreement. AbbVie discontinued certain clinical trials of lemzoparlimab, and such discontinuations were not 28 Table of Contents related to any specific or unexpected safety concerns. This change led to a lowered probability of achieving a key milestone that was included in the consideration of revenue recognition in prior years. Accordingly, we recorded a reduction in the revenue of approximately $5.8 million in the second half of 2022. On September 21, 2023, we received a notice from AbbVie, terminating the AbbVie Collaboration Agreement in its entirety. As a result, we recognized an impairment of goodwill of $23.0 million in 2023. Following the effectiveness of the termination and the divestiture of our Greater China assets and business operations, we currently own the ex-Greater China rights to develop and commercialize certain CD47 compounds and products, including lemzoparlimab. For a more detailed discussion, please see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects.” As is common in the biopharmaceutical industry, we may from time to time encounter disagreements with collaborators or partners which may involve disputes, litigations or other proceedings. For example, disputes have arisen between Tracon Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Tracon”) and us in relation to the collaboration agreements to co-develop our proprietary CD73 antibody, TJD5 and to co-develop up to five bispecific antibodies. These disputes were presented to a binding arbitration proceeding under the Rules of Arbitration of the International Chamber of Commerce before an arbitration tribunal. On April 25, 2023, the arbitration award determined that the agreement in relation to TJD5 has been terminated for a pre-agreed termination fee of $9.0 million plus interest payable pursuant to the original agreement, and, therefore Tracon has no rights to share any future economics with us. In July 2023, the pre-agreed termination fee in relation to TJD5 and an agreed-upon portion of Tracon’s legal fees and costs to Tracon were paid by NovaBridge. The financial impacts of the transaction were allocated to discontinued operations for the periods presented. See “Item 8. Financial Information—A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Legal Proceedings” for details. We cannot assure our investors that similar disputes will not occur again and that no lawsuits will be initiated by other companies in the future. Also, these legal proceedings may be expensive, time-consuming and disruptive to our operations and divert our management’s attention. We cannot predict the possible outcome of the legal proceedings of such nature in the future and there can also be no assurance that we will prevail in those legal proceedings. Neither can we be certain that, following a strategic transaction or license, we will be able to achieve the revenue or specific net income that justifies such transaction. If we are unable to reach agreements with suitable collaborators on a timely basis, on acceptable terms, or at all, we may have to curtail the development of a drug candidate, reduce or delay its development program or one or more of our other development programs, delay its potential commercialization or reduce the scope of any sales or marketing activities, or increase our expenditures and undertake development or commercialization activities at our own expense. If we elect to fund and undertake development or commercialization activities on our own, we may need to obtain additional expertise and additional capital, which may not be available to us on acceptable terms or at all. If we fail to enter into collaborations and do not have sufficient funds or expertise to undertake the necessary development and commercialization activities, we may not be able to further develop our drug candidates or bring them to market and generate product sales revenue, which would harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Our employees, independent contractors, principal investigators, other clinical trial staff, consultants, vendors, CROs and any partners with whom we may collaborate may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including non-compliance with regulatory standards and requirements. We are exposed to the risk that our employees, independent contractors, principal investigators, other clinical trial staff, consultants, vendors, CROs and any partners with which we may collaborate may engage in fraudulent or other illegal activity. Misconduct by these persons could include intentional, reckless, gross or negligent misconduct or unauthorized activity that violates: laws or regulations, including those laws requiring the reporting of true, complete and accurate information to the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities; manufacturing standards; federal, state and foreign healthcare fraud and abuse laws and data privacy; anticorruption laws, anti-kickback and Medicare/Medicaid rules, or laws that require the true, complete and accurate reporting of financial information or data, books and records. If any such or similar actions are instituted against us and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business, including the imposition of significant civil, criminal and administrative and punitive penalties, damages, monetary fines, possible exclusion from participation in Medicare, Medicaid and other federal healthcare programs, debarments, contractual damages, imprisonment, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings, injunctions, and curtailment or cessation of our operations, any of which could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our operating results. Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property If we are unable to obtain and maintain patent and other intellectual property protection for our drug candidates, or if the scope of such intellectual property rights obtained is not sufficiently broad, third parties could develop and commercialize products and technologies similar or identical to ours and compete directly against us, and our ability to successfully commercialize any product or technology may be adversely affected. Our success depends in large part on our ability to protect our proprietary technology and drug candidates from competition by obtaining, maintaining, defending and enforcing our intellectual property rights, including patent rights. Following the Bridge Health acquisition and Series A financing of Visara, as of March 24, 2026, our owned, co-owned, or controlled patent portfolio consists of 83 29 Table of Contents issued patents and 72 patent applications primarily in connection with the drug candidates in our Global portfolio, including three Patent Cooperation Treaty (“PCT”) patent applications, 15 U.S. patent applications and 54 patent applications in other jurisdictions. We seek to protect the drug candidates and technology that we consider commercially important by filing patent applications in the United States and other countries or regions, relying on trade secrets or pharmaceutical regulatory protection or employing a combination of these methods. This process is expensive and time-consuming, and we or our licensors may not be able to file and prosecute all necessary or desirable patent applications in all jurisdictions at a reasonable cost or in a timely manner. It is also possible that we or our licensors will fail to identify patentable aspects of our research and development output before it is too late to obtain patent protection. The patent position of biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies generally is highly uncertain, involves complex legal and factual questions and has in recent years been the subject of much litigation. As a result, the issuance, scope, validity, enforceability and commercial value of our patent rights are highly uncertain. Our pending and future patent applications may not result in patents being issued which protect our technology or drug candidates or which effectively prevent others from commercializing competitive technologies and drug candidates. The patent examination process may require us or our licensors to narrow the scope of the claims of our or our licensors’ pending and future patent applications, which may limit the scope of patent protection that may be obtained. We cannot assure that all of the potentially relevant prior art relating to our patents and patent applications has been found. If such prior art exists, it can invalidate a patent or prevent a patent application from being issued as a patent. Even if patents do issue on any of these applications, there can be no assurance that a third party will not challenge their validity, enforceability, or scope, which may result in the patent claims being narrowed or invalidated, or that we will obtain sufficient claim scope in those patents to prevent a third party from competing successfully with our drug candidates. We may become involved in interference, inter partes review, post grant review, ex parte reexamination, derivation, opposition or similar other proceedings challenging our patent rights or the patent rights of others. An adverse determination in any such proceeding could reduce the scope of, or invalidate, our patent rights, allow third parties to commercialize our technology or drug candidates and compete directly with us, or result in our inability to manufacture or commercialize drug candidates without infringing third-party patent rights. Thus, even if our patent applications issue as patents, they may not issue in a form that will provide us with any meaningful protection, prevent competitors from competing with us or otherwise provide us with any competitive advantage. Our competitors may be able to circumvent our patents by developing similar or alternative technologies or drug candidates in a non-infringing manner. The issuance of a patent is not conclusive as to its scope, validity or enforceability, and our owned and licensed patents may be challenged in the courts or patent offices in the United States and other countries. Such challenges may result in patent claims being narrowed, invalidated or held unenforceable, which could limit our ability to stop or prevent us from stopping others from using or commercializing similar or identical technology and drug candidates, or limit the duration of the patent protection of our technology and drug candidates. Given the amount of time required for the development, testing and regulatory review of new drug candidates, patents protecting such assets might expire before or shortly after such assets are commercialized. As a result, our patent portfolio may not provide us with sufficient rights to exclude others from commercializing drug candidates similar or identical to ours. Changes in either the patent laws or interpretation of the patent laws in the United States and other countries may diminish the value of our patents or narrow the scope of our patent protection. Under the America Invents Act enacted in 2011, assuming the other requirements for patentability are met, the first to file a patent application is entitled to the patent. Publications of discoveries in the scientific literature often lag behind the actual discoveries, and patent applications in the United States and other jurisdictions are typically not published until 18 months after filing, or in some cases not at all. Therefore, we cannot be certain that we were the first to file for patent protection of such inventions. We enjoy only limited geographical protection with respect to certain patents and may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world. We continue to pursue certain patent protection in key markets worldwide and continue to assess and enhance our global IP strategy to address evolving legal and market conditions. However, filing and prosecuting patent applications and defending patents covering our drug candidates in all countries throughout the world could be prohibitively expensive. Competitors may use our and our licensors’ technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to develop their own drug candidates and, further, may export otherwise infringing drug candidates to territories, where we and our licensors have patent protection, but enforcement rights are not as strong as that in the United States or Europe. These drug candidates may compete with our drug candidates, and our and our licensors’ patents or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from competing. The laws of some jurisdictions do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws or rules and regulations in the United States and Europe, and many companies have encountered significant difficulties in protecting and defending such rights in such jurisdictions. The legal systems of certain countries, particularly certain developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents, trade secrets and other intellectual property protection, which could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of our patents or marketing of competing drug candidates in violation of our proprietary rights generally. Proceedings to enforce our patent 30 Table of Contents rights in other jurisdictions, whether or not successful, could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business, could put our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and our patent applications at risk of not issuing as patents, and could provoke third parties to assert claims against us. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially meaningful. Accordingly, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we develop or license. Furthermore, while we intend to protect our intellectual property rights in our expected significant markets, we cannot ensure that we will be able to initiate or maintain similar efforts in all jurisdictions in which we may wish to market our drug candidates. Accordingly, our efforts to protect our intellectual property rights in such countries may be inadequate, which may have an adverse effect on our ability to successfully commercialize our drug candidates in all of our expected significant foreign markets. If we or our licensors encounter difficulties in protecting, or are otherwise precluded from effectively protecting, the intellectual property rights important for our business in such jurisdictions, the value of these rights may be diminished and we may face additional competition from others in those jurisdictions. Some countries also have compulsory licensing laws under which a patent owner may be compelled to grant licenses to third parties. In addition, some countries limit the enforceability of patents against government agencies or government contractors. In those countries, the patent owner may have limited remedies, which could materially diminish the value of such patents. If we or any of our licensors is forced to grant a license to third parties with respect to any patents relevant to our business, our competitive position may be impaired. Obtaining and maintaining our patent protection depends on compliance with various procedural, document submission, fee payment and other requirements imposed by governmental patent agencies, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for non-compliance with these requirements. Periodic maintenance and annuity fees on any issued patent are due to be paid to the United States Patent and Trademark Office and foreign patent agencies over the lifetime of a patent. In addition, the United States Patent and Trademark Office and other foreign patent agencies require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment, and other similar provisions during the patent application process. While an inadvertent failure to make payment of such fees or to comply with such provisions can in many cases be cured by payment of a late fee or by other means in accordance with the applicable rules, there are situations in which such non-compliance will result in the abandonment or lapse of the patent or patent application, and the partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. Non-compliance events that could result in abandonment or lapse of a patent or patent application include failure to respond to official actions within prescribed time limits, and non-payment of fees and failure to properly legalize and submit formal documents within prescribed time limits. If we or our licensors fail to maintain the patents and patent applications covering our drug candidates or if we or our licensors otherwise allow our patents or patent applications to be abandoned or lapse, our competitors might be able to enter the market, which would hurt our competitive position and could impair our ability to successfully commercialize our drug candidates in any indication for which they are approved. Our owned and in-licensed patents and other intellectual property may be subject to further priority disputes or to inventorship disputes and similar proceedings. If we or our licensors are unsuccessful in any of these proceedings, we may be required to obtain licenses from third parties, which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all, or to modify or cease the development, manufacture and commercialization of one or more of the drug candidates we may develop, which could have a material adverse impact on our business. We or our licensors may be subject to claims that former employees, collaborators or other third parties have an interest in our owned or in-licensed patents or other intellectual property as an inventor or co-inventor. If we or our licensors are unsuccessful in any interference proceedings or other priority or validity disputes (including any patent oppositions) to which we or they are subject, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights through the loss of one or more patents owned or licensed or our owned or licensed patent claims may be narrowed, invalidated, or held unenforceable. In addition, if we or our licensors are unsuccessful in any inventorship disputes to which we or they are subject, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights, such as exclusive ownership of, or the exclusive right to use, our owned or in-licensed patents. If we or our licensors are unsuccessful in any interference proceeding or other priority or inventorship dispute, we may be required to obtain and maintain licenses from third parties, including parties involved in any such interference proceedings or other priority or inventorship disputes. Such licenses may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all, or may be non-exclusive. If we are unable to obtain and maintain such licenses, we may need to modify or cease the development, manufacture, and commercialization of one or more of our drug candidates. The loss of exclusivity or the narrowing of our owned and licensed patent claims could limit our ability to stop others from using or commercializing similar or identical drug products. Any of the foregoing could result in a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, or prospects. Even if we are successful in an interference proceeding or other similar priority or inventorship disputes, it could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to our management and other employees. 31 Table of Contents Claims that our drug candidates or the sale or use of our future products infringe, misappropriate or otherwise violate the patents or other intellectual property rights of third parties could result in costly litigation or could require substantial time and money to resolve, even if litigation is avoided. While we strive to avoid infringement, misappropriation, or violation of third-party intellectual property rights, the complex and evolving nature of the commercial landscape and intellectual property legal regimes means that unforeseen third-party claims may arise. We cannot guarantee that our drug candidates or the sale or use of our future products will not be the subject of third-party claims alleging infringement, misappropriation, or some other violation of third-party patents or other intellectual property rights. Third parties might allege that we are infringing their patent rights or that we have misappropriated their trade secrets, or that we are otherwise violating their intellectual property rights, whether with respect to the manner in which we have conducted our research, or with respect to the use or manufacture of the compounds we have developed or are developing. Litigation relating to patents and other intellectual property rights in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries is common, including patent infringement lawsuits. The various markets in which we plan to operate are subject to frequent and extensive litigation regarding patents and other intellectual property rights. Some claimants may have substantially greater resources than we have and may be able to sustain the costs of complex intellectual property litigation to a greater degree and for longer periods of time than we could. Third parties might resort to litigation against us or other parties we have agreed to indemnify, which litigation could be based on either existing intellectual property or intellectual property that arises in the future. It is also possible that we failed to identify, or may in the future fail to identify, patents or patent applications held by third parties that cover our drug candidates. Therefore, we cannot be certain our drug candidates, or their potential uses, will not infringe patents that are currently issued or that are issued in the future. In the event that a third party has also filed a patent application covering one of our drug candidates or a similar invention, our patent application may be regarded as a competing application and may not be approved in the end. Additionally, pending patent applications that have been published can, subject to certain limitations, be later amended in a manner that could cover our products or their use. If a third party were to assert claims of patent infringement against us, even if we believe such third-party claims are without merit, a court of competent jurisdiction could hold that these third-party patents are valid, enforceable and infringed, and the holders of any such patents may be able to block our ability to commercialize the applicable product unless we obtained a license under the applicable patents, or until such patents expire or are finally determined to be invalid or unenforceable. Similarly, if any third-party patents were held by a court of competent jurisdiction to cover aspects of our compositions, formulations, or methods of treatment, prevention, or use, the holders of any such patents may be able to block our ability to develop and commercialize the applicable product unless we obtained a license or until such patent expires or is finally determined to be invalid or unenforceable. In addition, defending such claims would cause us to incur substantial expenses and could cause us to pay substantial damages, if we are found to be infringing a third party’s patent rights. These damages potentially include increased damages and attorneys’ fees if we are found to have infringed such rights willfully. In order to avoid or settle potential claims with respect to any patent or other intellectual property rights of third parties, we may choose or be required to seek a license from a third party and be required to pay license fees or royalties or both, which could be substantial. These licenses may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all. Even if we were able to obtain a license, the rights may be nonexclusive, which could result in our competitors gaining access to the same intellectual property. Ultimately, we could be prevented from commercializing a drug candidate, or be forced, by court order or otherwise, to modify or cease some or all aspects of our business operations, if, as a result of actual or threatened patent or other intellectual property claims, we are unable to enter into licenses on acceptable terms. Further, we could be found liable for significant monetary damages as a result of claims of intellectual property infringement. Defending against claims of patent infringement, misappropriation of trade secrets or other violations of intellectual property rights could be costly and time-consuming, regardless of the outcome. Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation. Thus, even if we were to ultimately prevail, or to settle at an early stage, such litigation could burden us with substantial unanticipated costs. Evolvement of U.S. patent law could diminish the value of patents in general, thereby impairing our ability to protect our drug candidates. While we endeavor to obtain patent protection for our key technologies and drug candidates, the process of securing and maintaining patent rights is inherently complex and subject to uncertainties common to the biopharmaceutical industry. Changes in either the patent laws or interpretation of the patent laws in the United States could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of patent applications and the enforcement or defense of issued patents. Under the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act enacted in 2011, the United States moved to a first-to-file system in early 2013, from the previous system under which the first to make a claimed invention was entitled to the patent. Publications of discoveries in the scientific and academic literature often lag behind the actual discoveries, and patent applications in the United States and other jurisdictions are typically not published until 18 months after filing, or in some 32 Table of Contents cases not at all. Therefore, we cannot be certain that we were the first to make the inventions claimed in our patents or pending patent applications, or that we were the first to file for patent protection on the inventions claimed in our patents or pending patent applications. Furthermore, the patent positions of pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies are generally uncertain. Recent U.S. Supreme Court rulings have narrowed the scope of patent protection available in certain circumstances and weakened the rights of patent owners in certain situations. For example, in Amgen Inc. v. Sanofi, 598 U.S. 594, 143 S. Ct. 1243 (2023), the U.S. Supreme Court held that Amgen’s patent claims to a class of antibodies functionally defined by their ability to bind a particular antigen were invalid for lack of enablement where the patent specification provided twenty-six exemplary antibodies, but the claimed class of antibodies covered a “vast number” of additional antibodies not disclosed in the specification. The U.S. Supreme Court stated that if patent claims are directed to an entire class of compositions of matter, then the patent specification must enable a person skilled in the art to make and use the entire class of compositions. In view of the Amgen Inc. v. Sanofi decision, claims directed to monoclonal antibodies or binding fragments thereof solely defined by functional properties are now less likely to withstand enablement challenges. This decision and other recent rulings have created uncertainty with respect to the validity and enforceability of patents, once obtained. As such, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to obtain patents covering our drug candidates. Depending on future actions by the U.S. Congress, the federal courts and the United States Patent and Trademark Office, the laws and regulations governing patents could change in unpredictable ways. In addition, the complexity and uncertainty of the laws of foreign jurisdictions (e.g., European patent laws) have also increased in recent years. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our owned and in-licensed patent portfolio and our ability to protect and enforce our intellectual property in the future. Issued patents covering one or more of our drug candidates could be found invalid or unenforceable if challenged in court. Despite measures we take to obtain and maintain patent and other intellectual property rights with respect to our drug candidates, our intellectual property rights could be challenged or invalidated. For example, if we were to initiate legal proceedings against a third party to enforce a patent covering one of our drug candidates, the defendant could counterclaim that our patent is invalid and/or unenforceable. Grounds for a validity challenge could be an alleged failure to meet any of several statutory requirements, for example, lack of novelty, obviousness or non-enablement. Grounds for an unenforceability assertion could be an allegation that someone connected with prosecution of the patent withheld relevant information from the United States Patent and Trademark Office, or the applicable foreign counterpart, or made a misleading statement, during prosecution. Although we believe that we have conducted our patent prosecution in accordance with a duty of candor and in good faith, the outcome following legal assertions of invalidity and unenforceability during patent litigation is unpredictable. If a defendant were to prevail on a legal assertion of invalidity and/or unenforceability, we would lose at least part, and perhaps all, of the patent protection on a drug candidate. Even if a defendant does not prevail on a legal assertion of invalidity and/or unenforceability, our patent claims may be construed in a manner that would limit our ability to enforce such claims against the defendant and others. Even if we establish infringement, the court may decide not to grant an injunction against further infringing activity and instead award only monetary damages, which may not be an adequate remedy. In addition, if the breadth or strength of protection provided by our patents is threatened, it could dissuade companies from collaborating with us to license, develop, or commercialize our current or future drug candidates. Any loss of patent protection could have a material adverse impact on one or more of our drug candidates and our business. Enforcing our intellectual property rights against third parties may also cause such third parties to file other counterclaims against us, which could be costly to defend and could require us to pay substantial damages, cease the sale of certain drugs or enter into a license agreement and pay royalties (which may not be possible on commercially reasonable terms or at all). Intellectual property litigation may lead to unfavorable publicity which may harm our reputation and cause the market price of our ADSs to decline, and any unfavorable outcome from such litigation could limit our research and development activities and/or our ability to commercialize our drug candidates. During the course of any intellectual property litigation, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, rulings on motions, and other interim proceedings in the litigation. If securities analysts or investors regard these announcements as negative, the perceived value of our drug candidates, future drugs, programs or intellectual property could be diminished. Accordingly, the market price of our ADSs may decline. Such announcements could also harm our reputation or the market for our drug candidates, which could have a material adverse effect on our business. In the event of intellectual property litigation, there can be no assurance that we would prevail, even if the case against us is weak or flawed. If third parties successfully assert their intellectual property rights against us, prohibitions against using certain technologies, or prohibitions against commercializing our drug candidates, could be imposed by a court or by a settlement agreement between us and a plaintiff. In addition, if we are unsuccessful in defending against allegations that we have infringed, misappropriated or otherwise violated the patent or other intellectual property rights of others, we may be forced to pay substantial damage awards to the plaintiff. Additionally, we may be required to obtain a license from the intellectual property owner in order to continue our research and development programs or to commercialize any resulting product. It is possible that the necessary license will not be available to us on 33 Table of Contents commercially acceptable terms, or at all. This may not be technically or commercially feasible, may render our products less competitive or may delay or prevent the launch of our products to the market. Any of the foregoing could limit our research and development activities, our ability to commercialize one or more drug candidates, or both. Most of our competitors are larger than we are and have substantially greater resources. They are, therefore, likely to be able to sustain the costs of complex intellectual property litigation longer than we could. In addition, the uncertainties associated with litigation could have a material adverse effect on our ability to raise the funds necessary to conduct our clinical trials, continue our internal research programs, in-license needed technology, or enter into strategic partnerships that would help us bring our drug candidates to market. In addition, any future intellectual property litigation, interference or other administrative proceedings will result in additional expense and distraction of our personnel. An adverse outcome in such litigation or proceedings may expose us or any future strategic partners to loss of our proprietary position, expose us to significant liabilities, or require us to seek licenses that may not be available on commercially acceptable terms, if at all, each of which could have a material adverse effect on our business. If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets, our business and competitive position would be harmed. We also may be subject to claims that our employees, consultants, or advisers have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets of their former employers or claims asserting ownership of what we regard as our own intellectual property. In addition to our issued patents and pending patent applications, we rely on trade secret and confidential information, including unpatented know-how, technology and other proprietary information, to maintain our competitive position and to protect our drug candidates. We seek to protect this trade secret and confidential information, in part, by entering into non-disclosure and confidentiality agreements with parties that have access to them, such as our employees, corporate collaborators, outside scientific collaborators, sponsored researchers, contract manufacturers, consultants, advisers and other third parties. We also enter into confidentiality and invention or patent assignment agreements with our employees and consultants. However, any of these parties may breach such agreements and disclose our proprietary information, and we may not be able to obtain adequate remedies for such breaches. Regardless of the outcome, litigations or arbitrations can have an adverse impact on us because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources and other factors. Enforcing a claim that a party unlawfully disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret can be difficult, expensive and time-consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. If any of our trade secrets were to be lawfully obtained or independently developed by a competitor or other third party, we would have no right to prevent them from using that technology or information to compete with us and our competitive position would be harmed. Furthermore, many of our employees, consultants, and advisers, including our senior management, were previously employed at other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. Some of these employees, consultants, and advisers, including members of our senior management, executed proprietary rights, non-disclosure and non-competition agreements in connection with such previous employment. Although we expect our employees to execute agreements to not use the proprietary information or know-how of others in their work for us, we may be subject to claims that we or these employees have used or disclosed intellectual property, including trade secrets or other proprietary information, of any such individual’s former employer. We are not aware of any threatened or pending claims related to these matters or concerning the agreements with our senior management, but in the future litigation may be necessary to defend against such claims. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management. In addition, while we expect our employees, consultants and contractors who may be involved in the development of intellectual property to execute agreements assigning such intellectual property to us, we may be unsuccessful in executing such an agreement with each party who in fact develops intellectual property that we regard as our own, and furthermore, the assignment of intellectual property rights may not be self-executing, or the assignment agreements may be breached, each of which may result in claims by or against us related to the ownership of such intellectual property. If we fail in prosecuting or defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights. Even if we are successful in prosecuting or defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs, be a distraction to our management and scientific personnel and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. We may not be successful in obtaining or maintaining necessary rights for our development pipeline through acquisitions and in-licenses. Because our programs may involve additional drug candidates that may require the use of proprietary rights held by third parties, the growth of our business may depend in part on our ability to acquire and maintain licenses or other rights to use these proprietary rights. We may be unable to acquire or in-license any compositions, methods of use, or other intellectual property rights from third parties that we identify. The licensing and acquisition of third-party intellectual property rights is a competitive area, and a number of more established companies are also pursuing strategies to license or acquire third-party intellectual property rights that we may consider attractive or necessary. These established companies may have a competitive advantage over us due to their size, cash resources and 34 Table of Contents greater clinical development and commercialization capabilities. In addition, companies that perceive us to be a competitor may be unwilling to assign or license rights to us. We also may be unable to license or acquire third-party intellectual property rights on terms that would allow us to make an appropriate return on our investment or at all. If we are unable to successfully obtain rights to required third-party intellectual property rights or maintain the existing intellectual property rights we have, we may have to abandon development of relevant programs or drug candidates, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects for growth. Our business relies partially on our ability to develop and commercialize drug candidates we have licensed from third parties, and we have entered into license agreements with third parties providing us with rights to various third-party intellectual property, including rights in patents and patent applications. Our licenses may not encompass all intellectual property rights owned or controlled by the affiliates of our licensors and relevant to our drug candidates, and we may need to obtain additional licenses from our existing licensors and others to advance our research or allow commercialization of drug candidates we may develop. In such case, we may need to obtain additional licenses which may not be available on an exclusive basis, on commercially reasonable terms or at a reasonable cost, if at all. In that event, we may be required to expend significant time and resources to redesign our drug candidates or the methods for manufacturing them or to develop or license replacement technology, all of which may not be feasible on a technical or commercial basis. If we are unable to do so, we may be unable to develop or commercialize the affected drug candidates, which could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects significantly. Our rights to develop and commercialize our drug candidates are subject, in part, to the terms and conditions of licenses granted to us by others. We rely on licenses to certain patent rights and other intellectual property from third parties that are important or necessary to the development of our drug candidates. These and other licenses may not provide exclusive rights to use such intellectual property in all relevant fields of use and in all territories in which we may wish to develop or commercialize our drug products. As a result, we may not be able to prevent competitors from developing and commercializing competitive drug products in territories included in all of our licenses. We may not have the right to control the preparation, filing, prosecution, maintenance, enforcement, and defense of patents and patent applications covering the drug candidates that we license from third parties. Moreover, we have not had and do not have primary control over these activities for certain of our patents or patent applications and other intellectual property rights that we jointly own with certain of our licensors and sub-licensors. Therefore, we cannot be certain that these patents and patent applications will be prepared, filed, prosecuted, maintained, enforced, and defended in a manner consistent with the best interests of our business. If our licensors fail to prosecute, maintain, enforce and defend such patents, or lose rights to those patents or patent applications, the rights we have licensed may be reduced or eliminated, and our right to develop and commercialize any of our drugs that are subject of such licensed rights could be adversely affected. Pursuant to the terms of the license agreements with some of our licensors, the licensors may have the first right to control enforcement of our licensed patents or defense of any claims asserting the invalidity or unenforceability of these patents. Even if we are permitted to pursue the enforcement or defense of our licensed patents, we will require the cooperation of our licensors and any applicable patent owners and such cooperation may not be provided to us. We cannot be certain that our licensors will allocate sufficient resources or prioritize their or our enforcement of such patents or defense of such claims to protect our interests in the licensed patents. Even if we are not a party to these legal actions, an adverse outcome could harm our business because it might prevent us from continuing to license intellectual property that we may need to operate our business. If we lose any of our licensed intellectual property, our right to develop and commercialize any of our drug candidates that are subject of such licensed rights could be adversely affected. In addition, our licensors may have relied on third-party consultants or collaborators or on funds from third parties such that our licensors are not the sole and exclusive owners of the patents we in-license. This could have a material adverse effect on our competitive position, business, financial conditions, results of operations and prospects. Our licensors might terminate our license agreements, asserting that we have materially breached the license agreements or for some other reason, thereby removing our ability to develop and commercialize drug products covered by these license agreements. If such licenses are terminated, we may be required seek alternative in-license arrangements, which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all, or may be non-exclusive. If these in-licenses are terminated, or if the underlying patents fail to provide the intended exclusivity, we may need to modify or cease the development, manufacture, and commercialization of one or more of our drug candidates and competitors would have the freedom to seek regulatory approval of, and to market, products identical to ours. In addition, we may seek to obtain additional licenses from our licensors and, in connection with obtaining such licenses, we may agree to amend our existing licenses in a manner that may be more favorable to the licensors, including by agreeing to terms that could enable third parties (potentially including our competitors) to receive licenses to a portion of the intellectual property that is subject to our existing 35 Table of Contents licenses. Any of these events could have a material adverse effect on our competitive position, business, financial conditions, results of operations and prospects. If we are found to have materially breached the agreements under which we license intellectual property rights from third parties or otherwise experience disruptions to our business relationships with our licensors, we could be required to pay monetary damages or could lose license rights that are important to our business. Under each of our license and intellectual property-related agreements, in exchange for licensing or sublicensing us the right to develop and commercialize the applicable drug candidates, our licensors will be eligible to receive from us milestone payments, tiered royalties from commercial sales of such drug candidates, assuming applicable approvals from government authorities are obtained, or other payments. Our license and intellectual property-related agreements also require us to comply with other obligations including development and diligence obligations, providing certain information regarding our activities with respect to such drug candidates and/or maintaining the confidentiality of information we receive from our licensors. Our counterparties may terminate our current or future license agreements, asserting that we have materially breached the agreements, and, upon the effective date of such termination, may re-obtain the licensed and sub-licensed technology and intellectual property. If any of our licensors terminate any of our licenses, we might not be able to develop, manufacture or market any drug or drug candidate that is covered by the licenses provided for under these agreements and other third parties may be able to market drug candidates similar or identical to ours. In such case, we may have to negotiate new or reinstated agreements with less favorable terms, and may be required to provide a grant back license to the licensors under our own intellectual property with respect to the terminated products. We may also face claims for monetary damages or other penalties under these agreements. While we would expect to exercise all rights and remedies available to us, including seeking to cure any breach by us, and otherwise seek to preserve our rights under the intellectual property rights licensed and sublicensed to us, we may not be able to do so in a timely manner, at an acceptable cost or at all. In particular, some of the milestone payments are payable upon our drug candidates reaching development milestones before we have commercialized, or received any revenue from, sales of such drug candidate, and we cannot guarantee that we will have sufficient resources to make such milestone payments. Any uncured, material breach under the license agreements could result in our loss of exclusive rights and may lead to a complete termination of our rights to the applicable drug candidate. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial conditions, results of operations and prospects. It is possible that we may be unable to obtain any additional licenses at a reasonable cost or on reasonable terms, if at all. Certain license agreements may also require us to meet development thresholds to maintain the license, including establishing a set timeline for developing and commercializing products. Disputes may arise regarding intellectual property subject to a license agreement, including: •the scope of rights granted under the license agreement and other interpretation-related issues; •the extent to which our technology and processes infringe, misappropriate or violate intellectual property of the licensor that is not subject to the license agreement; •the sublicensing of patent and other rights under our collaborative development relationships; •our diligence obligations under the license agreement and what activities satisfy those diligence obligations; •the inventorship and ownership of inventions and know-how resulting from the joint creation or use of intellectual property by our licensors and us and our partners; and •the priority of invention of patented technology. In addition, the agreements under which we license intellectual property or technology from third parties are complex, and certain provisions in such agreements may be susceptible to multiple interpretations. The resolution of any contract interpretation disagreement that may arise could narrow what we believe to be the scope of our rights to the intellectual property or technology, or increase what we believe to be our financial or other obligations under the agreements, either of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. Moreover, if disputes over intellectual property that we have licensed prevent or impair our ability to maintain our current licensing arrangements on commercially acceptable terms, we may be unable to successfully develop and commercialize the affected drug candidates, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. In addition, if our licensors breach the license agreements, we may not be able to enforce such agreements against our licensors’ parent entity or affiliates. 36 Table of Contents Intellectual property rights do not necessarily protect us from all potential threats to our competitive advantage. The degree of future protection afforded by our intellectual property rights is uncertain because intellectual property rights have limitations, and may not adequately protect our business, or permit us to maintain our competitive advantage. The following examples are illustrative: •others may be able to make compounds that are similar to our drug candidates but which are not covered by the claims of the patents that we own or have exclusively licensed; •we might not have been the first to make the inventions covered by the issued patents or pending patent applications that we own or may in the future exclusively license, which could result in the patents applied for not being issued or being invalidated after issuing; •we might not have been the first to file patent applications covering certain of our inventions, which could result in the patents applied for not being issued or being invalidated after issuing; •others may independently develop similar or alternative technologies or duplicate any of our technologies without infringing our intellectual property rights; •it is possible that our pending patent applications will not lead to issued patents; •issued patents that we own or have exclusively licensed may not provide us with any competitive advantages, or may be held invalid or unenforceable, as a result of legal challenges by our competitors or other third parties; •even if we establish infringement that a third party has infringed our patent rights in a court of law, the court may decide not to grant an injunction against further infringing activity and instead award only monetary damages, which may not be an adequate remedy; •we may obtain patents for certain compounds many years before we receive regulatory approval for drugs containing such compounds, and because patents have a limited life, which may begin to run prior to the commercial sale of the related drugs, the commercial value of our patents may be limited; •our competitors might conduct research and development activities in countries where we do not have patent rights and then use the information learned from such activities to develop competitive drugs for commercialization in our major markets; •we may fail to develop additional proprietary technologies that are patentable; •we may fail to apply for or obtain adequate intellectual property protection in all the jurisdictions in which we operate; •third parties may gain unauthorized access to our intellectual property due to potential lapses in our information systems; and •the patents of others may have an adverse effect on our business, for example by preventing us from commercializing one or more of our drug candidates for one or more indications. Any of the aforementioned threats to our competitive advantage could have a material adverse effect on our business and future prospects. If our trademarks and trade names are not adequately protected, we may not be able to build name recognition in our markets of interest and our competitive position may be adversely affected. We own registered trademarks. We may not be able to obtain trademark protection in territories that we consider of significant importance to us. In addition, any of our trademarks or trade names, whether registered or unregistered, may be challenged, opposed, infringed, cancelled, circumvented or declared generic, or determined to be infringing on other marks, as applicable. We may not be able to protect our rights to these trademarks and trade names, which we will need to build name recognition by potential collaborators or customers in our markets of interest. Over the long term, if we are unable to establish name recognition based on our trademarks and trade names, we may not be able to compete effectively and our business may be adversely affected. 37 Table of Contents Terms of our future patents may not be sufficient to effectively protect our drug candidates and business. In many countries where we file applications for patents, the term of an issued patent is generally 20 years from the earliest claimed filing date of a non-provisional patent application in the applicable country. Although various extensions may be available, the life of a patent and the protection it affords are limited. Even if we obtain patents covering our drug candidates, we may still be open to competition from other companies, as well as generic medications once the patent life has expired for a drug. If we are unable to obtain patent term extensions or if such extensions are less than requested for, our competitors may obtain approval of competing products following our patent expirations and our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be materially harmed as a result. If we do not obtain additional protection under the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984 (the “Hatch-Waxman Amendments”) and similar legislation in other countries extending the terms of our patents, if issued, relating to our drug candidates, our business may be materially harmed. Depending upon the timing, duration and specifics of FDA regulatory approval for our drug candidates, one or more of our U.S. patents, if issued, may be eligible for limited patent term restoration under the Hatch-Waxman Amendments. The Hatch-Waxman Amendments permit a patent term extension of up to five years as compensation for patent term lost during drug development and the FDA regulatory review process. Patent term extensions, however, cannot extend the remaining term of a patent beyond a total of 14 years from the date of drug approval by the FDA, and only one patent can be extended for a particular drug. The application for patent term extension is subject to approval by the United States Patent and Trademark Office, in conjunction with the FDA. We may not be granted an extension because of, for example, failing to apply within applicable deadlines, failing to apply prior to expiration of patents or otherwise failing to satisfy applicable requirements. Moreover, the applicable time period or the scope of patent protection afforded could be less than we request. If we are unable to obtain a patent term extension for a given patent or the term of any such extension is less than we request, the period during which we will have the right to exclusively market our drug will be shortened and our competitors may obtain earlier approval of competing drugs, and our ability to generate revenues could be materially adversely affected. Risks Related to Our Industry, Business and Operations Our future success depends on our ability to attract, retain and motivate senior management and qualified scientific employees. We are highly dependent on the expertise of the members of our research and development team, as well as the principal members of our management. We have entered into employment agreements with certain of our executive officers, but each of them may terminate their employment with us at any time with prior written notice. In addition, we currently do not have “key-man” insurance for any of our executive officers or other key personnel. Recruiting, retaining and motivating qualified management, scientific, clinical, manufacturing and sales and marketing personnel will also be critical to our success. The loss of the services of our executive officers or other key employees could impede the achievement of our research, development and commercialization objectives and seriously harm our ability to successfully implement our business strategy. Further, replacing executive officers and key employees may be difficult and may take an extended period of time because of the limited number of individuals in our industry with the breadth of skills and experience required to successfully develop, gain regulatory approval of and commercialize drugs. Competition to hire from this limited pool is intense, and we may be unable to hire, train, retain or motivate these key personnel on acceptable terms given the competition among numerous biopharmaceutical companies for similar personnel. We also experience competition for the hiring of scientific and clinical personnel from universities and research institutions. In addition, our management may need to devote additional time to compliance initiatives stemming from our status as a public company, potentially necessitating the recruitment of more management personnel. These changes in our management may be disruptive to our business and, during the transition period, there may be uncertainty among investors, employees and others concerning our future direction and performance. Any such disruption or uncertainty could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and our reputation. We will need to increase the size and capabilities of our organization, and we may experience difficulties in managing our development. To manage our future development, we may continue to implement and improve our managerial, operational and financial systems, expand our facilities and continue to recruit and train additional qualified personnel. Due to our limited financial resources, we may not be able to effectively manage our operations or recruit and train additional qualified personnel. The expansion of our operations may 38 Table of Contents lead to significant costs and may divert our management and business development resources. Any inability to manage growth could delay the execution of our business plans or disrupt our operations, and have a material adverse effect on our business. We may not be successful in expanding our business or in our business development efforts related to in-licensing, acquisitions or other business collaborations. Even if we are able to enter into such business development arrangements, they could have a negative impact on our business and our profitability. Our new business model is designed to identify and advance high-value therapeutic assets through strategic partnerships and specialized subsidiary entities. As part of this strategy, we may seek to acquire businesses or in-license drug candidates that we believe are a complementary fit with our business, as well as other businesses or drug candidates that we believe have substantial development potential. We may not be able to identify such opportunities. If we do, the negotiation of such arrangements can be a lengthy, complex and expensive process and there can be no assurance that any such negotiations will be completed on a timely basis or at all or result in an arrangement that will enable us to effectively integrate such businesses or develop and commercialize such drug candidates effectively. In addition, the market potential for new drug candidates is highly uncertain and evaluation of such potential requires significant judgment and assumptions. There is a significant risk that any new drug candidate may not be able to be brought to market as profitably as expected or at all. If the results of any new product initiative are materially worse than expected, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial position and cash flows. The data and information that we gather in our research and development process could be inaccurate or incomplete, which could harm our business, reputation, financial condition and results of operations. We collect, aggregate, process, and analyze data and information from our preclinical studies, manufacturing technology development programs and clinical programs. We also engage in substantial information gathering following the identification of a promising drug candidate. Because data in the healthcare industry is fragmented in origin, inconsistent in format, and often incomplete, the overall quality of data collected or accessed in the healthcare industry is often subject to challenge, the degree or amount of data which is knowingly or unknowingly absent or omitted can be material, and we often discover data issues and errors when monitoring and auditing the quality of our data. If we make mistakes in the capture, input, or analysis of these data, our ability to advance the development of our drug candidates may be materially harmed and our business, prospects and reputation may suffer. We also engage in the procurement of regulatory approvals necessary for the development and commercialization of our products under development, for which we manage and submit data to governmental entities. These processes and submissions are governed by complex data processing and validation policies and regulations. Notwithstanding such policies and regulations, interim, top-line or preliminary data from our clinical trials that we announce or publish from time to time may change as more patient data become available and are subject to audit and verification procedures that could result in material changes in the final data, in which case we may be exposed to liability to a customer, court or government agency that concludes that our storage, handling, submission, delivery, or display of health information or other data was wrongful or erroneous. Although we maintain insurance coverage for clinical trials, this coverage may prove to be inadequate or could cease to be available to us on acceptable terms, if at all. Even unsuccessful claims could result in substantial costs and diversion of management time, attention, and resources. A claim brought against us that is uninsured or under-insured could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, we rely on CROs, our partners and other third parties to monitor and manage data for some of our ongoing preclinical and clinical programs and control only certain aspects of their activities. If any of our CROs, our partners or other third parties do not perform to our standards in terms of data accuracy or completeness, data from those preclinical and clinical trials may be compromised as a result, and our reliance on these parties does not relieve us of our regulatory responsibilities. For a detailed discussion, see “—Risks Related to Our Reliance on Third Parties—As we rely on third parties to conduct our preclinical studies and clinical trials, if we lose our relationships with these third parties or if they do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or meet expected deadlines, we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for or commercialize our drug candidates and our business could be substantially harmed.” We may be subject to liability lawsuits arising from our clinical trials. We currently carry liability insurance covering our clinical trials. Although we maintain such insurance, any claim that may be brought against us could result in a court judgment or settlement in an amount that is not covered, in whole or in part, by our insurance or which is in excess of the limits of our insurance coverage. Our insurance policies also contain various exclusions, and we may be subject to particular liability claims for which we have no coverage. We will have to pay any amount awarded by a court or negotiated in a settlement that exceed our coverage limitations or that are not covered by our insurance, and we may not have, or be able to obtain, 39 Table of Contents sufficient capital to pay such amounts. In addition, if we cannot successfully defend ourselves against such claims, we may incur substantial liabilities and be required to suspend or delay our ongoing clinical trials. Even a successful defense would require significant financial and management resources. Regardless of the merits or eventual outcome, liability claims may result in significant negative consequences to our business and prospects, including: •decreased demand for our drug candidates or any resulting products; •injury to our reputation; •withdrawal of other clinical trial participants; •costs to defend the related litigation; •a diversion of our management’s time and resources; •substantial monetary awards to trial participants or patients; •inability to commercialize our drug candidates; and •a decline in the market price of our ADSs. We have limited insurance coverage, and any claims beyond our insurance coverage may result in our incurring substantial costs and a diversion of resources. We maintain insurance policies that are required under certain laws and regulations as well as insurance based on our assessment of our operational needs and industry practice. We also maintain liability insurance covering our clinical trials. In line with industry practice, we have elected not to maintain certain types of insurances, such as business interruption insurance or key-man insurance. Our insurance coverage may be insufficient to cover any claim for product liability, damage to our fixed assets or employee injuries. Any liability or damage to, or caused by, our facilities or our personnel beyond our insurance coverage may result in our incurring substantial costs and a diversion of resources. Disruptions in the financial markets and economic conditions could affect our ability to raise capital. Global economies could suffer dramatic downturns as a result of a deterioration in the credit markets and related financial crisis as well as a variety of other factors including extreme volatility in security prices, severely diminished liquidity and credit availability, ratings downgrades of certain investments and declining valuations of others. In the past, governments have taken unprecedented actions in an attempt to address and rectify these extreme market and economic conditions by providing liquidity and stability to the financial markets. If these actions are not successful, the return of adverse economic conditions may cause a significant impact on our ability to raise capital, if needed, on a timely basis and on acceptable terms, or at all. In addition, there is considerable uncertainty over the long-term effects of the expansionary monetary and fiscal policies adopted by the central banks and financial authorities of some of the world’s leading economies, including the United States and China. There have also been concerns on the relationship among China and other Asian countries, which may result in or intensify potential conflicts in relation to territorial disputes or the trade related disputes between the United States and China. In addition, the ongoing conflicts between Ukraine and Russia and in the Middle East have created volatility in the global capital markets and may have further global economic consequences, including disruptions of the global supply chain and energy markets. Any such volatility and disruptions may have adverse consequences on us. If the equity and credit markets deteriorate, including as a result of political unrest or war, it may make any necessary debt or equity financing more difficult to obtain in a timely manner or on favorable terms, more costly or more dilutive. Any sudden or prolonged market downturn in the U.S., China or elsewhere could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition, including capital and liquidity levels. 40 Table of Contents Our employees, independent contractors, consultants, commercial partners and vendors may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including non-compliance with regulatory standards and requirements. We are exposed to the risk of fraud, misconduct or other illegal activities by our employees, independent contractors, consultants, commercial partners and vendors. Misconduct by these parties could include intentional, reckless and negligent conduct that fails to: •comply with the laws of the FDA and other comparable regulatory authorities; •provide true, complete and accurate information to the FDA and other comparable regulatory authorities; •comply with manufacturing standards we have established; •comply with healthcare fraud and abuse laws in the United States and similar fraudulent misconduct laws in other applicable jurisdictions; or •report financial information or data accurately or to disclose unauthorized activities to us. If we obtain approval of any of our drug candidates and begin commercializing those drugs in the United States or other applicable jurisdictions, our potential exposure under the laws of such jurisdictions will increase significantly and our costs associated with compliance with such laws are also likely to increase. These laws may impact, among other things, our current activities with principal investigators and research patients, as well as future sales, marketing and education programs. In particular, the promotion, sales and marketing of healthcare items and services, as well as certain business arrangements in the healthcare industry, are subject to extensive laws designed to prevent fraud, kickbacks, self-dealing and other abusive practices. These laws and regulations may restrict or prohibit a wide range of pricing, discounting, marketing and promotion, structuring and commission(s), certain customer incentive programs and other business arrangements generally. Activities subject to these laws also involve the improper use of information obtained in the course of patient recruitment for clinical trials, which could result in regulatory sanctions and cause serious harm to our reputation. It is not always possible to identify and deter misconduct by employees and other parties, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to comply with these laws or regulations. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business, including the imposition of significant fines or other sanctions. If we engage in future acquisitions or strategic partnerships, this may increase our capital requirements, dilute the value of our investors’ investments in our ADSs, require us to incur debt or assume contingent liabilities, and subject us to other risks. We may evaluate various acquisitions and strategic partnerships, including licensing or acquiring complementary products, intellectual property rights, technologies or businesses. Any potential acquisition or strategic partnership may entail numerous risks, including: •increased operating expenses and cash requirements; •the assumption of additional indebtedness or contingent liabilities; •the issuance of our equity securities; •assimilation of operations, intellectual property and products of an acquired company, including difficulties associated with integrating new personnel; •the diversion of our management’s attention from our existing product programs and initiatives in pursuing such a strategic merger or acquisition; •retention of key employees, the loss of key personnel, and uncertainties in our ability to maintain key business relationships; •risks and uncertainties associated with the assimilation of operations, corporate culture and personnel of the acquired business; 41 Table of Contents •risks and uncertainties associated with the other party to such a transaction, including the prospects of that party and its existing drugs or drug candidates and regulatory approvals; •our inability to generate revenue from acquired technology and/or products sufficient to meet our objectives in undertaking the acquisition or even to offset the associated acquisition and maintenance costs; and •changes in accounting principles relating to recognition and measurement of our investments that may have a significant impact on our financial results. In addition, if we undertake acquisitions, we may issue dilutive securities, assume or incur debt obligations, incur large one-time expenses and acquire intangible assets that could result in significant future amortization expense. Moreover, we may not be able to locate suitable acquisition opportunities and this inability could impair our ability to develop or obtain access to technology or products that may be important to the development of our business. If we fail to comply with applicable anti-bribery laws, our reputation may be harmed and we could be subject to penalties and significant expenses that have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We are subject to the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the U.S. domestic bribery statute contained in 18 U.S.C. § 201, the U.S. Travel Act, the USA PATRIOT Act, and other state and national anti-bribery and anti-money laundering laws in the countries in which we conduct activities. Anti-corruption laws are interpreted broadly and prohibit companies and their employees, agents, contractors, and other collaborators from authorizing, promising, offering, or providing, directly or indirectly, improper payments or anything else of value to recipients in the public or private sector. We may engage third parties to sell our products outside the United States, to conduct clinical trials, and/or to obtain necessary permits, licenses, patent registrations, and other regulatory approvals. We have direct or indirect interactions with officials and employees of government agencies or government-affiliated hospitals, universities, and other organizations. We can be held liable for the corrupt or other illegal activities of our employees, agents, contractors, and other collaborators, even if we do not explicitly authorize or have actual knowledge of such activities. Although we have policies and procedures designed to ensure that we, our employees and our agents comply with applicable anti-bribery laws, there is no assurance that such policies or procedures will prevent our agents, employees and intermediaries from engaging in bribery activities. Failure to comply with anti-bribery laws could disrupt our business and lead to severe criminal and civil penalties, including imprisonment, criminal and civil fines, loss of our export licenses, suspension of our ability to do business with the government, denial of government reimbursement for our products and/or exclusion from participation in government healthcare programs. Other remedial measures could include further changes or enhancements to our procedures, policies, and controls and potential personnel changes and/or disciplinary actions, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity. We could also be adversely affected by any allegation that we violated such laws. We are subject to governmental export and import controls that could impair our ability to compete in international markets due to licensing requirements and subject us to liability if we are not in compliance with applicable laws. Compliance with these legal requirements could limit our ability to compete in foreign markets and subject us to liability if we violate them. We are subject to export control and import laws and regulations, including the U.S. Export Administration Regulations, U.S. Customs regulations and various economic and trade sanctions regulations administered by the U.S. Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Controls. Exports of our drug candidates outside of the U.S. must be made in compliance with these laws and regulations. If we fail to comply with these laws and regulations, we and certain of our employees could be subject to substantial civil or criminal penalties, including the possible loss of export or import privileges, fines which may be imposed on us and responsible employees or managers, and, in extreme cases, the incarceration of responsible employees or managers. In addition, changes in our drug candidates or changes in applicable export or import laws and regulations may create delays in the introduction, provision or sale of our drug candidates in international markets, prevent customers from using our drug candidates or, in some cases, prevent the export or import of our drug candidates to certain countries, governments or persons altogether. Any limitation on our ability to export, provide or sell our drug candidates could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. 42 Table of Contents Our activities subject us to various laws relating to U.S. and foreign investment, including the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States and the Outbound Investment Security Program, and our failure to comply with these laws could subject us to substantial fines, penalties and even injunctions, the imposition of which on us could have a material adverse effect on the success of our business. Certain investments that involve the acquisition of, or investment in, a U.S. business (including a U.S. subsidiary of a portfolio company domiciled outside of the United States) or U.S. assets could be subject to review and approval by the U.S. Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (“CFIUS”). Significant CFIUS reform legislation (the Foreign Investment Risk Review Modernization Act) and related regulations, which became effective in February 2020, among other things, expand the scope of CFIUS’ jurisdiction to cover more types of transactions and empower CFIUS to scrutinize more closely investments in U.S. “sensitive personal data,” “critical infrastructure” and “critical technology” companies, including investments involving non-U.S. limited partners or co-investors that may be deemed “non-passive.” Certain transactions involving non-U.S. persons and U.S. “critical technology” companies, as well as sovereign investments in “critical technology,” infrastructure or data businesses, can be subject to mandatory pre-closing notification requirements, and monetary penalties may attach to a party’s failure to file such a notification. In addition, non-U.S. countries are increasingly taking action to strengthen their own foreign investment clearance (“FIC”) regimes, and as a result, certain investments could likewise be subject to review by non-U.S. FIC regimes if the investments are perceived to implicate national security policy priorities. CFIUS and other FIC regulatory practices are evolving rapidly, and CFIUS and other FIC regulators have substantial discretion in deciding how to interpret, apply and enforce the relevant regulations. Any review and approval of an investment by CFIUS or another FIC regulator could have outsized impacts on transaction certainty, timing, feasibility and cost, among other things. The Outbound Investment Security Program (“OISP”), issued to implement the “Executive Order on Addressing United States Investments in Certain National Security Technologies and Products in Countries of Concern”, took effect on January 2, 2025. The OISP currently imposes notification requirements for, and certain prohibitions relating to, investments by “U.S. persons” as well as their “controlled foreign entities” into certain entities that have both a nexus to a “country of concern” (at this time, consisting of China, Hong Kong, and Macau) and that involve semiconductors and microelectronics, quantum information technologies or artificial intelligence. On February 21, 2025, the President of the United States signed a National Security Presidential Memorandum entitled “America First Investment Policy,” which indicates that the OISP restrictions may be expanded to cover biotechnology, hypersonics, aerospace, advanced manufacturing and directed energy, among other sectors, and it is likely that the number of targeted sectors will expand over the life of the fund. On December 18, 2025, the President of the United States signed into law the Comprehensive Outbound Investment National Security (“COINS”) Act of 2025 as part of the National Defense Authorization Act (“NDAA”) for FY 2026. The COINS Act directed Treasury to expand the OISP to include Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Russia, and Venezuela under the Maduro regime as “countries of concern” and to cover investments in the high-performance computing/supercomputing and hypersonic systems sectors, in addition to those sectors already covered. Any failure to comply with OISP could result in significant legal and monetary penalties and/or adverse reputational and other consequences. CFIUS and the OISP may impact certain of our company’s activities, including with respect to the issuance of securities, strategic mergers and acquisitions, investments and possibly other business activities. Further, CFIUS and the OISP is likely to result in increased compliance burden and costs, which could adversely affect our company. Violations of CFIUS or the OISP may subject our company or affiliated U.S. persons to civil or criminal penalties, government investigations, business disruption and reputational harm. Any failure to comply with applicable regulations and industry standards or obtain various licenses and permits could harm our reputation and our business, results of operations and prospects. A number of governmental agencies or industry regulatory bodies in the United States and other applicable jurisdictions impose strict rules, regulations and industry standards governing biopharmaceutical research and development activities, which apply to us. Our or our CROs’ failure to comply with such regulations could result in the termination of ongoing research, administrative penalties imposed by regulatory bodies or the disqualification of data for submission to regulatory authorities. This could harm our business, reputation, prospects for future work and results of operations. For example, if we or our CROs were to treat research animals inhumanely or in violation of international standards set out by the Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care, it could revoke any such accreditation and the accuracy of our animal research data could be questioned. If we or our CROs or other contractors or consultants fail to comply with environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, we could become subject to fines or penalties or incur costs that could have a material adverse effect on the success of our business. We and third parties, such as our CROs or other contractors or consultants, are subject to numerous environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, including occupational health and safety laws and those governing laboratory procedures and the handling, use, storage, treatment, release and disposal of hazardous materials and wastes. Our operations involve the use of hazardous and flammable materials, including chemicals and radioactive and biological materials. Our operations also produce hazardous waste products. We generally contract with third parties for the disposal of these materials and wastes. We cannot eliminate the risk of contamination or 43 Table of Contents injury from these materials. In the event of contamination or injury resulting from our use of hazardous materials, we could be held liable for any resulting damages, and liability could exceed our resources. We also could incur significant costs associated with civil or criminal fines and penalties. Although we maintain workers’ compensation insurance to cover costs and expenses we may incur due to injuries to our employees resulting from the use of or exposure to hazardous materials, this insurance may not provide adequate coverage against potential liabilities. We do not maintain insurance for environmental liability or toxic tort claims that may be asserted against us in connection with our storage, use or disposal of biological, hazardous or radioactive materials. In addition, we may be required to incur substantial costs to comply with current or future environmental, health and safety laws and regulations. These current or future laws and regulations may impair our research, development or production efforts. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations also may result in substantial fines, penalties or other sanctions. We cannot predict how any changes in these laws and regulations may impact our future operations. If we face allegations of non-compliance with laws and encounter sanctions, our reputation, revenues and liquidity may suffer, and our drug candidates and future drugs could be subject to restrictions or withdrawal from the market. Any government investigation of alleged violations of laws could require us to expend significant time and resources in response, and could generate negative publicity. Any failure to comply with ongoing regulatory requirements may significantly and adversely affect our ability to commercialize and generate revenues from our drugs. If regulatory sanctions are applied or if regulatory approval is withdrawn, the value of our company and our operating results will be adversely affected. Additionally, if we are unable to generate revenues from our product sales, our potential for achieving profitability will be diminished and the capital necessary to fund our operations will be increased. If our information technology systems or those third parties with whom we work or our data, are or were compromised, we could experience adverse consequences resulting from such compromise, including, but not limited to, regulatory investigations or actions; litigation; fines and penalties; disruptions of our business operations; reputational harm; loss of revenue or profits and other adverse consequences. In the ordinary course of our business, we and the third parties with whom we work, process proprietary, confidential, and sensitive data, including personal data (such as health-related data), intellectual property, trade secrets and other sensitive data, e.g., business plans, transactions, financial information, etc. (collectively, sensitive information). Cyber-attacks, malicious internet-based activity, online and offline fraud and other similar activities threaten the confidentiality, integrity and availability of our sensitive information and information technology systems, and those of the third parties with whom we work. Such threats are prevalent and continue to rise, are increasingly difficult to detect and come from a variety of sources, including traditional computer “hackers,” threat actors, “hacktivists,” organized criminal threat actors, personnel (such as through theft or misuse), sophisticated nation states and nation-state-supported actors. We and the third parties with whom we work are subject to a variety of evolving threats, including, but not limited. to social-engineering attacks (including through deep fakes, which may be increasingly more difficult to identify as fake, and phishing attacks), malicious code (such as viruses and worms), malware (including as a result of advanced persistent threat intrusions), denial-of-service attacks, credential stuffing attacks, credential harvesting, personnel misconduct or error, ransomware attacks, supply-chain attacks, software bugs, server malfunctions, software or hardware failures, loss of data or other information technology assets, adware, telecommunications failures, earthquakes, fires, floods, attacks enhanced or facilitated by artificial intelligence (“AI”) and other similar threats. In particular, severe ransomware attacks are becoming increasingly prevalent and can lead to significant interruptions in our operations, ability to provide our products or services, loss of sensitive data and income, reputational harm and diversion of funds. Extortion payments may alleviate the negative impact of a ransomware attack, but we may be unwilling or unable to make such payments due to, for example, applicable laws or regulations prohibiting such payments. It may be difficult and/or costly to detect, investigate, mitigate, contain and remediate a security incident. Our efforts to do so may not be successful. Actions taken by us or the third parties with whom we work to detect, investigate, mitigate, contain and remediate a security incident could result in outages, data losses and disruptions of our business. Threat actors may also gain access to other networks and systems after a compromise of our networks and systems. We rely on third parties to operate critical business systems to process sensitive information in a variety of contexts, including, without limitation, cloud-based infrastructure, data center facilities, encryption and authentication technology, employee email, content delivery to customers and other functions. Our ability to monitor these third parties’ information security practices is limited, and these third parties may not have adequate information security measures in place. If the third parties with whom we work experience a security incident or other interruption, we could experience adverse consequences. While we may be entitled to damages if the third parties with 44 Table of Contents whom we work fail to satisfy their privacy or security-related obligations to us, any award may be insufficient to cover our damages, or we may be unable to recover such award. In addition, supply-chain attacks have increased in frequency and severity, and we cannot guarantee that third parties’ infrastructure in our supply chain or that of the third parties with whom we work have not been compromised. Although to our knowledge we have not experienced any material system failure or security breach to date, if such an event were to occur and cause interruptions in our operations, it could result in a material disruption of our development programs and our business operations. For example, the loss of clinical trial data from completed or future clinical trials could result in delays in our regulatory approval efforts and significantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce the data. Likewise, we partially rely on our third-party research institution collaborators for research and development of our drug candidates and other third parties for the manufacture of our drug candidates and to conduct clinical trials, and similar events relating to their computer systems could also have a material adverse effect on our business. If we (or a third party with whom we work) experience a security incident or are perceived to have experienced a security incident, we may experience material adverse consequences, such as: government enforcement actions (for example, investigations, fines, penalties, audits, and inspections); additional reporting requirements and/or oversight; restrictions on processing sensitive information (including personal data); litigation (including class claims); indemnification obligations; negative publicity; reputational harm; monetary fund diversions; diversion of management attention; interruptions in our operations (including availability of data); financial loss and other similar harms. Security incidents and attendant material consequences may prevent or cause customers to stop using our products, deter new customers from using our products and negatively impact our ability to grow and operate our business. Our contracts may not contain limitations of liability, and even where they do, there can be no assurance that limitations of liability in our contracts are sufficient to protect us from liabilities, damages or claims related to our data privacy and security obligations. We cannot be sure that our insurance coverage will be adequate or sufficient to protect us from or to mitigate liabilities arising out of our privacy and security practices, that such coverage will continue to be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all or that such coverage will pay future claims. To the extent that any disruption or security breach were to result in a loss of, or damage to, our data or applications, or inappropriate disclosure of confidential or proprietary information, we could incur liability and the further development and commercialization of our drug candidates could be delayed. Any failure to comply with the various applicable laws and regulations related to data security, cybersecurity and personal information and privacy protection could affect our offshore offerings and lead to liabilities, penalties or other regulatory actions, which could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. The regulatory framework for the collection, use, safeguarding, sharing, transfer and other processing of personal information worldwide is rapidly evolving and is likely to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future. Regulatory authorities in virtually every jurisdiction in which we operate have implemented and are considering a number of legislative and regulatory proposals concerning personal data protection. In the United States, we are subject to laws and regulations that address privacy, personal information protection and data security at both the federal and state levels. Numerous laws and regulations, including security breach notification laws, health information privacy laws, and consumer protection laws, govern the collection, use, disclosure and protection of health-related and other personal information. Given the variability and evolving state of these laws, we face uncertainty as to the exact interpretation of the new requirements, and we may be unsuccessful in implementing all measures required by regulators or courts in their interpretation. For example, the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (collectively, “HIPAA”), and their respective implementing regulations, imposes requirements relating to the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information. Among other things, the HIPAA, through its implementing regulations, makes certain privacy and security standards directly applicable to business associates, defined as a person or organization, other than a member of a covered entity’s workforce, that creates, receives, maintains or transmits protected health information for or on behalf of a covered entity for a function or activity regulated by the HIPAA as well as their covered subcontractors. In addition, we are now subject to the Department of Justice’s (“DOJ”) rule titled “Preventing Access to Americans' Bulk Sensitive Personal Data and United States Government-Related Data by Countries of Concern” (the “Bulk Data Rule”), which became enforceable for most provisions starting in July 2025, with certain audit and compliance requirements effective in October 2025. The Bulk Data Rule broadly prohibits or restricts U.S. persons from engaging in certain data transactions—such as data brokerage, vendor, employment, and investment agreements—that provide access to “bulk” U.S. sensitive personal data (including human 'omics data, biometric identifiers, precise geolocation data, personal health data, and personal financial data) or U.S. government-related data to designated “countries of concern” (including China, Russia, Iran, North Korea, Cuba, and Venezuela) or “covered persons” (entities owned or organized by a country of concern). Complying with restricted transactions requires implementing a detailed Data Security Program and 45 Table of Contents adhering to strict cybersecurity requirements. Moreover, the Bulk Data Rule may limit our ability to enter into certain investment, vendor, or commercial agreements involving foreign entities or countries of concern, which could restrict market access, impede growth strategies, or reduce the pool of potential investors or business partners. Violations of the Bulk Data Rule, including any enforcement action or finding of non-compliance. could result in severe civil and criminal penalties. In the past few years, numerous U.S. states, such as California, Virginia, Colorado, Connecticut, and Utah, have enacted comprehensive privacy laws that impose certain obligations on covered businesses, including providing specific disclosures in privacy notices and affording residents with certain rights concerning their personal data. As applicable, such rights may include the right to access, correct, or delete certain personal data, and to opt-out of certain data processing activities, such as targeted advertising, profiling, and automated decision-making. The exercise of these rights may impact our business and ability to provide our products and services. Certain states also impose stricter requirements for processing certain personal data, including sensitive information, such as conducting data privacy impact assessments. These state laws allow for statutory fines for noncompliance. For example, the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018, as amended by the California Privacy Rights Act of 2020 (collectively, “CCPA”) applies to personal data of consumers, business representatives and employees who are California residents, and requires businesses to provide specific disclosures in privacy notices and honor requests of such individuals to exercise certain privacy rights. The CCPA provides for fines of up to $7,500 per intentional violation and allows private litigants affected by certain data breaches to recover significant statutory damages. Similar laws are being considered in several other states, as well as at the federal and local levels, and we expect more states to pass similar laws in the future. These developments further complicate compliance efforts and increase legal risk and compliance costs for us and the third parties upon whom we rely. We may be subject to new laws governing the privacy of consumer health data. For example, Washington’s My Health My Data Act broadly defines consumer health data, places restrictions on processing consumer health data (including imposing stringent requirements for consents), provides consumers certain rights with respect to their health data, and creates a private right of action to allow individuals to sue for violations of the law. Other states are considering and may adopt similar laws. Additionally, under various privacy laws and other obligations, we may be required to obtain certain consents to process personal data. For example, some of our data processing practices may be challenged under wiretapping laws, if we obtain consumer information from third parties through various methods, including chatbot and session replay providers, or via third-party marketing pixels. These practices may be subject to increased challenges by class action plaintiffs. Our inability or failure to obtain consent for these practices could result in adverse consequences, including class action litigation and mass arbitration demands. In Europe, regulatory authorities have implemented and are considering a number of legislative and regulatory proposals concerning data protection. For example, the General Data Protection Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (“GDPR”) imposes a broad range of strict requirements on companies, such as us, including requirements relating to having legal bases for processing personal information relating to identifiable individuals and transferring such information outside the European Economic Area (including to the United States) and providing details to those individuals regarding the processing of their personal information, keeping personal information secure. The GDPR substantially increases the penalties to which we could be subject in the event of any non-compliance, including fines of up to 10,000,000 Euros or up to 2% of our total worldwide annual turnover for certain comparatively minor offenses, or up to 20,000,000 Euros or up to 4% of our total worldwide annual turnover for more serious offenses. We face uncertainty as to the exact interpretation of the new requirements, and we may be unsuccessful in implementing all measures required by data protection authorities or courts in interpretation of the new law. National laws of member states of the European Union are in the process of being adapted to the requirements under the General Data Protection Regulation (EU) 2016/679. Because the General Data Protection Regulation (EU) 2016/679 specifically gives member states flexibility with respect to certain matters, national laws may partially deviate from this regulation and impose different obligations from country to country, leading to additional complexity and uncertainty. Our employees and personnel may use generative AI technologies to perform their work, and the disclosure and use of personal data in generative AI technologies is subject to various privacy laws and other privacy obligations. Governments have passed and are likely to pass additional laws regulating generative AI. Our use of this technology could result in additional compliance costs, regulatory investigations and actions, and lawsuits. If we are unable to use generative AI, it could make our business less efficient and result in competitive disadvantages. We may use AI/ machine learning (“ML”) to assist us in making certain decisions, which is regulated by certain privacy laws and a patchwork of state laws regulating the deployment of ML. Due to inaccuracies or flaws in the inputs, outputs, or logic of the AI/ML, the model could be biased and could lead us to make decisions that could bias certain individuals (or classes of individuals), and adversely impact their rights, employment, and ability to obtain certain pricing, products, services, or benefits. We expect that we will continue to face uncertainty as to whether our efforts to comply with evolving obligations under global data protection, privacy and security laws will be sufficient. Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with applicable laws and regulations could result in reputational damage or proceedings or actions against us by governmental entities, individuals or others. These proceedings or actions could subject us to significant civil or criminal penalties and negative publicity, result in the delayed or halted transfer or confiscation of certain personal information, require us to change our business practices, increase our costs and materially harm our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, our current and future relationships 46 Table of Contents with customers, vendors, pharmaceutical partners and other third parties could be negatively affected by any proceedings or actions against us or current or future data protection obligations imposed on them under applicable laws, including the GPDR. In addition, a data breach affecting personal information, including health information, could result in significant legal and financial exposure and reputational damage that could potentially have an adverse effect on our business. We utilize artificial intelligence, which could expose us to liability or adversely affect our business. We currently use various artificial intelligence tools to improve efficiency of internal operations. There are significant risks involved in utilizing AI and no assurance can be provided that our use of such artificial intelligence will enhance the efficiency of our business or produce the intended results. The AI tools we utilize are based on models that are trained using various data sets. If the artificial intelligence models are incorrectly designed, the data people use to train them is incomplete, inadequate, or biased in some way, or people do not have sufficient rights to use the data on which our AI models rely, the performance of our products, services, and business, as well as our reputation, could suffer or we could incur liability through the violation of laws and regulations, third-party intellectual property, privacy, or other rights, or contracts to which we are a party. Further, generative AI is known to produce false or “hallucinatory” inferences or outputs; AI can present ethical issues and may subject us to new or heightened legal, regulatory, ethical, or other challenges; and inappropriate or controversial data practices by developers and end-users, or other factors adversely affecting public opinion of AI, could impair the acceptance of AI solutions, including those incorporated in our products and services. If the AI tools that we use are deficient, inaccurate or controversial, we could incur operational inefficiencies, competitive harm, legal liability, brand or reputational harm, or other adverse impacts on our business and financial results. In addition, regulation of AI is rapidly evolving worldwide as legislators and regulators are increasingly focused on these powerful emerging technologies. The technologies underlying AI and its uses are subject to a variety of laws and regulations, including intellectual property, data privacy and security, customer protection, competition, and equal opportunity laws, and are expected to be subject to increased regulation and new laws or new applications of existing laws and regulations. We may not be able to anticipate how to respond to these rapidly evolving frameworks, and we may need to expend resources to adjust our operations or offerings in certain jurisdictions if the legal frameworks are inconsistent across jurisdictions. Furthermore, because AI technology itself is highly complex and rapidly developing, it is not possible to predict all of the legal, operational or technological risks that may arise relating to the use of AI. Our business and results of operations could be adversely affected by public health crisis and natural catastrophes or other disasters outside of our control in the locations in which we, our suppliers, CROs, contract manufacturing organizations and other contractors operate. Natural disasters, acts of war or terrorism, health epidemics, or other factors beyond our control may adversely affect the economy, infrastructure and livelihood of the people in the regions where we conduct our business. In addition to the impact of COVID-19, global pandemics in the locations in which we, our suppliers, CROs, contract manufacturing organizations and other contractors operate, or fear of spread of contagious diseases, such as avian influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), influenza A (H1N1), Ebola or another epidemic could disrupt the business operations of our company, our suppliers, CROs, contract manufacturing organizations and other contractors. Our operations may also be under the threat of floods, earthquakes, sandstorms, snowstorms, fire or drought, power, water or fuel shortages, failures, malfunction and breakdown of information management systems, unexpected maintenance or technical problems, or may be susceptible to potential wars or terrorist attacks. Serious natural disasters may result in loss of lives, injury, destruction of assets and disruption of our business and operations. Acts of war or terrorism may also injure our employees, cause loss of lives, disrupt our business network and destroy our markets. The occurrence of any of the foregoing events is beyond our control but may result in regional or global economic distress, which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. We may be subject to governmental scrutiny due to backing by private equity groups. Private equity-backed health care companies are under congressional and state government scrutiny for their perceived role in rising health care costs. For example, the Biden-Harris Administration generally made increased transparency and ownership in healthcare companies a priority of the administration, including the public release of ownership data for certain providers including Medicare-certified hospitals, nursing homes, and home health agencies. In 2023, for the second year in a row, the Healthcare Ownership Transparency Act (H.R. 1754) was introduced in the House of Representatives. The bill would require health care corporations that participate in Medicare to disclose private equity interests and related financial information as part of the Medicare enrollment and revalidation processes for providers and suppliers. The disclosure would include information about debts, assets, financial transactions, and other information. The bill would also require providers that are associated with private equity funds to disclose similar information as well as specific information relating to the private equity fund, such as the percentage of equity contributed by the partners of the fund. Furthermore, the bill, as it was proposed, would require HHS to establish a task force to address and limit the role of private equity 47 Table of Contents and consolidation in health care, and grant authority to HHS to prohibit certain mergers or acquisitions until the task force has had sufficient time to assess whether there are “abusive practices” in specific health care sectors or by health care entities. Additionally, Senator Warren and other Democratic members of Congress reintroduced the Stop Wall Street Looting Act. If passed by Congress and signed into law, this piece of legislation would, among other things, expose private equity funds to increased liability for portfolio companies, limit distributions from portfolio companies to private equity funds, and require private equity funds to disclose additional financial information about their healthcare investments. This continued congressional scrutiny (and analogue efforts at the state level) may result in the passage of legislation, or promulgation of regulations by HHS or another federal agency, that could require us to disclose financial and ownership information to the federal government as a condition of participation in federal health care programs. Such disclosures could potentially require the us to disclose information relating to our investors. Legislation could go so far as to grant to HHS the authority to prohibit certain mergers or acquisitions from taking place for an indeterminate length of time. If passed, such legislation could adversely impact health care private equity dealmaking, which, in turn, could have a negative financial impact on us. We may be subject to material litigation and regulatory proceedings. We may be subject to litigation relating to securities law class actions, third-party and principal intellectual property infringement claims, claims relating to data and privacy protection, contractual agreements, employment related cases and other matters in the ordinary course of our business. For details of the material legal proceedings that we are subject to, see “Item 8. Financial Information—A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Legal Proceedings.” Laws, rules and regulations may vary in their scope and laws and regulations outside the United States may impose requirements that are more stringent than, or which conflict with, those in the United States. We have acquired and may acquire companies that may become subject to litigation, as well as regulatory proceedings. In connection with our prior investment in TJBio Hangzhou, we through I-Mab Biopharma Hong Kong Limited (“I-Mab Hong Kong”) were obligated to repurchase the equity held by any then-existing shareholder in TJBio Hangzhou by cash upon the occurrence of certain triggering events. In connection with the divestiture of our Greater China assets and business operations, we have transferred the equity interests we held in TJBio Hangzhou to certain participating shareholders of TJBio Hangzhou in exchange for extinguishment of the existing repurchase obligations owed by I-Mab Hong Kong to those shareholders in the amount of approximately $183 million. However, certain non-participating shareholders of TJBio Hangzhou initiated legal proceedings against I-Mab Hong Kong and our company in connection with the aforementioned transaction. On January 31, 2024, the non-participating shareholders of TJBio Hangzhou, commenced arbitration against I-Mab Hong Kong before China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission Zhejiang Sub-Commission. These non-participating shareholders sought monetary relief amounting to $17.4 million as of January 29, 2024 in total and an order that I-Mab Hong Kong pay all arbitration fees and property preservation fees incurred by them. The arbitration proceedings were concluded and NovaBridge settled with the non-participating shareholders in the second half of 2024. In addition, in connection with litigation or regulatory proceedings we may be subject to in various jurisdictions, we may be prohibited by laws, regulations or government authorities in one jurisdiction from complying with subpoenas, orders or other requests from courts or regulators of other jurisdictions, including those relating to data held in or with respect to persons in these jurisdictions. Our failure or inability to comply with the subpoenas, orders or requests could subject us to fines, penalties or other legal liability, which could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, results of operations and the trading price of our ADSs. As a publicly listed company, we and certain of our subsidiaries face additional exposure to claims and lawsuits. We will need to defend against these lawsuits, including any appeals should our initial defense be successful. The litigation process may utilize a material portion of our cash resources and divert management’s attention away from the day-to-day operations of our company, all of which could harm our business. There can be no assurance that we will prevail in any of these cases, and any adverse outcome of these cases could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business and results of operations. In addition, although we have obtained directors’ and officers’ liability insurance, the insurance coverage may not be adequate to cover our obligations to indemnify our directors and officers, fund a settlement of litigation in excess of insurance coverage or pay an adverse judgment in litigation. The existence of litigation, claims, investigations and proceedings may harm our reputation, limit our ability to conduct our business in the affected areas and adversely affect the trading price of our ADSs. The outcome of any claims, investigations and proceedings is inherently uncertain, and in any event defending against these claims could be both costly and time-consuming, and could significantly divert the efforts and resources of our management and other personnel. An adverse determination in any litigation, investigation or proceeding could cause us to pay damages, incur legal and other costs, limit our ability to conduct business or require us to change the manner in which we operate. 48 Table of Contents Negative publicity with respect to us, our management, employees, business partners, affiliates, or our industry, may materially and adversely affect our reputation, business, results of operations and prospect. Our reputation is vulnerable to many threats that can be difficult or impossible to control, and costly or impossible to remediate. Negative publicity about us, such as alleged misconduct or improper activities, or negative rumors relating to us, our management, employees, business partners or affiliates, can harm our business and results of operations, even if they are unsubstantiated or are satisfactorily addressed. Any regulatory inquiries or investigations or other actions against our management, any perceived unethical, fraudulent, or inappropriate business conduct by us or perceived wrong-doing by any key member of our management team or other employees, our business partners or our affiliates, could harm our reputation and materially adversely affect our business. Regardless of the merits or final outcome of any such regulatory inquiries or investigations or other actions, our reputation may be substantially damaged, which may impede our ability to attract and retain talents and business partners and develop our business. Any negative publicity concerning us or our affiliates, even if untrue, could damage our brand image or adversely affect our reputation and business prospects. In addition, following our name change from “I-Mab” to NovaBridge Biosciences, we may still be affected by negative publicity associated with the “I-Mab” name. Any negative publicity concerning entities other than our affiliates that continue to use or share the “I-Mab” name, including the divested PRC subsidiaries, could be incorrectly attributed to us or otherwise adversely affect our reputation and business prospects. Moreover, any negative media publicity about the biopharmaceutical industry in general or product or service quality problems of other companies in the industry, including our peers, may also negatively impact our reputation. If we are unable to maintain a good reputation, our ability to attract and retain key employees and business partners could be harmed which in turn may materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and prospect. We face risks associated with the divestiture of our Greater China assets and business operations to TJBio Hangzhou. In February 2024, we entered into definitive agreements to divest our Greater China assets and business operations, including the rights to the Greater China portfolio, to TJBio Hangzhou for an aggregate consideration of the RMB equivalent of up to $80 million, contingent on the achievement of certain future regulatory and sales-based milestone events. The divestiture transaction was closed in April 2024. After the completion of the divestiture, we do not own any rights to the Greater China portfolio, including the Greater China rights for eftansomatropin alfa, felzartamab, uliledlimab and givastomig. We no longer bear future development costs of the Greater China assets and business operations. As a result of the divestiture, we have ceased to consolidate the divested entity, assets and businesses, as well as their corresponding financial results from the second quarter of 2024. In light of that, our financial condition and results of operations have been materially affected and our historical results will not be indicative of future financial condition or results of operations. There is no assurance that we may achieve anticipated strategic benefits through the divestiture. We may experience negative reactions as a result of the divestiture. There is no assurance that we will be able to collect part or all of the contingent consideration upon the occurrence of triggering events or potential royalties. Moreover, we cannot assure our investors that the divestiture will not be challenged by governmental authorities or private parties. We may be subject to litigation or other proceedings in connection with, or as a result of the divestiture, which may divert resources and management attention and harm our reputation, and may subject us to significant consequences, including fines, indemnification of the buyers and reversal of the divestiture. We are subject to changing law and regulations regarding regulatory matters, corporate governance and public disclosure that have increased both our costs and the risk of non-compliance. We are or will be subject to rules and regulations by various governing bodies, including the SEC, which is charged with the protection of investors and the oversight of companies whose securities are publicly traded, and the various regulatory authorities in the United States, the Cayman Islands and China, and to new and evolving regulatory measures under applicable law. For example, beginning in March 2026, our directors and officers are now required to report holdings of and transactions in our equity under Section 16 of the Exchange Act, having previously been exempted from such reporting because we qualify as a foreign private issuer. Our efforts to comply with new and changing laws and regulations have resulted in and are likely to continue to result in, increased administrative expenses and a diversion of management time and attention from revenue-generating activities to compliance activities. Moreover, because these laws, regulations and standards are subject to varying interpretations, their application in practice may evolve over time as new guidance becomes available. This evolution may result in continuing uncertainty regarding compliance matters and additional costs necessitated by ongoing revisions to our disclosure and governance practices. If we fail to address and comply with these regulations and any subsequent changes, we may be subject to penalty and our business may be harmed. 49 Table of Contents Risks Related to Doing Business in China We are subject to China’s data privacy and cybersecurity laws, regulations and guidelines and any other future laws and regulations, which may entail significant compliance costs and adversely affect our business. Following the divestiture of our Greater China assets and business operations, we use a limited number of third-party data centers in China to host our servers. As a result, we are subject to China’s data privacy and cybersecurity laws, regulations and guidelines. In China, regulatory authorities have implemented and are considering a number of legislative and regulatory proposals concerning data protection. For example, China’s Cyber Security Law, which became effective in June 2017, created China’s first national-level data protection for “network operators,” which may include all organizations in China that provide services over the internet or another information network. The Data Security Law, which became effective in September 2021, among other things, provides for a security review procedure for the data activities that may affect national security. In addition, the Civil Code of the PRC, which became effective on January 1, 2021, expressly provides the right of privacy and personal information protection. The PRC Cyber Security Law, the Data Security Law and Civil Code are relatively new and subject to interpretation by the regulators. Although we only gain access to user information that is necessary for, and relevant to, the businesses conducted, the data we obtain and use may include information that is deemed as “personal information” or “important data” under the PRC Cyber Security Law, the Civil Code and related data privacy and protection laws and regulations. In addition, certain industry-specific laws and regulations affect the collection and transfer of personal data in China. For example, Regulations on the Administration of Human Genetic Resources, effective in July 2019, the latest amended edition of which came into effect on May 1, 2024, require approval from the Science and Technology Administration Department of the State Council where human genetic resources are involved in any international collaborative project and additional approval for any export or cross-border transfer of the samples of human genetic resources or associated data. While we do not collect samples of human genetic resources or associated data, regulatory interpretations and application inconsistent with our understanding could result in our personal data being deemed such resources, leading to confiscation of data, administrative fines, or criminal liability. Furthermore, in December 2021, the CAC and several other authorities jointly promulgated the revised Cybersecurity Review Measures, which came into effect in February 2022. Pursuant to the Cybersecurity Review Measures, a critical information infrastructure operator that purchases network products and services, or an internet platform operator that conducts data processing activities, shall be subject to cybersecurity review if it affects or may affect national security. In addition, internet platform operators processing personal information of more than one million users seeking to be listed on foreign stock markets must apply for a cybersecurity review. On August 30, 2024, the PRC State Council published the Regulation on Internet Data Security Management which came into effect in January 2025, which provides that data processors conducting the activities that affect or may affect national security shall apply for cybersecurity review. There have been no clarifications from the authorities as of the date of this annual report as to the standards for determining such activities that “affect or may affect national security.” As of the date of this annual report, (i) no detailed rules or implementation relating to the Cybersecurity Review Measures has been issued by any PRC regulatory authorities, (ii) we have not been informed of being identified as a critical information infrastructure operator or an internet platform operator, nor have we been required to go through the cybersecurity review procedures, by any PRC governmental authorities, and (iii) we have not been involved in any investigations on cybersecurity review on such basis, nor have we received any inquiry, notice, warning, or sanctions in such respect, by any PRC governmental authorities. Taking into consideration the above and that (i) the preclinical and clinical data processed or handled by us in our business operations, either by its nature or in scale, do not and will not directly or indirectly affect or potentially affect national security in any respect and (ii) we have not possessed, and do not anticipate possessing, in the foreseeable future, personal information of more than one million users or persons, based on our understanding of the Cybersecurity Review Measures, we do not expect that we will be subject to cybersecurity review by the CAC in connection with our offering of securities to foreign investors and listing on the Nasdaq. Nevertheless, the exact scope of critical information infrastructure operator and “internet platform operator” under the current regulatory regime remains unclear, and the PRC governmental authorities may have wide discretion to decide the identification of critical information infrastructure operator as well as in the interpretation and enforcement of the Cybersecurity Review Measures and other laws, regulations and implementation rules. Therefore, it is uncertain whether we would be deemed as a critical information infrastructure operator or an internet platform operator thereunder. Since 2022, the CAC also promulgated a series of rules and regulations on outbound data transfer, outlining the regulatory framework and providing detailed guidance. A data processor is subject to different regulatory requirements, depending on the nature, sensitivity and volume of the data to be transferred. See “Item 4.—Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—PRC Regulation—Regulations Relating to Outbound Data Transfer.” The PRC laws and regulations concerning data privacy and cybersecurity are continually evolving and not always clear, and the measures we take to comply with these laws, regulations and industry standards may not always be effective. We cannot assure our investors that we will comply with such laws and regulations regarding cybersecurity, information security, privacy and data protection in all respects and any failure or perceived failure to comply with these laws, regulations or policy may result in inquiries, penalties and 50 Table of Contents other proceedings or actions against us by governmental authorities, such as warnings, fines, making certain required rectification, service suspension and/or other sanctions, as well as negative publicity and damage to our reputation. It also remains uncertain whether the future regulatory changes would impose additional restrictions on companies like us. We cannot predict the impact of the future regulatory changes, including impact of any draft measures, at this stage, and we will closely monitor and assess any development in the rule-making process. If additional requirements are imposed to companies like us, such as the clearance of cybersecurity review, we face uncertainties as to whether we can fulfill those requirements in a timely manner, or at all. If we are not able to comply with the cybersecurity and data privacy requirements in a timely manner, or at all, we may be subject to government enforcement actions and investigations, fines, penalties or suspension of our non-compliant operations, which could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations. Uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system could materially and adversely affect us. The PRC legal system is a civil law system based on written statutes. Unlike the common law system, prior court decisions under the civil law system may be cited for reference but have limited precedential value. The overall effect of legislation over the past four decades has significantly enhanced the protections afforded to various forms of foreign investments in China. However, China has not developed a fully integrated legal system, and currently effective laws and regulations may not sufficiently cover all aspects of economic activities in China. Since these laws and regulations are relatively new and may be amended from time to time, and the PRC legal system continues to rapidly evolve, and because of the limited number of published decisions and the nonbinding nature of such decisions, and because the laws and regulations often give the regulator significant discretion in how to enforce them, the interpretations of many laws, regulations and rules may not be uniform and enforcement of these laws, regulations and rules involves uncertainties. These uncertainties may affect our judgment on the relevance of legal requirements and our ability to enforce our contractual rights or tort claims. Besides, the PRC is geographically large and divided into various provinces and municipalities and, as such, different laws, rules, regulations and policies may have different and varying applications and interpretations in different parts of the PRC. Legislation or regulations, particularly in local applications, may be enacted without sufficient prior notice or announcement to the public. In addition, the regulatory uncertainties may be exploited through unmerited or frivolous legal actions or threats in attempts to extract payments or benefits from us. Furthermore, the PRC legal system is based in part on government policies and internal rules, some of which are not published on a timely basis, or at all, and may have a retroactive effect. As a result, we may not be aware of our violation of any of these policies and rules until sometime after the violation. Agreements that are governed by PRC laws may be more difficult to enforce by legal or arbitral proceedings in the PRC than those in other countries with different legal systems. In addition, any administrative and court proceedings in China may be protracted, resulting in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management attention. The ability of U.S. authorities to bring actions for violations of U.S. securities law and regulations against us or our directors may be limited. Therefore, our investors may not be afforded the same protection as provided to investors in U.S. domestic companies. The SEC, the U.S. Department of Justice and other U.S. authorities often have substantial difficulties in bringing and enforcing actions against non-U.S. companies and non-U.S. persons. Due to jurisdictional limitations, matters of comity and various other factors, the SEC, the U.S. Department of Justice and other U.S. authorities may be limited in their ability to pursue bad actors, including in instances of fraud, in emerging markets such as China. A majority of our directors reside outside of the United States. There are significant legal and other obstacles for U.S. authorities to obtain information needed for investigations or litigation against us or our directors in case we or any of these individuals engage in fraud or other wrongdoing. In addition, local authorities in China may be constrained in their ability to assist U.S. authorities and overseas investors in connection with legal proceedings. As a result, if we or our directors commit any securities law violation, fraud or other financial misconduct, the U.S. authorities may not be able to conduct effective investigations or bring and enforce actions against us, our directors or other gatekeepers. Therefore, our investors may not be able to enjoy the same protection provided by various U.S. authorities as it is provided to investors in U.S. domestic companies. We may be restricted from transferring our scientific data outside of China. On March 17, 2018, the General Office of the PRC State Council promulgated the Measures for the Management of Scientific Data, which provide a broad definition of scientific data and rules for the management of scientific data. According to these measures, enterprises in China must seek governmental approval before any scientific data involving a state secret may be transferred abroad or to foreign parties. Further, any researcher conducting research funded, at least in part, by the PRC government is required to submit scientific data for management by the entity to which such researcher is affiliated before the data may be published in any foreign academic journal. Currently, as the term “state secret” is not clearly defined, there is no assurance that we can always obtain approvals for sending scientific data (such as the results of clinical trials conducted within China) abroad, or to our foreign partners in China. If we are unable to obtain the necessary approvals in a timely manner, or at all, our research and development of drug candidates may be hindered, which may materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial conditions and prospects. If the government authorities consider the transmission of our scientific data to be in violation of the requirements under the measures, we may be subject to specific administrative penalties imposed by those government authorities. 51 Table of Contents Changes in international trade policies and rising political tensions, particularly between the United States and China, may adversely impact our business and operating results. The U.S. government has made statements and taken certain actions that may lead to potential changes to U.S. and international trade policies towards China, especially considering recent statements and actions of the Trump administration and China's reaction to such statements and actions. Rising trade and political tensions could reduce levels of trades, investments, technological exchanges and other economic activities between China and other countries, which would have an adverse effect on global economic conditions, the stability of global financial markets, and international trade policies. While we have not started the commercialization of our drug candidates, any rising trade and political tensions or unfavorable government policies on international trade, such as capital controls or tariffs, may affect the demand for our drug products, the competitive position of our drug products, the hiring of scientists and other research and development personnel, and import or export of raw materials in relation to drug development, or prevent us from selling our drug products in certain countries. In particular, if any new tariffs, legislation and/or regulations are implemented, or if existing trade agreements are renegotiated or, especially, if the U.S. government continues to take retaliatory trade actions due to the recent U.S.-China trade and political tension or imposes additional tariffs on goods imported from other countries, such as the EU, such changes could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, our results of operations could be adversely affected if any such tensions or unfavorable government trade policies harm the Chinese economy or the global economy in general. Recent litigation and negative publicity surrounding companies with operations in China that are listed in the United States may result in increased regulatory scrutiny of us and negatively impact the trading price of the ADSs and could have a material adverse effect upon our business, including our results of operations, financial condition, cash flows and prospects. We believe that litigation and negative publicity surrounding companies with operations in China that are listed in the United States have negatively impacted stock prices for such companies. Various equity-based research organizations have published reports on China-based companies after examining, among other things, their corporate governance practices, related party transactions, sales practices and financial statements that have led to special investigations and stock suspensions on national exchanges. Any similar scrutiny of us, regardless of its lack of merit, could result in a diversion of management resources and energy, potential costs to defend ourselves against rumors, decreases and volatility in the ADS trading price, and increased directors and officers insurance premiums and could have a material adverse effect upon our business, including our results of operations, financial condition, cash flows and prospects. If relations between China and the United States deteriorate, our business, operating results and financial condition could be adversely affected. At various times during recent years, the United States and China have had significant disagreements over monetary, economic, political, environmental and social issues, and future relations between these two countries may deteriorate. Various Chinese entities, including certain biotechnology companies and contract manufacturing organizations in China, have been or may become, the subject of trade restrictions, sanctions, and other regulatory requirements by the U.S. government, which could restrict or even prohibit the ability to work with such entities. Changes in political conditions and changes in the state of China-U.S. relations are difficult to predict and could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition. Any deterioration in political or trade relations could harm our business. We cannot predict what effect any changes in China-U.S. relations may have on our ability to access capital or effectively do business in the United States and China. For example, President Biden previously issued an Executive Order on Preventing Access to Americans’ Bulk Sensitive Personal Data and United States Government-Related Data by Countries of Concern that seeks to prohibit or restrict specific types of commercial transactions involving “bulk sensitive personal data,” including (1) personal identifiers; (2) personal financial data; (3) personal health data (as defined under HIPAA); (4) precise geolocation data; (5) biometric identifiers; and (6) human genomic data, between U.S. persons and “countries of concern,” including China. If there is no lawful manner for us to transfer such data to China, or if the requirements for a legally-compliant transfer are too onerous, we could face significant adverse consequences, including the interruption or degradation of our operations, the need to relocate part of or all of our business or data processing activities to other jurisdictions (such as the United States) at significant expense and increased exposure to regulatory actions. Moreover, any political or trade controversies between the United States and China, whether or not directly related to our business, could cause investors to be unwilling to hold or buy our ADSs and consequently cause the trading price of our ADSs to decline. In addition, any adoption of more stringent rules or regulations in China related to monetary, economic, political, environmental or social issues, particularly as those matters relate to relations with the United States, could harm our business, financial condition or prospects. General Risks Related to Our ADSs 52 Table of Contents If we were deemed to be an investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “Investment Company Act”), applicable restrictions could make it impractical for us to continue our business as contemplated and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Under Sections 3(a)(1)(A) and (C) of the Investment Company Act, a company generally will be deemed to be an “investment company” for purposes of the Investment Company Act if (1) it is, or holds itself out as being, engaged primarily, or proposes to engage primarily, in the business of investing, reinvesting or trading in securities or (2) it engages, or proposes to engage, in the business of investing, reinvesting, owning, holding or trading in securities and it owns or proposes to acquire investment securities having a value exceeding 40% of the value of its total assets (exclusive of U.S. Treasury debt securities and cash items) on an unconsolidated basis. Section 3(b)(1) of the Investment Company Act provides that notwithstanding Section 3(a)(1)(C) of the Investment Company Act a company will not be deemed to be an “investment company” if it is primarily engaged, directly or through a wholly owned subsidiary or subsidiaries, in a business or businesses other than that of investing, reinvesting, owning, holding, or trading in securities. Rule 3a-8 under the Investment Company Act provides a nonexclusive safe harbor from the definition of “investment company” for certain research and development companies. We do not believe that we are an “investment company” under the Investment Company Act, including by operation of Section 3(b)(1) of the Investment Company Act and as a result of our compliance with the safe harbor of Rule 3a-8 under the Investment Company as a research and development company, within the meaning of such rule. We currently conduct, and intend to continue to conduct, our operations so that neither we, nor any of our subsidiaries, is required to register as an “investment company” under the Investment Company Act. If we and/or certain of our subsidiaries are deemed to be an investment company within the meaning of the Investment Company Act, we would have to dispose of investment securities (as defined in the Investment Company Act) in order to fall outside the definition of an investment company. Additionally, we may have to forego potential future acquisitions of investment securities (as defined in the Investment Company Act). Failure to avoid being deemed an investment company under the Investment Company Act, coupled with our inability as a foreign private issuer to register under the Investment Company Act, could make us unable to comply with our reporting obligations as a public company in the United States and lead to our being delisted from the Nasdaq, which would materially and adversely affect the liquidity and value of the ADSs. We would also be unable to raise capital through the sale of securities in the United States or to conduct business in the United States. In addition, we may be subject to SEC enforcement action or purported class action lawsuits for alleged violations of U.S. securities laws. Defending ourselves against any such enforcement action or lawsuits would require significant attention from our management and divert resources from our existing businesses and could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition. Our failure to maintain compliance with Nasdaq’s continued listing requirements could result in the delisting of the ADSs. Our ADSs are listed on Nasdaq. In order to maintain that listing, we must satisfy minimum financial and other requirements including, without limitation, a requirement that our closing bid price must not fall below $1.00 per ADS for 30 consecutive business days, or risk delisting, which would have a material adverse effect on our business. On March 19, 2025, we received a notice from Nasdaq that we are not in compliance with Nasdaq’s Listing Rule 5450(a)(1), because the minimum bid price of our ADSs has been below $1.00 per share for 30 consecutive business days. On June 11, 2025, we received notification from Nasdaq that we had regained compliance with the $1.00 minimum bid price requirement under Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2) by maintaining a minimum closing bid price of $1.00 for at least 10 consecutive business days as of June 10, 2025, and Nasdaq confirmed that this matter was closed. However, there can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain long-term compliance with the minimum bid price requirement or that we will otherwise maintain compliance with other Nasdaq listing requirements. Our failure to maintain compliance with the minimum bid price requirement or to meet the other applicable continued listing requirements in the future may result in our ADSs being delisted from Nasdaq. A delisting could substantially decrease trading in the ADSs, adversely affect the market liquidity of the ADSs as a result of the loss of market efficiencies associated with Nasdaq and the loss of federal preemption of state securities laws, adversely affect our ability to obtain financing on acceptable terms, if at all, and may result in the potential loss of confidence by investors, suppliers, customers and employees and fewer business development opportunities. Additionally, the market price of the ADSs may decline further and shareholders may lose some or all of their investment. The trading price of our ADSs may be volatile, which could result in substantial losses to our investors. The trading price of our ADSs can be volatile and fluctuate widely in response to a variety of factors, many of which are beyond our control. In addition, the performance and fluctuation of the market prices of other companies with operations in the same industry that have listed their securities in the United States may affect the volatility in the price of and trading volumes for our ADSs. Some of these companies have experienced significant volatility. The trading performances of these companies’ securities may affect the overall 53 Table of Contents investor sentiment towards other companies listed in the United States and consequently may impact the trading performance of our ADSs. In addition to market and industry factors, the price and trading volume for our ADSs may be highly volatile for specific business reasons, including: •announcements of regulatory approval or a complete response letter, or specific label indications or patient populations for a drug’s use, or changes or delays in the regulatory review process; •announcements of therapeutic innovations, new products, acquisitions, strategic relationships, joint ventures or capital commitments by us or our competitors; •adverse actions taken by regulatory agencies with respect to our clinical trials, manufacturing supply chain or sales and marketing activities; •any adverse changes to our relationship with manufacturers or suppliers; •the results of our testing and clinical trials; •the results of our efforts to acquire or license additional drug candidates; •variations in the level of expenses related to our drug candidates or preclinical, clinical development and commercialization programs; •any intellectual property infringement actions in which we may become involved; •announcements concerning our competitors or the pharmaceutical industry in general; •variations in our results of operations; •announcements about our results of operations that are not in line with analyst expectations, the risk of which is enhanced because it is our policy not to give guidance on results of operations; •publication of operating or industry metrics by third parties, including government statistical agencies, that differ from expectations of industry or financial analysts; •changes in financial estimates by securities research analysts; •media reports, whether or not true, about our business, our competitors or our industry; •additions to or departures of our management and board of directors; •fluctuations of exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and the RMB or other currencies of the jurisdiction where our contractors are located; •release or expiry of lock-up or other transfer restrictions on our outstanding ordinary shares or ADSs; •sales or perceived potential sales of additional ordinary shares or ADSs by us, our executive officers and directors or our shareholders; •any share repurchase programs; •general economic and market conditions and overall fluctuations in the U.S. equity markets; •changes in accounting principles; and •changes or developments in the U.S., PRC or global regulatory environment. 54 Table of Contents In addition, the stock market, in general, and pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of these companies. Broad market and industry factors may negatively affect the market price of our ADSs, regardless of our actual operating performance. Further, the current volatility in the financial markets and related factors beyond our control may cause the market price of our ADSs to decline rapidly and unexpectedly. We may face an increased risk of securities class action litigation. Historically, securities class action litigation has often been brought against a company following a significant decline in the market price of its securities. This risk is especially relevant for us because biotechnology and biopharmaceutical companies have experienced significant share price volatilities in recent years. If we were to face lawsuits, it could lead to substantial costs and a distraction of management’s attention and resources, which could harm our business. In the past, shareholders of a public company often brought securities class action suits against the company following periods of instability in the market price of that company’s securities. If we were involved in a class action suit, it could divert a significant amount of our management’s attention and other resources from our business and operations, which could harm our results of operations and require us to incur significant expenses to defend the suit. Any such class action suit, whether or not successful, could harm our reputation and restrict our ability to raise capital in the future. In addition, if a claim is successfully made against us, we may be required to pay significant damages, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, or if they adversely change their recommendations regarding our ADSs, the market price for our ADSs and trading volume could decline. The trading market for our ADSs will depend in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. If research analysts do not establish and maintain adequate research coverage or if one or more of the analysts who covers us downgrades our ADSs or publishes inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the market price for our ADSs would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to publish reports on us regularly, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which, in turn, could cause the market price or trading volume for our ADSs to decline. Because we do not expect to pay dividends in the foreseeable future, our investors must rely on price appreciation of our ADSs for return on their investments. We currently intend to retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings to fund the development and development of our business. As a result, we do not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Therefore, our investors should not rely on an investment in our ADSs as a source for any future dividend income. Our board of directors has complete discretion as to whether to distribute dividends, subject to our memorandum and articles of association and certain requirements of Cayman Islands law. In addition, our shareholders may by ordinary resolution declare a dividend, but no dividend may exceed the amount recommended by our directors. Under Cayman Islands law, a Cayman Islands company may pay a dividend out of either profit or share premium account of the company, provided that in no circumstances may a dividend be paid out of share premium if this would result in the company being unable to pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business. Even if our board of directors decides to declare and pay dividends, the timing, amount and form of future dividends, if any, will depend on our future results of operations and cash flow, our capital requirements and surplus, the amount of distributions, if any, received by us from our subsidiaries, our financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors deemed relevant by our board of directors. Accordingly, the return on our investors’ investments in our ADSs will likely depend entirely upon any future price appreciation of our ADSs. There is no guarantee that our ADSs will appreciate in value or even maintain the price at which our investors purchased the ADSs. Our investors may not realize a return on their investment in our ADSs and they may even lose their entire investment in our ADSs. Substantial future sales or perceived potential sales of our ADSs in the public market could cause the price of our ADSs to decline. Sales of substantial amounts of our ADSs in the public market, or the perception that these sales could occur, could adversely affect the market price of our ADSs and could materially impair our ability to raise capital through equity offerings in the future. Certain holders of our ordinary shares may cause us to register the sale of their shares under the Securities Act. Registration of these shares under the Securities Act would result in ADSs representing these shares becoming freely tradable without restriction under the Securities Act immediately upon the effectiveness of the registration. Sales of these registered shares in the form of ADSs in the public market, or sales of securities held by our significant shareholders or any other shareholder or the availability of these securities for future sale could cause the price of our ADSs to decline. 55 Table of Contents The voting rights of holders of ADSs are limited by the terms of the deposit agreement, and our investors may not be able to exercise the same rights as our shareholders. Holders of ADSs do not have the same rights as our shareholders. As holders of our ADSs, our investors will not have any direct rights to attend general meetings of our shareholders or to cast any votes at such meetings. As ADS holders, our investors will only be able to exercise the voting rights carried by the underlying ordinary shares indirectly by giving voting instructions to the depositary in accordance with the provisions of the deposit agreement. Under the deposit agreement, our investors may vote only by giving voting instructions to the depositary. Upon receipt of our investors voting instructions, the depositary will try, as far as is practicable, to vote the ordinary shares underlying their ADSs in accordance with their instructions. If we ask for our investors’ instructions, then upon receipt of their voting instructions, the depositary will try to vote the underlying ordinary shares in accordance with these instructions. If we do not instruct the depositary to ask for our investors’ instructions, the depositary may still vote in accordance with the instructions they give, but it is not required to do so. Our investors will not be able to directly exercise their rights to vote with respect to the underlying ordinary shares unless they withdraw the shares, and become the registered holder of such shares prior to the record date for the general meeting. When a general meeting is convened, our investors may not receive sufficient advance notice of the meeting to withdraw the shares underlying their ADSs and become the registered holder of such shares to allow them to attend the general meeting and to vote directly with respect to any specific matter or resolution to be considered and voted upon at the general meeting. In addition, under our memorandum and articles of association, for the purposes of determining those shareholders who are entitled to attend and vote at any general meeting, our directors may close our register of members and/or fix in advance a record date for such meeting, and such closure of our register of members or the setting of such a record date may prevent our investors from withdrawing the ordinary shares underlying their ADSs and becoming the registered holders of such shares prior to the record date, so that our investors would not be able to attend the general meeting or to vote directly. If we ask for our investors’ instructions, the depositary will notify them of the upcoming vote and will arrange to deliver our voting materials to them. We have agreed to give the depositary notice of shareholder meetings sufficiently in advance of such meetings. Nevertheless, we cannot assure our investors that they will receive the voting materials in time to ensure that they can instruct the depositary to vote the underlying ordinary shares represented by their ADSs. In addition, the depositary and its agents are not responsible for failing to carry out voting instructions or for their manner of carrying out our investors’ voting instructions. This means that our investors may not be able to exercise their rights to direct how the shares underlying their ADSs are voted, and they may have no legal remedy if the shares underlying their ADSs are not voted as they requested. In addition, in our investors capacity as an ADS holders, they will not be able to call a shareholders’ meeting. Except in limited circumstances, the depositary for our ADSs will give us a discretionary proxy to vote the ordinary shares underlying our investors’ ADSs if they do not vote at shareholders’ meetings, which could adversely affect our investors’ interests. Under the deposit agreement for the ADSs, if our investors do not vote, the depositary will give us a discretionary proxy to vote the ordinary shares underlying their ADSs at shareholders’ meetings unless: •we have instructed the depositary that we do not wish a discretionary proxy to be given; •we have informed the depositary that there is substantial opposition as to a matter to be voted on at the meeting; •a matter to be voted on at the meeting would have an adverse impact on shareholders; or •the voting at the meeting is to be made on a show of hands. The effect of this discretionary proxy is that our investors cannot prevent our ordinary shares underlying their ADSs from being voted, except under the circumstances described above. This may make it more difficult for shareholders to influence the management of our company. Holders of our ordinary shares are not subject to this discretionary proxy. Our investors’ rights to participate in any future rights offerings may be limited, which may cause dilution to their holdings. We may from time to time distribute rights to our shareholders, including rights to acquire our securities. However, we cannot make rights available to our investors in the United States unless we register both the rights and the securities to which the rights relate under the Securities Act or an exemption from the registration requirements is available. Under the deposit agreement, the depositary will not make rights available to our investors unless both the rights and the underlying securities to be distributed to ADS holders are either registered under the Securities Act or exempt from registration under the Securities Act. We are under no obligation to file a registration statement with respect to any such rights or securities or to endeavor to cause such a registration statement to be declared effective and we may not be able to establish a necessary exemption from registration under the Securities Act. Accordingly, our investors may be unable to participate in our rights offerings and may experience dilution in their holdings. 56 Table of Contents Our investors may not receive cash dividends if the depositary decides it is impractical to make them available to them. The depositary will pay cash dividends on the ADSs only to the extent that we decide to distribute dividends on our ordinary shares or other deposited securities, and we do not have any present plan to pay any cash dividends on our ordinary shares in the foreseeable future. To the extent that there is a distribution, the depositary of our ADSs has agreed to pay to our investors the cash dividends or other distributions it or the custodian receives on our ordinary shares or other deposited securities after deducting its fees and expenses pursuant to the deposit agreement. Our investors will receive these distributions in proportion to the number of ordinary shares their ADSs represent. However, the depositary may, at its discretion, decide that it is inequitable or impractical to make a distribution available to any holders of ADSs. For example, the depositary may determine that it is not practicable to distribute certain property through the mail, or that the value of certain distributions may be less than the cost of mailing them. In these cases, the depositary may decide not to distribute such property to our investors. Our investors may be subject to limitations on transfer of their ADSs. Our investors’ ADSs are transferable on the books of the depositary. However, the depositary may close its transfer books at any time or from time to time when it deems expedient in connection with the performance of its duties. The depositary may close its books from time to time for a number of reasons, including in connection with corporate events such as a rights offering, during which time the depositary needs to maintain an exact number of ADS holders on its books for a specified period. The depositary may also close its books in emergencies, and on weekends and public holidays. In addition, the depositary may refuse to deliver, transfer or register transfers of ADSs generally when our books or the books of the depositary are closed, or at any time if we or the depositary deems it advisable to do so because of any requirement of law or of any government or governmental body, or under any provision of the deposit agreement, or for any other reason. ADSs holders may not be entitled to a jury trial with respect to claims arising under the deposit agreement, which could result in less favorable outcomes to the plaintiff(s) in any such action. The deposit agreement governing the ADSs representing our ordinary shares provides that, subject to the depositary’s right to require a claim to be submitted to the federal or state courts in the City of New York to hear and determine claims arising under the deposit agreement to the fullest extent permitted by law, ADS holders waive the right to a jury trial of any claim they may have against us or the depositary arising out of or relating to our shares, the ADSs or the deposit agreement, including any claim under the U.S. federal securities laws. Also, we may amend or terminate the deposit agreement without our investors’ consent. If our investors continue to hold their ADSs after an amendment to the deposit agreement, they agree to be bound by the deposit agreement as amended. If we or the depositary were to oppose a jury trial demand based on such waiver, the court would determine whether the waiver was enforceable in the facts and circumstances of that case in accordance with applicable state and federal law, including whether a party knowingly, intelligently and voluntarily waived the right to a jury trial. The waiver to right to a jury trial of the deposit agreement is not intended to be deemed a waiver by any holder or beneficial owner of ADSs of our or the depositary’s compliance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. If our investors or any other holders or beneficial owners of ADSs bring a claim against us or the depositary in connection with matters arising under the deposit agreement or the ADSs, including claims under U.S. federal securities laws, our investors or such other holder or beneficial owner may not be entitled to a jury trial with respect to such claims, which may have the effect of limiting and discouraging lawsuits against us and/or the depositary. If a lawsuit is brought against us and/or the depositary under the deposit agreement, it may be heard only by a judge or justice of the applicable trial court, in which the trial would be conducted according to different civil procedures and may result in different outcomes than a trial by jury would have had, including results that could be less favorable to the plaintiff(s) in any such action. Nevertheless, if this jury trial waiver provision is not enforced, to the extent a court action proceeds, it would proceed under the terms of the deposit agreement with a jury trial. No condition, stipulation or provision of the deposit agreement or ADSs serves as a waiver by any holder or beneficial owner of ADSs or by us or the depositary of compliance with any substantive provision of the U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. Our investors may face difficulties in protecting their interests, and their ability to protect their rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law. We are an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands with limited liability. Our corporate affairs are governed by our memorandum and articles of association, as amended and restated from time to time, the Companies Act (Revised) of the Cayman Islands, which we refer to as the Companies Act, and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders to take action against our directors, actions by our minority shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors to us under Cayman 57 Table of Contents Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as from the common law of England, the decisions of whose courts are of persuasive authority, but are not binding, on a court in the Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedent in some jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands has a less developed body of securities laws than the United States. Some U.S. states, such as Delaware, have more fully developed and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law than the Cayman Islands. In addition, with respect to Cayman Islands companies, plaintiffs may face special obstacles, including those relating to jurisdiction and standing, in attempting to assert derivative claims in state or federal courts of the United States. Shareholders of Cayman Islands exempted companies like us have no general rights under Cayman Islands law to inspect corporate records (except for our memorandum and articles of association, our register of mortgages and charges and special resolutions of our shareholders) or to obtain copies of register of members of these companies. Under our currently effective memorandum and articles of association, the directors may from time to time determine whether and to what extent and at what times and places and under what conditions or regulations the accounts and books of our company or any of them shall be open to the inspection of shareholders not being directors, and no shareholder (not being a director) shall have any right to inspect any account or book or document of our company except as conferred by law or authorized by the directors or by ordinary resolution. This may make it more difficult for our investors to obtain the information needed to establish any facts necessary for a shareholder motion or to solicit proxies from other shareholders in connection with a proxy contest. As a result of all of the above, our public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by management, members of the board of directors or controlling shareholders than they would as public shareholders of a company incorporated in the United States. We have been advised by Harney Westwood & Riegels that although there is no statutory enforcement in the Cayman Islands of judgments obtained in the federal or state courts of the United States (and the Cayman Islands are not a party to any treaties for the reciprocal enforcement or recognition of such judgments), the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands will at common law enforce final and conclusive in personam judgments of state and/or federal courts of the United States of America, or the “Foreign Court”, of a debt or definite sum of money against the company (other than a sum of money payable in respect of taxes or other charges of a like nature, a fine or other penalty (which may include a multiple damages judgment in an anti-trust action) or where enforcement would be contrary to public policy). The Grand Court of the Cayman Islands may also at common law enforce final and conclusive in personam judgments of the Foreign Court that are non-monetary against the company, for example, declaratory judgments ruling upon the true legal owner of shares in a Cayman Islands company. The Grand Court of the Cayman Islands will exercise its discretion in the enforcement of non-money judgments by having regard to the circumstances, such as considering whether the principles of comity apply. To be treated as final and conclusive, any relevant judgment must be regarded as res judicata by the Foreign Court. A debt claim on a foreign judgment must be brought within six years of the date of the judgment, and arrears of interest on a judgment debt cannot be recovered after six years from the date on which the interest was due. The courts of the Cayman Islands are unlikely to enforce a judgment obtained from the Foreign Court under civil liability provisions of U.S. federal securities law if such a judgment is found by the courts of the Cayman Islands to give rise to obligations to make payments that are penal or punitive in nature. Such a determination has not yet been made by the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands. A court of the Cayman Islands may stay enforcement proceedings if concurrent proceedings are being brought elsewhere. A judgment entered in default of appearance by a defendant who has had notice of the Foreign Court’s intention to proceed may be final and conclusive notwithstanding that the Foreign Court has power to set aside its own judgment and despite the fact that it may be subject to an appeal the time-limit for which has not yet expired. The Grand Court of the Cayman Islands may safeguard the defendant’s rights by granting a stay of execution pending any such appeal and may also grant interim injunctive relief as appropriate for the purpose of enforcement Our memorandum and articles of association contain anti-takeover provisions that could discourage a third- party from acquiring us and adversely affect the rights of holders of our ordinary shares and the ADSs. Our memorandum and articles of association contain provisions to limit the ability of others to acquire control of our company or cause us to engage in change of control transactions. These provisions could have the effect of depriving our shareholders of an opportunity to sell their shares at a premium over prevailing market prices by discouraging third parties from seeking to obtain control of our company in a tender offer or similar transaction. Our board of directors has the authority to issue preferred shares in one or more series and to fix their designations, powers, preferences, privileges, and relative participating, optional or special rights and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions, including dividend rights, conversion rights, voting rights, terms of redemption and liquidation preferences, any or all of which may be greater than the rights associated with our ordinary shares, in the form of ADS or otherwise. Preferred shares could be issued with terms calculated to delay or prevent a change in control of our company or make removal of management more difficult. If our board of directors decides to issue preferred shares, the price of our ADSs may fall and the voting and other rights of the holders of our ordinary shares and ADSs may be materially and adversely affected. 58 Table of Contents We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of the rules under the Exchange Act, and as such we are exempt from certain provisions applicable to U.S. domestic public companies. Because we qualify as a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, we are exempt from certain provisions of the securities rules and regulations in the United States that are applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, including: •the rules under the Exchange Act requiring the filing with the SEC of quarterly reports on Form 10-Q or current reports on Form 8-K; •the sections of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents, or authorizations in respect of a security registered under the Exchange Act; •the selective disclosure rules by issuers of material nonpublic information under Regulation FD promulgated by SEC; and •although our directors and executive officers are required to report equity holdings and transactions under Section 16 of the Exchange Act, they are not subject to the insider short-swing profit disclosure and recovery regime. We are required to file an annual report on Form 20-F within four months of the end of each fiscal year. In addition, we intend to publish our quarterly results as press releases, distributed pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Nasdaq Stock Market. Press releases relating to financial results and material events will also be furnished to the SEC on Form 6-K. However, the information we are required to file with or furnish to the SEC will be less extensive and less timely compared to that required to be filed with the SEC by U.S. domestic issuers. As a result, our investors may not be afforded the same protections or information that would be made available to them if they were investing in a U.S. domestic issuer. However, if we determine that we no longer meet the definition of a foreign private issuer in the future, we would become subject to the reporting requirements for a domestic issuer. As an exempted company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, we are permitted to adopt certain home country practices in relation to corporate governance matters that differ significantly from the Nasdaq Stock Market’s corporate governance requirements; these practices may afford less protection to shareholders than they would enjoy if we complied fully with the Nasdaq Stock Market’s corporate governance requirements. As a Cayman Islands company listed on the Nasdaq Stock Market, we are subject to the Nasdaq Stock Market’s corporate governance requirements. However, the Nasdaq Stock Market rules permit a foreign private issuer like us to follow the corporate governance practices of its home country. Certain corporate governance practices in the Cayman Islands, which is our home country, may differ significantly from the Nasdaq Stock Market’s corporate governance requirements. For example, neither the Companies Act nor our memorandum and articles of association requires a majority of our directors to be independent and we could include non-independent directors as members of our compensation committee and nominating committee, and our independent directors would not necessarily hold regularly scheduled meetings at which only independent directors are present. We currently rely on foreign private issuer exemptions to Nasdaq Rules 5605(b)(1), 5605(d) and 5605(e), as we do not have a board of directors consisting of a majority of independent directors and we have one member on each of our compensation committee and nominating and corporate governance committee that is not independent. Additionally, our home country practices provide that shareholder approval may not be required when a plan or other equity compensation arrangement is established or materially amended and that we are not required to hold an annual general meeting of shareholders no later than one year after the end of its fiscal year-end. As we have chosen, or may from time to time choose, to follow home country practice exemptions with respect to certain corporate matters, such as the ones mentioned above, our shareholders may be afforded less protection than they otherwise would under the Nasdaq Stock Market’s corporate governance requirements applicable to U.S. domestic issuers. See also “Item 16G. Corporate Governance.” We could lose our foreign private issuer status in the future, which could result in significant additional costs and expenses. As discussed above, we are a foreign private issuer, and therefore, we are not subject to all of the periodic disclosure and current reporting requirements of the Exchange Act. The determination of foreign private issuer status is made annually on the last business day of an issuer’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter. We would lose our foreign private issuer status if, for example, more than 50% of our ordinary shares are directly or indirectly held by residents of the U.S. and we fail to meet additional requirements necessary to maintain our foreign private issuer status. If we were to lose our foreign private issuer status, we would be required to file with the SEC periodic reports and registration statements on U.S. domestic issuer forms, which are more detailed and extensive than the forms available to a foreign private issuer. We would also have to mandatorily comply with U.S. federal proxy requirements, and our officers, directors and principal shareholders would become subject to the short-swing profit disclosure and recovery provisions of Section 16 of the Exchange Act. In addition, we would lose our ability to rely upon exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements under the Nasdaq listing standards. As a U.S. listed public company that is not a foreign private issuer, we would incur significant additional 59 Table of Contents legal, accounting and other expenses that we will not incur as a foreign private issuer, and accounting, reporting and other expenses in order to maintain a listing on a U.S. securities exchange. We believe that we were a passive foreign investment company for U.S. federal income tax purposes for the taxable year ended December 31, 2025, which could subject U.S. investors in our ADSs or ordinary shares to adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences. We will be classified as a passive foreign investment company (“PFIC”), for any taxable year if either (i) 75% or more of our gross income for such year consists of certain types of “passive” income or (ii) 50% or more of the value of our assets (generally determined on the basis of a quarterly average) during such year produce or are held for the production of passive income. Based upon the nature and composition of our assets (in particular, the retention of substantial amounts of cash and investments) and income (in particular, the generation of interest income and lack of active income), and the market price of our ADSs, we believe that we were a PFIC for the taxable year ended December 31, 2025 and we will likely be a PFIC for our current taxable year unless the market price of our ADSs significantly increases and/or we invest a substantial amount of the cash and other passive assets we hold in assets that produce or are held for the production of active income. Because the determination of whether we are a PFIC for a taxable year is fact-intensive and made after the close of such taxable year applying principles and methodologies that in some circumstances are unclear and subject to varying interpretations, we cannot provide any assurances as to our PFIC status, and our U.S. counsel expresses no opinion with respect to our PFIC status. If we are a PFIC in any taxable year, a U.S. Holder (as defined in “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations”) may incur significantly increased U.S. federal income tax on gain recognized on the sale or other disposition of the ADSs or ordinary shares and on the receipt of distributions on the ADSs or ordinary shares to the extent such gain or distribution is treated as an “excess distribution” under the U.S. federal income tax rules and such U.S. Holder may be subject to burdensome reporting requirements. Further, if we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder holds our ADSs or ordinary shares, we generally will continue to be treated as a PFIC for all succeeding years during which such U.S. Holder holds our ADSs or ordinary shares, unless we were to cease to be a PFIC and the U.S. Holder were to make a “deemed sale” election with respect to the ADSs or ordinary shares. For more information see “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations.” If we (or any of our non-U.S. subsidiaries) are a controlled foreign corporation, certain of our U.S. investors may suffer adverse tax consequences. If a “United States person” for U.S. federal income tax purposes is treated as owning (directly, indirectly or constructively) at least 10% of the total value or total combined voting power of our stock, such person may be treated as a “United States shareholder,” or a U.S. Shareholder, with respect to each “controlled foreign corporation,” or “CFC”, in our group (if any). A non-U.S. corporation will be a CFC if U.S. Shareholders own (directly, indirectly or constructively) more than 50% of the total value or total combined voting power of the stock of such non-U.S. corporation. Because our group includes one or more U.S. corporate subsidiaries, certain of our current or future non-U.S. corporate subsidiaries may be treated as CFCs through “downward attribution” regardless of whether we are treated as a CFC. A U.S. Shareholder of a CFC may be required to annually report and include in its U.S. taxable income its pro rata share of the CFC’s “Subpart F income,” “global intangible low-taxed income,” and investments of earnings in U.S. property (regardless of whether the CFC makes any distributions to its shareholders). Additionally, an individual U.S. Shareholder with respect to a CFC generally will not be allowed certain tax deductions or foreign tax credits that would be allowed to a corporate U.S. Shareholder. Failure to comply with CFC reporting obligations may subject a U.S. Shareholder to significant monetary penalties and prevent the statute of limitations from running with respect to the U.S. Shareholder’s U.S. federal income tax return for the taxable year in which reporting was due. There can be no assurance that we will assist our U.S. investors in determining whether we (or any of our current or future non-U.S. subsidiaries) are treated as a CFC or whether such U.S. investors are treated as U.S. Shareholders with respect to any such CFC, or that we will furnish to any such U.S. Shareholders information that may be necessary to comply with their CFC reporting and tax paying obligations. U.S. investors should consult their own tax advisors regarding the CFC rules’ impact in their particular circumstances. Changes in tax laws or regulations that are applied adversely to us or our customers may have a material adverse effect on our business, cash flow, financial condition, or results of operations. New tax laws, statutes, rules, regulations or ordinances could be enacted at any time. Further, existing tax laws, statutes, rules, regulations, or ordinances could be interpreted differently, changed, repealed or modified at any time. Any such enactment, interpretation, change, repeal, or modification could adversely affect us, possibly with retroactive effect. In particular, changes in corporate tax rates, the realization of net deferred tax assets, the taxation of income, including foreign earnings, and the deductibility of expenses could have a material impact on our financial position, including the value of our deferred tax assets, result in significant 60 Table of Contents one-time charges, increase our future tax expenses, reduce net returns to our shareholders and increase the complexity, burden and cost of tax compliance.