​ Our Holding Company Structure The Company is not a Chinese operating company but a Cayman Islands holding company with operations primarily conducted by its subsidiaries based in China. Investors in the ADSs are purchasing equity interest in the Cayman Islands holding company. See “—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—We rely principally on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our principal operating subsidiary, and limitations on their ability to pay dividends to us could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.” In addition, we face various legal and operational risks and uncertainties related to doing business in mainland China. A significant part of our business operations in China are conducted through our subsidiaries in the PRC, and we and our subsidiaries are subject to complex and evolving PRC laws and regulations. For example, we and our subsidiaries in the PRC face risks associated with regulatory approvals on offshore offerings, which may impact our ability to conduct certain businesses, accept foreign investments, or list on a United States or other foreign exchange. These risks could result in a material adverse change in our operations and the value of the ADSs, significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors, or cause such securities to significantly decline in value. In addition, we are subject to risks arising from China’s regulatory environment, including the complexity and uncertainty in the interpretation of the PRC laws and regulations. See “—Implications of Being a Foreign Private Issuer and a China-based Company” and “—The Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act.” Recently, Chinese regulators have announced regulatory actions targeting certain sectors of China’s economy. Although the solar power industry has not been directly affected, we cannot guarantee that the Chinese government will not in the future take regulatory actions that materially and adversely affect the business environment and financial markets in China as they relate to us, our ability to operate our business, our liquidity and our access to capital. For a detailed description of risks related to doing business in China, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China.” The PRC government’s significant authority in regulating our operations and its oversight and control over offerings conducted overseas by, and foreign investment in, China-based issuers could impact our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors. Recently, the PRC government has initiated a series of regulatory actions and statements to regulate business operations in China, such as filing requirements for China-based companies’ overseas securities offerings and listing, new measures to extend the scope of cybersecurity reviews, new laws and regulations related to data privacy and security, and expanded efforts in anti-monopoly enforcement, and new rules to request China-based companies to fulfill relevant filing procedure and report relevant information to China Securities Regulatory Commission (the “CSRC”) for overseas offerings. While these regulatory changes have not yet had any material impact on us, we will be required to comply with the filing requirements for our future securities offerings, which we cannot assure you that we will be able to complete in a timely manner, or at all. Further, implementation of industry-wide regulations, including data security or anti-monopoly related regulations, in this nature may cause the value of such securities to significantly decline. For more details, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—PRC regulations relating to overseas investment by PRC residents may restrict our overseas and cross-border investment activities and adversely affect the implementation of our strategy as well as our business and prospects.” and “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—The approval, filing or other requirements of the CSRC or other PRC regulatory authorities is required under PRC law in connection with our future issuance of securities overseas, which could impose uncertainty on our capital raising activities.” Risks and uncertainties arising from the regulatory environment in China, including risks and uncertainties regarding the interpretation and enforcement of laws and quickly evolving rules and regulations in China, could result in a material adverse change in our operations and the value of the ADSs. For more details, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China— Complexity and uncertainties with respect to the PRC regulatory environment, including the interpretation and enforcement of PRC laws and regulations, could have a material adverse effect on us.” 4 Table of Contents Implications of Being a Foreign Private Issuer and a China-based Company We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of the rules under the Exchange Act, and as such we are exempt from certain provisions of the securities rules and regulations in the United States that are applicable to U.S. domestic issuers. Moreover, the information we are required to file with or furnish to the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, will be less extensive and less timely compared to that required to be filed with the SEC by U.S. domestic issuers. In addition, as a company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, we are permitted to adopt certain home country practices in relation to corporate governance matters that differ significantly from the NYSE listing standards. These practices may afford less protection to shareholders than they would enjoy if we complied fully with the NYSE listing standards. Our operations in China are governed by PRC laws and regulations. As of the date of this annual report, our PRC subsidiaries have obtained the requisite licenses and permits from the PRC government authorities that are material for their business operations in China. We are exposed to legal and operational risks associated with being based in and having the majority of our operations in China. We are subject to risks arising from China’s regulatory environment, including complexity and uncertainties in the interpretation and the enforcement of the PRC laws and regulations. In addition, rules and regulations in China can change quickly. Recent regulatory actions and statements made by Chinese government, such as those related to data security or anti-monopoly concerns, may impact our ability to conduct business, accept foreign investments, or continue to list on a U.S. or other foreign exchange. Although the solar power industry does not appear to be the focus of these regulatory actions, we cannot guarantee that the Chinese government will not in the future take regulatory actions that materially and adversely affect the business environment and financial markets in China as they relate to us, our ability to operate our business, our liquidity and our access to capital. The PRC government may also influence our operations at any time, or may exert more control over offerings conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers, including us, at any time, substantial intervention and influence over the manner of our operations, which could result in a material change in our operations or the value of the ADSs. Any actions by the PRC government to exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas or foreign investment in China-based issuers could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless. In 2022 and 2023, the PRC government initiated a series of regulatory actions and statements to regulate business operations in China, including cracking down on illegal activities in the securities market, enhancing supervision over China-based companies listed overseas, adopting new measures to extend the scope of cybersecurity reviews, adopting new laws and regulations related to data security, expanding the efforts in anti-monopoly enforcement, and adopting new rules to request China-based companies to fulfill relevant filing procedure and report relevant information to the CSRC for overseas offerings. While we do not believe that these regulatory changes would have any material impact on us, we cannot assure you that the regulators will agree with us or will not in the future adopt regulations that restrict our business operations or access to capital. With the trend of strengthening anti-monopoly supervision around the world, the PRC government continued to strengthen its antitrust regime in 2025. On December 9, 2025, the State Administration for Market Regulation of the PRC promulgated the revised Provisions on Prohibition of Monopoly Agreements, which explicitly bans pricing-fixing, output restriction, market allocation, and information exchange among market participants. The PRC government also emphasized controlling domestic overcapacity and preventing price-collusion risks in the solar industry. While these developments have impacted certain segments of China’s solar sector, they have not materially affected our operations to date. However, we cannot rule out the possibility that our operations will be materially affected in the future if regulatory enforcement priorities evolve or become more stringent. 5 Table of Contents Cybersecurity and data privacy and security issues are subject to increasing legislative and regulatory focus in China. For example, the State Council of the PRC promulgated the Regulation on the Protection of the Security of Critical Information Infrastructure on July 30, 2021, which took effect on September 1, 2021. This regulation requires, among others, certain competent authorities to identify critical information infrastructures. The State Council of the PRC promulgated the Administrative Regulations on Cyber Data Security on September 24, 2024, which took effect on January 1, 2025. This regulation sets forth different scenarios under which data processors would be required to apply for cybersecurity review. In addition, the Cybersecurity Administration of China, or the CAC, and a number of other departments under the State Council promulgated the Measures for Cybersecurity Review on December 28, 2021, which became effective on February 15, 2022. According to this regulation, critical information infrastructure operators purchasing network products and services and data processors carrying out data processing activities, which affect or may affect national security, are required to conduct cybersecurity review. On July 7, 2022, the CAC issued the Measures for the Security Assessment of Data Cross-border Transfer, or the Security Assessment Measures for Data Provision Abroad, which became effective on September 1, 2022. In accordance with the Security Assessment Measures for Data Provision Abroad, a data processor should apply to the CAC for a security assessment under certain circumstances. We believe that these regulations have little impact on us, because we are neither a critical information infrastructure operator nor a data processor within the meanings of these regulations. On September 1, 2021, the PRC Data Security Law became effective, which imposes data security and privacy obligations on entities and individuals conducting data-related activities, and introduces a data classification and hierarchical protection system. In addition, the Standing Committee of the PRC National People’s Congress promulgated the Personal Information Protection Law (the “PIPL”) on August 20, 2021, which took effect on November 1, 2021. The PIPL further emphasizes processors’ obligations and responsibilities for personal information protection and sets out the basic rules for processing personal information and the rules for cross-border transfer of personal information. We do not expect to have significant data security or privacy issues given that the nature of our business does not involve collecting and use of vast personal data. Under the current PRC laws, regulations and regulatory rules, as of the date of this annual report, we and our PRC subsidiaries, are not required to go through cybersecurity review by the CAC. While we do not believe that these regulatory changes would have any material impact on us, we cannot assure you that the regulators will agree with us or will not in the future adopt regulations that restrict our business operations or access to capital. On July 6, 2021, the General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the General Office of the State Council jointly issued Opinions on Strictly Cracking Down Illegal Securities Activities in Accordance with the Law. These opinions emphasized the need to strengthen the administration over illegal securities activities and the supervision on overseas listings by China-based companies. These opinions proposed to take effective measures, such as promoting the construction of relevant regulatory systems, to deal with the risks and incidents facing China-based overseas-listed companies and the demand for cybersecurity and data privacy protection. These opinions and any related implementation rules to be enacted may subject us to additional compliance requirement. On February 17, 2023, the CSRC released a set of regulations consisting of six documents, including the Trial Administrative Measures of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies and five supporting guidelines, collectively, the Overseas Listing Filing Rules, which came into effective on March 31, 2023. According to the Overseas Listing Filing Rules, China-based companies that have already offered shares or been listed overseas prior to the implementation of such new regulations qualify as “Stock Enterprises”, and Stock Enterprises are not required to apply for the filing immediately until a subsequent re-financing event occurs. However, the Overseas Listing Filing Rules, among others, require the issuer or its main operational entity in the PRC to file with the CSRC for its follow-on securities offerings in the same offshore market within three business days after the completion of such offerings, and file with the CSRC for its offerings or listing in offshore stock market other than the stock market of its initial public offering or listing within three business days after the submission of offering application outside mainland China. We had been listed on the New York Stock Exchange prior to the implementation of the Overseas Listing Filing Rules. Therefore, we are qualified as a “Stock Enterprise” and are not required to apply for the filing immediately until a subsequent re-financing event occurs according to the Overseas Listing Filing Rules. However, we are required to file with the CSRC for its follow-on securities offerings in the same offshore market within three business days after the completion of such offerings, and file with the CSRC for our offerings or listing in offshore stock market other than the stock market of our initial public offering or listing within three business days after the submission of offering application outside mainland China. Failure to comply with the filing requirements for any offering, listing or any other capital raising activities, may result in administrative penalties, such as order to rectify, warnings, fines and other penalties, on the companies, the controlling shareholders, the actual controllers, the person directly in charge and other directly liable persons. As of the date of this annual report, we have not received any inquiry, notice, warning, sanctions or regulatory objection from the CSRC. Given the uncertainties surrounding the CSRC filing requirements at this stage, we cannot assure you that we will be able to complete the filings and fully comply with the relevant new rules on a timely basis, or at all, if we conduct listing in other offshore stock markets or follow-on offerings, issuance of convertible corporate bonds, exchangeable bonds, and other equivalent offering activities in the future. 6 Table of Contents Since these regulations are relatively new, there may be uncertainties in their interpretations, which could impact our daily business operation and financing plans. The PRC government may also adopt other rules and restrictions that affect our business operations in the future. Complexity and uncertainty in the PRC regulatory environment could impact the legal protection available to you and us, hinder our ability to continue to offer the ADSs, result in a material adverse effect on our business operations, and damage our reputation, which might further cause the ADSs to significantly decline in value or become worthless. See “—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Recent regulatory developments in China may subject us to additional regulatory review and disclosure requirements, expose us to government interference, or otherwise impact or restrict our ability to offer securities and raise capital outside China, which could adversely affect our business operations and cause the value of our securities to significantly decline or become worthless.” The Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act The United States adopted the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act on December 18, 2020, and it was amended by the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 on December 17, 2022, the amended act (the “HFCAA”). Pursuant to the HFCAA, if the SEC determines that we have filed audit reports issued by a registered public accounting firm that has not been subject to inspections by the PCAOB for two consecutive years, the SEC will prohibit our shares or the ADSs from being traded on a national securities exchange or in the over-the-counter trading market in the United States. On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued a report to notify the SEC of its determination that the PCAOB was unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China or Hong Kong, including our auditor. On May 26, 2022, the SEC conclusively listed us as a “Commission-Identified Issuer” under the HFCAA following the filing of our annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021. Pursuant to amendment made to the HFCAA in 2022, the PCAOB may determine that it is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms in any foreign jurisdictions because of positions taken by any foreign authority, rather than an authority in the location in which the firms are headquartered or in which they have a branch or office, as was the case under the original version of the HFCAA. On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB announced its determination that it is able to inspect and investigate audit firms in mainland China and Hong Kong completely for purposes of the HFCAA, and the PCAOB vacated its December 16, 2021 determinations. As a result, the SEC will not provisionally or conclusively identify an issuer as a Commission-Identified Issuer if it files an annual report with an audit report issued by a registered public accounting firm headquartered in mainland China or Hong Kong on or after December 15, 2022, until such time as the PCAOB issues a new determination. However, the PCAOB stated that should PRC authorities obstruct the PCAOB’s ability to inspect or investigate completely in any way and at any point in the future, the PCAOB Board will act immediately to consider the need to issue new determinations consistent with the HFCAA. While we currently do not expect the HFCAA to prevent us from maintaining the trading of the ADSs in the U.S., uncertainties exist with respect to future determinations of the PCAOB in this respect and any further legislative or regulatory actions to be taken by the U.S. or Chinese governments that could affect our listing status in the U.S. If the ADSs are prohibited from trading in the United States, there is no certainty that we will be able to list on a non-U.S. exchange or that a market for our shares will develop outside of the United States. Such a prohibition would substantially impair your ability to sell or purchase the ADSs when you wish to do so, and the risk and uncertainty associated with delisting would have a negative impact on the price of the ADSs, and materially and adversely affect the value of your investment. Also, such a prohibition could significantly affect our ability to raise capital on terms acceptable to us, or at all, which would have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and prospects. For a detailed description of risks related to the HFCAA, see “—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Doing Business in China—The ADSs may be prohibited from trading in the United States under the HFCAA in the future if the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely auditors located in China. The delisting of the ADSs, or the threat of their being delisted, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment.” 7 Table of Contents Cash Flows through Our Organization The cash transfers within our organization are generally made in the following manners: (i) the Company transfers cash to its subsidiaries by way of providing loans, making capital contributions and providing operating cash, and (ii) the Company’s subsidiaries transfer cash to the Company by way of repayment of loans, repayment of operating cash due to the Company and payment of dividends. Other than cash transfers, no transfer of other assets has occurred between the Company and its subsidiaries. The following table presents cash transfers between the Company and its subsidiaries for 2023, 2024 and 2025: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 2023 ​ ​ 2024 ​ ​ 2025 ​ ​ (RMB in thousands) Cash transfers from the Company to its subsidiaries ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ - loans to subsidiaries — — 7,087 - providing operating cash to subsidiaries 180,583 — — ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Cash transfers from subsidiaries to the Company ​ ​ ​ - repayment of operating cash due to Company — — — - loans to Company/repayment of loans due to Company ​ 553,984 ​ 633,977 ​ 370,108 - dividend payments to Company — 550,880 277,000 ​ In 2023, the Company’s subsidiaries did not make any dividend or distribution to the Company. In June 2024, JinkoSolar Investment Limited, a Hong Kong subsidiary, made dividend payments in an aggregate amount of RMB550.9 million to the Company. In 2025, JinkoSolar Investment Limited made dividend payments in an aggregate amount of RMB277.0 million to the Company. Pursuant to the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law and Implementation Regulations for the Corporate Income Tax Law (the “CIT Law”), a withholding tax rate of 10% would apply to any dividends paid by a PRC “resident enterprise” to a foreign enterprise investor, unless such non-resident enterprise’s jurisdiction of incorporation has a tax treaty with China that provides for a reduced rate of withholding tax and such non-resident enterprise is the beneficial owner of the dividends. The Cayman Islands, where the Company is incorporated, does not have such a tax treaty with China. The CIT Law provides that PRC resident enterprises are generally subject to the uniform 25% enterprise income tax rate on their worldwide income. Therefore, if we are treated as a PRC resident enterprise, we will be subject to PRC enterprise income tax on our worldwide income at the 25% uniform tax rate, which could have an impact on our effective tax rate and an adverse effect on our net income and results of operations, although we would be exempted from enterprise income tax on dividends distributed from our PRC subsidiaries to us, since such income received by PRC resident enterprise is tax exempted under the CIT Law. We paid a cash dividend of US$78.7 million, US$76.8 million and US$68.1 million to the holders of our ordinary shares or ADSs in December 2023, August 2024 and July 2025, respectively. As an offshore holding company, we may rely upon dividends paid to us by our subsidiaries in the PRC to pay dividends and to finance any debt we may incur. If our subsidiaries or any newly formed subsidiaries incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing their debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends to us. In addition, our subsidiaries are permitted to pay dividends to us only out of their accumulated profits, if any, as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. Under PRC laws and regulations, each of our Chinese subsidiaries are required to set aside a portion of their net profits each year to fund a statutory surplus reserve which are no less than 10% of their net profits each year until such reserve reaches 50% of its registered capital. This reserve is not distributable as dividends. As a result, our Chinese subsidiaries are restricted in their ability to transfer a portion of its net assets to us in the form of dividends, loans or advances. As an offshore holding company, we are permitted under PRC laws and regulations to provide funding from the proceeds of our offshore fund-raising activities to our subsidiaries in China only through loans or capital contributions, subject to the satisfaction of the applicable government registration and approval requirements. Before providing loans to our PRC subsidiaries, we will be required to make filings about details of the loans with the State Administration of Foreign Exchange of the PRC (the “SAFE”) in accordance with relevant PRC laws and regulations. Our PRC subsidiaries that receive the loans are only allowed to use the loans for the purposes set forth in these laws and regulations. Under regulations of the SAFE, Renminbi is not convertible into foreign currencies for capital account items, such as loans, repatriation of investments and investments outside of China, unless the prior approval of the SAFE is obtained and prior registration with the SAFE is made. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Taxation” for more details. 8 Table of Contents A. [Reserved] B. Capitalization and Indebtedness Not Applicable. C. Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds Not Applicable. D. Risk Factors Our business, financial condition and results of operations are subject to various changing business, competitive, economic, political and social conditions in China and worldwide. In addition to the factors discussed elsewhere in this annual report, the following are some of the important factors that could adversely affect our operating results, financial condition and business prospects, and cause our actual results to differ materially from those projected in any forward-looking statements. Summary of Risk Factors ● Our future growth and profitability depend on the demand for and the prices of solar power products and the development of photovoltaic technologies. ● The reduction, modification, delay or elimination of government subsidies and other economic incentives in solar energy industry may reduce the profitability of our business and materially adversely affect our business. ● We require a significant amount of cash to fund our operations and future business developments. If we cannot obtain additional funding on terms satisfactory to us when we need it, our growth prospects and future profitability may be materially and adversely affected. ● The oversupply of solar cells and modules in the solar industry may cause substantial downward pressure on the prices of our products and reduce our revenue and earnings. ● We face risks associated with the manufacturing, marketing, distribution and sale of our products internationally and the construction and operation of our overseas manufacturing facilities, and if we are unable to effectively manage these risks, our business and operations abroad may be adversely affected and our ability to maintain, develop and expand our business abroad may be restricted. ● We are subject to anti-dumping and countervailing duties imposed by the U.S. government. We are also subject to safeguard investigation and other foreign trade investigations initiated by the U.S. government and anti-dumping investigation and safeguard investigations initiated by governments in our other markets. ● Changes in U.S.-China relations and related regulations and policies (including tariffs), as well as rising global geopolitical tensions, may adversely impact our business, our operating results, the continued listing of our ADSs on the NYSE, our ability to raise capital, as well as the market price and liquidity of our ADSs more generally. ● Volatility in the prices of silicon raw materials makes our procurement planning challenging and could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. ● We may not be able to obtain sufficient raw materials in a timely manner or on commercially reasonable terms, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. ● The loss of, or a significant reduction in orders from, any of our customers could significantly reduce our revenue and harm our results of operations. ● We manufacture a majority of our products in several provinces in China, which exposes us to various risks relating to long-distance transportation of our silicon wafers and solar cells in the manufacturing process. 9 Table of Contents ● Prepayment arrangements to our suppliers for the procurement of silicon raw materials expose us to the credit risks of such suppliers and may also significantly increase our costs and expenses, which could in turn have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and liquidity. ● Decreases in the price of solar power products, including solar modules, may result in additional provisions for inventory losses. ● Shortage or disruption of electricity supply may adversely affect our business. ● We may continue to undertake acquisitions, investments, joint ventures or other strategic alliances, and such undertakings may be unsuccessful. ● Our long-term investment, which is accounted for using fair value option, is subject to uncertainties in accounting estimates. Fluctuations in the changes in fair value of these assets would affect our financial results. ● Our substantial indebtedness could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. ● The ADSs may be prohibited from trading in the United States under the HFCAA in the future if the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely auditors located in China. The delisting of the ADSs, or the threat of their being delisted, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment. ● Changes in political and economic policies of the PRC government could have a material adverse effect on the overall economic growth of the PRC, which could reduce the demand for our products and materially adversely affect our competitive position. ● Recent regulatory developments in China may subject us to additional regulatory review and disclosure requirements, expose us to government interference, or otherwise impact or restrict our ability to offer securities and raise capital outside China, which could adversely affect our business operations and cause the value of our securities to significantly decline or become worthless. ● The approval, filing or other requirements of the CSRC or other PRC regulatory authorities is required under PRC law in connection with our future issuance of securities overseas, which could impose uncertainty on our capital raising activities. Risks Related to Our Business and Industry Our future growth and profitability depend on the demand for and the prices of solar power products and the development of photovoltaic technologies. The rate and extent of market acceptance for solar power depends on the availability of government subsidies and the cost-effectiveness, performance and reliability of solar power relative to conventional and other renewable energy sources. Changes in government policies towards solar power and advancements in PV, technologies could significantly affect the demand for solar power products. 10 Table of Contents Demand for solar power products is also affected by macroeconomic factors, such as energy supply, demand and prices, as well as regulations and policies governing renewable energies and related industries. For example, in 2022, the energy intensity exacerbated the supply shortage and rising prices of silicon materials in the industry, which affected the demand and prices of solar modules. In 2023, the increase in Federal Reserve interest rates caused volatility in financing cost and investment return rate for PV projects, which in turn affected the global PV market conditions. The current international political climate, including existing and potential changes to U.S.-China trade and tariffs policies, has resulted in uncertainty surrounding the future of the global economy. Moreover, several countries and regions, such as the United States, the European Union and India, are actively developing domestic solar supply chains, which may lead to reduced demand for solar products imported from China and negatively affect our business. In 2024, the ongoing imbalance between supply and demand led to a decline in supply chain prices during the year. In 2025, the global photovoltaic industry faced several challenges, including persistent excess capacity, intensified price competition, supply chain price volatility, trade protection measures, geopolitical uncertainties and grid connection bottlenecks. As a result, prices of solar modules experienced fluctuations and declined compared to 2024, placing pressure on the profitability of integrated solar module manufacturers. Any reduction in the price of solar modules will have a negative impact on our business and results of operations, including our margins. As a result, we may not continue to be profitable on a quarterly or annual basis. In addition, if demand for solar power products weakens in the future, our business and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. The reduction, modification, delay or elimination of government subsidies and other economic incentives in solar energy industry may reduce the profitability of our business and materially adversely affect our business. We believe that market demand for solar power and solar power products in the near term will continue to substantially depend on the availability of government incentives because the cost of solar energy currently exceeds, and is expected to continue to exceed in the near term, the cost of conventional fossil fuel energy and certain non-solar renewable energy. Examples of government sponsored financial incentives to promote solar energy include subsidies from the central and local governments, preferential tax rates and other benefits. The availability and size of such subsidies and incentives depend, to a large extent, on policy developments relating to environmental concerns and broader macroeconomic factors. Moreover, government incentive programs are expected to gradually decrease in scope or be discontinued as solar power technology improves and becomes more affordable relative to other types of energy. Negative public or community response to solar energy projects could adversely affect the government support and approval of solar energy businesses. Adverse changes in government regulations and policies related to solar energy industry and their implementation, especially those concerning economic subsidies and incentives, could significantly reduce the profitability of our business and materially adversely affect the state of the industry. We received government grants totaling RMB4.22 billion, RMB3.92 billion and RMB2.35 billion (US$336.2 million) for 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively, which included government grants for our production scale expansion, technology upgrades and export market development. However, we cannot assure you that we will continue to receive government grants and subsidies in future periods at a similar level or at all. As a substantial part of our operations are in the PRC, the policies and regulations adopted by the PRC government towards the solar energy industry are important to the continued success of our business. Although there has been regulatory support for solar power generation in recent years, such as through subsidies, preferential tax treatment and other economic incentives, future government policies may not remain as supportive. The PRC central government may reduce or eliminate existing incentive programs for economic, political, financial or other reasons. In addition, the provincial or local governments may delay the implementation or fail to fully implement central government regulations, policies or initiatives. Until the solar energy industry becomes commercially profitable without subsidies, any significant reduction in the scope of or discontinuation of government incentive programs in the PRC could materially and adversely affect market demand for our products and negatively impact our revenue and profitability. Besides the PRC, various foreign governments have used policy initiatives to encourage or accelerate the development and adoption of solar power and other renewable energy sources, including countries in Europe, notably Italy, Germany, France, Belgium and Spain; certain Asian countries, including Japan, India and South Korea; countries in North America, such as the United States and Canada; as well as Australia. Examples of government-sponsored financial incentives to promote solar power include capital cost rebates, FIT, tax credits, net metering and other incentives targeted at end-users, distributors, project developers, system integrators and manufacturers of solar power products. 11 Table of Contents Governments in these countries may reduce or eliminate existing incentive programs for political, financial or other reasons, which will be difficult for us to predict. Reductions in FIT programs, for instance, may result in a significant decline in the price of and demand for solar power and solar power products. Some countries, such as China, Germany, Italy, Spain and Canada, have already reduced or eliminated subsidies in recent years. In May 2018, the National Development and Reform Commission of China (the “NDRC”), the Ministry of Finance and the National Energy Administration in China (the “NEA”) issued a joint notice temporarily halting subsidies for utility-scale solar projects, slashing the quota on distributed solar projects which are eligible for subsidies in 2018 and significantly reducing FIT. In addition, the German market, which represents a major part of the European solar market for ground-mounted systems and a stable residential and commercial rooftop market, achieved its first grid parity projects in 2020, marking a significant shift towards a subsidy-free market. Furthermore, starting from 2011, major export markets for solar power and solar power products, such as Japan, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom, continued to reduce their FIT as well as other incentive measures. For example, according to the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan, between 2012 and September 2025, the Japanese government reduced its FIT (per kWh) from JPY40 to JPY15 for projects below 10 kW, from JPY42 to JPY10 for certain projects between 10 kW to 50 kW, and to JPY8.9 for ground-mounted projects above 50 kW. From October 2025, the Japanese government revised the FIT (per kWh) for new projects below 10kW to JPY24 during the first four years of operation and to JPY8.3 from the fifth to the tenth year, and will further reduce its FIT for projects between 10 kW to 50 kW and ground-mounted projects above 50 kW in 2026. In addition, our U.S. subsidiary, JinkoSolar (U.S.) Industries Inc., has been eligible for advanced manufacturing production tax credits under Section 45X of the Internal Revenue Code since January 1, 2023. Under Section 45X, our U.S. subsidiary receives a tax credit of 7 cents per watt for eligible solar modules produced at qualified facilities and sold to non-related parties, and a tax credit of $12 per square meter for photovoltaic wafers. These tax incentives remain applicable to our U.S. subsidiary for 2025. However, due to limitations provided for in legislation commonly referred to as the “One Big Beautiful Bill Act” enacted on July 4, 2025 and potential adjustments in policy implementation, the applicability of advanced manufacturing tax credits to our U.S. subsidiary in 2026 and future years is uncertain, which could have a material adverse impact on our business, prospects and results of operations. In 2025, we generated 65.5% of our total revenue from overseas markets outside China, with the Americas, Asia Pacific and Europe contributing 18.8%, 20.5% and 13.1% of our total revenue, respectively. As a result, any significant reduction in the scope of or discontinuation of government incentive programs in overseas markets, especially where our major customers are located, could result in a decline in demand for our products and, therefore, have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial position and business prospects. In addition, the announcement of a significant reduction in incentives in any major market may have an adverse effect on the trading price of the ADSs. We require a significant amount of cash to fund our operations and future business developments. If we cannot obtain additional funding on terms satisfactory to us when we need it, our growth prospects and future profitability may be materially and adversely affected. We require a significant amount of cash to fund our operations, including payments to suppliers for our polysilicon feedstock. We may also require additional cash due to changing business conditions or other future developments, including any investments or acquisitions we may decide to pursue, as well as our research and development activities in order to remain competitive. Our working capital (total current assets in excess of total current liabilities) was RMB13.77 billion (US$1.97 billion) as of December 31, 2025. Our management believes that our cash position as of December 31, 2025, the cash expected to be generated from our operations, and funds available from borrowings under our credit facilities will be sufficient to meet our working capital and capital expenditure requirements for at least the next 12 months from the date of this annual report. Our ability to obtain external financing is subject to a number of uncertainties, including: ● our future financial condition, results of operations and cash flow; ● the general condition of the global equity and debt capital markets; ● regulatory and government support, such as subsidies, tax credits and other incentives; ● the continued confidence of banks and other financial institutions in our company and the solar power industry; ● economic, political and other conditions in the PRC and elsewhere; and ● our ability to comply with any financial covenants under the debt financing. 12 Table of Contents Any additional equity financing may be dilutive to our shareholders and any debt financing may require restrictive covenants. Additional funds may not be available on terms commercially acceptable to us. Failure to manage discretionary spending and raise additional capital or debt financing as required may adversely impact our ability to achieve our intended business objectives. See “—Our substantial indebtedness could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.” The oversupply of solar cells and modules in the solar industry may cause substantial downward pressure on the prices of our products and reduce our revenue and earnings. If the solar industry experience oversupply across the value chain in the future, and continued increases in solar module production in excess of market demand may result in further downward pressure on the price of solar cells and modules, including our products. Increasing competition could also result in us losing sales or market share. If we are unable, on an ongoing basis, to procure silicon, solar wafers and solar cells at reasonable prices, or mark up the price of our solar modules to cover our manufacturing and operating costs, our revenue and gross margin will be adversely impacted, either due to higher costs compared to our competitors or due to inventory write-downs, or both. In addition, our market share may decline if our competitors are able to price their products more competitively. We face risks associated with the manufacturing, marketing, distribution and sales of our products internationally and the construction and operation of our overseas manufacturing facilities, and if we are unable to effectively manage these risks, our business and operations abroad may be adversely affected and our ability to maintain, develop and expand our business abroad may be restricted. In 2023, 2024 and 2025, we generated 61.7%, 66.2% and 65.5%, respectively, of our total revenue from sales outside China. We also operate manufacturing facilities in the United States and Vietnam. In January 2018, we entered into a master solar module supply agreement (the “Master Agreement”) with NextEra Energy, Inc., or NextEra. Under the Master Agreement, as amended in March 2018, we agreed to supply NextEra up to 2,750 MW of high-efficiency solar modules over four years. In conjunction with the Master Agreement, we established our first U.S. factory in Jacksonville, Florida, which commenced production in the third quarter of 2018 and reached full production capacity of 400 MW in the first half of 2019. Our 7 GW monocrystalline silicon wafer plant in Vietnam commenced production in the first quarter of 2022 and reached full production capacity in the third quarter of 2022. We continued to invest in increasing N-type production capacity overseas in 2023. In addition, to further enhance our global manufacturing capabilities, in July 2024 we entered into a shareholder agreement to form a joint venture with Renewable Energy Localization Company and Vision Industries Company in Saudi Arabia to build and operate a local manufacturing facility for high-efficiency solar cells and solar modules. As of the date of this annual report, the project remained at a preliminary stage, and its timeline and implementation remained subject to various factors, including market conditions and regulatory developments. The manufacturing, marketing, distribution and sale of our products internationally, as well as the construction and operation of our manufacturing facilities outside of China may expose us to a number of risks, including those associated with: ● fluctuations in currency exchange rates; ● costs associated with understanding local markets and trends; ● costs associated with establishment of overseas manufacturing facilities; ● marketing and distribution costs; ● customer services and support costs; ● risk management and internal control structures for our overseas operations; ● compliance with the different commercial, operational, environmental and legal requirements; ● obtaining or maintaining certifications for production, marketing, distribution and sales of our products or, if applicable, services; ● maintaining our reputation as an environmentally friendly enterprise for our products or services; ● obtaining, maintaining or enforcing intellectual property rights; 13 Table of Contents ● changes in prevailing economic conditions and regulatory requirements; ● transportation and freight costs; ● employing and retaining manufacturing, technology, sales and other personnel who are knowledgeable about, and can function effectively in, overseas markets; ● trade barriers such as trade remedies, which could increase the prices of the raw materials for our solar products, and export requirements, tariffs, taxes and other restrictions and expenses, which could increase the prices of our products and make us less competitive in some countries; ● challenges due to our unfamiliarity with local laws, regulation and policies, our absence of significant operating experience in local market, increased cost associated with establishment of overseas operations and maintaining a multinational organizational structure; and ● other various risks that are beyond our control. 14 Table of Contents Our manufacturing capacity outside China requires us to comply with different laws and regulations, including national and local regulations relating to production, environmental protection, employment and the other related matters. Due to our limited experience in doing business in the overseas markets, we are unfamiliar with local laws, regulation and policies. Our failure to obtain the required approvals, permits, licenses, filings or to comply with the conditions associated therewith could result in fines, sanctions, suspension, revocation or non-renewal of approvals, permits or licenses, or even criminal penalties, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. The U.S. government has issued a series of legislations and/or orders that may restrict the import of our products into the United States. These legislations and/or orders include (a) the Withhold Release Order against Hoshine Silicon Industry Co. Ltd. (“Hoshine WRO”), issued by CBP on 24 June 2021, which instructed personnel at all U.S. ports of entry to immediately begin detaining relevant products; and (b) the Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act (the “UFLPA”), introduced in December 2021, which further strengthened U.S. laws on forced labor by prohibiting the import and entry of relevant goods made in China. Due to impact of Hoshine WRO and UFLPA, some of our products imported into the United States may be detained by CBP from time to time. We have submitted documents requested by CBP for the admissibility of the detained shipments. After reviewing our submissions, CBP progressively released the detained shipments and has consistently admitted a large volume of our shipments to the United States. However, there is no assurance our products will not be detained by CBP under Hoshine WRO or UFLPA, or due to similar or other regulatory developments, which could restrict our ability to sell into the U.S. market. We do not tolerate any use of forced labor, whether in our own manufacturing facilities or, to the best of our knowledge, throughout our supply chain. We monitor our manufacturing facilities to ensure no forced labor is used. Our direct sales to the U.S. market accounted for 8.5%, 18.1% and 14.4% of our total revenues in 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. Given the fact that we had a manufacturing facility in Xinjiang in the past, we cannot assure you that the relevant U.S. authorities will not decide that forced labor exists in the manufacturing of our products or in our supply chain and, put our facilities or their affiliate companies on the list of entities to be issued pursuant to UFLPA. In February 2024, we completed the disposal of 100% equity interest in Xinjiang Shibang Solar Energy Technology Co., Ltd. (formerly known as Xinjiang Jinko Solar Co., Ltd.), and no longer have any business operations in Xinjiang. Furthermore, under the impact of Hoshine WRO and UFLPA, importation of our products to the United States may be partially or entirely suspended or blocked. Either of these types of regulatory or legislative action would adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition to the actions taken or being considered by the U.S. government as discussed above, there is a growing concern regarding the alleged used of forced labor issue in the XUAR in the European Union, Canada, Australia, Japan and certain other countries, and some of them have introduced or adopted legislative or regulatory actions in this regard. These new legislations or regulatory actions impose additional restrictions or requirements on importation of goods that are produced or manufactured, wholly or in part, in the XUAR, which may adversely affect our business and operation in these regions. As we enter into new markets in different jurisdictions, we will face different business environments and industry conditions, and we may spend substantial resources familiarizing ourselves with the new environment and conditions. To the extent that our business operations are affected by unexpected and adverse economic, regulatory, social and political conditions in the jurisdictions in which we have operations, we may experience project disruptions, loss of assets and personnel, and other indirect losses that could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. For instance, our manufacturing facility in the United States may expose us to various risks, including, among others, failure to obtain the required approvals, permits or licenses, or to comply with the conditions associated therewith, failure to procure economic incentives or financing on satisfactory terms, and failure to procure construction materials, production equipment and qualified personnel for the manufacturing facility in a timely and cost-effective manner. Any of these events may increase the related costs, or impair our ability to run our operations in the future on a cost effective basis, which could in turn have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. ​ 15 Table of Contents We are subject to anti-dumping and countervailing duties imposed by the U.S. government. We are also subject to safeguard investigation and other foreign trade investigations initiated by the U.S. government. Separately, we are subject to and anti-dumping investigation and safeguard investigations initiated by governments in our other markets. Our direct sales to the U.S. market accounted for 8.5%, 18.1% and 14.4% of our total revenues in 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. Since 2011, the U.S. Department of Commerce (the “DOC”) has initiated anti-dumping (“AD”) and countervailing duty (“CVD”) investigations on crystalline silicon photovoltaic (“PV”) cells and modules imported from Mainland China, imposing cash deposits on relevant solar products. The Company cannot rule out the risk of future cash deposit adjustments, such as additional payments or reduced refunds, under the AD/CVD orders. In May 2024, the DOC initiated AD and CVD investigations on solar cells (whether or not assembled into modules) imported from Cambodia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam. In June 2025, the DOC issued the final AD/CVD duty orders. In June 2024, the U.S. government announced the termination of Section 201 tariff exemptions for bifacial solar modules. However, bifacial module sales contracts that were signed and became effective before May 17, 2024, and could complete importation or delivery within 90 days while meeting other specified conditions, would still qualify for the tariff exemption policy. In August 2024, the U.S. government further announced an increase in the Section 201 tariff-free quota for solar cells from 5 GW to 12.5 GW. The Section 201 tariffs on solar cells expired in February 2026, after which these tariffs were no longer in place. On September 30, 2024, the Indian government initiated a new AD investigation on solar cells made in China, and concluded with no subsequent duty imposition. On April 15, 2025, Jordan’s National Production Protection Directorate (under the Ministry of Industry, Trade, and Supply) initiated an AD investigation into PV cells originating from or imported from China. The Company has participated in the investigation and is actively responding. As of the date of this annual report, the investigation remains ongoing. Imposition of AD and CVD orders in one or more markets may result in additional costs to us, our customers or both, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and future prospects. Volatility in the prices of silicon raw materials makes our procurement planning challenging and could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. The prices of polysilicon, an essential raw material for solar cell and module products and silicon wafers, have been subject to significant volatility. Historically, increases in the price of polysilicon have raised our production costs. The price of polysilicon increased significantly in 2020 due to a supply shortage. In the first half of 2020, supply of polysilicon was negatively affected by decreased downstream demand due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In the second half of 2020, the production capacity of polysilicon at some key manufacturing facilities was reduced due to explosion accidents and maintenance activities, which further intensified the supply shortage. In 2021 and 2022, the price of polysilicon continued to increase due to power rationing and lockdowns in certain regions of China as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The price of the polysilicon began to decline in the first quarter of 2023, which stimulated demand for solar modules globally. Due to a substantial increase in polysilicon production volumes and excess inventory, polysilicon prices declined sharply in the second quarter of 2023, and continued to decline in the second half of 2023. Module prices also decreased significantly in 2023, partly reflecting the decline in polysilicon prices. In 2024, intensified supply and demand imbalances extended across the entire supply chain, particularly in the polysilicon sector, where high inventory levels and weak demand drove prices low, even below cash cost for some manufacturers. In November and December 2024, some polysilicon manufacturers started to reduce production utilization to reduce inventory levels and, as a result, polysilicon prices started to rebound slightly in January 2025 and remained relatively stable in February 2025. In 2025, polysilicon prices experienced heightened volatility influenced by supply-demand dynamics, government and industry policy developments and evolving supply discipline measures, and were further amplified by financial trading activities in related markets. Such volatility increases uncertainties in procurement planning and cost forecasting. In addition, prices of certain key commodities, particularly silver used in solar cell manufacturing, increased significantly in late 2025 and remained elevated into early 2026, driven in part by broader macroeconomic factors and demand from both industrial and investment markets, which may further increase production costs and reduce margins. We expect that the prices of virgin polysilicon feedstock may continue to be subject to volatility, making our procurement planning challenging. For example, if we refrain from entering into fixed-price, long-term supply contracts, we may miss the opportunities to secure long-term supplies of virgin polysilicon at favorable prices if the spot market price of virgin polysilicon increases significantly in the future. On the other hand, if we enter into more fixed-price, long-term supply contracts, we may not be able to renegotiate or otherwise adjust the purchase prices under such long-term supply contracts if the spot market price declines. As a result, our cost of silicon raw materials could be higher than that of our competitors who source their supply of silicon raw materials through floating-price arrangements or spot market purchases. To the extent we may not be able to fully pass on higher costs and expenses to our customers, our profit margins, results of operations and financial condition may be materially adversely affected. 16 Table of Contents We may not be able to obtain sufficient raw materials in a timely manner or on commercially reasonable terms, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. In 2023, 2024 and 2025, our five largest group suppliers accounted for 83.1%, 81.8% and 85.2%, respectively, of our total silicon purchases by value. In 2023, four of our group suppliers individually accounted for more than 10%, and our largest group supplier accounted for 30.6%, of our total silicon purchases by value. In 2024, four of our group suppliers individually accounted for more than 10%, and our largest group supplier accounted for 25.4%, of our total silicon purchases by value. In 2025, three of our group suppliers individually accounted for more than 10%, and our largest group supplier accounted for 28.8% of our total silicon purchases by value. A “group supplier” refers to an aggregation of our suppliers that are within the same corporate group. Although the global supply of polysilicon has increased significantly, we may experience interruption to our supply of silicon or other raw materials or late delivery in the future for the following reasons, among others: ●suppliers under our raw materials supply contracts may delay deliveries for a significant period of time without incurring penalties; ●our virgin polysilicon suppliers may not be able to meet our production needs consistently or on a timely basis; ●compared with us, some of our competitors who also purchase virgin polysilicon from our suppliers have longer and stronger relationships with and have greater buying power and bargaining leverage over some of our key suppliers; and ●our supply of silicon or other raw materials is subject to the business risk of our suppliers, some of whom have limited operating history and limited financial resources, and one or more of which could go out of business for reasons beyond our control in the current economic environment. Our failure to obtain the required amounts of silicon raw materials and other raw materials, such as glass, in a timely manner and on commercially reasonable terms could increase our manufacturing costs and substantially limit our ability to meet our contractual obligations to our customers. Any failure by us to meet such obligations could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, ability to retain customers, market share, business and results of operations and may subject us to claims from our customers and other disputes. Furthermore, our failure to obtain sufficient silicon and other raw materials would result in under-utilization of our production facilities and an increase in our marginal production costs. Any of the above events could have a material adverse effect on our growth, profitability and results of operations. The loss of, or a significant reduction in orders from, any of our customers could significantly reduce our revenue and harm our results of operations. In 2023, 2024 and 2025, sales to our top five group customers represented 16.8% and 18.6% and 12.5% of our total revenue, respectively, with the largest group customer accounting for 5.1%, 7.7% and 3.0% of our total revenue in the same periods. A “group customer” refers to an aggregation of our customers that are within the same corporate group. Our key module customers include renewable energy and photovoltaic companies in China and globally. We cannot assure you that we will be able to continue to generate significant revenue from these customers or that we will be able to maintain these customer relationships. In addition, we purchase solar wafers and cells and silicon raw materials through toll manufacturing arrangements that require us to make significant capital commitments to support our estimated production output. In the event our customers cancel their orders, we may not be able to recoup prepayments made to suppliers, which could adversely influence our financial condition and results of operations. The loss of sales to any of these customers could also have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects and results of operations. We manufacture a majority of our products in several provinces in China, which exposes us to various risks relating to long-distance transportation of our silicon wafers and solar cells in the manufacturing process. The geographical separation of our manufacturing facilities in China necessitates constant long-distance transportation of substantial volumes of our silicon wafers and solar cells. We produce silicon wafers in Jiangxi, Qinghai, Sichuan and Shanxi Provinces, solar cells in Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Anhui, Yunnan and Shanxi Provinces, and solar modules in Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Anhui and Shanxi Provinces. As a result, we transport a substantial volume of our silicon wafers and solar cells within China. 17 Table of Contents The constant long-distance transportation of a large volume of our silicon wafers and solar cells may expose us to various risks, including (i) increases in transportation costs, (ii) loss of our silicon wafers or solar cells as a result of any accidents that may occur in the transportation process, (iii) delays in the transportation of our silicon wafers or solar cells as a result of any severe weather conditions, natural disasters or other conditions adversely affecting road traffic, and (iv) disruptions to our production of solar cells and solar modules as a result of delays in the transportation of our silicon wafers and solar cells. Any of these risks could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. Prepayment arrangements to our suppliers for the procurement of silicon raw materials expose us to the credit risks of such suppliers and may also significantly increase our costs and expenses, which could in turn have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and liquidity. Our supply contracts generally include prepayment obligations for the procurement of silicon raw materials. As of December 31, 2025, we had RMB1.93 billion (US$276.2 million) of advances to our suppliers. We generally do not receive collateral to secure such payments for these contracts, and even if we do, the collateral we received is deeply subordinated and shared with all other customers and other senior lenders of the suppliers. Our prepayments, secured or unsecured, expose us to the credit risks of our suppliers, and reduce our chances of obtaining the return of such prepayments in the event that our suppliers become insolvent or bankrupt. Moreover, we may have difficulty recovering such prepayments if any of our suppliers fails to fulfill its contractual delivery obligations to us. Accordingly, a default by our suppliers to whom we have made substantial prepayment may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and liquidity. Decreases in the price of solar power products, including solar modules, may result in additional provisions for inventory losses. We typically plan our production and inventory levels based on our forecasts of customer demand, which may be unpredictable and can fluctuate materially. Recent market volatility has made it increasingly difficult for us to accurately forecast future product demand trends and the prices of solar power products. We recorded inventory provisions of RMB682.0 million, RMB1.12 billion and RMB794.0 million (US$113.5 million) in 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. If the prices of solar power products continue to decrease, the carrying value of our existing inventory may exceed its market price in future periods, thus requiring us to make additional provisions for inventory valuation, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial position and results of operations. Shortage or disruption of electricity supply may adversely affect our business. We consume a significant amount of electricity in our operations. With the rapid development of the PRC economy, demand for electricity has continued to increase. There have been shortages or disruptions in electricity supply in various regions across China, especially during peak seasons, such as summer, or when there are severe weather conditions. For example, we have previously encountered temporary power shortage in Sichuan Province when the local government imposed province-wide power rationing measures to ease the energy shortage in the region, which temporarily affected our production. We cannot assure you that there will not be disruptions or shortages in our electricity supply or that there will be sufficient electricity available to us to meet our future requirements. Shortages or disruptions in electricity supply and any increases in electricity costs may significantly disrupt our normal operations, cause us to incur additional costs and adversely affect our profitability. Any failure or significant interruption in our IT systems including software and hardware could harm our business. We implement the information management through almost every aspect of our business operations, covering design, production scheduling, raw material supply, equipment management, quality control, inventory management, transportation management and environment monitoring. Our IT systems including software and hardware may experience disruptions, outages, damage and other large-scale performance problems due to a number of factors, including technology infrastructure changes, human or software errors, hardware failure, computer viruses, physical or electronic break-ins, fraud and security attacks, whether these problems are caused by ourselves or by third-party service providers. These problems could lead to system interruptions, website slowdown or unavailability, delays in data processing, leak and loss of data, malfunctions of software or damage to hardware. We cannot assure you that we will not experience such unexpected interruptions or breakdown in IT systems including software and hardware, or that our current security mechanisms will be sufficient to protect our IT systems from any third-party intrusions, viruses or hacker attacks, information or data theft, human damage or other similar activities. Any occurrence of these events could interrupt our business operations and damage our reputation. In addition, because the vulnerabilities and techniques used by unauthorized individuals or entities to access, disrupt or sabotage hardware, devices, systems and networks change frequently and may not be recognized until launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques, and we may not become aware in a timely manner of such a security breach, which could exacerbate any damage we experience. 18 Table of Contents While we have taken reasonable measures to protect the security of, and prevent the damage to, our IT systems, as well as the security of confidential or proprietary information, it is possible that our security controls and other security practices we follow may not be adequate or effective. We also rely on our employees and contractors to appropriately handle confidential and sensitive data, and to deploy our IT resources in a safe and secure manner that does not expose our IT systems to security breaches or the loss of data. Any data security incidents, including internal malfeasance by our employees, unauthorized access or usage, virus or similar breach or disruption of us or our service providers could result in loss of confidential or proprietary information, damage to our reputation, litigation, regulatory investigations, fines, penalties and other liabilities. Accordingly, if our cybersecurity measures fail to protect against unauthorized access, attacks (which may include sophisticated cyberattacks), the compromise or mishandling of data, damage to hardware or other misconduct or malfeasance by computer hackers, employees or other third parties, as well as software bugs, human error or technical malfunctions, our reputation, business, operating results and financial condition could be adversely affected. Cybersecurity threats and attacks that we may be subject to may take a variety of forms ranging from individuals or groups of hackers to sophisticated organizations, including state-sponsored actors. Cybersecurity risks range from viruses, worms, and other malicious software programs, including phishing attacks, to “mega breaches” targeted against cloud services and other hosted software, any of which can result in disclosure of confidential or proprietary information. As the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access or sabotage systems change frequently and generally are not identified until they are launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate these attacks or to implement adequate preventative measures. In addition, there has been an increase in the frequency and sophistication of cyber and other security threats we face, and we may incur additional costs to comply with such demand. We face intense competition in solar power product markets. If we fail to adapt to changing market conditions and to compete successfully with existing or new competitors, our business prospects and results of operations would be materially adversely affected. The markets for solar power products are intensely competitive. We compete with manufacturers of solar power products such as Longi Green Energy Technology Co., Ltd., Trina Solar Ltd., Canadian Solar Inc. and JA Solar Holdings Co., Ltd., in a continuously evolving market. Certain downstream manufacturers, some of which are also our customers and suppliers, have also established or expanded their silicon wafer, solar cell, or solar module production operations. Some of our current and potential competitors have a longer operating history, stronger brand recognition, more established relationships with customers, greater financial and other resources, a larger customer base, better access to raw materials and/or greater economies of scale than we do. Furthermore, some of our competitors are integrated players in the solar industry that engage in the production of virgin polysilicon. Their business models may give them competitive advantages as these integrated players place less reliance on the upstream suppliers, downstream customers or both. The solar industry faces competition from other types of renewable and non-renewable power industries. The solar industry faces competition from other renewable energy companies and non-renewable power industries, including nuclear energy and fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum and natural gas. Technological innovations in these other forms of energy may reduce their costs or increase their safety. Large-scale new deposits of fossil fuel may be discovered, which could reduce their costs. Local governments may decide to strengthen their support for other renewable energy sources, such as wind, hydro, biomass, geothermal and ocean power, and reduce their support for the solar industry. The inability to compete successfully against producers of other forms of power would reduce our market share and negatively affect our results of operations. Technological changes in the solar power industry could render our products uncompetitive or obsolete, which could reduce our market share and cause our revenue and net income to decline. The solar power industry is characterized by evolving technologies and standards. These technological evolutions and developments place increasing demands on the improvement of our products, such as solar cells with higher conversion efficiency and larger and thinner silicon wafers and solar cells. Other companies may develop production technologies that enable them to produce silicon wafers, solar cells and solar modules with higher conversion efficiencies at a lower cost than our products. Some of our competitors are developing alternative and competing solar technologies that may require significantly less silicon than crystalline silicon wafers and solar cells, or no silicon at all. Technologies developed or adopted by others may prove more advantageous than ours for commercialization of solar power products and may render our products obsolete. As a result, we may need to invest significant resources in research and development to maintain our market position, keep pace with technological advances in the solar power industry, and effectively compete in the future. Our failure to further refine and enhance our products and processes or to keep pace with evolving technologies and industry standards could cause our products to become uncompetitive or obsolete, which could materially adversely reduce our market share and affect our results of operations. 19 Table of Contents Existing regulations and policies and changes to these regulations and policies may present technical, regulatory and economic barriers to the purchase and use of solar power products, which may significantly reduce demand for our products. The market for electricity generation products is heavily influenced by government regulations and policies concerning the electric utility industry, as well as by policies adopted by electric utility companies. These regulations and policies often relate to electricity pricing and technical interconnection requirements for customer-owned electricity generation. In a number of countries, these regulations and policies are being modified and may continue to be modified. Customer purchases of, or further investment in the research and development of, alternative energy sources, including solar power technology, could be deterred by these regulations and policies, which could result in a significant reduction in the demand for our products. For example, without a regulatory mandated exception for solar power systems, utility customers may be charged interconnection or standby fees for putting distributed power generation on the electric utility grid. These fees could increase the cost of and reduce the demand for solar power, thereby harming our business, prospects, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, we anticipate that solar power products and their installation will be subject to oversight and regulation in accordance with national and local regulations relating to building codes, safety, environmental protection, utility interconnection, and metering and related matters. Any new government regulations or utility policies pertaining to solar power products may result in significant additional expenses to the users of solar power products and, as a result, could eventually cause a significant reduction in demand for our products. We may face termination, late charges and other risks relating to the termination or amendment of certain equipment purchase contracts. We transact with a limited number of equipment suppliers for all our principal manufacturing equipment and spare parts, including our silicon ingot furnaces, squaring machines, wire saws, diffusion furnaces, firing furnaces and screen printing machines. We may rely on certain major suppliers to provide a substantial portion of our principal manufacturing equipment and spare parts to support our expansion plans. If we fail to develop or maintain our relationships with these and other equipment suppliers, or if any of our major equipment suppliers encounter difficulties in manufacturing or shipping equipment or spare parts to us, including due to natural disasters, export control restrictions, and supply chain disruptions, or otherwise fail to supply equipment or spare parts according to our requirements, we may be unable to find alternative providers for such equipment on a timely basis and on commercially reasonable terms. As a result, our production capacity, expansion schedule and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. Selling our products on credit terms may increase our working capital requirements and expose us to the credit risk of our customers. To accommodate and retain customers in the negative market environment, many solar module manufacturers, including us, make credit sales and extend credit terms to customers, and this trend is expected to continue in the industry. Most of our sales are made on credit terms and we allow our customers to make payments after a certain period of time subsequent to the delivery of our products. Our accounts receivable turnover days were 79 days, 90 days and 100 days in 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. We recorded provisions for accounts receivable from third parties of RMB685.2 million, RMB829.4 million and RMB1.11 billion (US$158.1 million) as of December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. Based on our ongoing assessment of the recoverability of our outstanding accounts receivable, and considering the historical credit loss experience, current economic conditions, supportable forecasts of future economic conditions, and any recoveries in assessing the lifetime expected credit losses, we may need to continue to provide for credit losses and write off overdue accounts receivable we determine as not collectible. Selling our products on credit terms has increased, and may continue to increase our working capital requirements, which may negatively affect our liquidity. We may not be able to maintain adequate working capital primarily through cash generated from our operating activities and may need to secure additional financing for our working capital requirements, which may not be available to us on commercially acceptable terms or at all. 20 Table of Contents In addition, we are exposed to the credit risk of customers to which we have made credit sales in the event that any of such customers becomes insolvent or bankrupt or otherwise does not make timely payments. For example, we sell our products on credit to certain customers in emerging or promising markets in order to gain early access to such markets, increase our market share in existing key markets or enhance the prospects of future sales with rapidly growing customers. There are high credit risks in doing business with these customers because they are often small, young and high-growth companies with significant unfunded working capital, inadequate balance sheets and credit metrics and limited operating histories. If these customers are not able to obtain satisfactory working capital, maintain adequate cash flow, or obtain construction financing for the projects where our solar products are used, they may be unable to pay for products they have ordered from us or for which they have taken delivery. Our legal recourse under such circumstances may be limited if the customers’ financial resources are already constrained or if we wish to continue to do business with these customers. We are exposed to various risks related to legal or administrative proceedings or disputes that could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and reputation, and may cause loss of business. We, our directors and officers may from time to time be subject to litigation or other legal or administrative proceedings or disputes. Such litigation and other proceedings or disputes may include actions relating to intellectual property, supply or sales agreements or other commercial arrangements, leased properties, share transfers, non-competition, labor law, fiduciary duties, or other harm resulting from acts or omissions by us or individuals or entities outside of our control. We cannot predict with certainty the cost of defense, the cost of prosecution or the ultimate outcome of litigation and other proceedings filed by or against us, our directors, management or employees, including remedies or damage awards, and adverse results in such litigation and other proceedings may harm our business or reputation. Regardless of the merits, responding to allegations, litigation or legal or administration proceedings and defending against litigation can be time-consuming and costly, and may result in us incurring substantial legal and administrative expenses, as well as divert the attention of our management. Any such allegations, lawsuits or proceedings could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We may continue to undertake acquisitions, investments, joint ventures or other strategic alliances, and such undertakings may be unsuccessful. We may continue to grow our operations through acquisitions, investments, participation in joint ventures or other strategic alliances with suppliers or other companies in China and overseas along the solar power industry value chain in the future. Such acquisitions, participation in joint ventures and strategic alliances may expose us to new operational, regulatory, market and geographical risks as well as risks associated with additional capital requirements and diversion of management resources. Our acquisitions, investments, participation in joint ventures or other strategic alliances may expose us to the following risks, among others: ● There may be unforeseen risks relating to the target’s or strategic partner’s industry, business, operations, geographical and regulatory environment, or liabilities of the target that were not discovered by us through our legal and business due diligence prior to such transaction. Such undetected risks and liabilities could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. ● There is no assurance that we will be able to maintain relationships with previous customers of the target, or develop new customer relationships in the future. Loss of our existing customers or failure to establish relationships with new customers could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. ● Acquisitions will generally divert a significant portion of our management and financial resources from our existing business and the integration of the target’s operations with our existing operations has required, and will continue to require, significant management and financial resources, potentially straining our ability to finance and manage our existing operations. ● There is no assurance that the expected synergies or other benefits from any acquisition or joint venture investment will actually materialize. If we are not successful in the integration of a target’s operations, or are otherwise not successful in the operation of a target’s business, we may not be able to generate sufficient revenue from its operations to recover costs and expenses of the acquisition. ● Acquisition, investments, or participation in new joint venture or strategic alliance may involve us in the management of operation in which we do not possess extensive expertise. 21 Table of Contents The materialization of any of these risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our long-term investment, which is accounted for using fair value option, is subject to uncertainties in accounting estimates. Fluctuations in the changes in fair value of these assets would affect our financial results. We have invested in, and intend to continue to selectively invest in, businesses that complement our existing business and may make other financial investments. We recognized a gain from change in fair value of long-term investment of RMB221.5 million, RMB163.5 million and RMB33.2 million (US$4.7 million) for 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. Our long-term investment, which is accounted for using fair value option, represents our equity investment in a private company and two Chinese public companies. The fair value changes in our long-term investment may negatively affect our financial performance. The fair value of financial instruments that are not traded in an active market is determined by using valuation techniques. These valuation techniques maximize the use of observable market data where it is available and rely as little as possible on entity specific estimates. Factors beyond our control can cause adverse changes to the estimates we use and thus adversely affect the fair value of our unlisted investments. These factors include changes in general economic conditions, market liquidity, asset values, and performance of the companies we invested in. As a result, asset valuations in future periods, reflecting then-prevailing market conditions, may result in negative changes in the fair values of our unlisted investments. Moreover, the value ultimately realized by us on disposal of these investments may be lower than their current fair value. Any of the foregoing factors could have an adverse impact on our results of operations and financial condition. We may be subject to non-competition or other similar restrictions or arrangements relating to our business. We may from time to time enter into non-competition, exclusivity or other restrictions or arrangements of a similar nature as part of our sales agreements with our customers. Such restrictions or arrangements may significantly hinder our ability to sell additional products, or enter into sales agreements with new or existing customers that plan to sell our products, in certain markets. As a result, such restrictions or arrangements may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In October 2016, we entered into a side agreement with JinkoPower and the investors of JinkoPower, pursuant to the non-compete provisions of which we undertake not to develop any downstream solar power project with a capacity of over 2 MW in China after the disposition of our equity interest in JinkoPower in the fourth quarter of 2016. This non-competition covenant may adversely affect our growth prospects in China. In September 2017, we provided a non-compete commitment to JinkoPower under which we undertook to cease developing new downstream solar projects. In addition, for our existing offshore downstream solar power projects that we are constructing and will connect to the grid, we undertake to endeavor to cause those projects to be transferred to JinkoPower, its subsidiaries or other qualified third parties, to the extent that such transfers will not contravene with applicable laws and regulations and that we are able to obtain written consent of the relevant contracting parties for those projects. In 2025, we transferred 50% equity interest in Sweihan Solar Holding Company Limited to Photon Energy Holding Limited, a subsidiary of JinkoPower (“Photon Energy”). The target company, Sweihan Solar Holding Company Limited, holds a 40% equity interest in the entity that owns the 1,209 MW photovoltaic power plant project in Abu Dhabi. This non-competition undertaking may adversely affect our operating results. 22 Table of Contents The NEA released a “Technology Top Runner” program in 2017, which has more stringent technology standards than other “Top Runner” programs, to promote solar projects using higher-efficiency modules (requiring a conversion efficiency rate of 18.9% or above for monocrystalline solar cells and 18.0% or above for multicrystalline solar cells) and most advanced technologies (especially breakthrough technologies that have not reached the stage of mass production). In order to promote our high-efficiency modules and cutting-edgy N-type cell technologies, (i) we and JinkoPower jointly established Poyang Luohong Power Co., Ltd. (“Poyang Luohong”), a PRC company, in the third quarter of 2018, in which we then held 51% equity interest and had made capital contribution of RMB98 million in cash as of December 31, 2018, and (ii) we formed a bidding consortium with JinkoPower to bid for “Technology Top Runner” solar projects, and had won a 250 MW “Technology Top Runner” solar project in Shangrao, Jiangxi Province (the “Technology Top Runner Project”). We supplied N-type monocrystalline modules to this project, whose conversion efficiency is even higher than our P-type monocrystalline passivated emitter rear cell (“PERC”) modules. The Technology Top Runner Project was developed by Poyang Luohong. We sold all of our equity interest in Poyang Luohong to an independent third party, and filed the change of ownership with Shangrao Market Supervision Administration on December 17, 2019. We no longer have any downstream solar power projects in China after we disposed of our downstream solar power projects business in China in the fourth quarter of 2016. Our substantial indebtedness could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. We typically require a significant amount of cash to meet our capital requirements, including the expansion of our production capacity, as well as to fund our operations. As of December 31, 2025, we had outstanding short-term borrowings (including the current portion of long-term borrowings and failed sale-leaseback financing) of RMB10.66 billion (US$1.52 billion) and outstanding long-term borrowings (excluding the current portion of long-term borrowings and failed sale-leaseback financing) of RMB18.21 billion (US$2.60 billion). For details regarding our borrowings, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—B. Liquidity and Capital Resources” in this annual report. We may not have sufficient funds available to meet our payment obligations in light of the amount of bank borrowings due in the near term future. This level of debt and the imminent repayment of our notes and other bank borrowings could have significant consequences on our operations, including: ● reducing the availability of our cash flow to fund working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions and other general corporate purposes as a result of our debt service obligations, and limiting our ability to obtain additional financing; ● limiting our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, and increasing our vulnerability to, changes in our business, the industry in which we operate and the general economy; and ● potentially increasing the cost of any additional financing. Any of these factors and other consequences that may result from our substantial indebtedness could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations as well as our ability to meet our payment obligations under our debt. In addition, we are exposed to various types of market risks in the normal course of business, including the impact of interest rate changes. As of December 31, 2025, RMB10.59 billion (US$1.51 billion) of our long-term borrowings bears interest at variable rates, generally linked to market benchmarks such as the benchmark interest rate issued by local banks. Any increase in interest rates would increase our finance expenses relating to our variable rate indebtedness and increase the costs of refinancing our existing indebtedness and issuing new debt. Furthermore, since the majority of our short-term borrowings came from Chinese banks, we are exposed to lending policy changes by the Chinese banks. If the Chinese government changes its macroeconomic policies and forces Chinese banks to tighten their lending practices, or if Chinese banks are no longer willing to provide financing to solar power companies, including us, we may not be able to extend our short-term borrowings or make additional borrowings in the future. We may incur gain or loss in relation to our change in the fair value of our financial instruments. The change in fair value of financial instruments may fluctuate significantly from period to period due to factors that are largely beyond our control, and may result in us recording substantial gains or losses as a result of such changes. As a result of the foregoing, you may not be able to rely on period to period comparisons of our operating results as an indication of our future performance. 23 Table of Contents Our failure to maintain sufficient collateral under certain pledge contracts for our short-term loans may materially adversely affect our financial condition, liquidity and results of operations. As of December 31, 2025, we had short-term borrowings (including the current portion of long-term borrowings and failed sale-leaseback financing) of RMB3.98 billion (US$569.8 million), secured by certain of our inventory, land use rights, property, plant and equipment, bank deposit and accounts receivable. We cannot assure you that we will not be requested by the pledgees to provide additional collateral to bring the value of the collateral to the level required by the pledgees if our inventory depreciates in the future. If we fail to provide additional collateral upon request, the pledgees will be entitled to require the immediate repayment of the outstanding bank loans. In addition, the pledgees may auction or sell the inventory. Furthermore, we may be subject to liquidated damages pursuant to relevant pledge contracts. Although the pledgees have conducted regular site inspections on our inventory since the pledge contracts were executed, they have not requested us to provide additional collateral or take other remedial actions. However, we cannot assure you the pledgees will not require us to provide additional collateral in the future or take other remedial actions or otherwise enforce their rights under the pledge contracts and loan agreements. If any of the foregoing occurs, our financial condition, liquidity and results of operations may be materially adversely affected. We rely principally on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our principal operating subsidiary, and limitations on their ability to pay dividends to us could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. We are a holding company and rely principally on dividends paid by Jiangxi Jinko, our principal operating subsidiary, for cash requirements. Applicable PRC laws, rules and regulations permit payment of dividends by our PRC subsidiaries only out of their retained earnings, if any, determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards. Our PRC subsidiaries are required to set aside a certain percentage of their after-tax profit based on PRC accounting standards each year as reserve funds for future development and employee benefits, in accordance with the requirements of relevant laws and provisions in their respective articles of associations. The percentage should not be less than 10%, unless the reserve funds reach 50% of our registered capital. In addition, under PRC laws, our PRC subsidiaries are prohibited from distributing dividends if there is a loss in the current year. As a result, our PRC subsidiaries may be restricted in their ability to transfer any portion of their net income to us whether in the form of dividends, loans or advances. Any limitation on the ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends to us could materially adversely limit our ability to grow, make investments or acquisitions that could be beneficial to our businesses, pay dividends or otherwise fund and conduct our business. Although we completed the STAR Listing, we may not achieve the results contemplated by our business strategy (including with respect to use of proceeds from that offering) and therefore the price of the ADSs may not increase, or may even drop. In January 2022, we completed the initial public offering of Jiangxi Jinko on the Shanghai Stock Exchange’s Sci-Tech Innovation Board (the “STAR Listing”). Jiangxi Jinko is our majority-owned principal operating subsidiary. We conduct substantially all of our business through Jiangxi Jinko and its subsidiaries. Although the STAR Listing has been completed, we cannot assure you that we will realize any or all of our anticipated benefits of the STAR Listing. Our completion of the STAR Listing may not have the anticipated effects of strengthening our market position and operations in the PRC. Jiangxi Jinko has broad discretion in the use of the proceeds from the STAR Listing, and it may not spend or invest those proceeds in a manner that results in our operating success or with which holders of our shares and ADSs agree. Our failure to successfully leverage the completion of the STAR Listing to expand our production capacity in the PRC could result in a decrease in the price of the ADSs. In addition, we cannot assure you that the success of Jiangxi Jinko will have an attendant positive effect on the price of the ADSs. Jiangxi Jinko’s status as a publicly traded company that is controlled, but less than wholly owned, by our company could have an adverse effect on us. As the result of actions that were taken in connection with the STAR Listing, including placement of shares by Jiangxi Jinko, our principal operating subsidiary, to certain investors (including our controlling shareholders), Jiangxi Jinko is no longer a wholly-owned subsidiary of our company. We currently own approximately 54.16% equity interest of Jiangxi Jinko and retain majority ownership of Jiangxi Jinko. The non-controlling interest in Jiangxi Jinko may further increase following the STAR Listing as Jiangxi Jinko may issue or place additional shares to investors from time to time. The interests Jiangxi Jinko’s minority shareholders may diverge from the interests of our company and our other subsidiaries in the future. As a result, we may face conflicts of interest in managing, financing or engaging in transactions with Jiangxi Jinko, or allocating business opportunities among our subsidiaries. In addition, Jiangxi Jinko is managed by its own board of directors and officers and those directors and officers, in the exercise of their fiduciary duties, take actions that may be contrary to the best interests of our company. 24 Table of Contents After the completion of the STAR Listing, given Jiangxi Jinko and our Company are public reporting companies listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange and the NYSE, respectively, each of them is subject to separate and potentially inconsistent accounting standards (PRC GAAP for Jiangxi Jinko and U.S. GAAP for our Company) as well as disclosure and other regulatory requirements. As a result, Jiangxi Jinko and our Company will periodically disclose information simultaneously pursuant to different laws and regulations, and the information disclosed by these two listed companies may differ due to distinct and potentially inconsistent accounting standards applicable to these two companies and disclosure requirements by different securities regulatory authorities in the composition of investors in the United States and PRC, and in the capital markets of the United States and the PRC. Different disclosures may lead to confusion or uncertainty among investors in the publicly traded shares of one or both of these companies. In addition, there might be future requirements of the PRC law, including demands from the CSRC, the Shanghai Stock Exchange or other relevant authorities, that might have a bearing on holders of our ordinary shares and ADSs. For example, during the STAR Listing process, in order to comply with the PRC law, some of our senior management resigned from our company, while retaining the same roles at Jiangxi Jinko. In the future, Jiangxi Jinko may issue options, restricted shares and other forms of share-based compensation to its directors, officers and employees, which could dilute our company’s ownership in Jiangxi Jinko. In addition, Jiangxi Jinko may engage in capital-raising activities in the future that could further dilute our company’s ownership interest. Our organizational structure has become and may in the future become more complex. We will need to continue to scale and adapt our operational, financial and management controls, as well as our reporting systems and procedures, at both our company and Jiangxi Jinko. The continued expansion of our infrastructure will require us to commit substantial financial, operational and management resources before our revenue increases and without any assurances that our revenue will increase. It is difficult to predict the effect of the STAR Listing by Jiangxi Jinko on the market price of the ADSs. The China Securities Regulatory Commission, or the CSRC, initially launched the STAR Market in June 2019 and trading on the STAR Market began in July 2019. No assurance can be given regarding the effect of the STAR Listing on the market price of the ADSs. The market price of the ADSs may be volatile or may decline, for reasons other than the risk and uncertainties described above, as the result of investor negativity or uncertainty with respect to the impact of the STAR Listing. Investors may elect to invest in our business and operations by purchasing Jiangxi Jinko’s shares on the STAR Market, rather than purchasing the ADSs, and that reduction in demand could lead to a decrease in the market price for the ADSs. Any failure to maintain effective internal control could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and the market price of the ADSs. The SEC, as required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the “Sarbanes-Oxley Act”), adopted rules requiring most public companies to include a management report on such company’s internal control over financial reporting in its annual report, which contains management’s assessment of the effectiveness of our company’s internal control over financial reporting. In addition, when a company meets the SEC’s criteria, an independent registered public accounting firm must report on the effectiveness of our company’s internal control over financial reporting. Our management and independent registered public accounting firm have concluded that our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025 was effective. However, we cannot assure you that in the future our management or our independent registered public accounting firm will not identify material weaknesses during the Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act audit process or for other reasons. In addition, because of the inherent limitations of internal control over financial reporting, including the possibility of collusion or improper management override of controls, material misstatements due to error or fraud may not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. As a result, if we fail to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting or should we be unable to prevent or detect material misstatements due to error or fraud on a timely basis, investors could lose confidence in the reliability of our financial statements, which in turn could harm our business, results of operations and negatively impact the market price of the ADSs, and harm our reputation. Furthermore, we have incurred and expected to continue to incur considerable costs and to use significant management time and other resources in an effort to comply with Section 404 and other requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. 25 Table of Contents Failure to achieve satisfactory production volumes of our products could result in higher unit production costs. The production of silicon wafers, solar cells, solar modules and recovered silicon materials involves complex processes. Deviations in the manufacturing process can cause a substantial decrease in output and, in some cases, disrupt production significantly or result in no output. From time to time, we have experienced lower-than-anticipated manufacturing output during the ramp-up of production lines. This often occurs during the introduction of new products, the installation of new equipment or the implementation of new process technologies. As we bring additional lines or facilities into production, we may operate at less than intended capacity during the ramp-up period. In addition, the demand in global solar power product market may decrease, including the demand for solar modules, which may also cause us to operate at less than intended capacity. This would result in higher marginal production costs and lower output, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Demand for solar power products may be adversely affected by seasonality. Demand for solar power products tends to be weaker during the winter months partly due to adverse weather conditions in certain regions, which complicate the installation of solar power systems, our operating results may fluctuate from period to period based on the seasonality of industry demand for solar power products. Our sales in the first quarter of any year may also be affected by the occurrence of the Chinese New Year holiday during which domestic industrial activity is normally lower than that at other times. Such fluctuations may result in the underutilization of our capacity and increase our average costs per unit. In addition, we may not be able to capture all of the available demand if our capacity is insufficient during the summer months. As a result, fluctuations in the demand for our products may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Unsatisfactory performance of or defects in our products may cause us to incur additional expenses and warranty costs, damage our reputation and cause our sales to decline. Our products may contain defects that are not detected until after they are shipped or inspected by our customers. Our silicon wafer sales contracts normally require our customers to conduct inspection before delivery. We may, from time to time, allow those of our silicon wafer customers with good credit to return our silicon wafers within a stipulated period, if they find our silicon wafers do not meet the required specifications. Our standard solar cell sales contract requires our customer to notify us within 7 days of delivery if such customer finds our solar cells do not meet the specifications stipulated in the sales contract. If our customer notifies us of such defect within the specified time period and provides relevant proof, we will replace those defective solar cells with qualified ones after our confirmation of such defects. Our solar modules are typically sold with a 10-year warranty for material and workmanship and a 25-year (30-year for dual glass module) linear power output warranty against the maximum degradation of the actual power output for each year after the warranty start date. If a solar module is defective during the relevant warranty period, we will either repair or replace the solar module. As we continue to increase our sales to the major export markets, we may be exposed to increased warranty claims. In May 2011, we engaged PowerGuard Specialty Insurance Services (“PowerGuard”), a firm specialized in unique insurance and risk management solutions for the wind and solar energy industries, to provide insurance coverage for the product warranty services of our solar modules worldwide effective from May 1, 2011. We renewed the insurance policy provided by PowerGuard upon its expiration in every May from 2011 to 2019. The policy offered back-to-back coverage through a maximum of ten-year limited product defects warranty, as well as a 25-year (30-year for dual glass module) linear warranty against degradation of module power output from the time of delivery. In April 2020, our engagement with PowerGuard expired. In December 2018, we engaged Ariel Syndicate 1910 of Lloyd’s (“Ariel Re”), a firm specialized in unique insurance and risk management solutions for the wind and solar energy industries, to provide insurance coverage for the product warranty services of our solar modules worldwide effective from May 2019. We renewed the insurance policy provided by Ariel Re from 2021 to 2022. The policy offers back-to-back coverage through a maximum of ten-year limited product defects warranty, as well as a 25-year (30-year for dual glass module) linear warranty against degradation of module power output from the time of delivery. In January 2023, we engaged Munich Re to provide insurance coverage for the product warranty services of our solar modules worldwide effective from January 1, 2023. The policy offers back-to-back coverage through a maximum of 15-year limited product defects warranty, as well as a 30-year linear warranty against degradation of module power output from the time of delivery. In January 2025, we engaged Ariel Re to provide insurance coverage for the product warranty services of our solar modules worldwide effective from January 1, 2025. The policy offers back-to-back coverage through a maximum of 15-year limited product defects warranty, as well as a 30-year linear warranty against degradation of module power output from the time of delivery. 26 Table of Contents If we experience a significant increase in warranty claims, we may incur significant repair and replacement costs associated with such claims. In addition, product defects could cause significant damage to our market reputation and reduce our product sales and market share, and our failure to maintain the consistency and quality throughout our production process could result in substandard quality or performance of our products. If we deliver our products with defects, or if there is a perception that our products are of substandard quality, we may incur substantially increased costs associated with returns or replacements of our products, our credibility and market reputation could be harmed and our sales and market share may be materially adversely affected. Fluctuations in exchange rates could adversely affect our results of operations. We derive a substantial portion of our sales from international customers and a significant portion of our total revenue have been denominated in foreign currencies, particularly, Euros and U.S. dollars. Our sales outside China represented 61.7%, 66.2% and 65.5% of our total revenue in 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. As a result, we may face significant risks resulting from currency exchange rate fluctuations, particularly among Renminbi, Euros and U.S. dollars. For example, we expect our revenue and gross margin to be adversely affected by the appreciation of Renminbi against U.S. dollars, as a substantial portion of our sales are denominated in U.S. dollar. Furthermore, we have outstanding debt obligations, and may continue to incur debts from time to time, denominated and repayable in foreign currencies. We recorded foreign exchange gains of RMB938.1 million, RMB484.4 million and RMB7.0 million (US$1.0 million) in 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. We cannot predict the impact of future exchange rate fluctuations on our results of operations and may incur net foreign currency losses in the future. Our consolidated financial statements are expressed in Renminbi. The functional currency of our principal operating subsidiary, Jiangxi Jinko, is also Renminbi. To the extent we hold assets denominated in Euros or U.S. dollars, any appreciation of Renminbi against the Euro or U.S. dollar could reduce the value of our Euro-or U.S. dollar-denominated consolidated assets. On the other hand, if we decide to convert our Renminbi amounts into Euros or U.S. dollars for business purposes, including foreign debt service, a decline in the value of Renminbi against the Euro or U.S. dollar would reduce the Euro or U.S. dollar equivalent amounts of the Renminbi we convert. In addition, a depreciation of Renminbi against the U.S. dollar could reduce the U.S. dollar equivalent amounts of our financial results and the dividends we may pay in the future, if any, all of which may have a material adverse effect on the price of the ADSs. The Renminbi has fluctuated against the U.S. dollar, at times significantly and unpredictably. On November 30, 2015, the Executive Board of the International Monetary Fund completed the regular five-year review of the basket of currencies that make up the Special Drawing Right (the “SDR”), and decided that with effect from October 1, 2016, Renminbi will be a freely usable currency and will be included in the SDR basket as a fifth currency, along with the U.S. dollar, the Euro, the Japanese yen and the British pound. In the fourth quarter of 2016, the RMB has depreciated significantly in the backdrop of a surging U.S. dollar and persistent capital outflows of China. More recently, changes in U.S. monetary policy, including the Federal Reserve’s series of interest rate increases beginning in March 2022 (followed by subsequent adjustments), have contributed to U.S. dollar strength and heightened volatility in global foreign exchange markets. During this period, the RMB experienced notable fluctuations against the U.S. dollar, with periods of depreciation and appreciation driven by shifting interest rate differentials, market expectations regarding future U.S. and PRC monetary policy, and PRC authorities’ actions to manage the pace of exchange rate movements. With the development of the foreign exchange market and progress towards interest rate liberalization and Renminbi internationalization, the PRC government may in the future announce further changes to the exchange rate system and we cannot assure you that the Renminbi will not appreciate or depreciate significantly in value against the U.S. dollar in the future. It is difficult to predict how market forces or PRC or U.S. government policy may impact the exchange rate between the Renminbi and the U.S. dollar in the future. Any currency exchange losses we recognize may be magnified by PRC exchange control regulations that restrict our ability to convert Renminbi into foreign currency. Limited hedging transactions are available in China to reduce our exposure to exchange rate fluctuations. Although we have entered into a number of foreign-exchange forward contracts and foreign exchange options with local banks to manage our risks associated with foreign-exchange rates fluctuations, we cannot assure you that our hedging efforts will be effective. Our currency exchange losses may be magnified by PRC exchange control regulations that restrict our ability to convert Renminbi into foreign currency. As a result, fluctuations in exchange rates may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. Our operating history may not be a reliable predictor of our prospects and future results of operations. We commenced processing recoverable silicon materials in June 2006, and manufacturing silicon wafers in 2008. We commenced producing solar cells in July 2009 following our acquisition of Zhejiang Jinko, which has manufactured solar cells since June 2007, and we commenced producing solar modules in August 2009. 27 Table of Contents Although our revenue experienced significant growth in the past, we cannot assure you that our revenue will increase at previous rates or at all, or that we will be able to continue to operate profitably in future periods. For example, we experienced net losses in each quarter from the fourth quarter of 2011 to the first quarter of 2013. As a result, our operating history may not be a reliable predictor of our future results of operations. Past revenue growth experienced by us should not be taken as indicative of future revenue growth, if any. Period-to-period comparisons of our operating results and our results for any period should not be relied upon as an indication of future performance. Our operations are subject to natural disasters, adverse weather conditions, operating hazards, production safety accidents, environmental incidents and labor disputes. We may experience force majeure events such as earthquakes, floods, mudslides, snowstorms, typhoon, power outages, labor disputes or similar events beyond our control that would affect our operations. Our manufacturing processes involve the use of hazardous equipment, such as furnaces, squaring machines and wire saws. We also use, store and generate volatile and otherwise dangerous chemicals and waste during our manufacturing processes, which are potentially destructive and dangerous if not properly handled or in the event of uncontrollable or catastrophic circumstances, including operating hazards, fires and explosions, natural disasters, adverse weather conditions and major equipment failures, for which we cannot obtain insurance at a reasonable cost or at all. Although we have implemented internal control policies to ensure safety during production, we cannot guarantee that these policies will be strictly adhered to at all times, especially by third-party contractors. As a result, we may experience production safety accident or other incidents. On April 26, 2024, a fire accident occurred in one of our wafer slicing and solar cell manufacturing workshops in Shanxi Province, China, causing significant damage to certain equipment and other assets. This incident has had a material impact on our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2024. For more details on the accident, see “Item 4. Information about the Company—B. Business Overview—Production Safety.” Should another such accident happen, we could face penalties and liability claims, or we may need to seek damages from third-party contractors. Failing to mitigate these potential liabilities or obtain full compensation could result in significant costs, materially and adversely affecting our financial condition and operational results. Additionally, such incidents could generate negative publicity, further harming our reputation. In addition, our ingot wafer, solar cell and solar module production and their respective storage facilities are located in close proximity to one another. The occurrence of any force majeure events such as natural disaster, unanticipated catastrophic event or unexpected accident in these sites could result in production curtailments, shutdowns or periods of reduced production, which could significantly disrupt our business operations, cause us to incur additional costs and affect our ability to deliver our products to our customers as scheduled, or prevent us from performing our contractual obligations, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Moreover, such events could result in severe damage to property, personal injuries, fatalities, regulatory enforcement proceedings or our being named as a defendant in lawsuits asserting claims for large amounts of damages, which in turn could lead to significant liabilities. Occurrences of natural disasters, pandemic incidents as well as accidents and incidents of adverse weather in or around the places where we have manufacturing facilities in the future may result in significant property damage, electricity shortages, disruption of our operations, work stoppages, civil unrest, personal injuries and, in severe cases, fatalities. Such incidents may result in damage to our reputation or cause us to lose all or a portion of our production capacity, and future revenue anticipated to be derived from the relevant facilities. 28 Table of Contents Our founders collectively have significant influence over our management and their interests may not be aligned with our interests or the interests of our other shareholders. As of the date of this annual report, our founders, Xiande Li, who is our chairman and chief executive officer, Kangping Chen, and Xianhua Li, who is our director, beneficially owned 21.0%, 14.2% and 5.2%, respectively, or 40.4% in the aggregate, of our outstanding ordinary shares. If the founders act collectively, they will have a substantial influence over our business, including decisions regarding mergers, consolidations and the sale of all or substantially all of our assets, election of directors, dividend policy and other significant corporate actions. They may take actions that are not in the best interest of our company or our securities holders. For example, this concentration of ownership may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company, which could deprive our shareholders of the opportunity to receive a premium for their shares as part of a sale of our company and might reduce the price of the ADSs. On the other hand, if the founders are in favor of any of these actions, these actions may be taken even if they are opposed by a majority of our other shareholders, including you and those who invest in ADSs. In addition, under our current articles of association, the quorum required for the general meeting of our shareholders is two shareholders entitled to vote and present in person or by proxy or, if the shareholder is a corporation, by its duly authorized representative representing not less than one-third in nominal value of our total issued voting shares. As such, a shareholders resolution may be passed at our shareholders meetings with the presence of our founders only and without the presence of any of our other shareholders, which may not represent the interests of our other shareholders, including holders of ADSs. We have limited insurance coverage and may incur losses resulting from product liability claims, business interruption or natural disasters. We are exposed to risks associated with product liability claims in the event that the use of our products results in property damage or personal injury. Since our products are ultimately incorporated into electricity generating systems, it is possible that users could be injured or killed by devices that use our products, whether as a result of product malfunctions, defects, improper installations or other causes. Due to our limited operating history, we are unable to predict whether product liability claims will be brought against us in the future or to predict the impact of any resulting adverse publicity on our business. The successful assertion of product liability claims against us could result in potentially significant monetary damages and require us to make significant payments. Our product liability insurance coverage is limited and we may not have adequate resources to satisfy a judgment in the event of a successful claim against us. In addition, we do not carry any business interruption insurance. As the insurance industry in China is still in its relatively early stage of development, even if we decide to take out business interruption coverage, such insurance available in China offers limited coverage compared with that offered in many other countries. Any business interruption or natural disaster could result in substantial losses and diversion of our resources and materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. The grant of employee share options and other share-based compensation could adversely affect our net income. As of the date of this annual report, 2,600,000 restricted shares have been granted to our directors, officers and employees pursuant to our 2021 Equity Incentive Plan; 12,000,000 restricted shares have been granted to our directors, officers and employees pursuant to our 2022 Equity Incentive Plan; and 20,800,000 restricted shares have been granted to our directors, officers and employees pursuant to our 2023 Equity Incentive Plan. As of the date of this annual report, there were an aggregate of 11,805,704 outstanding restricted shares granted under our 2021 Equity Incentive Plan, 2022 Equity Incentive Plan and 2023 Equity Incentive Plan. U.S. GAAP requires us to recognize share-based compensation as compensation expense in the consolidated statement of operations based on the fair value of equity awards on the date of the grant, with the compensation expense recognized over the period in which the recipient is required to provide service in exchange for the equity award. If we grant more share options to attract and retain key personnel, the expenses associated with share-based compensation may adversely affect our net income. However, if we do not grant share options or reduce the number of share options that we grant, we may not be able to attract and retain key personnel. 29 Table of Contents Our lack of sufficient patent protection in and outside of China may undermine our competitive position and subject us to intellectual property disputes with third parties, both of which may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. We have developed various production process related know-how and technologies in the production of our products. Such know-how and technologies play a critical role in our quality assurance and cost reduction. In addition, we have implemented a number of research and development programs with a view to developing techniques and processes that will improve production efficiency and product quality. Our intellectual property and proprietary rights from our research and development programs will be crucial in maintaining our competitive edge in the solar power industry. As of December 31, 2025, we held 3,559 patents and had 2,033 pending patent applications. We plan to continue to seek to protect our intellectual property and proprietary knowledge by applying for patents for them. However, we cannot assure you that we will be successful in obtaining patents in China in a timely manner or at all. Moreover, even if we are successful, China currently affords less protection to a company’s intellectual property than some other countries, including the United States. We also use contractual arrangements with employees and trade secret protections to protect our intellectual property and proprietary rights. Nevertheless, contractual arrangements afford only limited protection and the actions we may take to protect our intellectual property and proprietary rights may not be adequate. In addition, others may obtain knowledge of our know-how and technologies through independent development. Our failure to protect our production process, related know-how and technologies, our intellectual property and proprietary rights or any combination of the above may undermine our competitive position. Third parties may infringe or misappropriate our proprietary technologies or other intellectual property and proprietary rights. Policing unauthorized use of proprietary technology can be difficult and expensive. Litigation, which can be costly and divert management attention and other resources away from our business, may be necessary to enforce our intellectual property rights, protect our trade secrets or determine the validity and scope of our proprietary rights. We cannot assure you that the outcome of such potential litigation will be in our favor. An adverse determination in any such litigation will impair our intellectual property and proprietary rights and may harm our business, prospects and reputation. We may be exposed to intellectual property infringement or misappropriation claims by third parties, which, if determined adversely to us, could cause us to pay significant damage awards and subject us to injunctions prohibiting sale of our products in certain markets. Our success depends on our ability to use and develop our technology and know-how, and to manufacture and sell our recovered silicon materials, silicon wafers, solar cells and solar modules, develop solar power projects or otherwise operate our business in the solar industry without infringing the intellectual property or other rights of third parties. We may be subject to litigation involving claims of patent infringement or violation of intellectual property rights of third parties. The validity and scope of claims relating to solar power technology patents involve complex scientific, legal and factual questions and analyses and, therefore, may be highly uncertain. The defense and prosecution of intellectual property suits, patent opposition proceedings, trademark disputes and related legal and administrative proceedings can be both costly and time-consuming and may significantly divert our resources and the attention of our technical and management personnel. An adverse ruling in any such litigation or proceedings could subject us to significant liability to third parties, require us to seek licenses from third parties, to pay ongoing royalties, or to redesign our products or subject us to injunctions prohibiting the manufacture and sale of our products or the use of our technologies. Protracted litigation could also result in our customers or potential customers deferring or limiting their purchase or use of our products until resolution of such litigation. 30 Table of Contents Our business depends substantially on the continuing efforts of our founders, executive officers and key technical personnel, as well as our ability to maintain a skilled labor force. Our business may be materially adversely affected if we lose their services. Our success depends on the continued services of our founders, Mr. Xiande Li and Mr. Xianhua Li, and other executive officers and key personnel. We do not maintain key-man life insurance on any of our founders, executive officers and key personnel. If one or more of our founders, executive officers and key personnel are unable or unwilling to continue in their present positions, we may not be able to readily replace them, if at all. As a result, our business may be severely disrupted and we may have to incur additional expenses in order to recruit and retain new personnel. In addition, if any of our executives joins a competitor or forms a competing company, we may lose some of our customers. Each of our founders, executive officers and key personnel has entered into an employment agreement with us that contains confidentiality and non-competition provisions. However, if any dispute arises between our founders, executive officers or key personnel and us, we cannot assure you, in light of difficulties in effecting service of legal process, enforcing foreign judgments or bringing actions in China, that these agreements could be enforced in China where most of our founders, executive officers and key personnel reside and hold most of their assets. See “—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Complexity and uncertainties with respect to the PRC regulatory environment, including the interpretation and enforcement of PRC laws and regulations, could have a material adverse effect on us” in this annual report. Furthermore, recruiting and retaining capable personnel, particularly experienced engineers and technicians familiar with our products and manufacturing processes, is vital to maintain the quality of our products and improve our production methods. There is substantial competition for qualified technical personnel, and we cannot assure you that we will be able to attract or retain qualified technical personnel. If we are unable to attract and retain qualified employees, key technical personnel and our executive officers, our business may be materially adversely affected. Compliance with environmentally safe production and construction and renewable energy development regulations can be costly, while non-compliance with such regulations may result in adverse publicity and potentially significant monetary damages, fines and suspension of our business operations. We are required to comply with all national and local environmental protection regulations for our operations, including in China, the United States and Vietnam. For example, some of our subsidiaries need to obtain and maintain pollution discharge permits or registrations, and some of our subsidiaries are in the process of application for such permits and registrations, which are subject to application, renewal or extension on an annual basis or within a longer period. We cannot assure you that we are or will be able to successfully obtain, renew or extend these permits in a timely manner or at all. We use, store and generate volatile and otherwise dangerous chemicals and wastes during our manufacturing processes, and are subject to a variety of government regulations related to the use, storage and disposal of such hazardous chemicals and waste. In accordance with the requirements of the Regulations on the Safety Management of Hazardous Chemicals, which became effective on March 15, 2002 and were amended on December 1, 2011 and December 7, 2013, we are required to engage state-qualified institutions to conduct the safety evaluation on our storage instruments related to our use of hazardous chemicals and file the safety evaluation report with the competent safety supervision and administration authorities every three years. Moreover, we are required to obtain construction permits before commencing constructing production facilities. We are also required to obtain the approvals from PRC environmental protection authorities before commencing commercial operations of our manufacturing facilities. We are also required to comply with renewable energy development regulations and directives for our operations in China. We commenced construction of a portion of our solar cell and solar module production facilities prior to obtaining the construction permits and commenced operations of certain of our production facilities prior to obtaining the environmental approvals for commencing commercial operation and completing the required safety evaluation procedure. Although we have subsequently obtained all required environmental approvals covering all of existing production capacity except a portion of solar cell and solar module production capacity, we cannot assure you that we will not be penalized by the relevant government authorities for our non-compliance with the PRC environmental protection, safe production and construction regulations, including renewable energy development regulations and directives. Although we did not have any material environmental incidents since 2021, we cannot assure you that our operations will not be disrupted by any environmental incidents. In addition, the relevant authorities may issue more stringent environmental protection, safe production and construction regulations in the future that may impact our manufacturing facilities in China or abroad, and the costs of compliance with new regulations could be substantial. If we fail to comply with the future environmentally safe production and construction laws and regulations, we may be required to pay fines, suspend construction or production, or cease operations. Moreover, any failure by us to control the use of, or to adequately restrict the discharge of, dangerous substances could subject us to potentially significant monetary damages and fines or the suspension of our business operations. 31 Table of Contents We face risks related to health epidemics and other outbreaks. Our business could be adversely affected by the effects of novel coronavirus (“COVID-19”), monkey pox (mpox), Ebola virus disease, influenza A (“H1N1”), avian flu, severe acute respiratory syndrome (“SARS”), or other epidemic outbreak. In particular, the COVID-19 pandemic began in early 2020 and continued for approximately three years. The pandemic significantly affected China and many other countries, which imposed restrictive measures to prevent its spread, such as quarantines, travel restrictions and home office policies. These measures interrupted commercial activities throughout the world and adversely affected our business operations. China lifted most of the pandemic-control measures in December 2022 and downgraded the management of COVID-19 from Class A to Class B in January 2023. However, if the pandemic resurges, we may be subject to further negative impact by its outbreaks and related pandemic-control measures. The outbreaks of contagious diseases and other adverse public health developments in China and around the world would have a material adverse effect on our business operations. These could include our ability to travel or ship our products outside China as well as temporary closure of our manufacturing facilities. Such closures or travel or shipment restrictions would severely disrupt our business operations and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. We have not adopted any written preventive measures or contingency plans to combat any future outbreak of avian flu, SARS or any other epidemic. Risks Related to Doing Business in China Changes in U.S.-China relations and related regulations and policies (including tariffs), as well as rising global geopolitical tensions, may adversely impact our business, our operating results, the continued listing of our ADSs on the NYSE, our ability to raise capital, as well as the market price and liquidity of our ADSs more generally. Our operations may be negatively affected by international political and economic relations, as countries could enact sanctions, export controls, tariffs, investment controls or other measures. Margins on sales of our products in certain countries and on sales of products that include components obtained from foreign suppliers could be materially and adversely affected by international trade regulations, including duties, tariffs, and anti-dumping penalties. These types of regulations could also limit our access to markets and suppliers. For example, political tensions between the United States and China have escalated in recent years. The U.S. government has taken a range of action relating to U.S.-China relations, including imposing several rounds of tariffs affecting certain products manufactured in China, imposing sanctions, export controls and investment restrictions against Chinese companies, such as prohibitions on certain investments in China related to semiconductors and microelectronics, quantum information technologies, and artificial intelligence, imposing sanctions on certain officials of the PRC and Hong Kong governments, enacting legislations such as the UFLP Act, the HFCAA and the CHIPS and Science Act, and implementing enhanced reviews of companies with significant China-based operations. Partially in response to these actions, the PRC government has also taken steps affecting U.S.-China relations, including the issuance of the Unreliable Entity List in 2019 (as amended from time to time) and the enactment of the Anti-Foreign Sanctions Law in 2021. Rising political tensions between China and the United States could reduce levels of trade, investment, technological exchanges and other economic activities between the two major economies, which would have a material adverse effect on global economic conditions and the stability of global financial markets. The measures taken by the U.S. and Chinese governments may also restrict our ability to conduct business with entities both within and outside of China and may cause investors to lose confidence in Chinese companies and counterparties, including us. For example, on May 8, 2023, U.S. government agents conducted searches pursuant to the search warrants at our production plant in Jacksonville, Florida and our office in San Francisco, California. Pursuant to these search warrants, the scope of these searches was relatively broad, mainly covering the request for the information pertinent to our import and manufacturing operations in the United States, global supply chain operations, U.S. sales operations, personnel files, immigration-related records, and corporate structure. However, the search warrants did not specify any allegations related to any substantiated conducts that formed the basis of the searches. Our production plant promptly resumed production following the searches and its normal operations and production were not negatively affected. As of the date of this annual report, we have not received any indictments or other documents presenting criminal charges against us. In addition, new legislations, executive orders, tariffs, laws or regulations may be adopted that could negatively affect companies with significant connections to the United States or to China, our industry or on us. Any unfavorable government policies on cross-border relations or international trade, including increased scrutiny on companies with significant China-based operations, may affect the competitive position of our products, the hiring of research and development personnel by us, our ability to sell our polysilicon products in the U.S. and certain other markets, the demand for our products or the products of companies that use our products as raw materials, our ability to raise capital, and the market price of our ADSs. In addition, the SEC has issued statements and several sample comment letters focused on companies with significant China-based operations. Our periodic reports and other filings with the SEC may be subject to enhanced review by the SEC, and this additional scrutiny could affect our ability to effectively raise capital in the United States. 32 Table of Contents These types of laws and regulations are subject to frequent changes, and their interpretation and enforcement involves substantial uncertainties, which may be heightened by national security concerns, or be driven by political or other factors that are out of our control. These types of restrictions, and similar or more expansive restrictions that may be imposed by the U.S. or other jurisdictions, may be difficult or costly to comply with. If any new legislation, executive orders, tariffs, laws and/or regulations are implemented, if existing trade agreements are renegotiated or if the U.S. or Chinese governments take retaliatory actions due to the U.S.-China tension, such changes could have an adverse effect on our business, our operating results, the continued listing of our ADSs on the NYSE, our ability to raise capital, as well as the market price and liquidity of our ADSs more generally. Furthermore, the current tensions in international trade and investment, particularly between the United States and China, may adversely impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Although we are a China-based company, many of our major customers and suppliers are located in the United States and other countries outside of China. As a result, government policies that restrict international trade and investment, such as capital controls, economic or trade sanctions, export controls, tariffs or foreign investment filings and approvals, may affect the demand for our products and services, impact the competitive position of our products, prevent us from being able to sell products in certain countries, or limit our ability to operate internationally. If any new tariffs, legislation, or regulations are implemented (including those imposing economic or trade sanctions, export control restrictions, or cross-border investment restrictions), or if existing trade agreements are renegotiated, these types of changes could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. There have been heightened tensions in international economic relations, particularly between the United States and China. For example, the United States has tightened controls on the export to China of certain advanced items such as semiconductors and equipment to manufacture semiconductors. In addition, the ongoing conflict in Ukraine and the related sanctions on Russia as well as the U.S.-Israeli war with Iran have further escalated international tensions and resulted in the expanded use of economic sanctions and export controls. These types of regulatory developments could adversely affect us and our supply chain, business partners, or customers. Since early 2025, the United States has implemented and adjusted a number of tariff measures affecting imports from China and other trading partners. In particular, the United States imposed a so-called “fentanyl-related” tariff of 20% on goods from China and, on April 2, 2025, announced additional tariffs on imports from trade partners, including a 10% baseline tariff applicable to all countries and additional country-specific “reciprocal” tariffs on certain trading partners. As of April 2025, tariffs imposed by the United States on most imports from China had increased to up to 145%, and China responded by imposing tariffs of up to 125% on most goods imported from the United States. Following bilateral negotiations in May 2025, the United States suspended, until November 10, 2025, a significant portion of the heightened reciprocal tariffs on Chinese imports and retained a 10% reciprocal tariff, while China reduced tariffs on most U.S. goods to 10% during that period. After further negotiations in October 2025, the United States agreed to maintain the suspension of the heightened reciprocal tariffs for one year and to reduce the fentanyl-related tariff on Chinese imports by 10% effective November 10, 2025. In addition, we operate manufacturing facilities in Vietnam. In April 2025, the United States announced a reciprocal tariff rate of 46% on imports from Vietnam. On October 26, 2025, the United States and Vietnam announced a framework arrangement under which the United States would maintain a 20% reciprocal tariff rate on Vietnamese goods and identify certain products eligible for a 0% reciprocal tariff rate. More recently, on February 20, 2026, the U.S. Supreme Court held that the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA) does not authorize the President to impose tariffs, and, as a result, the reciprocal tariffs and fentanyl-related tariffs imposed under IEEPA were invalidated. Following the decision, the administration terminated the IEEPA-based tariff effective February 24, 2026 and concurrently imposed an additional 10% temporary import surcharge on products imported into the United States from all countries pursuant to Section 122 of the Trade Act of 1974 for a 150-day period commencing on February 24, 2026 (subject to specified exemptions). The administration has also indicated its plan to impose additional tariffs under other statutory authorities. As a result, there remains significant uncertainty regarding the future scope, duration and level of U.S. tariff measures, including those affecting imports from China, Vietnam and other jurisdictions, and any further changes may increase our costs, disrupt our supply chain and/or adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. If any of the foregoing tariff risks or uncertainties were to materialize, our business, results of operations and financial condition could also be materially and adversely affected. In addition, these tariffs and other trade restrictions are expected to reduce trade volumes, cross-border investment, technological exchange, and other economic activities between major economies, and have a material adverse effect on global economic conditions and the stability of global financial and stock markets. Moreover, the heightened geopolitical uncertainty and potential for further escalation may discourage investments in securities issued by China-based issuers (including us) and affect the global macroeconomic environment. These types of geopolitical developments could materially and adversely affect our overall financial performance and the market prices of our ADSs and ordinary shares. Tensions in international trade and investment and political tensions between the United States and China, and any escalation of such tensions, may have a material negative impact on our ability to secure the supply of key components necessary for our operations and our ability to continue to sell to global customers. Since March 2026, U.S. Customs and Border Protection (“CBP”) has stated that it is developing an automated system, Consolidated Administration and Processing of Entries (CAPE), to process refunds of tariffs imposed under the IEEPA. 33 Table of Contents Legislative or administrative actions in respect of Sino-U.S. relations could increase investor caution towards affected issuers, including us, and the market price of our ordinary shares and ADSs could be adversely affected. For example, the SEC has issued statements primarily focused on companies with significant China-based operations, such as us. In addition, beginning in December 2020, the United States imposed sanctions on certain Chinese companies that prohibit U.S. persons from buying or selling the publicly traded securities of these companies as well as securities that are derivatives of or provide investment exposure to these companies. The implementation of these restrictions forced the delisting of those sanctioned issuers that were then listed on U.S. exchanges. The U.S. government designated these companies as “China Military-Industrial Complex Companies,” or CMIC Companies, based on their purported links to the Chinese military or Chinese military infrastructure or capabilities. More recently, during an April 9, 2025 television interview, in response to a journalist’s question on whether the U.S. government could include possible delistings of Chinese companies from U.S. exchanges as a possible step the United States could take in its ongoing trade disputes with China, U.S. Secretary of Treasury, Scott Bessent, declined to exclude this possibility. If the U.S. government were to take such steps, it is not known how or when the U.S. government might implement such delistings or whether there would be any transition period or exceptions. If the U.S. government were to issue any order or otherwise require or cause the delisting of equity securities issued by China-based issuers, it could have a material adverse effect on the price of our ADSs. If our ADSs were to be delisted from the NYSE, our shareholders may suffer losses or be unable to trade our securities as a result. Furthermore, rather than just delisting our securities from the NYSE, the U.S. government could implement sanctions, such as those applicable to CMIC Companies, which apply to U.S. persons globally, which could even more significantly affect our shareholders, in particular U.S. persons, and the market price of our ADSs. Separately, we may also be subject to review and enforcement under domestic and foreign laws that regulate foreign investment and acquisitions. In both the United States and other jurisdictions, these regulatory requirements may treat companies differently depending on the type of company involved and the location and nature of its operations. As a result of these laws and regulations, investments by certain investors may be subject to filing or review by local regulators, which may impose additional costs on our business, affect our operations, or limit our ability to engage in strategic transactions that might otherwise be beneficial to us and our investors. These laws and regulations are also subject to frequent changes and updates. For example, in October 2024, the U.S. Department of the Treasury issued a final rule (the “Outbound Investment Rule”), which established a new national security regulatory framework to control outbound investment from the United States in certain sensitive industry sectors in China, including Hong Kong and Macau. The Outbound Investment Rule took effect in January 2025, and it restricts U.S. persons’ direct and indirect investment in companies with specified connections to China that engage in specified “covered activities” within three areas of technology: semiconductors and microelectronics, quantum information technologies, and artificial intelligence. Subsequent policy developments have indicated that the scope of technologies subject to review and available exceptions under the Outbound Investment Rule may be further expanded or changed. In addition, on December 18, 2025, the U.S. Comprehensive Outbound Investment National Security Act of 2025 (the “COINS Act”), which will supersede the Outbound Investment Rule, became law. The COINS Act is subject to a rulemaking process, which is required to be completed by March 2027. According to the guidance issued by the U.S. Department of Treasury on December 23, 2025, the Outbound Investment Rule will continue to apply until the regulations implementing the COINS Act are implemented. There remains substantial uncertainty regarding how the new law will be implemented. Such regulations, including any changes to them that may be adopted, may limit our ability to engage in certain kinds of business operations or raise capital from U.S. and other sources if we engage in the development of technologies covered by these regulations. Continuing changes to foreign investment laws and regulatory regimes in both U.S. and other jurisdictions could adversely affect our strategic initiatives, financial performance, and growth prospects. 34 Table of Contents Uncertainties in the global economy and the slowdown of the Chinese economy may adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. The global economy faces challenges from geopolitical conflicts such as the Russia-Ukraine crisis since early 2022 and the related sanctions on Russia by Western countries, unrest in the Middle East such as the Israel-Hamas war since October 2023, and the tensions between the United States, Israel and Iran that have resulted in volatility in oil and other markets. Furthermore, the territorial disputes involving China in Asia, the tensions in the relationship between China and Japan, and the trade conflicts and tensions between China and the U.S. have, and may continue to, put pressure on China’s economic growth, particularly our downstream customers’ export to the U.S. Moreover, the Chinese economy’s growth has slowed down in the recent years. It is unclear whether this trend will continue, and economic conditions in China are sensitive to global economic conditions. On the other hand, inflation risks have been heightened following the expansionary monetary and fiscal policies adopted by the central banks and financial authorities of some of the world’s leading economies. To combat inflation, the U.S. Federal Reserve significantly raised the interest rate on reserve balances beginning from 2022. Other major currencies including the Euro and the GBP also followed suit in interest rate raises. While major economies have cut interest rates to some extent, it is uncertain whether and at what pace they will continue to do so. These circumstances have resulted in significant market volatility globally. Any prolonged slowdown in the global or Chinese economy may have a negative impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition, and continued turbulence in the international markets may adversely affect our ability to access the capital markets to meet liquidity needs. In 2023, 2024 and 2025, we generated 38.3%, 33.8% and 34.5% of our net revenues from sales in China, respectively. China is one of the world’s largest emerging markets, while the economies of emerging markets are typically more vulnerable to market downturns and economic slowdowns elsewhere in the world. Any prolonged slowdown in the Chinese economy may have a negative impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition. The ADSs may be prohibited from trading in the United States under the HFCAA in the future if the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely auditors located in China. The delisting of the ADSs, or the threat of their being delisted, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment. Pursuant to the HFCAA, if the SEC determines that we have filed audit reports issued by a registered public accounting firm that has not been subject to inspections by the PCAOB for two consecutive years, the SEC will prohibit our shares or ADSs from being traded on a national securities exchange or in the over-the-counter trading market in the United States. Pursuant to amendment made to the HFCAA in 2022, the PCAOB may determine that it is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms in any foreign jurisdictions because of positions taken by any foreign authority, rather than an authority in the location in which the firms are headquartered or in which they have a branch or office, as was the case under the original version of the HFCAA. ​ 35 Table of Contents On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued a report to notify the SEC of its determination that the PCAOB was unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong and our auditor was subject to that determination. On May 26, 2022, the SEC conclusively listed us as a “Commission-Identified Issuer” under the HFCAA following the filing of our annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021. On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB removed mainland China and Hong Kong from the list of jurisdictions where it is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms. For this reason, we were not for the fiscal year of 2022 or 2023, and do not expect to be for the fiscal year of 2024 or the foreseeable future, identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer under the HFCAA in respect of our annual report on Form 20-F. Each year, the PCAOB will determine whether it can inspect and investigate completely audit firms in mainland China and Hong Kong, among other jurisdictions. If the PCAOB determines in the future that it no longer has full access to inspect and investigate completely accounting firms in mainland China and Hong Kong and we use an accounting firm headquartered in one of these jurisdictions to issue an audit report on our financial statements filed with the SEC, we would be identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer following the filing of the annual report on Form 20-F for the relevant fiscal year. In accordance with the HFCAA, our securities would be prohibited from being traded on a national securities exchange or in the over-the-counter trading market in the United States if we are identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer for two consecutive years in the future. If our shares and ADSs are prohibited from trading in the United States, there is no certainty that we will be able to list on a non-U.S. exchange or that a market for our shares will develop outside of the United States. A prohibition of being able to trade in the United States would substantially impair your ability to sell or purchase the ADSs when you wish to do so, and the risk and uncertainty associated with delisting would have a negative impact on the price of the ADSs. Also, such a prohibition would significantly affect our ability to raise capital on terms acceptable to us, or at all, which would have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and prospects. We may fail to comply with laws and regulations regarding PV production in China. On November 15, 2024, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of China (the “MIIT”) promulgated the Standard Conditions of Photovoltaic Production Industry (2024 Edition), or the Photovoltaic Production Rule, in place of its old version, which took effect as of November 15, 2024. The Photovoltaic Production Rule reinforces technical thresholds for product performance, energy efficiency, and environmental compliance. Such tightened requirements may increase our compliance and production costs. Our failure to comply with these rules and the laws and regulations related thereto, if and when effective, could result in fines, sanctions, suspension, revocation or non-renewal of approvals, permits or licenses, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We cannot assure you that we will be able to promptly and adequately respond to changes of laws and regulations, or that our employees and contractors will act in accordance with our internal policies and procedures. Failure to comply with such laws and regulations relating to PV production may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Changes in political and economic policies of the PRC government could have a material adverse effect on the overall economic growth of the PRC, which could reduce the demand for our products and materially adversely affect our competitive position. Our business is primarily based in the PRC and an important part of our sales are made in the PRC. Accordingly, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects are affected significantly by economic, political and legal developments in the PRC. The PRC economy differs from the economies of most developed countries in many respects, including: ● the level of government involvement; ● the level of development; ● the growth rate; ● the control of foreign exchange; and ● the allocation of resources. 36 Table of Contents While the PRC economy has grown significantly in the past 30 years, the growth has been uneven, both geographically and among various sectors of the economy. The PRC government has implemented various measures to encourage economic growth and guide the allocation of resources. Some of these measures benefit the overall PRC economy, but may have a negative effect on us. For example, our financial condition and results of operations may be materially adversely affected by government control over capital investments or changes in tax regulations that are applicable to us. The PRC economy has been transitioning from a planned economy to a more market-oriented economy. Although in recent years the PRC government has implemented measures emphasizing the utilization of market forces for economic reform, the reduction of state ownership of productive assets and the establishment of sound corporate governance in business enterprises, a substantial portion of the productive assets in China is still owned by the PRC government. The continued control of these assets and other aspects of the national economy by the PRC government could materially adversely affect our business. The PRC government also exercises control over China’s economic growth through allocating resources, controlling payment of foreign currency-denominated obligations, setting monetary policy and providing preferential treatment to particular industries or companies. We cannot predict whether changes in China’s political, economic and social conditions, laws, regulations and policies will have any material adverse effect on our current or future business, financial condition and results of operations. Complexity and uncertainties with respect to the PRC regulatory environment, including the interpretation and enforcement of PRC laws and regulations, could have a material adverse effect on us. We are incorporated in Cayman Islands and are subject to laws and regulations applicable to foreign investment in China and, in particular, laws applicable to wholly foreign owned companies. The PRC legal system is based on written statutes. Prior court decisions have limited precedential value. Since 1979, PRC legislation and regulations have significantly enhanced the protections afforded to various forms of foreign investments in China. However, since these laws and regulations are relatively new and the PRC regulatory environment continues to rapidly evolve, the interpretations of many laws, regulations and rules are not always uniform and enforcement of these laws, regulations and rules involve uncertainties and inconsistencies, which may limit legal protections available to us. For example, we may have to resort to administrative and court proceedings to enforce the legal protection that we enjoy either by law or contract. However, since PRC administrative authorities and courts have significant discretion in interpreting and implementing statutory and contractual terms, it may be difficult to evaluate the outcome of administrative and court proceedings and the level of legal protection we enjoy. These uncertainties may impede our ability to obtain or maintain licenses and permits or enforce the contracts we have entered into with our business partners, clients and suppliers. In addition, such uncertainties, including the inability to obtain or maintain licenses and permits and enforce our contracts, could materially adversely affect our business and operations. Rules and regulations in China may change quickly. In recent years, Chinese regulators have announced regulatory actions aimed at providing the Chinese government with greater oversight over certain sectors of China’s economy. Although the solar power industry has not been directly affected, we cannot guarantee that the Chinese government will not in the future take regulatory actions that materially adversely affect the business environment and financial markets in China as they relate to us, our ability to operate our business, our liquidity and our access to capital. Furthermore, the implementation of intellectual property-related laws varies in different jurisdictions. These intellectual property laws may still be evolving and may not afford effective protection to us. In addition,, we cannot predict the effect of future developments in the PRC regulatory environment, including the promulgation of new laws, changes to existing laws or the interpretation or enforcement thereof, or the preemption of national laws by local regulations. In addition, due to jurisdictional limitations, matters of comity and various other factors, the SEC, U.S. Department of Justice and other U.S. authorities may be limited in their ability to pursue bad actors, including in instances of fraud, in the PRC. For example, there are significant legal and other obstacles to obtaining information needed for investigations or litigation in the PRC. Similar limitations apply to the pursuit of actions against individuals, including officers, directors and individual gatekeepers, who may have engaged in fraud or other wrongdoing. See “—It may be difficult to effect service of process on, or to enforce any judgments obtained outside the PRC against, us, our directors, or our senior management members who live inside the PRC.” Moreover, local authorities in the PRC may be constrained in their ability to assist U.S. authorities and overseas investors. In addition, according to Article 177 of the PRC Securities Law, which became effective in March 2020, no overseas securities regulator, including the SEC, PCAOB, and the Department of Justice, can directly conduct investigations or evidence collection activities within the PRC and no entity or individual in China may provide documents and information relating to securities business activities to overseas regulators without Chinese government approval. Furthermore, shareholder claims that are common in the U.S., including class action under securities laws and fraud claims, generally are difficult or impossible to pursue as a matter of law or practicality in the PRC. Investors in the PRC may not have the ability to pursue or seek certain legal claims and remedies against China-based Issuers, or their officers, directors, and gatekeepers in U.S. courts as private plaintiffs, and may have to rely on domestic legal claims and remedies that are available in the PRC, which can be significantly different from those available in the United States and difficult to pursue. These uncertainties and limitations could limit the legal protections available to us and other foreign investors, including you. In addition, any litigation in China may be protracted and result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management attention. 37 Table of Contents Recent regulatory developments in China may subject us to additional regulatory review and disclosure requirements, expose us to government interference, or otherwise impact or restrict our ability to offer securities and raise capital outside China, which could adversely affect our business operations and cause the value of our securities to significantly decline or become worthless. A significant part of our business operations in China are conducted in China, we are exposed to legal and other risks associated with our operations in China. The PRC government may influence our operations at any time, which could result in a material change in our operations or the value of our ADSs. Any actions by the PRC government to exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas or foreign investment in companies having operations in China, including us, could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors, and cause the value of our securities to significantly decline or become worthless. The PRC government has initiated a series of regulatory actions and statements to regulate business operations in China, such as filing requirements for overseas securities offering and listing of China-based companies, adopting new measures to extend the scope of cybersecurity reviews and new laws and regulations related to data privacy and security, expanded efforts in anti-monopoly enforcement, and adopting new rules to request China-based companies to fulfill relevant filing procedure and report relevant information to the CSRC for overseas offerings. While we do not believe that these regulatory changes currently have any material impact on us, we will be required to comply with the filing requirements for our future securities offerings and listing, which we cannot guarantee that we will be able to complete in a timely manner, or at all. With the trend of strengthening anti-monopoly supervision around the world, the PRC government continued to strengthen its antitrust regime in 2025. On December 9, 2025, the State Administration for Market Regulation of the PRC promulgated the revised Provisions on Prohibition of Monopoly Agreements, which explicitly bans pricing-fixing, output restriction, market allocation, and information exchange among market participants. The PRC government also emphasized controlling domestic overcapacity and preventing price-collusion risks in the solar industry. While these developments have impacted certain segments of China’s solar sector, they have not materially affected our operations to date. However, we cannot rule out the possibility that our operations will be materially affected in the future if regulatory enforcement priorities evolve or become more stringent. Cybersecurity and data privacy and security issues are subject to increasing legislative and regulatory focus in China. On July 30, 2021, the State Council of the PRC promulgated the Regulation on the Protection of the Security of Critical Information Infrastructure, which took effect on September 1, 2021. This regulation require, among others, certain competent authorities to identify critical information infrastructures. If any critical information infrastructure is identified, the relevant authorities shall promptly notify the relevant operator and the Ministry of Public Security. The State Council of the PRC promulgated the Administrative Regulations on Cyber Data Security on September 24, 2024, which took effect on January 1, 2025. This regulation sets forth different scenarios under which data processors would be required to apply for cybersecurity review. In addition, the CAC and a number of other departments under the State Council promulgated the Measures for Cybersecurity Review on December 28, 2021, which became effective on February 15, 2022. According to this regulation, critical information infrastructure operators purchasing network products and services and data processors carrying out data processing activities, which affect or may affect national security, are required to conduct cybersecurity review. On July 7, 2022, the CAC issued the Security Assessment Measures for Data Provision Abroad, which became effective on September 1, 2022. In accordance with the Security Assessment Measures for Data Provision Abroad, a data processor should apply to the CAC for a security assessment under certain circumstances, including (i) where a data processor provides important data abroad; (ii) where a critical information infrastructure operator or a data processor processing personal information of over one million people provides personal information abroad; (iii) where a data processor has provided personal information of 100,000 people or sensitive personal information of 10,000 people in total abroad since January 1 of the previous year; and (iv) other circumstances prescribed by the CAC. Moreover, the Security Assessment Measures for Data Provision Abroad provide that for non-compliant cross-border data transfers that had been carried out before this regulation came into effect, rectification must be completed within six months from the effective date of the regulation. We believe that these regulations are not applicable to us, because we are neither a critical information infrastructure operator nor a data processor within the meanings of these regulation. However, we cannot guarantee that the regulators will agree with us. As of the date hereof, we have not been involved in any investigations on cybersecurity review made by the CAC, and we have not received any inquiry, notice, warning, or sanctions in such respect. However, as these are new regulations, there remains uncertainties as to how they will be interpreted or implemented in the context of an overseas offering. 38 Table of Contents We may be subject to PRC laws relating to the collection, use, sharing, retention security, and transfer of confidential and private information, such as personal information and other data. These PRC laws apply not only to third-party transactions, but also to transfers of information between us and our wholly foreign-owned enterprises in China, and other parties with which we have commercial relations. For example, on September 1, 2021, the PRC Data Security Law became effective, which imposes data security and privacy obligations on entities and individuals conducting data-related activities, and introduces a data classification and hierarchical protection system based on the importance of data in economic and social development, as well as the degree of harm it will cause to national security, public interests, or legitimate rights and interests of individuals or organizations when such data is tampered with, destroyed, leaked, or illegally acquired or used. In addition, the Standing Committee of the PRC National People’s Congress promulgated the Personal Information Protection Law (the “PIPL”) on August 20, 2021, which took effect on November 1, 2021. The PIPL further emphasizes processors’ obligations and responsibilities for personal information protection and sets out the basic rules for processing personal information and the rules for cross-border transfer of personal information. As of the date hereof, we have not been involved in any investigations on data security or privacy compliance issues in connection with the PRC Data Security Law or the PIPL, and we have not received any inquiry, notice, warning, or sanctions in such respect. In addition, we do not expect to have significant data security or privacy issues given that the nature of our business does not involving collecting and use of vast personal data. However, we cannot guarantee that the regulators will agree with us or will not in the future adopt new regulations that restrict our business operations. On July 6, 2021, the General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the General Office of the State Council jointly issued Opinions on Strictly Cracking Down Illegal Securities Activities in Accordance with the Law. These opinions emphasized the need to strengthen the administration over illegal securities activities and the supervision on overseas listings by China-based companies. These opinions proposed to take effective measures, such as promoting the construction of relevant regulatory systems, to deal with the risks and incidents facing China-based overseas-listed companies and the demand for cybersecurity and data privacy protection. These opinions and any related implementation rules to be enacted may subject us to additional compliance requirement. On February 17, 2023, the CSRC released a set of regulations consisting of six documents, including the Trial Administrative Measures of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies and five supporting guidelines, collectively, the Overseas Listing Filing Rules, which came into effective on March 31, 2023. According to the Overseas Listing Filing Rules, China-based companies that have already offered shares or been listed overseas prior to the implementation of such new regulations qualify as “Stock Enterprises”, and Stock Enterprises are not required to apply for the filing immediately until a subsequent re-financing event occurs. However, the Overseas Listing Filing Rules, among others, require the issuer or its main operational entity in the PRC to file with the CSRC for its follow-on securities offerings in the same offshore market within three business days after the completion of such offerings, and file with the CSRC for its offerings or listing in offshore stock market other than the stock market of its initial public offering or listing within three business days after the submission of offering application outside mainland China. We had been listed on the New York Stock Exchange prior to the implementation of the Overseas Listing Filing Rules. Therefore, we are qualified as a “Stock Enterprise” and are not required to apply for the filing immediately until a subsequent re-financing event occurs according to the Overseas Listing Filing Rules. However, we are required to file with the CSRC for its follow-on securities offerings in the same offshore market within three business days after the completion of such offerings, and file with the CSRC for our offerings or listing in offshore stock market other than the stock market of our initial public offering or listing within three business days after the submission of offering application outside mainland China. Failure to comply with the filing requirements for any offering, listing or any other capital raising activities, may result in administrative penalties, such as order to rectify, warnings, fines and other penalties, on the companies, the controlling shareholders, the actual controllers, the person directly in charge and other directly liable persons. As of the date of this annual report, we have not received any inquiry, notice, warning, sanctions or regulatory objection from the CSRC. Given the uncertainties surrounding the CSRC filing requirements at this stage, we cannot assure you that we will be able to complete the filings and fully comply with the relevant new rules on a timely basis, or at all, if we conduct listing in other offshore stock markets or follow-on offerings, issuance of convertible corporate bonds, exchangeable bonds, and other equivalent offering activities in the future. Since these statements and regulatory actions are new, it is highly uncertain how soon legislative or administrative regulation making bodies will respond and what existing or new laws or regulations or detailed implementations and interpretations will be modified or promulgated, if any, or the potential impact such modified or new laws and regulations will have on our daily business operation, our ability to accept foreign investments and listing on a U.S. or other foreign exchanges. PRC laws and their interpretations and enforcement continue to develop and are subject to change, and the PRC government may adopt other rules and restrictions in the future. 39 Table of Contents The approval, filing or other requirements of the CSRC or other PRC regulatory authorities is required under PRC law in connection with our future issuance of securities overseas, which could impose uncertainty on our capital raising activities. The Provisions Regarding Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Projects by Foreign Investors, or Circular 10, require an overseas special purpose vehicle that is controlled by PRC companies or individuals formed for the purpose of seeking a public listing on an overseas stock exchange through acquisitions of PRC domestic companies using shares of such special purpose vehicle or held by its shareholders as considerations to obtain the approval of the CSRC prior to the listing and trading of such special purpose vehicles securities on an overseas stock exchange. However, the application of the Circular 10 remains unclear. If CSRC approval is required, it is uncertain whether it would be possible for us to obtain the approval. Any failure to obtain or delay in obtaining CSRC approval would subject us to sanctions imposed by the CSRC and other PRC regulatory agencies. On February 17, 2023, the CSRC published the Overseas Listing Filing Rules, which took effect from March 31, 2023 and regulate both direct and indirect overseas offering and listing of PRC-based companies by adopting a filing-based regulatory regime. According to the Overseas Listing Filing Rules, if the issuer meets both of the following criteria, the overseas securities offering and listing conducted by such issuers shall be deemed as indirect overseas offering and listing: (i) 50% or more of the issuer’s operating revenue, total profit, total assets or net assets as documented in its audited consolidated financial statements for the most recent accounting year is accounted for by domestic companies; and (ii) the main parts of the issuer’s business activities are conducted in China, or its main places of business are located in China, or the senior managers in charge of its business operation and management are mostly Chinese citizens or domiciled in China. The Overseas Listing Filing Rules provide that (i) the filing procedures with the CSRC be completed within three business days after the issuer submits its application documents relating to the initial public offering and/or listing in overseas; (ii) a timely report be submitted to the CSRC and update its CSRC filing within three business days after the occurrence of any of the following material events, if any of the following events occurs before the completion of the overseas offering and/or listing but after the completion of its CSRC filing: (a) any material change to principal business, licenses or qualifications of the issuer, (b) a change of control of the issuer or any material change to equity structure of the issuer, and (c) any material change to the offering and listing plan; (iii) after the completion of the listing, a report relating to the issuance information of such offering and/or listing be submitted to the CSRC and a report be submitted to the CSRC within three business days upon the occurrence and public announcement of any of the following material events after the overseas offering and/or listing: (a) a change of control of the issuer, (b) the investigation, sanction or other measures undertaken by any foreign securities regulatory agencies or relevant competent authorities in respect of the issuer, (c) change of the listing status or transfer of the listing board, and (d) the voluntary or mandatory delisting of the issuer; and (iv) where there is material change in the main business of the issuer after overseas offering and listing, which does not apply to the Overseas Listing Filing Rules therefore, such issuer shall submit to the CSRC a report and a relevant legal opinion issued by a domestic law firm within three business days after occurrence of such change. Given the uncertainties surrounding the latest CSRC filing requirements at this stage, we cannot assure you that we will be able to complete the filings and fully comply with the relevant new rules on a timely basis, if at all. If it is determined that CSRC approval is required for any of our securities offerings, we may face sanctions by the CSRC or other PRC regulatory agencies for failure to obtain or for delay in obtaining CSRC approval for our offerings. These sanctions may include fines and penalties on our operations in China, limitations on our operating privileges in China, delays in or restrictions on the repatriation of the proceeds from our offerings into the PRC, restrictions on or prohibition of the payments or remittance of dividends by our subsidiaries in China, or other actions that could have a material and adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial condition, results of operations, prospects, as well as the trading price of the ADSs. In addition, our future financing activities may also need to be filed with and/or reported to the CSRC according to the Overseas Listing Filing Rules. On February 24, 2023, the CSRC, together with other governmental authorities, released the Provisions on Strengthening the Confidentiality and Archives Administration Related to the Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Enterprises (the “Confidentiality and Archives Administration Provisions”), which became effective on March 31, 2023 and aims to expand the applicable scope of the regulation to indirect overseas offerings and listings by PRC domestic companies and emphasize the confidentiality and archive management duties of PRC domestic companies during the process of overseas offerings and listings. However, as there remain uncertainties with respect to the interpretation and implementation of the Overseas Listing Filing Rules as well as the Confidentiality and Archives Administration Provisions, we cannot assure you that we will be able to complete such filings in a timely manner and/or fully comply with such regulations in connection with our continued listing overseas and our overseas securities offerings in the future. If a domestic company fails to complete the filing procedure or conceals any material fact or falsifies any major content in its filing documents, such domestic company may be subject to administrative penalties, such as order to rectify, warnings, fines, and its controlling shareholders, actual controllers, the person directly in charge and other directly liable persons may also be subject to administrative penalties, such as warnings and fines. 40 Table of Contents Furthermore, if the CSRC or other regulatory authorities later promulgate new rules or explanations requiring that we obtain their approvals or accomplish the required filing or other regulatory procedures for any future financing activities, we may be unable to fulfill such requirements in a timely manner or at all. Any failure to comply with the PRC regulatory requirements in this regard, our ability to conduct business, our ability to pay dividends outside of China, any future financing activities may be restricted, and our business, reputation, financial condition, and results of operations may be adversely affected. PRC regulations may subject our future mergers and acquisitions activity to national security review. In February 2011, the General Office of the State Council of China (the “State Council”) promulgated Circular 6, a notice on the establishment of a security review system for mergers and acquisitions of domestic enterprises by foreign investors. Circular 6 became effective on March 4, 2011. To implement Circular 6, MOFCOM promulgated the MOFCOM Security Review Rules on August 25, 2011, which became effective on September 1, 2011. According to Circular 6 and the MOFCOM Security Review Rules, national security review is required to be undertaken to complete mergers and acquisitions (i) by foreign investors of enterprises relating to national defense and (ii) through which foreign investors may acquire de facto control of a domestic enterprise that could raise national security concerns. When determining whether to subject a specific merger or acquisition to national security review, the MOFCOM will look at the substance and actual impact of the transaction. Bypassing national security review by structuring transactions through proxies, trusts, indirect investments, leases, loans, control through contractual arrangements or offshore transactions by foreign investors is prohibited. Under the framework of the Foreign Investment Law that came into effect on January 1, 2020, the scope of national security review expands from mergers and acquisitions to all foreign investment activities. According to Article 35 of the Foreign Investment Law, a security review system for foreign investment will be established in the country, under which the security review shall be conducted for any foreign investment affecting or having the possibility to affect national security. According to Article 40 of the Foreign Investment Law, where any country or region takes any discriminatory prohibitive or restrictive measures, or other similar measures against China in terms of investment, China may take corresponding measures against the said country or region in light of the actual conditions. In addition, even if a merger or acquisition by foreign investors is not currently subject to national security review, or is determined to have no impact on national security after such review, it may still be subject to future review. A change in conditions (such as change of business activities, or amendments to relevant documents or agreements) may trigger the national security review requirement, then the foreign investor to the merger or acquisition must apply for the relevant approval with the MOFCOM. Currently, there are no public provisions or official interpretations specifically providing that our current businesses fall within the scope of national security review and there is no requirement that foreign investors to those merger and acquisition transactions completed prior to the promulgation of Circular 6 take initiatives to submit such transactions to MOFCOM for national security review. However, as there is no clear statutory interpretation on the implementation of the security review system, there is no assurance that the relevant PRC regulatory authorities will have the same view as us when applying them. If our future merger and acquisition transactions and other indirect investments are subject to the national security review, the application of the national security review may further complicate our future merger and acquisition and investment activities, and our expansion strategy may be adversely affected as a result. PRC regulations relating to overseas investment by PRC residents may restrict our overseas and cross-border investment activities and adversely affect the implementation of our strategy as well as our business and prospects. On July 4, 2014, the State Administration of Foreign Exchange of China (the “SAFE”) issued the Circular on the Administration of Foreign Exchange Issues Related to Overseas Investment, Financing and Roundtrip Investment by Domestic Residents through Offshore Special Purpose Vehicles (the “SAFE Circular 37”), which replaced the former circular commonly known as “SAFE Circular 75” promulgated on October 21, 2005. The SAFE Circular 37 requires PRC residents to register with the competent local SAFE branch in connection with their direct establishment or indirect control of an offshore special purpose vehicle, for the purpose of overseas investment and financing, with such PRC residents’ legally owned assets or equity interests in domestic enterprises or offshore assets or interests. The SAFE Circular 37 further requires amendment to the registration in the event of any significant changes with respect to the special purpose vehicle, such as increase or decrease of capital contribution by PRC individuals, share transfer or exchange, merger, division or other material event. In the event that a PRC shareholder holding interests in a special purpose vehicle fails to fulfill the required SAFE registration, the PRC subsidiaries of that special purpose vehicle may be prohibited from making profit distributions to the offshore parent and from carrying out subsequent cross-border foreign exchange activities, and the special purpose vehicle may be restricted in its ability to contribute additional capital into its PRC subsidiary. Moreover, failure to comply with the various SAFE registration requirements described above could result in liability under PRC law for evasion of foreign exchange controls. 41 Table of Contents We believe that all of our beneficial owners who are PRC citizens or residents have completed their registrations with the competent local SAFE branch in accordance with the SAFE Circular 75 before the promulgation of SAFE Circular 37. However, we may not at all times be fully aware or informed of the identities of all of our beneficial owners who are PRC citizens or residents, and we may have little control over either our present or prospective direct or indirect PRC resident beneficial owners or the outcome of such registration procedures. We cannot assure you that the SAFE registrations of our present beneficial owners or future beneficial owners who are PRC citizens or residents have been or will be amended to reflect, among others, the shareholding information or equity investment as required by the SAFE Circular 37 and subsequent implementation rules at all times. The failure of these beneficial owners to comply with the registration procedures set forth in the SAFE Circular 37 may subject such beneficial owners and our PRC subsidiaries to fines and legal sanctions. Such failure may also result in restrictions on our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to distribute profits to us or our ability to inject capital into our PRC subsidiaries or otherwise materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, it is unclear how the SAFE Circular 37 and any future regulation concerning offshore or cross-border transactions will be interpreted and implemented by the relevant PRC government authorities. We cannot predict how these regulations will affect our business operations or future strategy. On December 25, 2006, the People’s Bank of China promulgated the Measures for Administration of Individual Foreign Exchange, and on January 5, 2007, the SAFE promulgated relevant Implementation Rules. On February 15, 2012, the SAFE promulgated the Notice on Various Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Equity Incentive Plans of Overseas Listed Companies (the “Stock Option Notice”). The Stock Option Notice terminated the Application Procedures of Foreign Exchange Administration of Domestic Individuals’ Participating in an Employee Stock Holding Plan or Stock Option Plan of an Overseas Listed Company issued by the SAFE on March 28, 2007. According to the Stock Option Notice, PRC citizens who are granted shares or share options by a company listed on an overseas stock market according to its employee stock holding plan or stock incentive plan are required to register with the SAFE or its local counterparts by following certain procedures. We and our employees who are PRC citizens and individual beneficiary owners, or have been granted restricted shares or share options, are subject to the Individual Foreign Exchange Rules and its relevant implementation regulations. The failure of our PRC individual beneficiary owners and the restricted holders to complete their SAFE registrations pursuant to the SAFE’s requirement or the Individual Foreign Exchange Rules may subject these PRC citizens to fines and legal sanctions. It may also limit our ability to contribute additional capital into our PRC subsidiaries, and limit our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to distribute dividends to us, or otherwise materially adversely affect our business. On December 26, 2017, the NDRC promulgated the Administrative Measures for the Outbound Investment of Enterprises (the “ODI Measure”), which took effect from March 1, 2018, and replaced the Administrative Measures for Approval and Record-filing on Overseas Investment Projects promulgated by the NDRC on April 8, 2014. The ODI Measure further enhances supervision of overseas investments through reports of seriously unfavorable events, inquiry letters and related supervision systems. Where PRC citizens make investments abroad through overseas enterprises under their control, the ODI Measure will apply mutatis mutandis. Besides overseas investments of PRC subsidiaries, all of our overseas investments may subject to supervision and inspection under the ODI Measure, which may materially increase the complexity of regulatory compliance aspect of our overseas investments. Our ability to access financing could be adversely affected by PRC regulations. Laws, regulations and policies issued in the PRC may apply to our company. For example, the NDRC issued the Administrative Measures for Examination and Registration of Medium and Long-term Foreign Debts of Enterprises, which came into effect on February 10, 2023. Such Administrative Measures require domestic enterprises and/or their overseas controlled enterprises or branches to procure the registration with the NDRC of such issuance of debt instruments with a maturity of more than 1 year (not inclusive). Registrations for issuance of foreign debt may not be accepted by the NDRC for either administrative reasons or failure to meet the registration requirements. There is also no assurance that any registration with the NDRC will not be revoked or amended in the future. The application of relevant laws, regulations and policies issued in the PRC, such as the Administrative Measures for Examination and Registration of Medium and Long-term Foreign Debts of Enterprises, could therefore restrict our ability to raise debt financing and could also impose registration and reporting requirements that could affect our ability to raise debt financing in a timely manner. 42 Table of Contents Our China-sourced income is subject to PRC withholding tax under the CIT Law, and we may be subject to PRC corporate income tax at the rate of 25%. We are a Cayman Islands holding company with a substantial part of our operations conducted through our operating subsidiaries in China. Under the Corporate Income Tax Law of the PRC (the “CIT Law”) which became effective on January 1, 2008 and was amended on February 24, 2017 and December 29, 2018, and the Regulation on the Implementation of the CIT Law (the “Implementation Rules of the CIT Law”) which became effective on January 1, 2008 and was amended on April 23, 2019 and December 6, 2024, China-sourced passive income of non-PRC tax resident enterprises, such as dividends paid by a PRC subsidiary to its overseas parent and gains on sales of securities, is generally subject to a 10% withholding tax. Under an arrangement between China and Hong Kong, such dividend withholding tax rate is reduced to 5% if the beneficial owner of the dividends is a Hong Kong tax resident enterprise which directly owns at least 25% of the PRC company distributing the dividends and has owned such equity for at least 12 consecutive months before receiving such dividends. For example, as JinkoSolar Investment is a Hong Kong company and has owned over 54.16% of the equity interest in Jiangxi Jinko directly for more than 12 consecutive months to date, any dividends paid by Jiangxi Jinko to JinkoSolar Investment will be entitled to a withholding tax at the reduced rate of 5% after obtaining approval from the competent PRC tax authority, provided that JinkoSolar Investment is deemed the beneficial owner of such dividends and that JinkoSolar Investment is not deemed to be a PRC tax resident enterprise as described below. However, according to the Circular of the State Taxation Administration on How to Understand and Identify a “Beneficial Owner” under Tax Treaties (“STA Circular 601”), effective on October 27, 2009, and the Announcement of the State Taxation Administration on the Determination of “Beneficial Owners” in the Tax Treaties (“STA Announcement 30”), effective on June 29, 2012, an applicant for treaty benefits, including benefits under the arrangement between China and Hong Kong on dividend withholding tax, that does not carry out substantial business activities or is an agent or a conduit company may not be deemed a “beneficial owner” of the PRC subsidiary and therefore, may not enjoy such treaty benefits. If JinkoSolar Investment is determined to be ineligible for such treaty benefits, any dividends paid by Jiangxi Jinko to JinkoSolar Investment will be subject to the PRC withholding tax at a 10% rate instead of a reduced rate of 5%. On February 3, 2018, the State Taxation Administration of China (the “STA”) released Announcement of the State Taxation Administration on Issues concerning the “Beneficial Owner” in Tax Treaties (the “STA Announcement 9”) which replaced STA Circular 601 and STA Announcement 30. The STA Announcement 9 comprehensively updates the assessment principles for the determination of beneficial ownership under agreements between China and other jurisdictions for the avoidance of double taxation. The STA Announcement 9 has also tightened the first two unfavorable factors of STA Circular 601. This will be challenging for some non-resident taxpayers as their treaty benefits may be denied for the lack of beneficial ownership status. The CIT Law, however, also provides that enterprises established outside China whose “de facto management bodies” are located in China are considered “PRC tax resident enterprises” and will generally be subject to the uniform 25% PRC corporate income tax rate as to their global income. Under the Implementation Rules of the CIT Law, “de facto management bodies” is defined as the bodies that have, in substance, overall management control over such aspects as the production and operation, personnel, accounts and properties of an enterprise. On April 22, 2009, the STA promulgated the Notice Regarding the Determination of Chinese-Controlled Offshore Incorporated Enterprises as PRC Tax Resident Enterprises on the Basis of De Facto Management Bodies (“STA Circular 82”). According to STA Circular 82, an offshore-incorporated enterprise controlled by a PRC enterprise or a PRC enterprise group will be regarded as a PRC tax resident by virtue of having its “de facto management body” in China only if certain conditions are met. Despite of those conditions, as STA Circular 82 only applies to enterprises incorporated outside China controlled by PRC enterprises or a PRC enterprise, it remains unclear how the PRC tax authorities will determine the location of “de facto management bodies” for offshore enterprises that are controlled by individual PRC tax residents or non-PRC enterprises, as our company and JinkoSolar Investment. Therefore, it remains unclear whether the PRC tax authorities would regard our company or JinkoSolar Investment as PRC tax resident enterprises. If our company and JinkoSolar Investment are regarded by PRC tax authorities as PRC tax resident enterprises for PRC corporate income tax purposes, any dividends distributed from Jiangxi Jinko to JinkoSolar Investment and ultimately to our company could be exempt from the PRC withholding tax, while our company and JinkoSolar Investment will be subject to the uniform 25% corporate income tax rate on our global income at the same time. 43 Table of Contents Dividends payable by us to our foreign investors and gains on the sale of our shares or ADSs may become subject to PRC corporate income tax liabilities. The Implementation Rules of the CIT Law provide that (i) if the enterprise that distributes dividends is domiciled in China, or (ii) if gains are realized from transferring equity interests of enterprises domiciled in China, then such dividends or capital gains are treated as China-sourced income. It is not clear how “domicile” will be interpreted under the CIT Law. It may be interpreted as the jurisdiction where the enterprise is incorporated or where the enterprise is a tax resident. Therefore, if our company and our subsidiaries in Hong Kong are considered PRC tax resident enterprises for tax purposes, any dividends we pay to our overseas shareholders or ADS holders, as well as any gains realized by such shareholders or ADSs holders from the transfer of our shares or ADSs, may be viewed as China-sourced income and, as a consequence, be subject to PRC corporate income tax at 10% or a lower treaty rate. If we are required to withhold PRC income tax on dividends we pay to our overseas shareholders or ADS holders, or if you are required to pay PRC income tax on gains from the transfer of our shares or ADSs, the value of your investment in our shares or ADSs may be materially adversely affected. Our ability to make distributions and other payments to our shareholders depends to a significant extent upon the distribution of earnings and other payments made by our subsidiaries in the PRC. We conduct a substantial part of our operations through our operating subsidiaries in China. Our ability to make distributions or other payments to our shareholders depends on payments from these operating subsidiaries in China, whose ability to make such payments is subject to PRC regulations. Regulations in the PRC currently permit payment of dividends only out of accumulated profits as determined in accordance with accounting standards and regulations in China. According to the relevant PRC laws and regulations applicable to our operating subsidiaries in China and their respective articles of association, these subsidiaries are each required to set aside 10% of their after-tax profits based on PRC accounting standards each year as statutory common reserves until the accumulative amount of these reserves reaches 50% of their registered capital. These reserves are not distributable as cash dividends. As of December 31, 2025, these general reserves amounted to RMB2.59 billion (US$370.9 million), accounting for 10% of the total registered capital of all of our operating subsidiaries in China. In addition, under the CIT Law and its Implementation Rules, dividends from our operating subsidiaries in China to us are subject to withholding tax to the extent that we are considered a non-PRC tax resident enterprise under the CIT Law. See “—Our China-sourced income is subject to PRC withholding tax under the CIT Law, and we may be subject to PRC corporate income tax at the rate of 25%.” Furthermore, if our operating subsidiaries in China incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other distributions to us such as requiring prior approval from relevant banks. Restrictions on currency exchange may limit our ability to receive and use our revenue effectively. Certain portions of our revenue and expenses are denominated in Renminbi. If our revenue denominated in Renminbi increases or expenses denominated in Renminbi decrease in the future, we may need to convert a portion of our revenue into other currencies to meet our foreign currency obligations, including, among others, payment of dividends declared, if any, in respect of the ADSs. Under China’s existing foreign exchange regulations, foreign currency under current account transactions, such as dividend payments and trade-related transactions are generally convertible. Accordingly, our operating subsidiaries in China are able to pay dividends in foreign currencies without prior approval from the SAFE, by complying with certain procedural requirements. On January 1, 2020, the Foreign Investment Law and its implementing regulations came into effect. According to the Foreign Investment Law, a foreign investor may, in accordance with the law, freely transfer into or out of the PRC its contributions, profits, capital earnings, income from asset disposal, intellectual property rights royalties acquired, compensation or indemnity legally obtained, income from liquidation, etc., made or derived within the territory of the PRC in RMB or any foreign currency, subject to no illegal restriction by any entity or individual in terms of the currency, amount, frequency of such transfer into or out of the PRC, etc. The foreign exchange control in the field of foreign investment has been continuously relaxed. However, in practice, laws and regulations regarding the legality of foreign exchange projects still need to be followed. The SAFE issued the Circular on Further Promoting the Reform of Foreign Exchange Administration and Improving Examination of Authenticity and Compliance on January 26, 2017, pursuant to which the SAFE restated the procedures and reemphasized the bona-fide principle for banks to follow during their review of certain cross-border profit remittance. We cannot assure you that the PRC government would not take further measures in the future to restrict access to foreign currencies for current account transactions. Foreign exchange transactions by our operating subsidiaries in China under capital accounts continue to be subject to significant foreign exchange controls and require the approval of, or registration with, PRC governmental authorities. In particular, if one of our operating subsidiaries in China borrows foreign currency loans from us or other foreign lenders, these loans must be registered with the SAFE. 44 Table of Contents If we finance our subsidiaries in China by means of additional capital contributions, these capital contributions must be filed or approved by certain government authorities, including the MOFCOM or its local counterparts. On August 29, 2008, the SAFE promulgated Circular 142, which used to regulate the conversion by a foreign-invested company of foreign currency into Renminbi by restricting how the converted Renminbi may be used. On March 30, 2015, the SAFE issued the Circular on Reforming the Administration Approach Regarding the Foreign Exchange Capital Settlement of Foreign-invested Enterprises (“Circular 19”), which became effective on June 1, 2015 and replaced Circular 142. Circular 19 provides that the conversion from foreign currency registered capital of foreign-invested enterprises into the Renminbi capital may be at foreign-invested enterprises’ discretion, which means that the foreign currency registered capital of foreign-invested enterprises for which the rights and interests of monetary contribution has been confirmed by the local foreign exchange bureau (or the book-entry of monetary contribution has been registered) can be settled at the banks based on the actual operational needs of the enterprises. However, Circular 19 does not materially change the restrictions on the use of foreign currency registered capital of foreign-invested enterprises that Circular 142 has set forth. On June 9, 2016, the SAFE promulgated the Circular on Reforming and Standardizing the Administrative Provisions on Capital Account Foreign Exchange (“Circular 16”), which applies to all domestic enterprises in China. Circular 19 and Circular 16 continue to prohibit foreign-invested enterprises from, among other things, spending Renminbi capital converted from its foreign currency registered capital on expenditures beyond its business scope. Therefore, Circular 19 and Circular 16 may significantly limit the ability of our operating subsidiaries in China to transfer and use Renminbi funds from its foreign currency denominated capital, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. The expiration or reduction of tax incentives by the PRC government may have a material adverse effect on our operating results. The CIT Law imposes a uniform tax rate of 25% on all PRC enterprises, including foreign-invested enterprises, and eliminates or modifies most of the tax exemptions, reductions and preferential treatments available under the previous tax laws and regulations. Under the CIT Law, enterprises that were established before March 16, 2007 and already enjoyed preferential tax treatments have (i) in the case of preferential tax rates, continued to enjoy such tax rates that were gradually increased to the new tax rates within five years from January 1, 2008 or, (ii) in the case of preferential tax exemptions or reductions for a specified term, continued to enjoy the preferential tax holiday until the expiration of such term. Several of our subsidiaries in the PRC have been designated by the relevant local authorities as “High and New Technology Enterprises” (“HNTEs”) under the CIT Law. Zhejiang Jinko received the HNTE designation in 2021, which was renewed in December 2024, and is entitled to enjoy the preferential tax rate of 15% (the “Preferential Rate”) from 2024 to 2026. Haining Jinko received the HNTE designation in December 2022 and enjoyed the Preferential Rate from 2022 to 2024. Following a successful renewal in December 2025, Haining Jinko is entitled to enjoy the Preferential Rate from 2025 to 2027. Anhui Jinko was designated as an HNTE in November 2023 and enjoyed the Preferential Rate from 2023 to 2025. Shangrao JinkoSolar received the HNTE designation in October 2025 and is entitled to enjoy the Preferential Rate from 2025 to 2027. In addition, Chuxiong Jinko, Qinghai Jinko, Jinchang Jinko, Sichuan Jinko and Leshan Jinko, our operating subsidiaries, have been designated by the relevant local authorities as “Enterprises in the Encouraged Industry.” According to the “Announcement on Continuation of CIT Policies for Large-scale Development in the Western Region” published on April 23, 2020, enterprises in encouraged industries that are established in the western region of China can continue to enjoy a preferential tax rate of 15% until December 31, 2030. However, we cannot assure you that the above subsidiaries will continue to qualify as HNTEs or Enterprises in the Encouraged Industries as they are subject to reevaluation in the near future. In addition, there are uncertainties on how the CIT Law and the Implementation Rules of the CIT Law will be enforced, and whether the future implementation of these rules will be consistent with the current interpretation. If the corporate income tax rates of some of our PRC subsidiaries increase, our financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected. According to the Provisional Regulation of the PRC on Value-Added Tax as amended on November 19, 2017 and its implementing rules, and the Announcement on Relevant Policies for Deepening Value-Added Tax Reform promulgated on March 20, 2019, effective from the date of April 1, 2019, gross proceeds from sales and importation of goods and provision of services are generally subject to a value-added tax (“VAT”) at 13%, instead of 16%, with exceptions for certain categories of goods that are taxed at a rate at 9%, instead of 10%. According to the Announcement on Improving the Policy for Refunding Excess Input VAT Credits at the end of the Period, issued by the Ministry of Finance and the State Taxation Administration on August 22, 2025, and effective from September 1, 2025, adjustments have been made to the VAT refund policy for excess input tax credits starting from the September 2025 VAT filing period. 45 Table of Contents The State Council promulgated the Circular of the State Council on Cleaning up and Standardizing Preferential Policies on Tax and Other Aspects (“Circular 62”), on November 27, 2014 in an effort to render the preferential policies on tax, non-tax income, fiscal expenditure, and other aspects of the local government consistent with the PRC central laws and regulations. According to the Circular 62, the local tax authorities shall conduct the special clean-up action, which leads to preferential policies violating PRC central laws and regulations being declared ineffective and repealed and preferential policies not violating PRC central laws and regulations being retained. In addition, the special clean-up action requires that all provincial governments and relevant authorities shall, prior to the end of March 2015, report the outcome of the special clean-up action in respect of preferential policies on tax and other aspects to the Ministry of Finance, and the Ministry of Finance shall then forward the outcome to the State Council for final determination. On May 10, 2015, the State Council issued the Circular on Matters Relating to Preferential Policies for Tax and Other Aspects (“Circular 25”), which suspended the implementation of special clean-up action of Circular 62. Circular 25 provides that in respect of existing local preferential policies with specified time limit, such time limit shall still apply; if there is no specified time limit, the local governments shall have the discretion to set up a transitional period to adjust the policies. Furthermore, it provides that preferential tax policies stipulated in the agreements between local governments and enterprises remain valid and the implemented part of the policies shall not be retrospectively affected. However, it is not clear whether or not and when the special clean-up action will resume. The repeal of any preferential policy on tax and other aspects may materially adversely affect our financial condition and business operations. On January 8, 2026, the PRC government cancelled the export tax rebate for photovoltaic modules, a policy change that could have a certain impact on our business. The cancellation may increase the effective export cost of our photovoltaic modules and reduce our price competitiveness in overseas markets. If we are unable to pass on the increased cost to customers or offset it though cost-control measures, our profit margins and results of operations may be adversely affected. We face uncertainty with respect to indirect transfers of equity interests in PRC tax resident enterprises by non-PRC holding companies. Under the current PRC tax regulations, indirect transfers of equity interests and other properties of PRC tax resident enterprises by non-PRC holding companies may be subject to PRC tax. In accordance with the Announcement of the State Taxation Administration on Several Issues concerning the Enterprise Income Tax on the Indirect Transfers of Properties by Non-Resident Enterprises (“STA Announcement 7”), issued by the STA on February 3, 2015, if a non-PRC tax resident enterprise indirectly transfers equities and other properties of a PRC tax resident enterprise and such indirect transfer will produce a result identical or substantially similar to direct transfer of equity interests and other properties of the PRC tax resident enterprise, the non-PRC tax resident enterprise may be subject to PRC withholding tax at a rate up to 10%. The Announcement of the State Taxation Administration on Matters Concerning Withholding of Income Tax of Non-resident Enterprises at Source (“STA Announcement 37”), which was issued by the STA on October 17, 2017 and became effective on December 1, 2017, renovates the principles and procedures concerning the indirect equity transfer tax withholding for a non-PRC tax resident enterprise. Failure to comply with the tax payment obligations by a non-PRC tax resident will result in penalties, including full payment of tax owed, fines and default interest on those tax. According to STA Announcement 7, where a non-resident enterprise indirectly transfers equity interests or other properties of PRC tax resident enterprises, (“PRC Taxable Property”) to avoid its tax liabilities by implementing arrangements without reasonable commercial purpose, such indirect transfer shall be re-characterized and recognized as a direct transfer of PRC Taxable Property. As a result, gains derived from such indirect transfer and attributable to PRC Taxable Property may be subject to PRC withholding tax at a rate of up to 10%. In the case of an indirect transfer of property of establishments of a foreign enterprise in the PRC, the applicable tax rate would be 25%. STA Announcement 7 also illustrates certain circumstances which would indicate a lack of reasonable commercial purpose. STA Announcement 7 further sets forth certain “safe harbors” which would be deemed to have a reasonable commercial purpose. As a general principle, the STA also issued the Administration of General Anti-Tax Avoidance (Trial Implementation) (“GATA”), which became effective on February 1, 2015 and empowers the PRC tax authorities to apply special tax adjustments for “tax avoidance arrangements.” There is uncertainty as to the application of STA Announcement 7 as well as the newly issued STA Announcement 37 and GATA. For example, it may be difficult to evaluate whether or not the transaction has a reasonable commercial purpose, and such evaluation may be based on ambiguous criteria which have not been formally declared or stated by tax authorities. As a result, any of our disposals or acquisitions of the equity interests of non-PRC entities which indirectly hold PRC Taxable Property or any offshore transaction related to PRC Taxable Property, including potential overseas restructuring, might be deemed an indirect transfer under PRC tax regulations. Therefore, we may be at risk of being taxed under STA Announcement 7 and STA Announcement 37 and we may be required to expend valuable resources to comply with STA Announcement 7 and STA Announcement 37 or to establish that we should not be taxed thereunder, which may materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. 46 Table of Contents As a foreign company, our acquisitions of PRC companies may take longer and be subject to higher level of scrutiny by the PRC government, which may delay or prevent any intended acquisition. Circular 10 established additional procedures and requirements including the requirements that in certain instances foreign investors obtain MOFCOM’s approval when they acquire equity or assets of a PRC domestic enterprise. According to Article 35 of the Foreign Investment Law, a security review system for foreign investment will be established in the country, under which the security review shall be conducted for any foreign investment affecting or having the possibility to affect national security. According to Article 40 of the Foreign Investment Law, where any country or region takes any discriminatory prohibitive or restrictive measures, or other similar measures against the People’s Republic of China in terms of investment, the People’s Republic of China may take corresponding measures against the said country or region in light of the actual conditions. In the future, we may want to grow our business in part by acquiring complementary businesses, although we do not have plans to do so at this time. Complying with Circular 10, the Foreign Investment Law and other relevant regulations to complete these transactions could be time-consuming and costly, and could result in an extensive review by the PRC government and its increased control over the terms of the transaction, and any required approval processes may delay or inhibit our ability to complete such transactions, which could affect our ability to expand our business or maintain our market share. Our failure to make payments of statutory social welfare and housing funds to our employees could adversely and materially affect our financial condition and results of operations. According to the relevant PRC laws and regulations, we are required to pay certain statutory social security benefits, including medical care, injury insurance, unemployment insurance, maternity insurance and pension benefits, and housing funds, for our employees. Our failure to comply with these requirements may subject us to monetary penalties imposed by the relevant PRC authorities and proceedings initiated by our employees, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In line with local customary practices, we have not made full contribution to the social insurance funds, and the contributions we made to the social insurance funds met the requirement of the local minimum wage standard, instead of the employees’ actual salaries as required, and have not made full contribution to the housing funds. We estimate the aggregate amount of unpaid social security benefits and housing funds in China to be RMB1.97 billion (US$281.7 million) as of December 31, 2025. We may be required by the relevant PRC authorities to pay these statutory social security benefits and housing funds within a designated time period. In addition, an employee is entitled to seek compensation by resorting to labor arbitration at the labor arbitration center or filing a labor complaint with the labor administration bureau within a designated time period. We have made provisions for such unpaid social security benefits and housing funds of our former and current PRC subsidiaries. All employee participants in our share incentive plans who are domestic individual participants may be required to register with SAFE. We may also face regulatory uncertainties that could restrict our ability to adopt additional option plans for our directors and employees under PRC law. All employees participating in our share incentive plans who are domestic individual participants may be required to register with SAFE. We may also face regulatory uncertainties that could restrict our ability to adopt additional option plans for our directors and employees under PRC law. On February 15, 2012, SAFE released the Stock Option Notice, which superseded the Application Procedures of Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in an Employee Stock Holding Plan or Stock Option Plan of an Overseas-Listed Company, issued by SAFE in 2007. According to the Stock Option Notice, PRC individual participants include directors, supervisors, senior management personnel and other employees who are PRC citizens (which includes citizens of Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan) or foreign individuals who reside in the PRC for 12 months consecutively. Under the Stock Option Notice, PRC and foreign citizens who receive equity grants from an overseas listed company are required, through a PRC agent or PRC subsidiary of such listed company, to register with SAFE and complete certain other bank and reporting procedures. In addition, according to the Stock Option Notice, domestic individual participants must complete the registration with SAFE or its local branch within three days rather than 10 days from the beginning of each quarter. Failure to comply with such provisions may subject us and the participants of our share incentive plans who are domestic individual participants to fines and legal sanctions and prevent us from further granting options under our share incentive plans to our employees, and we may become subject to more stringent review and approval processes with respect to our foreign-exchange activities, such as in regards to our PRC subsidiaries’ dividend payment to us or in regards to borrowing foreign currency, which could adversely affect our business operations. 47 Table of Contents It may be difficult to effect service of process on, or to enforce any judgments obtained outside the PRC against, us, our directors, or our senior management members who live inside the PRC. A majority of our existing directors and senior management members reside in the PRC and a substantial part of our assets and the assets of such persons are located in the PRC. Accordingly, it may be difficult for investors to effect service of process on any of these persons or to enforce judgments obtained outside of the PRC against us or any of these persons. The PRC does not have treaties providing for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of judgments awarded by courts in many countries, including the Cayman Islands, the United States and the United Kingdom. Therefore, the recognition and enforcement in the PRC of judgments of a court in any of these jurisdictions in relation to any matter not subject to a binding arbitration provision may be difficult. Higher labor costs and inflation in China may adversely affect our business and our profitability. Labor costs in China have risen in recent years as a result of the enactment of new labor laws and social development. In addition, China has experienced periods of inflation. Although consumer price inflation in China remained low at 0.2%, 0.2% and 0.2% in 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively, according to the National Bureau of Statistics, there is not guarantee that inflation will not rise again in the future. Higher labor cost and inflation in China may increase the costs of labor and raw materials we purchase for manufacturing, which could increase our operating costs and therefore negatively impact our profitability. Because we source contractors and purchase raw materials in China, higher labor cost and inflation in China increases the costs of labor and raw materials we procure for production. In addition, our suppliers may also be affected by higher labor costs and inflation. Rising labor costs may increase our operating costs and partially erode the cost advantage of our China-based operations and therefore negatively impact our profitability. Risks Related to the ADSs The market price for the ADSs has been volatile, which could result in substantial losses to investors. The market price for the ADSs has been and may continue to be highly volatile and subject to wide fluctuations, which could result in substantial losses to investors. The closing prices of the ADSs ranged from US$13.88 to US$30.58 per ADS in 2025. The price of the ADSs may continue to fluctuate in response to factors including the following: ● announcements of new products by us or our competitors; ● technological breakthroughs in the solar and other renewable power industries; ● reduction or elimination of government subsidies and economic incentives for the solar industry; ● news regarding any gain or loss of customers by us; ● news regarding recruitment or loss of key personnel by us or our competitors; ● announcements of competitive developments, acquisitions or strategic alliances in our industry; ● changes in the general condition of the global economy and credit markets; ● general market conditions or other developments affecting us or our industry; ● the operating and stock price performance of other companies, other industries and other events or factors beyond our control; ● regulatory developments in our target markets affecting us, our customers or our competitors; ● announcements regarding patent litigation or the issuance of patents to us or our competitors; ● announcements of studies and reports relating to the conversion efficiencies of our products or those of our competitors; 48 Table of Contents ● actual or anticipated fluctuations in our quarterly results of operations; ● changes in financial projections or estimates about our financial or operational performance by securities research analysts; ● changes in the economic performance or market valuations of other solar power technology companies; ● release or expiry of lock-up or other transfer restrictions on our outstanding ordinary shares or ADSs; ● sales or perceived sales of additional ordinary shares or ADSs; and ● commencement of, or our involvement in, litigation. Any of these factors may result in large and sudden changes in the volume and price at which the ADSs will trade. We cannot give any assurance that these factors will not occur in the future again. In addition, the securities market has from time to time experienced significant price and volume fluctuations that are not related to the operating performance of particular companies. Particularly, concerns over economic slowdown resulting from the COVID-19 pandemics have triggered a U.S. key market-wide circuit breaker for several times since March 9, 2020, leading to a historic drop for the U.S. capital market. These market fluctuations may also have a material adverse effect on the market price of the ADSs. In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of their stock, many companies have been the subject of securities class action litigation. If we become involved in similar securities class action litigation in the future, it could result in substantial costs and diversion of our management’s attention and resources and could harm our stock price, business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations. You may not receive dividends or other distributions on our ordinary shares and you may not receive any value for them, if it is illegal or impractical to make them available to you. Under Cayman Islands law, we may only pay dividends out of our profits or our share premium account provided always that we are able to pay our debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of our business. Our ability to pay dividends will therefore depend on our ability to generate sufficient profits. We cannot give any assurance that we will declare dividends of any amounts, at any rate or at all in the future. We have not paid any dividends in the past. Future dividends, if any, will be paid at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend upon our future operations and earnings, capital expenditure requirements, general financial conditions, legal and contractual restrictions and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant. Our shareholders may, by ordinary resolution, declare a dividend, but no dividend may exceed the amount recommended by our board of directors. See “—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—We rely principally on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our principal operating subsidiary, and limitations on their ability to pay dividends to us could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations” above for additional legal restrictions on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to pay dividends to us. The depositary of the ADSs has agreed to pay to you the cash dividends or other distributions it or the custodian receives on ordinary shares or other deposited securities underlying the ADSs, after deducting its fees and expenses. You will receive these distributions in proportion to the number of ordinary shares your ADSs represent. However, the depositary is not responsible for making such distribution if it decides that it is unlawful or impractical to make a distribution available to any holders of ADSs. For example, it would be unlawful to make a distribution to a holder of ADSs if it consists of securities that require registration under the Securities Act but that are not properly registered or distributed under an applicable exemption from registration. The depositary may also determine that it is not feasible to distribute certain property through the mail. Additionally, the value of certain distributions may be less than the cost of mailing such distributions. In these cases, the depositary may determine not to distribute such property. We have no obligation to register under U.S. securities laws any ADSs, ordinary shares, rights or other securities received through such distributions. We also have no obligation to take any other action to permit the distribution of ADSs, ordinary shares, rights or anything else to holders of ADSs. This means that you may not receive distributions we make on our ordinary shares or any value for them if it is illegal or impractical for us to make them available to you. These restrictions may cause a material decline in the value of the ADSs. Holders of ADSs have fewer rights than shareholders and must act through the depositary to exercise those rights. As a holder of ADSs, you will not be treated as one of our shareholders and you will not have shareholder rights. Instead, the depositary will be treated as the holder of the shares underlying your ADSs. However, you may exercise some of the shareholders’ rights through the depositary, and you will have the right to withdraw the shares underlying your ADSs from the deposit facility. 49 Table of Contents Holders of ADSs may only exercise the voting rights with respect to the underlying ordinary shares in accordance with the provisions of the deposit agreement. Under our current articles of association, the minimum notice period required to convene a general meeting is ten days. When a general meeting is convened, you may not receive sufficient notice of a shareholders’ meeting to permit you to withdraw the ordinary shares underlying your ADSs to allow you to cast your vote with respect to any specific matter. In addition, the depositary and its agents may not be able to send voting instructions to you or carry out your voting instructions in a timely manner. We plan to make all reasonable efforts to cause the depositary to extend voting rights to you in a timely manner, but we cannot assure you that you will receive the voting materials in time to ensure that you can instruct the depositary to vote your ADSs. Furthermore, the depositary and its agents will not be responsible for any failure to carry out any instructions to vote, for the manner in which any vote is cast or for the effect of any such vote. As a result, you may not be able to exercise your right to vote and you may lack recourse if the shares underlying your ADSs are not voted as you requested. In addition, in your capacity as an ADS holder, you will not be able to call a shareholder meeting. You may be subject to limitations on transfers of your ADSs. Your ADSs are transferable on the books of the depositary. However, the depositary may close its transfer books at any time or from time to time when it deems expedient in connection with the performance of its duties. In addition, the depositary may refuse to deliver, transfer or register transfers of ADSs generally when our books or the books of the depositary are closed, or at any time if we or the depositary deem it advisable to do so because of any requirement of law or of any government or government body, or under any provision of the deposit agreement, or for any other reason. We are a Cayman Islands exempted company and, because judicial precedent regarding the rights of shareholders is more limited under Cayman Islands law than that under U.S. law, you may have less protection for your shareholder rights than you would under U.S. law. Our corporate affairs are governed by our memorandum and articles of association, as amended and restated from time to time, the Companies Act (As Revised) of the Cayman Islands and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders to take action against the directors, actions by minority shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors to us under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as that from English common law, which has persuasive, but not binding, authority on a court in the Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedent in some jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands have a less developed body of securities laws than the United States. In addition, some U.S. states, such as Delaware, have more fully developed and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law than the Cayman Islands. In addition, Cayman Islands companies may not have standing to initiate a shareholder derivative action before federal courts of the United States. 50 Table of Contents As we are a Cayman Islands exempted company and a substantial part of our consolidated assets are located outside of the United States and a substantial part of our current operations are conducted in China, there is uncertainty as to whether the courts of the Cayman Islands or China would recognize or enforce judgments of U.S. courts predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any state against us and our officers and directors, most of whom are not residents of the United States and the substantial majority of whose assets are located outside the United States. In addition, it is uncertain whether the Cayman Islands or PRC courts would entertain original actions brought in the Cayman Islands or in China against us or our officers and directors predicated on the federal securities laws of the United States. While there is no statutory recognition in the Cayman Islands of judgments obtained in the federal or state courts of the United States (and the Cayman Islands are not a party to any treaties for the reciprocal enforcement or recognition of such judgments), a foreign money judgment obtained in a foreign court of competent jurisdiction will be recognized and enforced in the courts of the Cayman Islands at common law, without any re-examination of the merits of the underlying dispute, by an action commenced on the foreign judgment debt in the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands, provided such judgment (a) is given by a foreign court of competent jurisdiction, (b) imposes on the judgment debtor a liability to pay a liquidated sum for which the judgment has been given, (c) is final and conclusive, (d) is not in respect of taxes, a fine or a penalty, (e) is not inconsistent with a Cayman Islands judgment in respect of the same matter, and (f) is not impeachable on the grounds of fraud and was not obtained in a manner and is not of a kind the enforcement of which is contrary to natural justice or the public policy of the Cayman Islands. However, the Cayman Islands courts are unlikely to enforce a judgment obtained from the U.S. courts under civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities law if such judgment is determined by the courts of the Cayman Islands to give rise to obligations to make payments that are penal or punitive in nature. Because such a determination has not yet been made by a court of the Cayman Islands, it is uncertain whether such civil liability judgments from U.S. courts would be enforceable in the Cayman Islands. A Cayman Islands court may stay enforcement proceedings if concurrent proceedings are being brought elsewhere. As a result of all of the above, shareholders of a Cayman Islands company may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by our management, members of the board of directors or controlling shareholders than they would as shareholders of a company incorporated in a jurisdiction in the United States. For example, contrary to the general practice in most corporations incorporated in the United States, Cayman Islands incorporated companies may not generally require that shareholders approve sales of all or substantially all of a company’s assets. The limitations described above will also apply to the depositary who is treated as the holder of the shares underlying your ADSs. Our current articles of association contain anti-takeover provisions that could prevent a change in control even if such takeover is beneficial to our shareholders. Our current articles of association contain provisions that could delay, defer or prevent a change in control of our company that could be beneficial to our shareholders. These provisions could also discourage proxy contests and make it more difficult for you and other shareholders to elect directors and take other corporate actions. As a result, these provisions could limit the price that investors are willing to pay in the future for the ADSs. These provisions might also discourage a potential acquisition proposal or tender offer, even if the acquisition proposal or tender offer is at a price above the then current market price of the ADSs. These provisions provide that our board of directors has authority, without further action by our shareholders, to issue preferred shares in one or more series and to fix their designations, powers, preferences, privileges, and relative participating, optional or special rights and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions, including dividend rights, conversion rights, voting rights, terms of redemption and liquidation preferences, any or all of which may be greater than the rights associated with our ordinary shares, in the form of ADSs or otherwise. Our board of directors may decide to issue such preferred shares quickly with terms calculated to delay or prevent a change in control of our company or make the removal of our management more difficult. If our board of directors decides to issue such preferred shares, the price of the ADSs may fall and the voting and other rights of holders of our ordinary shares and ADSs may be materially adversely affected. We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of the rules under the Exchange Act, and as such we are exempt from certain provisions applicable to U.S. domestic public companies. Because we qualify as a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, we are exempt from certain provisions of the securities rules and regulations in the United States that are applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, including: ● the rules under the Exchange Act requiring the filing with the SEC of quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, quarterly certifications by the principal executive and financial officers, or current reports on Form 8-K; ● the sections of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents, or authorizations in respect of a security registered under the Exchange Act; 51 Table of Contents ● the sections of the Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their stock ownership and trading activities and liability for insiders who profit from trades made in a short period of time; and ● the selective disclosure rules by issuers of material nonpublic information under Regulation FD. We are required to file an annual report on Form 20-F within four months of the end of each financial year. Press releases relating to financial results and material events will also be furnished to the SEC on Form 6-K. However, the information we are required to file with or furnish to the SEC will be less extensive and less timely compared to that required to be filed with the SEC by U.S. domestic issuers. As a result, you may not be afforded the same protections or information that would be made available to you were you investing in a U.S. domestic issuer. As an exempted company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, we may adopt certain home country practices in relation to corporate governance matters. These practices may afford less protection to shareholders than they would enjoy if we complied fully with the NYSE corporate governance listing standards. As a non-U.S. company with ADSs listed on the NYSE, we are subject to the NYSE corporate governance listing standards. However, in reliance on Section 303A.11 of the NYSE Listed Company Manual, which permits a foreign private issuer to follow the corporate governance practices of its home country, we have adopted certain corporate governance practices that may differ significantly from the NYSE corporate governance listing standards. For example, we may include non-independent directors as members of our compensation committee and nominating and corporate governance committee, and our independent directors are not required to hold regularly scheduled meetings at which only independent directors are present. Such home country practice differs from the NYSE corporate governance listing standards, because there are no specific provisions under the Companies Act (As Revised) of the Cayman Islands imposing such requirements. Accordingly, executive directors, who may also be our major shareholders or representatives of our major shareholders, may have greater power to make or influence major decisions than they would if we complied with all the NYSE corporate governance listing standards. While we may adopt certain practices that are in compliance with the laws of the Cayman Islands, such practices may differ from more stringent requirements imposed by the NYSE rules and as such, our shareholders may be afforded less protection under Cayman Islands law than they would under the NYSE rules applicable to U.S. domestic issuers. See “Item 16G. Corporate Governance.” We may be a passive foreign investment company, which could result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. Holders of the ADSs or ordinary shares. A non-U.S. corporation will be considered a passive foreign investment company, which we refer to as a PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes in any taxable year in which either 75% or more of its gross income is “passive income” or 50% or more of its assets constitute “passive assets” (generally determined on the basis of a quarterly average). The calculation of the value of our assets will be based, in part, on the market value of the ADSs, which is subject to change. The determination as to whether a non-U.S. corporation is a PFIC is based upon the application of complex U.S. federal income tax rules (which are subject to differing interpretations), the composition of income and assets of the non U.S. corporation from time to time and the nature of the activities performed by its officers and employees. Based upon the composition of our income, assets and activities, we do not believe we were a PFIC with respect to our 2024 or 2025 taxable years. However, the determination of whether we are a PFIC is a factual determination that must be made annually at the close of the taxable year. Changes in the nature of our income or assets, the manner and rate at which we spend cash that we hold, or a decrease in the trading price of the ADSs may cause us to be considered a PFIC in the current or any subsequent year. However, as noted above, there can be no certainty in this regard until the close of each taxable year. If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder, as defined in “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—U.S. Federal Income Taxation”, holds the ADSs or ordinary shares, the U.S. Holder might be subject to increased U.S. federal income tax liability and to additional reporting obligations. See “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—U.S. Federal Income Taxation—Passive Foreign Investment Company.” U.S. Holders are encouraged to consult their own tax advisors regarding the applicability of the PFIC rules to their purchase, ownership and disposition of the ADSs or ordinary shares. 52 Table of Contents We may issue additional ordinary shares, other equity or equity-linked or debt securities, which may materially adversely affect the price of our ordinary shares or ADSs. Hedging activities may depress the trading price of our ordinary shares. We may issue additional equity, equity-linked or debt securities for a number of reasons, including to finance our operations and business strategy (including in connection with acquisitions, strategic collaborations or other transactions), to satisfy our obligations for the repayment of existing indebtedness, to adjust our ratio of debt to equity, to satisfy our obligations upon the exercise of outstanding warrants or options or for other reasons. Any future issuances of equity securities or equity-linked securities could substantially dilute your interests and may materially adversely affect the price of our ordinary shares or ADSs. We cannot predict the timing or size of any future issuances or sales of equity, equity-linked or debt securities, or the effect, if any, that such issuances or sales may have on the market price of our ordinary shares or ADSs. Market conditions could require us to accept less favorable terms for the issuance of our securities in the future. Substantial future sales of our ordinary shares or ADSs in the public market, or the perception that such sales could occur, could cause the price of our ordinary shares or ADSs to decline. Sales of our ordinary shares or ADSs in the public market, or the perception that such sales could occur, could cause the market price of our ordinary shares to decline. As of December 31, 2025, we had 209,429,353 ordinary shares outstanding, excluding 61,421 ADS representing 245,685 ordinary shares reserved for future grants under our share incentive plans, and 122,540 ordinary shares as treasury stock. The number of ordinary shares outstanding and available for sale will increase when our employees and former employees who are holders of restricted share units and options to acquire our ordinary shares become entitled to the underlying shares under the terms of their units or options. To the extent these shares are sold into the market, or are converted to ADSs which are sold into the market place, the market price of our ordinary shares or ADSs could decline. Your right to participate in any future rights offerings may be limited, which may cause dilution to your holdings. We may from time to time distribute rights to our shareholders, including rights to acquire our securities. However, we cannot make these rights available in the United States unless we register the rights and the securities to which the rights relate under the Securities Act or an exemption from the registration requirements is available. We are under no obligation to file a registration statement with respect to any such rights or securities or to endeavor to cause a registration statement to be declared effective. Moreover, we may not be able to establish an exemption from registration under the Securities Act. Accordingly, you may be unable to participate in our rights offerings and may experience dilution in your holdings. ​