A. [RESERVED] B. CAPITALIZATION AND INDEBTEDNESS Not applicable. C. REASONS FOR THE OFFER AND USE OF PROCEEDS Not applicable. 13 Table of Contents D. RISK FACTORS Melco Resorts is a Cayman Islands holding company. All of our current operations, and administrative and corporate functions are conducted in Macau, Hong Kong, Singapore, the Philippines, Cyprus and Sri Lanka. We conduct our operations primarily in Macau, as well as in the Philippines, Cyprus and Sri Lanka. Our principal executive offices are located in Singapore and Hong Kong. Our operations in mainland China are currently limited to a wholly-owned subsidiary that hosts the domain names of our mainland China websites and other online platforms which promote our non-gaming amenities in mainland China, and we do not have any material assets or operations in mainland China. We have no variable interest entities in our corporate structure. We face various legal and operational risks and uncertainties as a company primarily operating in Macau, the Philippines, Cyprus and Sri Lanka. Since we derive a significant majority of our revenues from our Macau business and a significant number of our customers come from, and are expected to continue to come from, China, our results of operations and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected by significant regulatory developments in China. Actions by the PRC government can also significantly affect our business by, for example, placing limits on the ability of China residents to travel or remit currency or by restricting gaming-related marketing activities in China. See “Item 3. Key Information — D. Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Our Business and Operations — Policies, campaigns and measures adopted by the PRC and/or Macau governments from time to time could materially and adversely affect our operations.” The legal and operational risks associated with operating in mainland China may also apply to our operations in Hong Kong and Macau. The PRC government may also intervene or influence our operations in Macau, Hong Kong or elsewhere at any time, or may exert more control over offerings conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in issuers in China, which could result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of our ordinary shares. Additionally, the PRC government has in the past made statements indicating an intent to exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers and any such action could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of our securities to significantly decline or be worthless. There are risks and uncertainties which we cannot foresee for the time being, and rules and regulations in China can change quickly with little or no advance notice. See “— Risks Relating to Our Business and Operations — Changes in laws, regulations and policies in China and uncertainties in the legal systems in China may expose us to risks. In addition, rules and regulations in China can change quickly with little advance notice” and “— The PRC government may influence our operations or impact our offerings conducted overseas or foreign investments in us. Its oversight and discretion over our business could result in material changes in our operations and the value of our ordinary shares and ADSs.” We also face risks associated with interpretations of or changes to gaming laws in the markets in which we operate, including the interpretation of the amended gaming law in Macau, as well as the continued ability by the U.S. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, or PCAOB, to inspect our auditors. Permissions, Approvals, Licenses, Certificates and Permits Required from PRC Authorities for Our Operations and for the Offering of Our Securities to Foreign Investors As of the date of this annual report, we have obtained the requisite permissions, approvals, licenses, certificates and permits from PRC government authorities that are material for our business operations in those jurisdictions, including in particular our gaming concession in Macau which is required to operate gaming operations in that jurisdiction, and none have been denied. See “Item 4. Information on the Company — B. Business Overview — Regulations” for a detailed discussion on the concession in Macau. Given the uncertainties of interpretation and implementation of relevant laws and regulations and enforcement practice by PRC government authorities, we may be required to obtain additional licenses, permits, 14 Table of Contents filings or approvals for our business operations in the future, and may not be able to maintain or renew our current licenses, permits, filings or approvals. In addition, rules and regulations in China can change quickly with little advance notice. Uncertainties due to evolving laws and regulations could impede our ability to obtain or maintain certificates, permits or licenses required to conduct business in China. In the absence of required certificates, permits or licenses, governmental authorities could impose material sanctions or penalties on us. Furthermore, in connection with an issuance of securities to foreign investors, under current PRC laws, regulations and regulatory rules, as of the date of this annual report, we do not believe we would currently be required to obtain permissions from or complete any filing with the China Securities Regulatory Commission, or the CSRC, or required to go through cybersecurity review by the Cyberspace Administration of China, or the CAC. In addition, we have not been asked to obtain such permissions by any PRC authority or received any denial to do so. However, the PRC government has in the past made statements indicating an intent to exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers like us and may do so in the future. There remains significant uncertainty as to the enactment, interpretation and implementation of regulatory requirements related to overseas securities offerings and other capital markets activities. If (i) (a) we incorrectly conclude that certain regulatory permissions and approvals are not required or (b) applicable laws, regulations, or interpretations change in a way that requires us to complete such filings or obtain such approvals in the future, and (ii) we are required to obtain such permissions or approvals in the future, but fail to receive or maintain such permissions or approvals, we may face sanctions by the CSRC, the CAC or other PRC regulatory agencies. These regulatory agencies may impose fines and penalties on us, limit our operations, limit our ability to pay dividends outside of China, limit our ability to list on stock exchanges outside of China or offer our securities to foreign investors or take other actions that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects, as well as the trading price of our securities. Cash Flows Through Our Organization Cash from financing and operations is primarily retained by our operating subsidiaries for the purposes of funding our operating activities, capital expenditures and investing activities. Cash from financing and operations within our group is primarily transferred between our subsidiaries through intercompany loan arrangements or equity capital contributions. In 2025, excluding cash transferred for the purpose of the settlement of intragroup charges for operating activities, cash transferred to our holding company, Melco Resorts, from its subsidiaries for repayment of advances amounted to US$2.9 million, while cash transferred from our holding company to its subsidiaries in the form of advances amounted to US$19.7 million. Dividend payments of US$20.0 million were received from our Macau operating subsidiary in 2025, and no dividend payments were made to our shareholders in 2025, including holders of our ordinary shares with an address of record known to us to be in the United States (which includes all holders of our ADSs, which are traded on Nasdaq in the United States). See also “Item 4. Information on the Company — B. Business Overview — Tax” and “Item 8. Financial Information — A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information — Dividend Policy.” There are no regulatory or foreign exchange restrictions or limitations on our ability to transfer cash within our corporate group or to declare dividends to holders of our ADSs, except that Melco Resorts Macau must notify the Chief Executive of Macau five business days in advance of any decision related to dividend distribution in an amount greater than MOP500 million (equivalent to approximately US$62.4 million), seek Macau government consent to grant or receive any loan in the amount of MOP100 million (equivalent to approximately US$12.5 million) and our subsidiaries incorporated in Macau are required to set aside a specified amount of the entity’s profit after tax as a legal reserve which is not distributable to the shareholders of such subsidiaries and authorization is required in the Philippines for inward and outward transfers of Philippine pesos above a certain amount. See “Item 4. Information on the Company — B. Business Overview — Regulations — Macau Regulations — Restrictions on Distribution of Profits Regulations” and “Item 10. Additional Information — D. Exchange Controls.” 15 Table of Contents Our board will continue to review from time to time our dividend policy as part of our commitment to maximizing shareholder value, taking into consideration our financial performance and market conditions. We cannot assure you that we will make any dividend payments on our shares in the future. Except as permitted under the Companies Act ( as amended) of the Cayman Islands, or the Companies Act, and the common law of the Cayman Islands, we are not permitted to distribute dividends unless we have a profit, realized or unrealized, or a reserve set aside from profits which our directors determine is no longer needed. Our ability, or the ability of our subsidiaries, to pay dividends is further subject to restrictive covenants contained in the MRM 2015 Credit Facilities, Studio City Notes, SCC 2021 Credit Facilities, SCC 2024 Revolving Facilities and other agreements governing indebtedness we and our subsidiaries may incur. For more details, see “Item 3. Key Information — D. Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Our Shares and ADSs — We cannot assure you that we will make dividend payments in the future” and “— Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects — B. Liquidity and Capital Resources — Indebtedness.” You should carefully consider all of the information in this annual report before making an investment in the ADSs. The following summarizes some, but not all, of the risks provided below. Please carefully consider all of the information discussed in this Item 3.D. “Risk Factors” in this annual report for a more thorough description of these and other risks. You should carefully consider the following risk factors in addition to the other information set forth in this annual report. Our business, financial condition and results of operations can be affected materially and adversely by any of the following risk factors. Risks Relating to Our Business and Operations • Risks relating to generating a substantial portion of revenues and cash from Macau and the Philippines. • Risks relating to operating in a highly regulated industry. • Risks relating to regional political, social, economic and legal and regulatory risks in Macau, the Philippines and Cyprus, and uncertainties in the legal systems in China. • Risks relating to inadequate transportation infrastructure that may hinder increase in visitation to our properties. • Risks relating to natural disasters and extreme weather phenomena. • Risks relating to facing intense competition. • Risks relating to dependence on the continued efforts of our senior management and retaining qualified personnel. • Risks relating to inadequate insurance coverage. • Risks relating to operating in the gaming industry, including risk of cheating and counterfeiting, inability to collect receivables from credit customers. • Risks relating to mergers, acquisitions, strategic transactions, investments, divestments and developing new branded products or entering into new business lines. • Risks relating to fluctuations in currency exchange rates of currencies used in our business and availability of credit. • Risks relating to failure to comply with anti-corruption laws and anti-money laundering policies. • Risks relating to cybersecurity and failure to protect the integrity and security of data, including customer information. • Risks relating to having a significant majority of operations in Macau, uncertainties in the legal systems in China, and policies, campaigns and measures adopted by the PRC and/or Macau governments from time to time. 16 Table of Contents • Risks relating to protection or alleged infringement of intellectual property rights. • Risks relating to environmental, social and governance and sustainability related concerns. • Risks relating to our significant projects in various phases of development, including construction risks. Risks Relating to Operating in the Gaming Industry in Macau • Risks relating to the Melco Resorts Macau’s Concession Contract. • Risks relating to restrictions on export of Renminbi. • Risks relating to adverse changes or developments in gaming laws or other regulations in Macau. • Risks relating to the interpretation of the Macau gaming law amended in 2022 and related laws and their implementation by the Macau government. Risks Related to Operating in the Gaming Industry in the Philippines • Risks related to tenancy relationships as the land and buildings comprising the site of City of Dreams Manila are leased. • Risks relating to the regulatory requirements for and restrictions on the operation of City of Dreams Manila. • Risks relating to a suspension of VIP gaming operations at City of Dreams Manila under certain circumstances. Risks Relating to Operating in the Gaming Industry in Cyprus • Risks relating to our short operating history in Cyprus. • Risks relating to the continued cooperation of The Cyprus Phassouri (Zakaki) Limited for the operation of City of Dreams Mediterranean and the Cyprus Casinos. • Risks relating to the regulatory requirements for and restrictions on our operations in Cyprus. Risks Relating to Operating in the Gaming Industry in Other Jurisdictions that We Operate • Risks relating to the continued cooperation of John Keells Holdings PLC (“John Keells”) for our operations in Sri Lanka. • Risks relating to the regulatory requirements for and restrictions on our operations in Sri Lanka. Risks Relating to Our Corporate Structure and Ownership • Risks relating to the substantial influence our controlling shareholder has over us. • Risks relating to competing with Melco International on casino projects. • Risks relating to SCI’s ability to remain in compliance with the New York Stock Exchange requirements for its continued listing. Risks Relating to Our Financing and Indebtedness • Risks relating to our current, projected and potential future indebtedness and our need for additional financing. 17 Table of Contents • Risks relating to the inability to generate sufficient cash flow to meet our debt service obligations. • Risks relating to compliance with credit facilities and debt instruments. Risks Relating to Our Business and Operations The operating history of some of our businesses may not serve as an adequate basis to judge our future operating results and prospects. The operating history of some of our businesses is shorter than some of our competitors and therefore may not serve as an adequate basis for your evaluation of our business and prospects. For example, Studio City Phase 2 progressively opened in April and September of 2023, City of Dreams Mediterranean opened to the public in July 2023 and both the Sri Lanka Casino and Nüwa Sri Lanka opened to the public in the third quarter of 2025. We face certain risks, expenses and challenges in operating gaming businesses in intensely competitive markets. Some of the risks relate to our ability to: • fulfill conditions precedent to draw down or roll over funds from current and future credit facilities; • respond to economic uncertainties and global or regional health events; • comply with covenants under our existing and future debt issuances and credit facilities; • raise additional capital, as required; • respond to changing financing requirements; • operate, support, expand and develop our operations and our facilities; • attract and retain customers and qualified employees; • maintain effective control of our operating costs and expenses; • maintain internal personnel, systems, controls and procedures to assure compliance with the extensive regulatory requirements applicable to the gaming business as well as regulatory compliance as a public company; • respond to competitive and/or deteriorating market conditions; and • respond to changes in our regulatory environment and government policies. If we are unable to complete any of these tasks or successfully manage one or more of the risks, we may be unable to operate our businesses in the manner we contemplate and generate revenues from such projects in the amounts and by the times we anticipate. We may also be unable to meet the conditions to draw on our existing or future financing facilities in order to fund various activities, which may result in a default under our existing or future financing facilities. If any of these events were to occur, it could cause a material adverse effect on our business and prospects, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. We generate a substantial portion of our cash flow from our properties in Macau and the Philippines and, to a lesser degree, Cyprus and, as a result, we are subject to greater risks than a gaming company which operates in more geographical regions. We are a parent company with limited business operations of our own. We conduct most of our business operations through our direct and indirect subsidiaries. Our primary sources of cash are dividends and distributions with respect to our ownership interests in our subsidiaries that are derived from the earnings and cash flow generated by our operating properties. We primarily depend on our properties in Macau and City of Dreams Manila and, to a lesser degree, City of Dreams Mediterranean for our cash flow. Given that our operations are primarily conducted based on our 18 Table of Contents principal properties in Macau, one property in Manila and one property and three satellite casinos in Cyprus, we are subject to greater risks resulting from limited diversification of our businesses and sources of revenues as compared to gaming companies with more operating properties in various geographic regions. These risks include, but are not limited to: • changes in Macau, PRC, Philippine and Cypriot laws and regulations, including gaming laws and regulations or interpretations thereof, as well as China travel and visa policies; • dependence on the gaming, tourism and leisure market in China, the Philippines and Cyprus; • limited diversification of businesses and sources of revenues; • a decline in air, land or ferry passenger traffic to Macau, the Philippines and Cyprus from China and other areas or countries due to higher ticket costs, fears concerning travel, travel restrictions or otherwise, including as a result of outbreaks of widespread health epidemics or pandemics; • a decline in economic and political conditions in China, the Philippines and Cyprus, Asia, Europe or the Middle East; • an increase in competition within the gaming industry in Macau, the Philippines, Cyprus or generally in Asia or Europe; • inaccessibility to Macau, the Philippines or Cyprus due to inclement weather, road construction or closure of primary access routes; • austerity measures imposed now or in the future by the governments in China or other countries in Asia or Europe; • tightened control of cross-border fund transfers, foreign exchange and/or anti-money laundering regulations or policies effected by the PRC, Macau, Philippine and/or Cyprus governments; • any enforcement or legal measures taken by the PRC government to deter gaming activities and/or marketing thereof; • natural and other disasters, including typhoons, earthquakes, volcano eruptions, outbreaks of infectious diseases, terrorism, violent criminal activities or other disruptions affecting Macau, the Philippines or Cyprus; • lower than expected rate of increase or a decrease in the number of visitors to Macau, the Philippines or Cyprus; • relaxation of regulations on gaming laws in other regional economies that could compete with the Macau, Philippines and Cypriot markets; • government restrictions on growth of gaming markets, including policies on gaming table and electronic gaming machine allocation and caps; and • a decrease in gaming activities and other spending at our properties. Any of these developments or events could have a material adverse effect on our business, cash flows, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. The renewal of a land concession is subject to compliance with certain legal requirements. In the event of any failure to meet such legal requirements, we could be forced to forfeit all or part of our investment in City of Dreams, along with our interest in the land on which City of Dreams is located and the building and structures on such land. Our subsidiaries have entered into land concession contracts for the land on which our City of Dreams, Studio City and Altira Macau properties are located. Land concessions in Macau are issued by the Macau 19 Table of Contents government and generally have terms of 25 years and are renewable for further consecutive periods of ten years, subject to compliance with certain legal and administrative requirements, including the registration of the definitive concession. In the event that we do not timely meet the legal and administrative requirements to enable the renewal of the land concession, we could lose all or substantially all of our investment in City of Dreams, including our interest in the land and building and may not be able to continue to operate City of Dreams as planned, which will materially and adversely affect our business and prospects, results of operations and financial condition. See also “Item 4. Information on the Company — B. Business Overview — Regulations — Macau Regulations — Land Regulations.” Studio City Casino is operated by us through the Studio City Casino Agreement under our concession. Changes in Macau’s gaming law or the requirements applicable to the concession granted to us by the Macau government could necessitate amendments to or the termination of the Studio City Casino Agreement, which may have a material adverse effect on the operation of the Studio City Casino. Melco Resorts Macau and our subsidiary, Studio City Entertainment Limited, or Studio City Entertainment, have entered into the Studio City Casino Agreement since Studio City Entertainment does not hold a gaming license in Macau. Under such arrangements, Melco Resorts Macau operates Studio City Casino and pays gaming taxes and the costs incurred in connection with its on-going operations from Studio City Casino’s gross gaming revenues. Studio City Entertainment receives the residual amount and recognizes such residual amount as revenue arising from the Studio City Casino Agreement. Any changes in Macau’s gaming law or other requirements applicable to the concession granted to us by the Macau government that necessitate amendments to, or termination of, the Studio City Casino Agreement, may have a material adverse effect on the operation of the Studio City Casino and, in turn, affect our financial condition and results of operations. Our business is subject to regional and global political, social and economic risks, as well as natural disasters, that may significantly affect visitations to our properties and have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. The strength and profitability of our business depends on consumer demand for integrated resorts and leisure travel in general. Terrorist and violent criminal activities in Europe, the United States, South and Southeast Asia and elsewhere, the military conflict between Russia and Ukraine and conflicts in the Middle East, social events, natural disasters such as typhoons, tsunamis and earthquakes, and outbreaks of widespread health epidemics or pandemics have negatively affected and in the future may negatively affect travel and leisure expenditures, including lodging, gaming and tourism. We cannot predict the extent to which such acts or events may affect us, directly or indirectly, in the future. See also “— An outbreak of widespread health epidemics or pandemics, contagious disease or other outbreaks may have an adverse effect on the economies of affected countries or regions and may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations” and “— Economic or trade sanctions and a heightened trend towards trade and technology “de-coupling” could negatively affect the relationships and collaborations with our suppliers, service providers, technology partners and other business partners and our ability to accept certain customers, which could materially and adversely affect our competitiveness and business operations.” We derive a significant majority of our revenues from our Macau business and a significant number of our customers come from, and are expected to continue to come from, China. Accordingly, our business is sensitive to the willingness and ability of our customers to travel, and our results of operations and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected by significant political, social and economic developments in China. In particular, our operating results may be adversely affected by: • changes in China’s political, economic and social conditions, including any slowdown in economic growth in China; 20 Table of Contents • tightening of travel or visa restrictions to, from or within China, such as due to outbreaks of infectious diseases, or austerity measures which may be imposed by the PRC government; • measures that may be introduced to control inflation, such as interest rate increases or bank account withdrawal controls; and • changes in the tax laws and regulations. For example, our business and operations are affected by the travel or visa restrictions imposed by China on its citizens from time to time. Even before the COVID-19 outbreak, the PRC government imposed restrictions on exit visas granted to resident citizens of mainland China for travel to Macau. The PRC government further restricts the number of days that resident citizens of mainland China may spend in Macau for certain types of travel. Such travel and visa restrictions, and any changes imposed by the PRC government from time to time, could disrupt the number of visitors from China to our properties. Our operations in Macau are also exposed to the risk of changes in laws and policies that govern operations of Macau-based companies. Tax laws and regulations may also be subject to amendments or different interpretations and implementation, thereby adversely affecting our profitability after tax. In addition, the demand for gaming activities and related services and luxury amenities that we provide through our operations is dependent on discretionary consumer spending and, as with other forms of entertainment, is susceptible to downturns in global and regional economic conditions. An economic downturn may reduce consumers’ willingness to travel and reduce their spending overseas, which would adversely impact us as we depend on visitors from China and other countries to generate a substantial portion of our revenues. Changes in discretionary consumer spending or consumer preferences could be driven by factors such as perceived or actual general economic conditions, high energy and food prices, the increased cost of travel, weak segments of the job market, perceived or actual disposable consumer income and wealth, fears of recession and changes in consumer confidence in the economy or fears of armed conflict or future acts of terrorism. An extended period of reduced discretionary spending and/or disruptions or declines in travel could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, our business and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected by any changes in China’s economy, including any decrease in the pace of economic growth. Various factors have negatively impacted economic growth in China in recent years, including the government’s efforts to cool China’s housing market and disruptions caused by COVID-19 outbreaks, leading to reduced consumer discretionary budget and ultimately affecting their spending on travel and leisure. Moreover, China’s common prosperity drive, which was launched in 2021 and remains a long-term policy objective, aims to narrow the nation’s wealth gap by reducing wealth inequality. Any changes in the income tax rate or government policy which discourages consumption may affect the spending patterns of our patrons. All of these measures as well as a number of measures taken by the PRC government in recent years to control the rate of economic growth, including those designed to tighten credit and liquidity, may have contributed to the slowdown of China’s economy in recent years. According to preliminary estimates from the National Bureau of Statistics of China, mainland China’s GDP growth rate was 5.0% in 2025, which was in line with the 5.0% growth in 2024. China also set the GDP growth target at 4.5%-5.0% for 2026. Any slowdown in China’s future growth may have an adverse impact on financial markets, currency exchange rates and other economies, as well as the spending of visitors in Macau and our properties. There is no guarantee that economic downturns, whether actual or perceived, any further decrease in economic growth rates or an otherwise uncertain economic outlook in China will not occur or persist in the future, that they will not be protracted or that governments will respond adequately to control and reverse such conditions, any of which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. City of Dreams Manila is located in the Philippines and is subject to certain economic, political and social risks within the Philippines. The Philippines has, in the past, experienced severe political and social instability, including acts of political violence and terrorism. Any future political or social instability in the Philippines could adversely affect the business operations and financial conditions of City of Dreams Manila. 21 Table of Contents Any changes in the policies of the government or laws or regulations, or in the interpretation or enforcement of these laws and regulations, such as anti-smoking policies or legislation, may negatively impact consumption patterns of visitors to City of Dreams Manila and could adversely affect our business operations and financial condition. In addition, demand for, and the prices of, gaming and entertainment products are directly influenced by economic conditions in the Philippines, including growth levels, interest rates, inflation, levels of business activity and consumption, and the amount of remittances received from overseas Filipino workers. Any deterioration in economic and political conditions in the Philippines or elsewhere in Asia could materially and adversely affect our Company’s business in the Philippines, as well as the prospects, financial condition and results of our operations in the Philippines. Our business in the Philippines also depends significantly on revenues from foreign visitors and will be affected by the development of Manila and the Philippines as a tourist and gaming destination. Such revenues from foreign visitors and development of Manila and the Philippines may be disrupted by events that reduce foreigners’ willingness to travel to or create substantial disruption in Metro Manila and raise substantial concerns about visitors’ personal safety, such as power outages, civil disturbances, terrorist attacks and outbreaks of widespread health epidemics or pandemics, among others. The Philippines has also experienced a significant number of major catastrophes over the years, including typhoons, volcanic eruptions and earthquakes, which have caused road closures and work stoppages in the affected areas as well as cancelation of flights. We cannot predict the extent to which our business in the Philippines and tourism in Metro Manila in general will be affected by any of the above occurrences or fears that such occurrences will take place. We cannot guarantee that any disruption to our Philippine operations will not be protracted, that City of Dreams Manila will not suffer any damage and that any such damage will be completely covered by insurance, if at all. Should the Philippines fail to continue to develop as a tourist destination or should Entertainment City or Manila fail to become a widely recognized regional gaming destination, City of Dreams Manila may fail to attract a sufficient number of visitors, which would cause a material adverse effect on our business and prospects, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Any of these occurrences may disrupt our operations in the Philippines. The subtropical climate and location of both Macau and the Philippines render them susceptible to typhoons, heavy rainstorms and other natural disasters, while Cyprus is also susceptible to heavy rainstorms and other natural disasters. In the event of a major typhoon, heavy rainstorms or other natural disasters in Macau, the Philippines or Cyprus, such as Typhoon Ragasa in Macau in September 2025, our properties may be severely damaged, our operations may be materially and adversely affected, and our properties may even be required to temporarily cease operations by regulatory authorities. Any flooding, unscheduled interruption in the technology or transportation services or interruption in the supply of public utilities is likely to result in an immediate and possibly substantial loss of revenues due to a shutdown of any of our properties and material adverse effect on our business operations and financial condition. Our operations in Cyprus are subject to economic, political and social risks within Cyprus, particularly in the occupied part of Cyprus, as well as outside of Cyprus due to the ongoing conflicts in the Middle East, including between the United States, Israel and Iran. There are ongoing political, social and economic issues in Cyprus relating to the division of the island following the Turkish invasion in 1974, with the occupied part of Cyprus controlled by Turkey and its military. These issues have escalated due to the discovery and exploration of natural gas in Cyprus’ economic zones as well as in the economic zones around Cyprus. Turkey has unilaterally created its own economic zones overlapping the Cyprus ones and has initiated exploratory drilling in the area. Any future political or social instability in Cyprus or in the neighboring region could adversely affect the business operations and financial conditions of our casinos in Cyprus, including City of Dreams Mediterranean. Cyprus’ relatively small and open economy means it remains susceptible to rapid changes in economic conditions in the neighboring regions or globally. In addition, changes in government policies, laws or regulations, or in the interpretation or enforcement of these laws and regulations, may negatively impact gaming and non-gaming activities at our facilities in Cyprus, which could adversely affect our business operations and 22 Table of Contents financial condition. For example, an amendment to Cyprus’ anti-money laundering law came into effect on January 1, 2025, prohibiting cash payments exceeding EUR10,000 (equivalent to approximately US$11,765) for goods, services and real estate transactions in one or a series of related transactions. While a subsequent amendment to the Cyprus’ anti-money laundering law in 2025 exempted transactions conducted within casinos from this cash limit until 2027 when the European Union’s Anti-Money Laundering Regulation will become applicable to casinos, our results of operations in Cyprus may be materially and adversely affected once such law becomes applicable to transactions conducted within casinos. Our operations in Sri Lanka are subject to certain risks within Sri Lanka. The Sri Lankan economy has experienced economic challenges, including a default by the Sri Lankan government on its debt obligations in 2022 which required the intervention of the International Monetary Fund, and economic stability remains uncertain. Any future economic, political or social instability in Sri Lanka could negatively impact our operations in Sri Lanka. In addition, the global macroeconomic environment continues to face significant challenges, including the continuation of international trade conflicts, such as the trade disputes between the United States and China and the imposition of trade tariffs and related retaliatory measures between these two countries and globally. Heightened tensions remain between the United States and China in connection with ongoing trade disputes as well as other political factors and may escalate. Such tensions, or any escalation in tensions between the United States and China, or globally, could reduce levels of trade, investment, technological exchanges and other economic activities between these two major economies, which would have a material adverse effect on global economic conditions and the stability of global financial markets. Elevated inflation rates in places where we operate and globally may weaken discretionary spending of our customers and increase our operating costs such as through increases in salary payments for our staff or key expenditures in our business. In September 2024, the U.S. Federal Reserve lowered the benchmark federal-funds rate for the first time in four years to 5.00% and has continued to lower interest rates in 2024 and 2025 to the current rate of 3.75%. The direction that the U.S. Federal Reserve will take with regards to its monetary policy is uncertain. Interest rate hikes from one or more central banks across the world to address inflation or other macroeconomic factors would increase the cost of credit throughout global economies, impacting cashflows for both businesses and consumers as they spend more on interest payments which, in turn, reduces the amount available for capital investments and for discretionary consumption. Any developments that adversely impact global liquidity, heighten market volatility and increase U.S. dollar funding costs resulting in tightened global financial conditions and a prolonged period of volatile and unstable market conditions would likely increase our funding costs and negatively affect our market risk mitigation strategies. Since 2022, continued stress in China’s property sector and a weaker, uneven post-pandemic economic recovery have weighed on risk sentiment toward China-linked U.S. dollar high-yield credit more broadly. This has at times contributed to wider spreads and weaker secondary-market performance for high-yield bonds of issuers in other sectors connected with China, including those issued by Macau gaming operators and associated entities. Other factors affecting discretionary consumer spending, including the level of disposable consumer income, fears of recession, lack of consumer confidence in the economy, change in consumer preferences, high energy, fuel and other commodity costs and increased cost of travel may negatively impact our business. An extended period of reduced discretionary spending and/or disruptions or declines in travel have had and could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. Considerable uncertainty remains over the long-term effects of the expansionary monetary and fiscal policies adopted by the central banks and financial authorities of some of the world’s leading economies, including the United States and China. There have been concerns over conflicts, unrest and terrorist threats in the Ukraine, Middle East, Europe and Africa, including, but not limited to, between the United States, Israel and Iran 23 Table of Contents and the continuing military conflict between Russia and Ukraine leading to sanctions and export controls imposed by the United States, the European Union, the United Kingdom and other countries targeting Russia, its financial system and major financial institutions and certain Russian entities and persons. Such sanctions and measures and conflicts have had and may continue to have a negative impact on our business and our ability to accept certain customers, including for our business in Cyprus where historically a significant number of tourists have come from Russia, Israel and the Middle East. These conflicts have also caused volatility in global financial markets, a rise in prices of oil, gas and other commodities, and impacted availability of flights into and out of Cyprus. In addition, concerns over potential conflicts involving the Korean peninsula persist. Any severe or prolonged slowdown in the global economy or increase in international trade or political conflicts may materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, continued turbulence in the international markets may adversely affect our ability to access capital markets to meet liquidity needs. Policies, campaigns and measures adopted by the PRC and/or Macau governments from time to time could materially and adversely affect our operations. A significant number of the customers of our properties come from, and are expected to continue to come from, China. Any travel restrictions imposed by China could negatively affect the number of patrons visiting our properties from China. Under the Individual Visit Scheme, or IVS, mainland China citizens from certain cities have been able to travel to Macau individually instead of as part of a tour group. While the PRC government has restricted and then loosened IVS travel frequently, it has indicated its intention to maintain tourism development by opening the IVS to more China cities to visit Macau. For example, the IVS was further expanded to Qingdao and Xi’an beginning in March 2024. A decrease in the number of visitors from China could adversely affect our results of operations. See also “— An outbreak of widespread health epidemics or pandemics, contagious disease or other outbreaks may have an adverse effect on the economies of affected countries or regions and may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations”. In addition, certain policies and campaigns implemented by the PRC government may lead to a decline in the number of patrons visiting our properties in Macau and the amount of spending by such patrons. The strength and profitability of our business depend on consumer demand for integrated resorts in general and for the type of luxury amenities that a gaming operator offers. Initiatives and campaigns undertaken by the PRC government in recent years have resulted in an overall dampening effect on the behavior of China consumers and a decrease in their spending, particularly in luxury good sales and other discretionary spending. For example, the PRC government’s ongoing anti-corruption campaign has had an overall dampening effect on the behavior of China consumers and their spending patterns both domestically and abroad. In addition, the number of patrons visiting our properties may be affected by the PRC government’s focus on deterring marketing of gaming to China citizens and its initiatives to tighten monetary transfer regulations, increase monitoring of various transactions, including bank or credit card transactions, and reduce the amount that mainland China-issued ATM cardholders can withdraw in each withdrawal and impose a limit on the annual aggregate amount that may be withdrawn. The PRC government has also developed its digital currency and has performed certain test trials in its application within China. If a digital currency is adopted by the Macau government for gaming operations in Macau, there could be a material and adverse impact on our operations, especially our VIP rolling chip operations, if limitations on transactions per player are also introduced in conjunction with the adoption of the digital currency. Regulatory scrutiny of gaming promoters in China and the Philippines has also affected the gaming business. See “— We depend upon gaming promoters for a portion of our gaming revenues. If we are unable to establish or maintain the number of successful relationships with gaming promoters, the financial resources of our gaming promoters are insufficient to allow them to continue doing business or we are unable to find alternative means to attract VIP rolling chip patrons in markets such as Macau where gaming promoters have become subject to restrictions on doing business due to legal and regulatory requirements, our results of 24 Table of Contents operations could be materially and adversely impacted” and “— Our business is subject to regional and global political, social and economic risks, as well as natural disasters, that may significantly affect visitations to our properties and have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.” We derive a significant majority of our revenues from our Macau gaming business and any disruptions or downturns in the Macau gaming market may have a material impact on our business. We expect to continue to derive a significant majority of our revenues from our Macau gaming business and may be materially affected by any disruptions or downturns in the Macau gaming market. For example, although gross gaming revenues in Macau increased by 9.1% on a year-over-year basis in 2025 compared to 2024 according to the DICJ, governmental policies and responses to COVID-19 outbreaks during the period between 2020 to 2022 resulted in a significant decline in inbound tourism in Macau with gross gaming revenues declining by 30.2% in 2022 compared to 2020, according to the DICJ. Our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected by such impacts or other disruptions in the Macau gaming market. See “— An outbreak of widespread health epidemics or pandemics, contagious disease or other outbreaks may have an adverse effect on the economies of affected countries or regions and may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.” The gaming industries in the jurisdictions in which we operate are highly regulated. Gaming is a highly regulated industry in Macau. Our Macau gaming business is subject to various laws and increased audits and inspections from regulators, such as those relating to licensing, tax rates and other regulatory obligations, such as anti-money laundering measures, which may change or become more stringent. Changes in laws may result in additional regulations being imposed on our gaming operations in Macau and our future projects. Our operations in Macau are also exposed to the risk of changes in the Macau government’s policies that govern operations of Macau-based companies and the Macau government’s interpretation of, or amendments to, our gaming concession. Any such adverse developments in the regulation of the Macau gaming industry could be difficult to comply with and could significantly increase our costs, which could cause our projects to be unsuccessful. The Philippine gaming industry is also highly regulated, including the amendment to the existing Philippine Anti-Money Laundering Act, as amended (“Philippine AMLA”), whereby casinos are included as covered persons subject to reporting and other requirements under the Philippine AMLA. The Anti-Money Laundering Council and PAGCOR have also released regulations and guidelines on compliance. The authority of the Anti-Money Laundering Council was also expanded to include the power to apply for search and seizure orders, issue subpoenas, and preserve, manage or dispose assets pursuant to a freeze order or judgment of forfeiture. We cannot assure you that our contractors, agents or employees will continually adhere to our current anti-money laundering policies for our Philippine operations or future policies that we may implement or revise or that any such policies will be effective in preventing our Philippines operations from being exploited for money laundering purposes. City of Dreams Manila is also subject to increased audits and inspections from regulators, including those relating to anti-money laundering requirements and measures. City of Dreams Manila may legally operate under the Philippine License, which requires a number of periodic approvals from and reports to PAGCOR. PAGCOR may refuse to approve proposals by us and our gaming promoters, or modify previously approved proposals and may require us and/or our gaming promoters to perform acts with which we disagree. The Philippine License requires, among others, 95.0% of City of Dreams Manila’s total employees to be locally hired. PAGCOR could also exert a substantial influence on our human resource policies, particularly with respect to the qualifications and salary levels for gaming employees, especially in light of the fact that employees assigned to the gaming operations are required by PAGCOR to obtain a Gaming Employment License. As a result, PAGCOR could have influence over City of Dreams Manila’s gaming operations. Moreover, because PAGCOR is also an operator of casinos and gaming establishments in the Philippines, it is 25 Table of Contents possible that conflicts in relation to PAGCOR’s operating and regulatory functions may exist or may arise in the future. In addition, we and our gaming promoters may not be able to obtain, or maintain, all requisite approvals, permits and licenses that various Philippine and local government agencies may require. Any of the foregoing could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations in the Philippines. Gaming in Cyprus is a highly regulated new market and subject to various regulations of the European Union that are being developed and adopted in Cyprus. New gaming laws and regulations come into force from time to time in Cyprus. The CGC has and will continue to conduct business-wide anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing inspections at City of Dreams Mediterranean and the Cyprus Casinos and review our anti-money laundering policies. As a result of these inspections and reviews, we have made, and expect we will need to continue to make, certain adjustments to our anti-money laundering policies and compliance procedures from time to time. We may also face compliance challenges as there are fewer precedents on the interpretation of Cyprus gaming laws and regulations as compared to other jurisdictions. Our Cyprus License also requires us to submit periodic and ad-hoc reports to the CGC in areas that include our operations, regulatory compliance, consumer complaints and financial and tax reporting. If we are unable to fully comply with any of the foregoing requirements, we could be subject to fines or other penalties. Gaming in Sri Lanka is an evolving market and subject to various regulations in Sri Lanka. In particular, the Gambling Regulatory Authority Act, No. 17 of 2025, which became effective on December 1, 2025, establishes a new gambling regulatory authority, compliance framework and foundation for new gambling regulations to be issued in Sri Lanka. Any inability to comply with regulatory requirements may subject us to fines, revocation or even cancellation of the Sri Lanka License. Furthermore, our operations require various licenses and permits granted from various governmental or regulatory bodies in the jurisdictions in which we have operations, such as those related to labor, food and beverages, safety, fire, buildings, health and environmental, some of which are required to be renewed annually. There is no guarantee that the requirements for such permits and licenses will remain the same, or that the relevant governmental or regulatory bodies will not impose additional and more onerous requirements. This may affect our ability to renew our licenses and permits or we may not be able to obtain any additional licenses or permits required to conduct our business as our business and operations expand in a timely manner or at all, which could adversely affect our business. In addition, there are limited precedents on the interpretation of the current laws and regulations concerning gaming and gaming concessions and licenses in the jurisdictions in which we operate. These laws and regulations are complex, and a court or administrative or regulatory body may in the future render an interpretation of these laws and regulations, or issue new or modified regulations, that differ from our interpretation. Changes in laws, regulations and policies in China and uncertainties in the legal systems in China may expose us to risks. In addition, rules and regulations in China can change quickly with little advance notice. We derive a significant majority of our revenues from our Macau business and a significant number of our customers come from, and are expected to continue to come from, China. Accordingly, our results of operations and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected by significant regulatory developments not only in Macau but also in the rest of China. Gaming-related activities in China, including marketing activities, are strictly regulated by the PRC government and subject to various laws and regulations. The PRC legal system continues to evolve and the interpretations of laws, regulations and rules are not always uniform. Rules and regulations in China can change quickly with little advance notice. In addition, the PRC legal system is based in part on government policies and internal rules, some of which are not published on a timely basis or at all. As a result, we may not be aware of all policies and rules imposed by the PRC authorities which may affect or relate to our business and operations. There is also no assurance that our interpretation of the laws and regulations that affect our activities in China is or will be consistent with the interpretation and application 26 Table of Contents by the PRC governmental authorities. These uncertainties may impede our ability to assess our legal rights or risks relating to our business and activities. Any changes in the laws and regulations, or in the interpretation or enforcement of these laws and regulations, that affect gaming-related activities in China could require additional expenditures and efforts on our part to ensure our compliance with such regulations or interpretations and have a material and adverse effect on our business and prospects, financial condition and results of operations. We may incur penalties for any failure to comply with PRC laws and regulations. In addition, PRC administrative and court authorities have discretion in interpreting and implementing statutory terms. Such discretion of the PRC administrative and court authorities increases the uncertainties in the PRC legal system and makes it difficult to evaluate the likely outcome of any administrative and court proceedings in China and the level of legal protection we enjoy than in other legal systems. Any litigation or proceedings in China may be protracted and result in substantial costs and diversion of our resources and management attention. Any such litigation or proceedings could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial condition and results of operations. The PRC government may influence our operations or impact our offerings conducted overseas or foreign investments in us. Its oversight and discretion over our business could result in material changes in our operations and the value of our ordinary shares and ADSs. The PRC government has exercised and continues to exercise substantial control over virtually every sector of the China economy through evolving development, interpretation and implementation of applicable laws and regulations. The PRC government may also enact new laws, rules or regulations, which may influence our operations, at any time as the PRC government deems appropriate to further regulatory, political and societal goals, or may exert more control over offerings conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers, which could result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of our ordinary shares. Additionally, the PRC government has in the past made statements indicating an intent to exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers and any such action could significantly impact our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of our securities to significantly decline or be worthless. See also “— Failure to protect the integrity and security of company staff, supplier and customer information and comply with cybersecurity, data privacy, data protection or any other laws and regulations related to data may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations, and/or result in damage to our reputation and/or subject us to fines, penalties, lawsuits, restrictions on our use or transfer of data and other risks” for discussions relating to the China Data Security Law. For example, on February 17, 2023, the CSRC released a set of rules, including the Trial Administrative Measures of Overseas Securities Offerings and Listings by Domestic Companies, or the Trial Administrative New Measures, and related guidelines, which came into effect on March 31, 2023, and the Notice on the Arrangements for the Recordation Management of Overseas Issuances and Listings of Domestic Enterprises, or the Notice on Overseas Issuance and Listing. Under the first paragraph of Article 15 of the Trial Administrative New Measures, overseas offerings and listings of a listing applicant by a mainland China company must conduct and complete the relevant filing procedures with the CSRC if (i) more than 50% of its operating revenue, total profit, total assets or net assets were derived from its mainland China entities based on the audited consolidated financial statements for the most recent financial year, and (ii) the main parts of its business activities are conducted in mainland China, its principal places of business are located in mainland China, or the majority of senior management in charge of its business operations are mainland China citizens or domiciled in mainland China. Furthermore, the second paragraph of Article 15 of the Trial Administrative New Measures provides that a “substance over form” principle, or the Principle, shall be followed when determining whether an issuer is subject to the filing requirements under the Trial Administrative New Measures. In addition, according to the Notice on Overseas Issuance and Listing, companies which have completed overseas listings or offerings prior to March 31, 2023 are 27 Table of Contents not required to complete any filing procedures immediately, but may be required to file with the CSRC for any follow-on offerings. We do not believe that our previous or future offshore offerings are or will be subject to the filing procedures under the Trial Administrative New Measures and related guidelines as (i) we currently have two subsidiaries in mainland China, and the aggregate operating revenue, total profit, total assets or net assets of such subsidiaries as recorded in our audited consolidated financial statements for the most recent financial year were immaterial and will not reach the threshold under the first paragraph of Article 15 of the Trial Administrative New Measures; (ii) the main parts of the Company’s business activities are not and are not expected to be conducted in mainland China; (iii) the Company’s principal places of business are not and are not expected to be located in mainland China; (iv) the senior management in charge of the Company’s business operation are not mainland China citizens and the management does not and is not expected to be domiciled in mainland China; and (v) the risk factors disclosed in the offering document of any future offshore offerings are not expected to be predominately related to mainland China as compared to other countries and regions. However, uncertainties exist as to how the Trial Administrative New Measures and the related guidelines will be interpreted and implemented. Particularly, the Principle is subject to any new laws, rules and regulations or interpretations and implementations in any form relating to the filing requirements under the Trial Administrative New Measures at the discretion of the PRC government authorities. If (i) (a) we incorrectly conclude that certain regulatory permissions and approvals are not required or (b) applicable laws, regulations, or interpretations change in a way that requires us to complete such filings or obtain such approvals in the future, and (ii) we are required to obtain such permissions or approvals in the future, but fail to receive or maintain such permissions or approvals, we may face sanctions by the CSRC, the CAC or other PRC regulatory agencies. These regulatory agencies may impose fines and penalties on us, limit our operations, limit our ability to list on stock exchanges outside of China or offer our securities to foreign investors or take other actions that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects, as well as the trading price of our securities. We face intense competition in Macau, the Philippines and elsewhere in Asia and Europe and may not be able to compete successfully. The hotel, resort and gaming industries are highly competitive. The competitors of our business in Macau, the Philippines and elsewhere in Asia and Europe include many of the largest gaming, hospitality, leisure and resort companies in the world. Some of these current and future competitors are larger than we are and may have more diversified resources, better brand recognition and greater access to capital to support their developments and operations in Macau, the Philippines and elsewhere. In Macau, some competitors have opened new properties, expanded operations and/or have announced intentions for further expansion and developments in Cotai, where City of Dreams and Studio City are located. For example, Phase 3 of the Galaxy Macau Resort progressively opened from the second quarter of 2023, while Phase 4 is currently under development with its construction expected to be completed in 2027. Sands China Ltd., a subsidiary of Las Vegas Sands Corporation, has rebranded and redeveloped Sands Cotai Central in Cotai into The Londoner Macau, which opened in February 2021, and completed renovations of the former Sheraton Grand, rebranding the hotel as the Londoner Grand, which opened in June 2025. Sociedade de Jogos de Macau, S.A., or SJM, opened Grand Lisboa Palace in July 2021 and opened two additional hotels in 2023. See “Item 4. Information on the Company — B. Business Overview — Market and Competition.” In the Philippine gaming market, we compete with hotels and resorts owned by both Philippine nationals and international operators. In 2025, Bloomberry Resorts Corporation opened Solaire Resort North in Quezon City, and Suntrust Resort Holdings is expected to open its integrated resort in Westside City, Manila in the second half of 2026. PAGCOR, an entity owned and controlled by the government of the Philippines, also operates gaming facilities across the Philippines. The past year has also seen the rapid growth of electronic 28 Table of Contents games in the Philippines, with gross gaming revenues from electronic games increasing by approximately 67% in the first nine months of 2025 compared to the comparable period in 2024. Our operations in the Philippines face competition from gaming operators in other more established gaming centers across the region, particularly those of Macau and Singapore, and other major gaming markets located around the world, including Australia and Las Vegas, as we attract similar pools of customers and tourists. A number of such other operators have a longer track record of gaming operations and such other markets have more established reputations as gaming markets. Our operations in the Philippines may not be successful in its efforts to attract foreign customers and independent gaming promoters to City of Dreams Manila, and to promote Manila as a gaming destination. In Cyprus, we hold a 30-year casino gaming license, which commenced from June 2017 and as to which the first 15 years are exclusive. Although we hold the exclusive license to operate casinos in the Republic of Cyprus until 2032, we may face competition from a large number of sports betting shops in Cyprus, online sports betting or other illegal casinos in Cyprus closed down by the Cyprus government, and from a large number of casinos in the occupied part of Cyprus or from casinos in nearby parts of Europe and the Middle East. We expect additional competition from new integrated resorts scheduled to open in the region, including the Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Athens which is expected to open in 2027, and Wynn Al Marjan Island, which is currently under construction at Ras Al Khaimah in the UAE and expected to open in the spring of 2027. We also compete to some extent with casinos located in other countries, such as Singapore, Malaysia, South Korea, Vietnam, Cambodia, India, Australia, New Zealand and elsewhere in the world, including Las Vegas and Atlantic City in the United States, and in the future, proposed developments in Japan, Greece and the United Arab Emirates, among others. Certain other markets, such as Taiwan, may also in the future legalize casino gaming and may not be subject to as stringent regulations as the jurisdictions in which we operate. We also compete with both legal and illegal online gaming and sports betting websites, cruise ships operating out of Hong Kong and other areas of Asia that offer gaming. The proliferation of gaming venues in Asia could also significantly and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and prospects. Currently, Macau is the only region in China offering legal casino gaming. Although the PRC government has strictly enforced its regulations prohibiting domestic gaming operations in mainland China, there may be casinos in parts of mainland China that are operated illegally and without licenses. In addition, there is no assurance that the PRC government will not in the future permit gaming operations in mainland China. Competition from casinos in mainland China, legal or illegal, could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, cash flows and prospects. Our regional competitors also include casino resorts that Melco International may develop elsewhere in Asia Pacific outside Macau or elsewhere in the world. Melco International may develop different interests and strategies for projects in Asia or elsewhere in the world which conflict with the interests of our business in Macau, the Philippines and Cyprus or otherwise compete with us for gaming and leisure customers. See “— Risks Relating to Our Corporate Structure and Ownership.” Inadequate transportation infrastructure may hinder increases in visitations to Macau, the Philippines or Cyprus. Macau consists of a peninsula and two islands and is connected to mainland China by five land border crossings. Macau has an international airport and connections to mainland China and Hong Kong by road and ferry. To support Macau’s planned future development as a gaming and leisure destination, the frequency of bus, car, air and ferry services to Macau will need to increase. While various projects are under development to improve Macau’s internal and external transportation links, including the expansion of the Macau Light Rapid Transit and capacity expansion of border crossings, these projects may not be approved, financed or constructed in time to handle the projected increase in demand for transportation or at all, which could impede the expected increase in visitation to Macau and adversely affect our projects in Macau. Furthermore, even if constructed, the 29 Table of Contents expected benefits of these projects may not fully materialize, and may not result in significantly increased traffic to Macau and to our Macau properties. Any further delays or termination of Macau’s transportation infrastructure projects may have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. City of Dreams Manila is located within Entertainment City, a controlled development in the City of Parañaque. In addition to us, Solaire, Okada Manila and Newport World Resorts operate integrated resorts within Entertainment City. The NAIA Expressway and Skyway Stage-3 Expressway helped alleviate the traffic congestion within the area surrounding Entertainment City and the Philippine government continues to examine viable alternatives to ease traffic congestion in Manila. However, there is no guarantee that these measures will succeed, or that they will sufficiently eliminate the traffic problems or other deficiencies in Manila’s transportation infrastructure. Traffic congestion and other problems in Manila’s transportation infrastructure could adversely affect the tourism industry in the Philippines and reduce the number of potential visitors to City of Dreams Manila, which could, in turn, adversely affect our business and prospects, financial condition and results of our operations. Cyprus is an island in the Eastern Basin of the Mediterranean Sea. It is the third largest island in the Mediterranean after the Italian islands of Sicily and Sardinia. Cyprus has two international airports with flights to other European countries as well as outside of Europe such as Russia, the Middle East and Africa. Cyprus’ existing transportation infrastructure may be incapable of handling the increased number of tourist arrivals that may be necessary to support visitor traffic to City of Dreams Mediterranean in Limassol or our three satellite casinos in Nicosia, Ayia Napa and Paphos. There is no guarantee that any measures taken by the government of Cyprus or the operator of the Cyprus airports will successfully increase air traffic into Cyprus or sufficiently eliminate the traffic problem or other deficiencies in Cyprus’ transportation infrastructure. The governments in Macau, the Philippines and other jurisdictions in which we operate could grant additional rights to conduct gaming in the future, which could significantly increase competition and cause us to lose or be unable to gain market share. In Macau, Melco Resorts Macau is one of the six companies authorized by the Macau government to operate gaming activities. Pursuant to the terms of Macau Law No. 16/2001, or the Macau Gaming Operations Law, as amended, the maximum number of gaming concessions is six. Concessionaires are prohibited from entering into a subconcession agreement. Notwithstanding, the policies and laws of the Macau government may change and could result in the grant of additional concessions or subconcessions, which could significantly increase competition in Macau and also cause us to lose or be unable to maintain or gain market share and, as a result, adversely affect our business. In the Philippines, PAGCOR has issued regular gaming licenses to the Philippine Licensees and one other company and additional provisional gaming licenses to three other companies in the Philippines for the development and operation of integrated casino resorts. PAGCOR also granted a provisional license to a casino operator located at Las Piñas City and has also licensed private casino operators in Metro Manila, as well as in special economic zones, including four in the Clark Ecozone, one in Poro Point, La Union, one in Binangonan, Rizal and one in the Newport City CyberTourism Zone, Pasay City. The Philippine License granted by PAGCOR to the Philippine Licensees is non-exclusive, and there is no assurance that PAGCOR will not issue additional gaming licenses, or that it will limit the number of licenses it issues. Any additional gaming licenses issued by PAGCOR could increase competition in the Philippine gaming industry, which could diminish the value of the Philippine Licensees’ Philippine License. This could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations in the Philippines. In Sri Lanka, our subsidiary, Bluehaven Services, is one of five companies authorized to operate gaming activities and there is no assurance that the Sri Lankan government will not grant additional gaming licenses. Additionally, new regulations issued in 2025 provide the possibility of obtaining certain gaming and 30 Table of Contents corporate income tax exemptions for investors in the Port City Colombo (a multi-service special economic zone located adjacent to Colombo’s business district) meeting minimum investment criteria. The granting of any additional gaming licenses, especially to operators who are given tax exemptions not available to us, could significantly increase competition and have a material and adverse effect on our business and operations in Sri Lanka. Any simultaneous planning, design, construction and development of any projects may stretch our management’s time and resources, which could lead to delays, increased costs and other inefficiencies in the development of these projects. There may be overlap in the planning, design, development and construction periods of our gaming and non-gaming projects. Members of our senior management will be involved in planning and developing our projects at the same time, in addition to overseeing our day-to-day operations. Our management may be unable to devote sufficient time and attention to such projects, as well as our operating properties, which may result in delays in the construction or opening of any of our current or future projects, cause construction cost overruns or cause the performance of our operating properties to be lower than expected, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our business depends substantially on the continuing efforts of our senior management, and our business may be severely disrupted if we lose their services. We place substantial reliance on the gaming, project development and hospitality industry experience and knowledge of the Macau, the Philippine and the Cyprus markets possessed by members of our board of directors, our senior management team, as well as other management personnel. We may experience changes in our key management in the future, including for reasons beyond our control. The loss of Mr. Lawrence Ho’s services or the services of the other members of our board of directors or key management personnel could hinder our ability to effectively manage our business and implement our growth and development strategies. Finding suitable replacements for members of our board of directors or key management personnel could be difficult, and competition for personnel of similar experience could be intense in Macau, the Philippines and Cyprus. In addition, we do not currently carry key person insurance on any members of our senior management team. The success of our business depends on our ability to attract and retain an adequate number of qualified personnel. A limited labor supply, increased competition and any increase in demands from our employees could cause labor costs to increase. The pool of experienced gaming and other skilled and unskilled personnel in Macau, the Philippines and Cyprus is limited. Our demand remains high for personnel occupying sensitive positions that require qualifications sufficient to meet gaming regulations and other requirements or skills and knowledge. Competitive demand for qualified personnel is expected to continue in Macau and the Philippines. The limited supply and competition in the labor market could cause our labor costs to increase. Macau government policy prohibits us from hiring non-Macau resident dealers and supervisors. In addition, the Macau government has continuously stressed that it will continue to monitor the proportion of management positions held by Macau residents and implement measures to ensure such proportion remains no less than 85% of senior and mid-management positions. Due to the increased competition in the labor market and the relevant regulatory restrictions, we cannot assure you that we will be able to attract and retain a sufficient number of qualified individuals to operate our properties, or that costs to recruit and retain such personnel will not increase significantly. In addition, we have previously been subject to certain labor demands in Macau. The inability to attract, retain and motivate qualified employees and management personnel and to continuously optimize our workforce based on changing business demands could have a material adverse effect on our business. 31 Table of Contents Further, the Macau government is currently enforcing a labor policy pursuant to which the ratio of local to foreign workers that may be recruited is determined on a case-by-case basis and, in relation to construction work, must be at least 1:1 unless otherwise authorized by the Macau government. Such a policy could have a material adverse effect on our ability to complete work on our properties. Moreover, if the Macau government enforces similar restrictive ratios in other areas, such as the gaming, hotel and entertainment sectors, or imposes additional restrictions on the hiring of foreign workers generally, this could have a material adverse effect on the operation of our properties. In the Philippines, the Philippine License requires that at least 95% of City of Dreams Manila’s total employees be locally hired. Our inability to recruit a sufficient number of employees in the Philippines to meet this provision or to do so in a cost-effective manner may cause us to lower our hiring standards, which may have an adverse impact on City of Dreams Manila’s service levels, reputation and business. Since 2019, the Kilusan ng Manggagawang Makabayan (KMM-Katipunan) Melco Resorts Leisure (PHP) Corporation — Table Games Division — Chapter, or KMM-MELCO TGD, has represented the rank-and-file employees of the Table Games Division of City of Dreams Manila as the latter’s sole and exclusive bargaining agent. The 2022-2024 Collective Bargaining Agreement between KMM-MELCO TGD and Melco Resorts Leisure expired on June 30, 2024, and on August 26, 2025, Melco Resorts Leisure and KMM-MELCO TGD Union signed the Collective Bargaining Agreement with effect from July 1, 2024 to June 30, 2027. In November 2024, a second union, the Kilusan ng Manggagawang Makabayan (KMM-Katipunan) Melco Resorts Leisure (PHP) Corporation — Gaming Technology Services Department — Chapter, or KMM-MELCO-GTS, filed a petition before the Department of Labor requesting for an election by the relevant employees for the KMM-MELCO-GTS to be certified as the sole bargaining agent for their department. The certification election conducted on February 7, 2025 yielded an affirmative vote certifying the KMM-MELCO-GTS as the exclusive bargaining representative of the rank-and-file employees of the Gaming Technology Services Department. As such, negotiation proceedings between Melco Resorts Leisure and KMM-MELCO-GTS have commenced. Any demand or activities of such collective bargaining agent, including in relation to entry into any new or updated collective bargaining agreement, or any additional collective bargaining agents that may be certified by the Philippines Department of Labor in the future, could have a material adverse effect on the business and operations of City of Dreams Manila or our financial condition and results of operations. The impact of any union activity is difficult to predict, and, if not resolved in a timely and cost-effective manner, industrial action or other labor unrest could prevent or hinder our operations from being carried out as we expect and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. In Cyprus, there is also a risk that our employees may organize or become part of a collective bargaining agreement or trade union. There is a shortage of experienced gaming and other skilled and unskilled personnel as Cyprus is a relatively new gaming market and we also compete with other local hotels and resorts for non-gaming personnel in the hospitality sector. Moreover, casino resort employers may also contest the hiring of their former employees by us. There can be no assurance that any such claim will not be successful or other similar claims will not be brought against us or any of our affiliates in the future. In the event any such claim is found to be valid, we could suffer losses and face difficulties in recruiting from competing operators. If found to have basis by courts, these allegations could also result in possible civil liabilities on us or our relevant officers if such officers are shown to have deliberately and willfully condoned a patently unlawful act. 32 Table of Contents Our insurance coverage may not be adequate to cover all losses that we may suffer from our operations. In addition, our insurance costs may increase and we may not be able to obtain the same insurance coverage in the future. We currently have various insurance policies providing certain coverage typically required by gaming and hospitality operations in Macau. In addition, we maintain various types of insurance policies for all of our properties, including mainly property damage, business interruption, general liability and crime insurance policies. In the Philippines, we also maintain a surety bond required by PAGCOR, which secures the prompt payment by Melco Resorts Leisure of the monthly licensee fees due to PAGCOR. These insurance policies provide coverage that is subject to policy terms, conditions and limits. There is no assurance that we will be able to renew such insurance coverage on equivalent premium costs, terms, conditions and limits upon their expiration. Certain events, such as typhoons and fires, have increased our premium costs and reduced policy limits. The cost of coverage may in the future become so high that we may be unable to obtain the insurance policies we deem necessary for the operation of our projects on commercially practicable terms, or at all, or we may need to reduce our policy limits or agree to certain exclusions from our coverage. Our cyber insurance may not cover all expenses and losses arising from any cybersecurity incidents and, accordingly, such breaches or other compromises of our information security or that of its third-party service providers or business partners may have an adverse impact on our operating results and financial condition. We cannot assure you that any such insurance policies we obtained or may obtain will be adequate to protect us from material losses. Certain acts and events, including any pandemic, epidemic of infectious diseases, earthquakes, hurricanes and floods, terrorist acts, or cybersecurity attacks could expose us to significant uninsured losses that may be, or are, uninsurable or too expensive to justify obtaining insurance. As a result, we may not be successful in obtaining insurance without increases in cost or decreases in coverage levels. In addition, in the event of a substantial loss, the insurance coverage we carry may not be sufficient to pay the full market value or replacement cost of our lost investment or in some cases could result in certain losses being totally uninsured. In addition to the damages caused directly by a casualty loss (such as fire or natural disasters), infectious disease outbreaks, terrorist acts or cybersecurity attacks, we may suffer a disruption of our business as a result of these events or be subject to claims by third parties who may be injured or harmed. While we intend to continue carrying business interruption insurance and general liability insurance, such insurance may not be available on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, and, in any event, may not be adequate to cover any losses that may result from such events. There is limited available insurance in the jurisdictions in which we may operate, and our insurers may need to secure reinsurance in order to provide adequate cover for our property and development projects. Our credit agreements, our gaming concession in Macau, the Philippine License granted by PAGCOR and certain other material agreements require a certain level of insurance to be maintained, which must be obtained in Macau and the Philippines, respectively, unless otherwise authorized by the respective counterparties. Failure to maintain adequate coverage could be an event of default under our credit agreements, our gaming concession in Macau or the Philippine License and may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Gaming inherently involves elements of chance that are beyond our control, and as a result our revenues may be volatile and the winnings of our patrons could exceed our casino winnings at particular times during our operations. The gaming industry is characterized by the element of chance. In addition to the element of chance, theoretical expected win rates are also affected by other factors, including players’ skills and experience, the mix of games played, the financial resources of players, the spread of table limits, the volume and mix of bets placed by our players, the amount of time players spend on gambling and the number of our players. As a result, our actual win rates may differ greatly over short time periods, such as from quarter to quarter, and could cause our quarterly results to be volatile. Each of these factors, alone or in combination, have the potential to negatively 33 Table of Contents impact our win rates, and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. Our revenues are mainly derived from the difference between our casino winnings and the winnings of our casino patrons. Since there are inherent elements of chance in the gaming industry, we do not have full control over our winnings or the winnings of our casino patrons. If the winnings of our patrons exceed our casino winnings, we may record a loss from our gaming operations, and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. Our gaming business is subject to the risk of cheating and counterfeiting. All gaming activities at our table games are conducted exclusively with gaming chips which, like real currency, are subject to the risk of alteration and counterfeiting. We incorporate a variety of security and anti-counterfeit features to detect altered or counterfeit gaming chips. Despite such security features, unauthorized parties may try to copy our gaming chips and introduce, use and cash in altered or counterfeit gaming chips in our gaming areas. Any negative publicity arising from such incidents could also tarnish our reputation and may result in a decline in our business, financial condition and results of operations. Gaming customers may attempt or commit fraud or cheat in order to increase their winnings, including in collusion with the casino’s staff. Internal acts of cheating could also be conducted by staff through collusion with dealers, surveillance staff, floor managers or other gaming area staff. Our existing surveillance and security systems, designed to detect cheating at our casino operations, may not be able to detect all such cheating in time or at all, particularly if patrons collude with our employees. In addition, our gaming promoters or other persons could, without our knowledge, enter into betting arrangements directly with our casino patrons on the outcomes of our games of chance, thus depriving us of revenues. Our operations are reviewed to detect and prevent cheating. Each game has a theoretical win rate and statistics are examined with these in mind. Cheating may give rise to negative publicity and such action may materially affect our business, financial condition, operations and cash flows. An outbreak of widespread health epidemics or pandemics, contagious disease or other outbreaks may have an adverse effect on the economies of affected countries or regions and may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our operations could be, and in certain cases, such as in relation to COVID-19, have been adversely affected by the outbreak of widespread health epidemics or pandemics, such as swine flu, avian influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), Zika, Ebola and COVID-19. The occurrence of such health epidemics or pandemics, prolonged outbreak of an epidemic illness or other adverse public health developments in China or elsewhere in the world could materially disrupt our business and operations. Such events could significantly impact our industry and cause severe travel restrictions within China or elsewhere in the world as well as temporary or prolonged closures of the facilities we use for our operations and disruptions to public transportation, which could severely disrupt our operations and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Such events may also indirectly and materially adversely impact our operations by negatively impacting the outlook, growth or business sentiment in the global, regional or local economy. There can be no assurance that any reemergence or outbreak of COVID-19, swine flu, avian influenza, SARS, MERS, Zika, Ebola or other contagious disease or any measures taken by the governments of affected countries against such potential outbreaks will not seriously interrupt our gaming operations. The perception that an outbreak of any health epidemic or contagious disease may occur may also have an adverse effect on the economic conditions of countries in Asia. In addition, our operations could be disrupted if any of our facilities or employees or others involved in our operations were suspected of having COVID-19, swine flu, avian influenza, 34 Table of Contents SARS, MERS, Zika or Ebola as this could require us to quarantine some or all of such employees or persons or disinfect the facilities used for our operations. Furthermore, any future outbreak may restrict economic activities in affected regions, which could result in reduced business volume and the temporary closure of our facilities or otherwise disrupt our business operations and adversely affect our results of operations. Our revenues and profitability could be materially reduced to the extent that a health epidemic or other outbreak harms the China or global economy in general. Health and safety or food safety incidents at our properties may lead to reputational damage and financial exposures. We provide goods and services to a significant number of customers on a daily basis at our properties. In particular, with attractions, entertainment and food and beverage offerings at our properties, there are risks of health and safety incidents, personal injury, or adverse food safety events, such as food poisoning, physical trauma, slip and fall accidents, or surges in crowd flow at popular ingress and egress points. While we have a number of measures and controls in place aimed at managing such risks, we cannot guarantee that our insurance is adequate to cover all losses, which may result in us incurring additional costs or damages, and negatively impact our financial performance. Such incidents may also lead to reduced customer flow and reputational damage to our properties. See “— We are subject to risks relating to litigation, disputes and regulatory investigations and proceedings which may adversely affect our profitability, financial condition, reputation and prospects.” Unfavorable fluctuations in the currency exchange rates of the H.K. dollar, U.S. dollar, the Pataca, the Philippine peso, the Euro or the Sri Lankan rupee and other risks related to foreign exchange and currencies, including restrictions on conversions and/or repatriation of foreign currencies, could adversely affect our indebtedness, expenses, profitability and financial condition. Our exposure to foreign exchange rate risk is associated with the currency of our operations, our indebtedness and as a result of the presentation of our financial statements in U.S. dollars. The majority of our current revenues are denominated in H.K. dollars, given the H.K. dollar is the predominant currency used in gaming transactions in Macau and is often used interchangeably with the Pataca in Macau. Our current expenses are denominated predominantly in Patacas, H.K. dollars, the Philippine pesos, the Euro and the Sri Lankan rupees. In addition, we have revenues, assets, debt and expenses denominated in Philippine pesos, in Euros and in Sri Lankan rupees relating to our businesses in the Philippines, Cyprus and Sri Lanka, respectively. We also have subsidiaries, branch offices and assets in various countries and regions, including Singapore, Thailand and Taiwan, which are subject to foreign exchange fluctuations and local regulations that may impose, among others, limitations, restrictions or approval requirements on conversions and/or repatriation of foreign currencies. In addition, a significant portion of our indebtedness, including the Melco Resorts Finance Notes and Studio City Notes, and certain expenses, are and are expected to be denominated in U.S. dollars, and the costs associated with servicing and repaying such debt are and are also expected to be denominated in U.S. dollars. The value of the H.K. dollar, the Pataca, the Philippine peso, the Euro and the Sri Lankan rupee against the U.S. dollar may fluctuate and may be affected by, among other things, changes in political and economic conditions. While the H.K. dollar is pegged to the U.S. dollar within a narrow range and the Pataca is in turn pegged to the H.K. dollar, and the exchange rates between these currencies has remained relatively stable over the past several years, we cannot assure you that the current peg or linkages between the U.S. dollar, H.K. dollar and Pataca will not be de-pegged, de-linked or otherwise modified and subject to fluctuations. Any significant fluctuations in exchange rates between the H.K. dollar, the Pataca, the Philippine peso, the Euro or the Sri Lankan rupee to the U.S. dollar may have a material adverse effect on our revenues and financial condition. For example, to the extent that we are required to convert U.S. dollar financings into H.K. dollars or Patacas for our operations, fluctuations in exchange rates between the H.K. dollar or Pataca against the U.S. dollar could have an adverse effect on the amounts we receive from the conversion. 35 Table of Contents We maintain a certain amount of our operating funds in the same currencies in which we have obligations in order to reduce our exposure to currency fluctuations, and we have entered into foreign exchange hedging transactions for a portion of our debt. We have not, however, engaged in hedging transactions with respect to foreign exchange exposure of our revenues and expenses in our day-to-day operations during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024. In addition, we may face regulatory, legal and other risks in connection with our assets and operations in certain jurisdictions that may impose limitations, restrictions or approval requirements on conversions and/or repatriation of foreign currencies. We will consider our overall procedure for managing our foreign exchange risk from time to time, but we cannot assure you that any such procedures will enable us to obtain and achieve effective hedging of our foreign exchange risk, which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and operating results. Furthermore, the PRC government has tightened currency exchange controls and restrictions on the export and conversion of the Renminbi in recent years. Restrictions on the export of the Renminbi, as well as the increased effectiveness of such restrictions, may impede the flow of gaming patrons from mainland China to Macau and/or from China to the Philippines, Sri Lanka or outside of Asia, inhibit the growth of gaming in those markets and negatively impact our gaming operations. We may undertake mergers, acquisitions, strategic transactions, investments or divestments that are not realized or may result in operating difficulties, distractions from our current businesses or a material and adverse effect on our business and financial condition and subject us to regulatory and legal inquiries and proceedings or investigations. We have made, and may in the future make, acquisitions, investments, divestments or strategic transactions in companies or projects to expand or complement our existing operations. From time to time, we engage in discussions and negotiations with companies regarding acquisitions, investments, divestments or other strategic transactions, which may be material or significant, in such companies or projects. For example, the discussions and negotiations between us and Melco International led to our acquisition of 75% ownership interest in ICR Cyprus from Melco International, through which we expanded our operations to Cyprus. With this acquisition, our business expanded to the European region and includes City of Dreams Mediterranean, a new integrated casino resort in Cyprus. Our expanded operations in Cyprus require significant resources and investments and we may in the future make other acquisitions, investments or strategic transactions that require significant capital commitments and resources. Should we pursue acquisitions in mainland China, we will be subject to a variety of PRC anti-monopoly laws. In recent years, additional regulations have been implemented which make merger and acquisition activities by foreign investors more time-consuming and complex. The Measures for the Security Review of Foreign Investments promulgated by National Development and Reform Commission, or the NDRC, and Ministry of Commerce, which became effective from January 2021, require that a security review by relevant governmental authorities must be conducted for foreign investments that affect or may affect national security in accordance with the provisions thereunder. In November 2021, the State Council inaugurated the National Anti-Monopoly Bureau, which aims to further implement fair competition policies and strengthen anti-monopoly supervision in mainland China, particularly to strengthen oversight and law enforcement in areas involving innovation, science and technology, information security and people’s livelihoods. Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with the anti-monopoly laws and regulations may result in governmental investigations or enforcement actions, lawsuits or claims against us and could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Any integration process that would follow any of our acquisitions, investments or strategic transactions, including our acquisition of 75% equity interest in ICR Cyprus, may prove more difficult than anticipated. We may be subject to liabilities or claims that we are not aware of at the time of the investment or acquisition, and we may not realize the benefits anticipated at the time of the investment or acquisition. Any benefits anticipated at the time of the investment or acquisition may also not be realized, or may be impacted, 36 Table of Contents due to factors beyond our control. For example, in Cyprus, our operations have been negatively affected by, among others, the military conflict between Russia and Ukraine, the Israel-Hamas conflict and other conflicts in the Middle East, including between the United States, Israel and Iran. These difficulties could disrupt our ongoing business, distract our management and employees, increase our expenses and liabilities, result in losses, including in material amounts, and may adversely affect our businesses, financial condition and operating results. Even if we do identify suitable opportunities, we may not be able to make such acquisitions or investments on commercially acceptable terms or adequate financing may not be available on commercially acceptable terms, if at all, and we may not be able to consummate a proposed acquisition or investment. We may also, from time to time, receive inquiries from regulatory and legal authorities and become subject to regulatory and legal proceedings or investigations in connection with our acquisitions, investments, divestments or strategic transactions in companies or projects, which may delay or materially impact the completion of such acquisitions, investments, divestments or strategic transactions. Any such regulatory and legal proceedings or investigations may materially and adversely affect our business, operations, financial condition and prospects. We face risks relating to any expansion of our operations and entry into new markets through mergers, acquisitions, strategic transactions or investments. We have expanded our operations and entered into new markets in the past through acquisitions and strategic transactions. See also “— We may undertake mergers, acquisitions, strategic transactions, investments or divestments that are not realized or may result in operating difficulties, distractions from our current businesses or a material and adverse effect on our business and financial condition and subject us to regulatory and legal inquiries and proceedings or investigations.” We continue to evaluate and consider a wide array of potential strategic transactions as part of our overall business strategy. Any future expansion of our operations or our entry into new markets through mergers, acquisitions, strategic transactions or investments may subject us to: • additional costs for complying with local laws, rules, regulations and policies as well as other local practices and customs in new markets, including establishing business and regulatory compliance programs; • currency exchange rate fluctuations or currency restructurings; • limitations or penalties on the repatriation of earnings; • unforeseen changes in regulatory requirements; • uncertainties as to local laws and enforcement of contract and intellectual property rights; and • changes in government, economic and political policies and conditions, political or civil unrest, acts of terrorism or the threat of international boycotts. These factors and the impact of these factors on our business and operations are difficult to predict and may have material adverse effect on our business and prospects, financial condition and results of operations. We are subject to risks relating to litigation, disputes and regulatory investigations and proceedings which may adversely affect our profitability, financial condition, reputation and prospects. We are, and may in the future be, subject to legal actions, disputes and regulatory investigations in the ordinary course of our business. We are also subject to risks relating to legal, administrative and regulatory proceedings and investigations which we or our affiliates are or may be a party to from time to time, or which could develop in the future, as well as fines or other penalties which may be imposed on us in connection with any requisite permit, license or other approval for our business and operations. Any adverse outcome may cause 37 Table of Contents material disruptions to our normal business operations. In addition, litigation, dispute, administrative and regulatory proceedings can be costly and time-consuming and may divert management attention and resources from our operations. We could incur significant defense costs and, in the event of an adverse outcome, be required to pay damages and interest to the prevailing party and be held responsible for the costs of the prevailing party. Our reputation may also be adversely affected by our involvement or the involvement of our affiliates in litigation, dispute, administrative and regulatory proceedings. In addition, we and our affiliates operate or have interests in a number of jurisdictions in which regulatory and government authorities have wide discretion to take procedural actions in support of their investigations and regulatory proceedings, including seizures and freezing of assets and other properties that are perceived to be connected or related to such investigations or regulatory proceedings. Given such wide discretion, regulatory or government authorities may take procedural or other actions that may affect our assets and properties in connection with any investigation or legal, administrative or regulatory proceeding involving us, any of our affiliates, or third parties, which may materially affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. In addition, claims and proceedings against us, including but not limited to any claims alleging that we received, misappropriated or misapplied funds, or violated any anti-corruption law or regulation, may result in our business operations being subject to greater scrutiny from relevant regulatory authorities and requiring us to make further improvements to our existing systems and controls and business operations, all of which may increase our compliance costs. No assurance can be provided that any provisions we have made for such matters will be sufficient. Litigation, disputes and regulatory proceedings and investigation are inherently unpredictable and our results of operations or cash flows may be adversely affected by an unfavorable resolution of any pending or future litigation, disputes and regulatory investigation. We extend credit to a portion of our customers, and we may not be able to collect gaming receivables from our credit customers. We conduct, and expect to continue to conduct, our gaming activities at our casinos on a credit basis as well as a cash basis. We grant credit to certain players and, where permitted, certain customers of gaming promoters. In markets where we engage gaming promoters and the grant of credit is permitted, such as the Philippines and Cyprus, we grant credit to certain gaming promoters. Gaming promoters bear the responsibility for issuing credit and subsequently collecting the credit they granted. We extend credit, often on an unsecured basis, to certain gaming promoters and VIP patrons whose level of play and financial resources warrant such an extension in our opinion. High-end patrons typically are extended more credit than patrons who wager lower amounts. Any slowdown in the economy could adversely impact our patrons to whom we extend credit, which could in turn increase the risk that these clients may default on credit extended to them. We may not be able to collect all of our gaming receivables from, or fully realize the value of collateral posted by, our credit customers. We expect that we will be able to enforce our gaming receivables only in a limited number of jurisdictions including Macau, the Philippines, Cyprus, Sri Lanka and, under certain circumstances, Hong Kong, the U.S., Australia and Canada. As most of our customers in Macau are visitors from other jurisdictions, we may not have access to a forum in which we will be able to collect all of our gaming receivables because, among other reasons, courts in many jurisdictions, do not enforce gaming debts. Further, we may be unable to locate assets in other jurisdictions against which recovery of gaming debts can be sought. The collectability of receivables from our credit customers and, in particular, our international credit customers, could be negatively affected by future business or economic trends or by significant events in the jurisdictions in which these customers reside, or in which their assets are located. We may also have to determine whether aggressive enforcement actions against a customer will unduly alienate the customer and cause the customer to cease playing at our casinos. We could suffer a material adverse impact on our operating results if receivables from our credit customers are deemed uncollectible. In addition, in the event a credit customer suffers losses in connection with any gaming activities at our properties and receivables from such customer are uncollectible, gaming taxes or license fees (as the case may be) will still be payable on the resulting gaming revenues, notwithstanding any receivables owed by such customer to us may be uncollectible. An estimated allowance for credit losses is maintained to reduce our receivables to their carrying amounts, which approximate fair values. 38 Table of Contents Our business and financial plans may be negatively impacted by any contraction in the availability and significant increase in the cost of credit. Our business and financing plans may be dependent upon the completion of future financings. Any contraction of liquidity in the global credit markets and/or a significant increase in interest rates may make it difficult and costly to obtain new lines of credit or to refinance existing debt and may place broad limitations on the availability of credit from credit sources as well as lengthen the recovery cycle of extended credit. Any deterioration in the credit environment may cause us to have difficulty in obtaining additional financing on acceptable terms, or at all, which could adversely affect our ability to complete current and future projects and/or refinance existing debt on a timely basis. Tightening of liquidity conditions in credit markets and material rises in the cost of funding may also constrain revenue generation and growth and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Rolling chip patrons and VIP gaming customers may cause significant volatility in our revenues and cash flows. A portion of our casino revenues in Macau are generated from the rolling chip operations of the gaming market. Similarly, City of Dreams Manila also attracts foreign gaming visitors, particularly VIP players who typically place large individual wagers. The loss or a reduction in the play of the most significant of these rolling chip patrons or VIP gaming customers could have an adverse effect on our business. In addition, revenues and cash flows derived from high-end gaming of this type are typically more volatile than those from other forms of gaming primarily due to high bets and the resulting high winnings and losses. As a result, our business, results of operations and cash flows from operations may be more volatile from quarter to quarter than that of our competitors and consequently may require higher levels of cage cash in reserve to manage this volatility. We depend upon gaming promoters for a portion of our gaming revenues. If we are unable to establish or maintain the number of successful relationships with gaming promoters, the financial resources of our gaming promoters are insufficient to allow them to continue doing business or we are unable to find alternative means to attract VIP rolling chip patrons in markets such as Macau where gaming promoters have become subject to restrictions on doing business due to legal and regulatory requirements, our results of operations could be materially and adversely impacted. Historically, VIP rolling chip patrons introduced to us by gaming promoters were responsible for a significant portion of our gaming revenues in Macau. However, significantly increased regulatory scrutiny of gaming promoters in Macau has resulted, and may continue to result, in restrictions on their activities and the cessation of business of many gaming promoters. In addition, changes to the legal and regulatory framework in China has also affected gaming promoters in Macau. For example, amendments to China’s criminal laws, which provide that anyone that organizes trips for mainland China citizens for the purpose of gambling outside of mainland China, including Macau, may be deemed to have conducted a criminal act, came into effect on March 1, 2021. In late 2021 and early 2022, the Macau authorities arrested executives from gaming promoters for alleged illegal overseas gaming related activities. In 2023, certain of these individuals were sentenced to jail terms in addition to the payment of monetary compensation to the Macau SAR. In the event gaming promoters are subject to additional restrictions and regulatory scrutiny in Macau and we, or the gaming promoters we engage, are unable to successfully attract VIP rolling chip patrons, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be affected materially and adversely. As of the end of 2025, we had six gaming promoters operating at City of Dreams in Macau. For a further discussion of restrictions on gaming promoters in Macau, see “— Adverse changes or developments in gaming laws or other regulations in Macau that affect our operations could be difficult to comply with or may significantly increase our costs, which could cause our projects to be unsuccessful.” As of the end of 2025, we had arrangements with six gaming promoters in the Philippines. In the event we are unable or choose not to partner with additional gaming promoters in the Philippines or are unable to 39 Table of Contents successfully operate our VIP rolling chip operations with reduced reliance on customers introduced by gaming promoters or expand our mass market operation in the Philippines, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be affected materially and adversely. As of the end of 2025, we had arrangements with three licensed gaming promoters in Cyprus. If we are unable to utilize, maintain, resume and/or develop relationships with gaming promoters and, in the case of Cyprus, if the number of licensed gaming promoters do not significantly increase in the future, our ability to grow our gaming revenues will be hampered and we will have to seek alternative ways to develop and maintain relationships with rolling chip patrons, which may not be as profitable as relationships developed through gaming promoters. As competition intensifies, we may therefore need to offer better terms to gaming promoters, including extensions of credit where permitted, which may increase our overall credit exposure or to find alternate ways of attracting such patrons which may not be as effective as gaming promoters or may increase our marketing expenses. In addition, in markets where we use gaming promoters, such gaming promoters may encounter difficulties in attracting patrons to come to our casinos. For example, gaming promoters may experience decreased liquidity, limiting their ability to grant credit to their patrons where permitted, resulting in decreased gaming volume in the affected casinos. Credit already extended by our gaming promoters may become increasingly difficult to collect. We are impacted by the reputation and integrity of the parties with whom we engage in business activities, including gaming promoters and we cannot assure you that these parties will always maintain high standards or suitability throughout the term of our association with them. Failure to maintain such high standards or suitability may cause us and our shareholders to suffer harm to our own and our shareholders’ reputation, as well as impair relationships with, and possibly result in sanctions from, gaming regulators. The reputation and integrity of the parties with whom we engage in business activities are important to our own reputation and our ability to continue to operate in compliance with the permits and licenses required for our businesses. These parties include, but are not limited to, those who are engaged in gaming-related activities, such as gaming promoters, developers and hotel, restaurant and night club operators with whom we have or may enter into services or other types of agreements. Under the Macau Gaming Operations Law and Gaming Activities Law, Melco Resorts Macau has an obligation to supervise gaming promoters who operate at our Macau properties to ensure their compliance with applicable laws and regulations. Under the Casino Guide for Fitness and Propriety Assessment for Junket Operators published by PAGCOR in June 2022, all land-based casinos must assess the fitness and propriety nature of its junket or chip-washing operators, its associates/agents/promoters, and applicants for junket operations. To conduct any business activity in licensed casinos, all persons responsible for the operations of junkets and/or applicants for junket operations must demonstrate that they are a “fit and proper” person. For parties we deal with in gaming-related activities, where relevant, the gaming regulators also undertake their own probity checks and will reach their own suitability findings in respect of the activities and parties with which we intend to associate. In addition, we also conduct our internal due diligence and evaluation process prior to engaging such parties. Notwithstanding such regulatory probity checks and our own due diligence, we cannot assure you that the parties with whom we are associated will always maintain the high standards that gaming regulators and we require or that such parties will maintain their suitability throughout the term of our association with them. In addition, if any of our gaming promoters violate applicable laws, the government may, at its discretion, take enforcement action against the gaming promoters and could also seek to impose liability on us for the conduct of the gaming promoters. Also, if a party associated with us falls below the gaming regulator’s suitability standard or if their probity is in doubt, this may be negatively perceived when assessed by the gaming regulators. As a result, we and our shareholders may suffer reputational harm, as well as impaired relationships with, and possibly sanctions or other measures or actions from, the relevant gaming regulators with authority over our operations. 40 Table of Contents Any failure or alleged failure to comply with anti-corruption laws, including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (“FCPA”), could result in penalties, which could harm our reputation and have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. We and our businesses in different jurisdictions are subject to a number of anti-corruption laws, including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or FCPA. The FCPA prohibits companies and any individuals or entities acting on their behalf from offering or making improper payments or providing things of value to foreign officials for the purpose of obtaining or keeping business. The FCPA also requires companies to maintain accurate books and records and to devise and maintain a system of internal accounting controls. Breach of these anti-corruption laws carries severe criminal and civil sanctions as well as other penalties and reputational harm. There has been a general increase in FCPA enforcement activities in recent years by the SEC and the U.S. Department of Justice. Both the number of FCPA cases and sanctions imposed have risen significantly. There is no assurance that our employees, consultants, contractors and agents, and those of our affiliates, will adhere to our anti-corruption compliance program, or that any action taken to comply with, or address compliance issues, will be considered adequate by the regulatory bodies with jurisdiction over us and our affiliates. Any violation of our compliance programs or applicable laws by us or our affiliates could subject us or our affiliates to investigations, prosecutions and other legal proceedings and actions which could result in civil penalties, administrative remedies and criminal sanctions, any of which may result in a material adverse effect on our reputation, cause us to lose customer relationships or gaming licenses, or lead to other adverse consequences on our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations. As we are a U.S. listed company, certain U.S. laws and regulations apply to our operations and compliance with those laws and regulations increases our cost of doing business. We also deal in significant amounts of cash in our operations and are subject to various reporting and anti-money laundering regulations. Any violation of anti-money laundering laws or regulations by us could have a negative effect on our results of operations. A failure to establish and protect our intellectual property rights could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We have applied for, registered or have the right to use certain trademarks, including “Melco,” “Altira,” “Mocha Club,” “City of Dreams,” “Nüwa,” “Morpheus,” “House of Dancing Water,” “City of Dreams Manila,” “Studio City,” “Melco Resorts Philippines,” “C2”, “Melco Resorts & Entertainment,” “City of Dreams Mediterranean” and “City of Dreams Sri Lanka” in Macau, the Philippines, Cyprus, Sri Lanka and/or other jurisdictions. We have also applied for or registered in Macau, the Philippines, Cyprus and other jurisdictions certain other trademarks and service marks used in connection with the operations of our hotel casino projects in Macau, the Philippines, Cyprus and Sri Lanka. We endeavor to establish and protect our intellectual property rights through trademarks, service marks, domain names, licenses and other contractual provisions. The brands we use in connection with our properties have gained recognition. Failure to possess, obtain or maintain adequate protection of our intellectual property rights could negatively impact our brands and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. For example, third parties may misappropriate or infringe our intellectual property, which may include but not be limited to the use of our intellectual property by offshore gaming websites, including those that may attempt to defraud members of the public. While we may take legal or other appropriate actions against these unauthorized offshore websites, such as by reporting the sites to the appropriate governmental or regulatory authorities, such actions may not be effective or significant expenses could be incurred and such unauthorized activities may draw businesses away from our operations and/or tarnish our reputation, all of which may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. The infringement or alleged infringement of intellectual property rights belonging to third parties could adversely affect our business. We face the potential risk of claims that we have infringed upon the intellectual property rights of third parties, which could be expensive and time-consuming to defend. In addition, we may be required to cease using 41 Table of Contents certain intellectual property rights or selling or providing certain products or services, pay significant damages or enter into costly royalty or licensing agreements in order to obtain the right to use a third party’s intellectual property rights (if available at all), any of which could have a negative impact on our business, financial condition and future prospects. Furthermore, if litigation were to result from such claims, our business could be interrupted. We cannot assure you that anti-money laundering policies that we have implemented, and compliance with applicable anti-money laundering laws, will be effective to prevent our casino operations from being exploited for money laundering purposes. The free ports, offshore financial services and free movement of capital have created an environment whereby casinos in the jurisdictions in which we operate could be exploited for money laundering purposes. We also deal with significant amounts of cash in our regular casino operations. To combat money laundering risks and to comply with various reporting and anti-money laundering regulations and increased audits and inspections from regulators, we have implemented anti-money laundering policies to address those requirements. For example, Philippine laws on anti-money laundering have been amended to include casinos as covered institutions and the Anti-Money Laundering Council and PAGCOR have also released corresponding regulations and guidelines on compliance. In Cyprus, the Prevention and Suppression of Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing Laws of 2007 as amended (“Cyprus AML Law”) was amended and came into effect on January 1, 2025, to prohibit cash payments exceeding EUR10,000 (equivalent to approximately US$11,765) for goods, services and real estate transactions in one or a series of related transactions while a subsequent amendment to the Cyprus AML Law in March 2025 exempted transactions conducted within casinos from this cash limit until 2027 when the European Union’s Anti-Money Laundering Regulation will become applicable to casinos. In addition, the CGC’s anti-money laundering Direction requires us to implement compliance measures to meet obligations relating to our monitoring and control obligations and CGC reporting requirements. We adjusted our anti-money laundering policies for our Philippine and Cyprus operations as a result of these new rules and regulations. Any further changes to anti-money laundering laws and regulations in the jurisdictions in which we operate may require us to adopt changes to our own anti-money laundering policies. We cannot assure you that our contractors, agents or employees will continually adhere to any such current or future policies or these policies will be effective in preventing our casino operations from being exploited for money laundering purposes, including from jurisdictions outside of the jurisdictions in which we operate. There can be no assurance that the anti-money laundering measures we have adopted and undertaken will be effective or considered sufficient by regulatory authorities or that we would not be subject to any accusation or investigation related to any possible money laundering activities or of failure to detect money laundering activities conducted by third parties. In addition, we expect to be required by relevant regulatory authorities from the jurisdictions in which we operate and other jurisdictions that regulate our business activities to attend meetings and interviews from time to time to discuss our operations as they relate to anti-money laundering laws and regulations during which regulatory authorities may make inquiries and take other actions such as compliance audits at their discretion. Any incident of money laundering, accusation of money laundering or regulatory investigations into possible money laundering activities involving us, our employees, our gaming promoters, our customers or others with whom we are associated could have a material adverse impact on our reputation, business, cash flow, financial condition, prospects and results of operations. Any serious incident of, or repeated violation of, laws related to money laundering or any regulatory investigation into money laundering activities may result in restitution or fines or cause a revocation or suspension of our concession and other gaming licenses. For more information regarding anti-money laundering regulations in Macau, the Philippines, Cyprus and Sri Lanka, see “Item 4. Information on the Company — B. Business Overview — Regulations — Macau Regulations — Anti-Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing Regulations,” “Item 4. Information on the Company — B. Business Overview — Regulations — Philippines Regulations — Anti-Money Laundering Regulations in the Philippines,” “Item 4. Information on the Company — B. Business Overview — Regulations 42 Table of Contents — Cyprus Regulations — Anti-Money Laundering Law and Regulations” and “Item 4. Information on the Company — B. Business Overview — Regulations — Sri Lanka Regulations — Anti-Money Laundering Law and Regulations.” Information technology and other systems that we depend on are subject to cybersecurity risks, including disruptions to systems and operations, misappropriation of customer information, other breaches of information security or other cybercrimes, as well as regulatory and other risks. We rely on information technology and other systems (including those maintained by third-party service providers, suppliers and customers) to maintain and transmit large volumes of customer information, credit card settlements, credit card funds transmissions, mailing lists and reservations information and other personally identifiable information. We also maintain important internal company data such as personally identifiable information about our employees and information relating to our operations. The systems and processes we have implemented to protect customers, employees and company information are subject to the rapidly changing risks of compromised security and may therefore become outdated. Despite our preventive efforts, we are subject to the risks of compromised security, including cyber and physical security breaches, system failures, computer viruses, technical malfunctions, inadequate system capacities, power outages, natural disasters and inadvertent, negligent or intentional misuses, disclosure or dissemination of information or data by customers, company employees or employees of third-party vendors, ransomware attacks that encrypt, exfiltrate or otherwise render data unusable or unavailable or other forms of cybercrimes that include fraud or extortion. These risks can also be manifested in a variety of other ways, including through methods which may not yet be known to the cybersecurity community, and have become increasingly difficult to anticipate and prevent. The steps we take to deter and mitigate these risks may not be successful or effective and our insurance coverage for protecting against cybersecurity risks may not be sufficient. The third parties that we engage or conduct business with face risks relating to cybersecurity similar to ours, and we do not directly control any of such service providers’ information security operations. A significant theft, loss or fraudulent use of customer or company data maintained by us or by a third-party service provider could have an adverse effect on our reputation, cause a material disruption to our operations and management team, and result in remediation expenses, regulatory penalties and litigation by customers and other parties whose information was subject to such attacks, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, results of operations and cash flows. In addition to risks related to the theft, loss, or unauthorized disclosure of data, we are also exposed to risks related to the availability and functionality of our information technology systems such as resulting from cybercrimes or information technology outages. If our information technology systems become damaged or otherwise cease to function properly, our services and results of operations may be adversely affected and we may have to make significant investments to repair or replace them. Furthermore, any extended downtime from power supply disruptions or information technology system outages which may be caused by cybersecurity attacks or other reasons at our properties may lead to an adverse impact on our operating results if we are unable to deliver services to customers for an extended period of time. Despite the security measures we currently have in place, our facilities and systems and those of our third-party service providers may be vulnerable to security breaches, acts of vandalism, phishing attacks, computer viruses, misplaced or lost data, programming or human errors, other cybercrimes and other events. Cybersecurity risks continue to intensify globally, with cybercriminals employing increasingly sophisticated methods of cyber-attack. There have been well-publicized attacks on large corporations, including several in our industry. Cyber-attacks are difficult to anticipate and prevent, and the technology we use to protect our systems could become outdated. The occurrence of any of the cyber incidents described above could cause reputational harm to us, expose us to legal proceedings and have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and cash flows. 43 Table of Contents Any perceived or actual electronic or physical security breach involving the misappropriation, loss, or other unauthorized disclosure of confidential or personally identifiable information, whether by us or by a third party, could disrupt our business, damage our reputation and relationships with our customers, suppliers and employees, expose us to risks of litigation, significant fines and penalties and liability, result in the deterioration of our customers’, suppliers’ and employees’ confidence in us, and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. Any perceived or actual unauthorized disclosure of personally identifiable information of our employees, customers, suppliers or website visitors could harm our reputation and credibility and reduce our ability to attract and retain employees, suppliers and customers. We are also subject to enactment of new laws, or amendments to existing laws with more stringent requirements, in relation to cybersecurity from time to time. See “Item 4. Information on the Company — B. Business Overview — Regulations — Macau Regulations — Cybersecurity Regulations.” As any of the above cybersecurity threats develop and grow and our obligations under cybersecurity regulations increase, we may find it necessary to make significant further investments to protect our data and infrastructure, including the implementation of new computer systems or upgrades to existing systems, deployment of additional personnel and protection-related technologies, engagement of third-party consultants, and training of personnel. Finally, while we have developed and implemented a cybersecurity risk management program, there can be no assurance that our cybersecurity risk management program and processes, including our policies, controls or procedures, will be fully complied with or effective in protecting our systems and information. See also “Item 16K – Cybersecurity.” Failure to protect the integrity and security of company staff, supplier and customer information and comply with cybersecurity, data privacy, data protection or any other laws and regulations related to data may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations, and/or result in damage to reputation and/or subject us to fines, penalties, lawsuits, restrictions on our use or transfer of data and other risks. Our businesses collect, use and transmit large volumes of data, including personal data and sensitive data in various information systems relating to our guests, patrons, suppliers and employees. Such personal data is collected, used and transmitted in a number of ways to operate our business. It may also be transmitted to or from multiple jurisdictions. This includes between our properties and offices, or to other jurisdictions, including where our third-party vendors are based. Our operations are subject to several privacy law regimes globally. In addition to privacy laws and regulations, we are subject to other cybersecurity regulations related to data. Privacy, cybersecurity or related laws regulate a range of activities including the security of data, third-party transactions and transfers of information. They may also restrict certain business activities and increase our compliance costs and efforts. Any breach or non-compliance may subject us to proceedings, damage our reputation, or result in penalties and other significant legal liabilities, and thus may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. For additional information on specific privacy regimes and associated risks, see “Item 4. Information on the Company — B. Business Overview — Regulations.” In addition, the cybersecurity, data privacy, data protection, or other data-related laws our operations are subject to continue to evolve, and the interpretation of such laws may be strict in some cases while uncertain in others. For example, the General Data Protection Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (“GDPR”), which applies to our Cyprus operations, grants individuals extensive rights and places significant compliance obligations on organizations. On December 22, 2025, the mainland China National Information Security Standardization Technical Committee issued the Network Security Standard Practice Guide –Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay 44 Table of Contents Area Cross-Border Personal Information Protection Requirements (Draft for Comment), setting out the basic principles and protection requirements in the personal information cross-border flow in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, which requires personal information processors to comply with the local laws and regulations in the jurisdictions concerned. It is likely that this Standard Practice Guide, if effective, will be applicable to companies operating in Hong Kong and Macau, like us. In some jurisdictions, including mainland China where we have a wholly-owned subsidiary that hosts domain names of our mainland China websites and other online platforms which promote our non-gaming amenities in mainland China, the cybersecurity, data privacy, data protection, or other data-related laws and regulations are relatively new and evolving. In December 2023, the Cybersecurity Administration of China, or CAC, introduced the Management Measures for Reporting Cybersecurity Incidents (Draft for Comment), which require mandatory reporting within one hour for significant, major, or exceptionally major incidents. On January 4, 2022, the CAC issued the New Measures for Cybersecurity Review, or the New Measures, which amended the Measures for Cybersecurity Review (Draft Revision for Comments) released on July 10, 2021 and came into effect on February 15, 2022. The New Measures extend the scope of cybersecurity review to network platform operators engaging in data processing activities that affect or may affect national security, including overseas listings. Specifically, the New Measures provide that if a network platform operator who possesses personal information of more than one million users plans to be listed in foreign countries, it must apply for cybersecurity review and, in any event, the CAC has the authority to initiate a cybersecurity review if it considers the data processing activities in connection with a proposed listing will or may affect national security. The New Measures do not specify the types of public listings that will be subject to cybersecurity review and do not give sufficient guidance on the specific types of data processing activities that may be subject to cybersecurity review. The PRC government authorities may have wide discretion in the interpretation and enforcement of the applicable laws. As such, we cannot predict the impact of the New Measures on us, if any, at this stage, and we will closely monitor and assess the developments in the rule-making process. If the practical application of the New Measures results in mandated clearance of cybersecurity reviews and other specific actions to be completed by companies operating in Hong Kong and Macau like us, we face uncertainties as to whether such clearance can be timely obtained, or at all. We have not received any formal notice from any PRC cybersecurity regulator that we should apply for or otherwise be subject to a cybersecurity review, but we cannot be certain that such notifications will not occur in the future. On September 30, 2024, the Administration Regulations on Cyber Data Security (the “Data Security Regulations”) were published by the State Council, which came into effect on January 1, 2025. The Data Security Regulations reiterate and refine the general regulations for cyber data processing activities and rules of personal information protection, important data security protection, cyber data cross-border transfer security management, and the responsibilities of online platform service providers. In particular, the Data Security Regulations provide that cyber data processors whose cyber data processing activities affect or may affect national security shall be subject to national security review in accordance with the relevant regulations. However, the Data Security Regulations provide no further explanation or interpretation for the criteria on determining the risks that “affect or may affect national security.” Also, since the Data Security Regulations are still relatively new, the interpretation and implementation of these regulations may further evolve and develop, we cannot predict the impact of the Data Security Regulations on us. In addition, the China Data Security Law, which was promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on June 10, 2021 and took effect on September 1, 2021, requires data collection to be conducted in a legitimate and proper manner, and stipulates that, for the purpose of data protection, data processing activities must be conducted based on data classification and hierarchical protection systems for data security. Furthermore, the recently issued Opinions on Strictly Cracking Down Illegal Securities Activities requires (i) speeding up the revision of the provisions on strengthening the confidentiality and archives management relating to overseas issuance and listing of securities and (ii) improving the laws and regulations relating to data security, cross-border data flow, and management of confidential information. The China Personal Information Protection Law (“PIPL”), which was promulgated by the Standing Committee of the 45 Table of Contents National People’s Congress on August 20, 2021 and took effect on November 1, 2021, integrates the various rules with respect to personal information rights and privacy protection and applies to the processing of personal information within mainland China as well as certain personal information processing activities outside mainland China, including those for the provision of products and services to natural persons within mainland China or for the analysis and assessment of acts of natural persons within mainland China. Given that there remain uncertainties regarding the further interpretation and implementation of those laws and regulations, we cannot assure you that we will be compliant with such new regulations in all respects, and we may be ordered to rectify and terminate any actions that are deemed illegal by the government authorities and become subject to fines and other government sanctions, which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Furthermore, we must also comply with other industry standards such as those for the credit card industry and other applicable data security standards. Compliance with applicable privacy and cybersecurity laws and regulations may increase our operating costs and/or adversely impact our ability to market our products, properties and services to our existing customers and guests or potential customer and guests. In addition, non-compliance with applicable privacy and cybersecurity laws and regulations by us (or in some circumstances non-compliance by third parties engaged by us) may result in damage to our reputation and/or subject us to fines, penalties, payment of damages, lawsuits, criminal liability or restrictions on our use or transfer of data. In some cases, penalties in one jurisdiction will be calculated having regard to the whole group’s turnover. There are local nuances in terms of how our guests, patrons, suppliers and employees expect us to handle their personal data. However, as awareness of privacy harms increase globally, expectations on us continue to rise. If we fail to recognize and meet these expectations, we could suffer damage to our reputation or loss of market share in some jurisdictions. Any failure to keep pace with and successfully incorporate technological developments into our operations may impair our ability to compete effectively. We use sophisticated information technology and systems in our gaming operations, non-gaming operations and corporate functions. Technological developments in tools and solutions which can be incorporated into our operations and processes are rapidly evolving, such as the recent incorporation by us and other gaming operators of gaming tables utilizing radio frequency identification which permit enhanced monitoring of wagers and other gaming table activities. In addition, technologies and solutions utilizing artificial intelligence (“AI”) are becoming increasingly available, and we may adopt the use of AI-driven solutions in our businesses in the future. Developing, acquiring, implementing and maintaining such tools and solutions may require significant capital and result in higher costs than anticipated. For example, due to the rapid evolution of AI technologies, we may need to devote significant resources to ensure that our implementation of AI solutions complies with applicable laws, regulations and internal governance and other policies. The use of AI solutions and other new technologies can also pose security risks to the confidential information and personal data maintained by us. If we fail to keep pace with, or successfully incorporate, technological developments in such tools and solutions into our operations and processes, our ability to compete may be impaired. Negative press or publicity about us or our directors, officers or affiliates may lead to government investigations, result in harm to our business, brand or reputation and have a material and adverse effect on our business. Unfavorable publicity regarding us, or our directors, officers or affiliates, whether substantiated or not, including, but not limited to, as a result of any unfavorable publicity regarding and/or legal or other proceedings against parties we work with from time to time, including auditors, consultants and financial, legal or other advisors, may have a material and adverse effect on our business, brand and reputation. Such negative publicity may require us to engage in a defensive media campaign, which may divert our management’s attention, result in an increase in our expenses and adversely impact our results of operations, financial condition, prospects and 46 Table of Contents strategies. The prevalence of social media compounds the potential scope of the negative publicity that could be generated. Any negative press or publicity could also lead to government or other regulatory investigations, including causing regulators with jurisdiction over our gaming operations to take action against us or our related licensees, including actions that could affect the ability or terms upon which our subsidiaries hold their gaming licenses and/or concession, our suitability to continue as a shareholder of those subsidiaries and/or the suitability of key personnel to remain with us. If any of these events were to occur, it could cause a material adverse effect on our business and prospects, financial condition and results of operations. Our new branded products or new business lines may not be successful. We launched the Nüwa brand in Macau, the Philippines and Sri Lanka and the C2 brand in Cyprus, and intend to rebrand The Countdown. In 2023, we launched City of Dreams Mediterranean in Cyprus and Epic Tower at Studio City. In 2025, City of Dreams Sri Lanka opened. We may continue introducing new brand names and brand identities in the future, which may be time-consuming and expensive, or may not have the intended effect, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. We may also launch new products or enter into new business or service lines that are subject to different business or regulatory risks than our existing gaming business. These new initiatives may subject us to additional costs for complying with a new set of laws, rules, regulations and policies and/or requirements imposed by new governmental and regulatory bodies. Given our relative lack of experience in these new business ventures, there is also no assurance that they will be successful. Accordingly, the revenue streams from our new properties and casinos opening in the near future may not be stable or significant. Economic or trade sanctions and a heightened trend towards trade and technology “de-coupling” could negatively affect the relationships and collaborations with our suppliers, service providers, technology partners and other business partners and our ability to accept certain customers, which could materially and adversely affect our competitiveness and business operations. The United Nations and a number of countries and jurisdictions, including China, the United States and the European Union, have adopted various economic or trade sanction regimes. In particular, economic and trade sanctions have been threatened and/or imposed by the U.S. government on a number of China-based technology companies, including ZTE Corporation, Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., or Huawei, Tencent Holdings Limited, certain of their respective affiliates, and other China-based technology companies. These China technology conglomerates manufacture and/or develop telecommunications and other equipment, software, mobile Apps and devices that are popular and widely used globally, including by us and by our customers, especially those in China. The United States has also in certain circumstances imposed and threatened to impose further sanctions, trade embargoes, and other heightened regulatory requirements on China and China-based companies. The U.S. government has brought enforcement actions against ZTE Corporation and Huawei and related persons, as well as companies who engaged in unauthorized transactions with Huawei. These restrictions, and similar or more expansive restrictions that may be imposed by the U.S. or other jurisdictions in the future, though may not be directly applicable to us, may materially and adversely affect our suppliers, service providers, technology partners or other business partners’ abilities to acquire technologies, systems, devices or components that may be critical to our relationships or collaborations with them. For example, in 2025, the U.S. government imposed global tariffs on a wide range of products and goods, and multiple countries have responded with retaliatory tariffs and other trade restrictions. Evolving global trade policies could contribute to increased costs, supply chain disruptions and broader economic uncertainty that may indirectly affect our operations or the operations of our suppliers and business partners. In addition, if any of our suppliers, service providers, technology partners or other business partners that have collaborative relationships with us or our affiliates were to become subject to sanctions or other restrictions, this might restrict or negatively impact our ongoing relationships or collaborations with them, which could materially and adversely affect our competitiveness and business operations. Media reports on alleged uses of the technologies, systems or 47 Table of Contents innovations developed by business partners or other parties not affiliated with or controlled by us, even on matters not involving us, could nevertheless damage our reputation and lead to regulatory investigations, fines and penalties against us. In addition, the continuing military conflict between Russia and Ukraine has led to sanctions and export controls being imposed by the United States, the European Union, the United Kingdom and other countries targeting Russia, its financial systems and major financial institutions and certain Russian entities and persons. As these new and growing lists of sanctions and measures are extensive and changing, they could be difficult to comply with and could also significantly increase our business and compliance costs. Such sanctions and measures have had and may continue to have a negative impact on our business and our ability to accept certain customers, including for our business in Cyprus where historically a significant number of tourists have come from Russia. Climate change, environmental, social and governance and sustainability related concerns could have a negative impact on our business and results of operations. Various jurisdictions are adopting or considering new laws and regulations that expand mandatory disclosure, reporting and diligence requirements with respect to environmental, social and governance (“ESG”) matters, and expectations of investors, customers, employees and other stakeholders in this area continue to evolve. There are also risks associated with the chronic and acute physical effects of climate change (including changes in sea levels, water shortages, droughts, typhoons and other extreme weather phenomena and natural disasters). Inability to maintain reliable energy supplies due to climate change disruptions may also impact our business continuity and an increase in frequency of extreme weather events could leave us vulnerable to increased insurance costs or limit our ability to obtain sufficient coverage. See “Item 3. Key Information — D. Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Our Business and Operations — Our business is subject to regional and global political, social and economic risks, as well as natural disasters, that may significantly affect visitations to our properties and have a material adverse effect on our results of operations” for a discussion of risks relating to natural disasters that could be exacerbated by climate change. The criteria by which our ESG and sustainability practices are assessed may also change due to the evolution of the sustainability landscape, which could result in greater expectations of us and cause us to undertake costly initiatives to satisfy such new criteria. We have potentially high exposure to net zero transition-related policies and carbon prices that could result in energy inflationary pressures. Implicit carbon costs could also affect us where investments are required to meet building efficiency requirements and emissions regulations that are introduced as part of net zero transition plans. In addition, we have exposure to potential commodity price increase pressures on energy intensive goods and construction materials procured as a result of net zero transition-related regulations. If we are unable to satisfy such new criteria, stakeholders may conclude our policies and/or actions with respect to ESG and sustainability matters are inadequate. In addition, we utilize a significant amount of energy and water and produce a considerable amount of waste in our operations and any failure in our efforts to use materials efficiently or reduce waste may not meet the expectations of our stakeholders. Compliance with future climate-related legislation and regulation, and our efforts to achieve emissions reduction targets, could also be difficult and costly. Consumer travel and consumption preferences may also shift due to sustainability related concerns or costs. Moreover, stakeholders (including those in support of or in opposition to ESG principles) may have a negative view of us to the extent we are perceived to have not responded appropriately to their ESG concerns or take positions that are contrary to their views or expectations. As a result of the foregoing, we may experience significant increase in operating and compliance costs, operating disruptions or limitations, reduced demand, and constraints on our growth, all of which could adversely affect our profits. 48 Table of Contents Claims or regulatory actions against us under China’s competition laws may result in fines, constraints on our business and damage to our reputation. In recent years, the PRC government has stepped up enforcement against concentration of undertakings, cartel activities, monopoly agreements, unfair pricing, abusive behaviors by companies with market dominance and other anti-competitive activities. In December 2020, the PRC government announced that strengthening anti-monopoly measures and preventing the disorderly expansion of capital has become one of its focuses, and that it intended to improve digital regulations and legal standards for the identification of platform enterprise monopolies for the gathering, usage and management of data, and for the protection of consumer rights. For example, the PRC government has enhanced its anti-monopoly and anti-unfair competition laws and regulations, such as the enactment of the Online Trading Measures, which took effect on May 1, 2021, and the amended Anti-monopoly Law, which came into effect on August 1, 2022 and significantly increased the consequences of liability for violations, including for failing to notify the State Administration for Market Regulation prior to implementing transactions if certain thresholds are met. As of the date of this annual report, China’s statements and regulatory actions related to anti-monopoly concerns have not impacted our business, our ability to accept foreign investments or our ability to issue our securities to foreign investors. However, in the future, we may become subject to these or similar laws and regulations and compliance with such laws and regulations, as well as administrative guidance and requirements by regulators from time to time, may require significant resources and efforts, including changing our operations and pricing practices, restructuring our operations and adjusting our investment activities, which may materially and adversely affect our operations, growth prospects, reputation and the trading prices of our ordinary shares and/or ADSs. All of our current and future construction projects are and will be subject to significant development and construction risks, which could have a material adverse impact on related project timetables, costs and our ability to complete the projects. All of our current and future construction projects are and will be subject to a number of risks, including: • changes to plans and specifications; • engineering problems, including defective plans and specifications; • disruptions to key supply markets, including shortages of, and price increases in, energy, materials and skilled and unskilled labor, geopolitical issues and inflation; • delays in obtaining or inability to obtain necessary permits, licenses and approvals; • lack of sufficient, or delays in availability of, financing; • changes in laws and regulations, or in the interpretation and enforcement of laws and regulations, applicable to gaming, leisure, residential, real estate development or construction projects; • labor disputes or work stoppages; • shortage of qualified contractors and suppliers or inability to enter into definitive contracts with contractors with sufficient skills, financial resources and experience on commercially reasonable terms, or at all; • disputes with, and defaults by, contractors and subcontractors and other counterparties; • personal injuries to workers and other persons; 49 Table of Contents • environmental, health and safety issues, including site accidents and the spread or outbreak of infectious diseases; • weather interferences or delays; • fires, typhoons and other natural disasters; • geological, construction, excavation, regulatory and equipment problems; and • other unanticipated circumstances or cost increases. The occurrence of any of these events could increase the total costs, delay or prevent the construction or opening or otherwise affect the design and features of any existing or future construction projects which we might undertake. For example, in Cyprus, the City of Dreams Mediterranean project experienced delays due to some difficulties that we encountered with our contractors in relation to them not meeting labor resourcing plans and maintaining progress. We cannot guarantee that our construction costs or total project costs for existing or future projects will not increase beyond amounts initially budgeted. We could encounter substantial cost increases or delays in our projects, which could prevent or delay the opening of such projects. We have certain projects under development and may have development projects in the future. The completion of these projects is subject to a number of contingencies, including adverse developments in applicable legislation, delays or failures in obtaining necessary government licenses, permits or approvals, disruptions to key supply markets, including shortages of, and price increases in energy, materials and skilled and unskilled labor, and inflation. The occurrence of any of these developments could increase the total costs or delay or prevent the construction or opening of new projects, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. We may also require additional financing to develop our projects. Our ability to obtain such financing depends on a number of factors beyond our control, including market conditions, investors’ and lenders’ perceptions of, and demand for, debt and equity securities of gaming companies and interest rates. There is no assurance that the actual costs related to our projects will not exceed the costs we have projected and budgeted, which could materially and adversely affect our business, cash flow, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Construction is subject to hazards that may cause personal injury or loss of life, thereby subjecting us to liabilities and possible losses, which may not be covered by insurance. The construction and renovation of large-scale properties, including the types of projects we are or may be involved in, can be dangerous. Workers at such sites are subject to hazards that may cause personal injury or loss of life, thereby subjecting the contractors and us to liabilities, possible losses, delays in completion of the projects and negative publicity. We believe, and require, our contractors take safety precautions that are consistent with industry practice, but these safety precautions may not be adequate to prevent serious personal injuries or loss of life, damage to property or delays. If accidents occur during the construction of any of our projects or during renovations at our properties, we may be subject to delays, including delays imposed by regulators, liabilities and possible losses, which may not be covered by insurance, and our business, prospects and reputation may be materially and adversely affected. Risks Relating to Operating in the Gaming Industry in Macau Our business and operations in Macau are dependent upon our concession and, if we fail to comply with the complex legal and regulatory regime in Macau, our concession may be subject to revocation. Under the terms of the Concession Contract, we are obligated to comply with all laws, regulations, rulings and orders promulgated by the Macau government from time to time. In addition, we must comply with 50 Table of Contents all terms of the Concession Contract which contains various general covenants and provisions, such as general and special duties of cooperation, special duties of information and obligations in relation to the execution of our investment plan, as to which the determination of compliance is subjective and depend, in part, on our ability to maintain continuing communications and good faith negotiations with the Macau government to ensure that we are performing our obligations and covenants under the concession and applicable laws and regulations in a manner that would avoid any violations. We cannot assure you that we will fulfil such obligations and covenants in a way that satisfies the requirements of the Macau government. Melco Resorts Macau’s concession further provides that the Macau government is allowed to request various changes in our investment plan and impose business and corporate requirements that may be binding on us. Melco Resorts Macau must also first obtain the Macau government’s approval before raising certain financing and must notify the Macau government before taking significant financial decisions. As a result, we cannot assure you that we will be able to comply with these requirements or any other requirements of the Macau government or with the other requirements and obligations imposed by our concession, the gaming law or other related regulations. The harshest penalty that may be imposed on us for failure to comply with the complex legal and regulatory regime in Macau and the terms of the Concession Contract is revocation of the concession. Under the concession, the Macau government has the right to unilaterally terminate the concession in the event of non-compliance by Melco Resorts Macau with its basic obligations under the concession and applicable Macau laws. If such a termination were to occur, any casino premises and gaming equipment at that time will revert or be transferred to the Macau government without compensation to us and we would be unable to operate casino gaming in Macau, which would have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows and could result in defaults under our indebtedness agreements and a partial or complete loss of our investments in our projects. Under the terms of the Concession Contract, termination events include, among others, endangerment to the national security of mainland China or Macau; the operation of gaming without permission or operation of a business which does not fall within the business scope of the concession; abandonment of approved business or suspension of operations of its gaming business in Macau without reasonable grounds; transfer of all or part of Melco Resorts Macau’s operation in Macau in violation of the relevant laws and administrative regulations governing the operation of games of fortune or chance and other casino games in Macau and without Macau government approval; failure to pay taxes, premiums, levies or other amounts payable to the Macau government; systematic non-compliance with the Macau Gaming Operations Law’s basic obligations; for reasons of public interest; and for failure to meet probity standards or failure to meet the investment amount and other criteria set in the Concession Contract within the period set by the Macau government. These events could lead to the termination of Melco Resorts Macau’s concession without compensation to Melco Resorts Macau. In many of these instances, the Concession Contract does not provide for a specific cure period within which any such events may be cured and the granting of any cure period, if at all, would be at the discretion of the Macau government. See “Item 4. Information on the Company — B. Business Overview — Regulations — Gaming Licenses — The Concession Contract in Macau.” Currently, there is no precedent on how the Macau government will treat the termination of a concession and the laws and regulations relating to termination of a concession have not yet been applied by the Macau government. Accordingly, the scope and enforcement of the provisions of Macau’s gaming regulatory system cannot be fully assessed. Studio City faces significant risks and uncertainties which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Studio City commenced operations in October 2015 and operates in a challenging competitive environment. For example, some of our competitors in Macau have expanded operations or have announced intentions for further expansion and developments in Cotai, where Studio City is located. See “— We face intense competition in Macau, the Philippines and elsewhere in Asia and Europe and may not be able to compete 51 Table of Contents successfully.” Moreover, we face risks and uncertainties related to changes to the PRC and Macau governments’ policies and regulations relating to gaming markets, including those affecting gaming table allocation and caps, smoking restrictions, exchange controls and repatriation of capital, measures to control inflation and monetary transfers and travel restrictions. In addition, Studio City may find it challenging to comply with the terms imposed under its financing arrangements, especially during periods of challenging market conditions (including changes in China’s economy). The SCC 2021 Credit Facilities, SCC 2024 Revolving Facilities and the indentures governing the Studio City Notes impose certain operating and financial restrictions, including limitations on the ability to pay dividends, incur additional debt, make investments, create liens on assets or issue preferred stock. If we are unable to comply with such restrictions, it could cause repayment of our debt to be accelerated. See “— The agreements governing our credit facilities and debt instruments contain certain covenants that restrict our ability to engage in certain transactions and may impair our ability to respond to changing business and economic conditions or otherwise take actions that may be in our best interests” and “— The renewal of a land concession is subject to compliance with certain legal requirements. In the event of any failure to meet such legal requirements, we could be forced to forfeit all or part of our investment in City of Dreams, along with our interest in the land on which City of Dreams is located and the building and structures on such land.” All of the foregoing trends, risks and uncertainties may have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We may be required to cease our operations at Mocha Clubs. Mocha Clubs comprise non-casino based operations of electronic gaming machines in Macau and offer both electronic gaming machines and electronic table games, with a focus on general mass market patrons outside the conventional casino setting. We operate Mocha Clubs at leased or sub-leased premises or under right-to-use agreements. Under the Macau Gaming Operations Law, concessionaires, such as Melco Resorts Macau, may continue to operate games of chance in casinos in properties that are not owned by them for a period of three years from January 1, 2023 under authorization of the Chief Executive of Macau. Such three-year period ended on December 31, 2025, following which the concessionaires may only continue to operate games of chance in properties that are not owned by them by engaging a managing company, with any such engagement subject to approval of the Chief Executive of Macau. In accordance with our overall development strategy and the Macau Gaming Operations Law, Grand Dragon Casino and three Mocha Clubs, namely Mocha Hotel Royal, Mocha Kuong Fat and Mocha Grand Dragon Hotel, progressively ceased operations between September and December 2025. The Chief Executive of Macau has approved the engagement of a wholly-owned management company by Melco Resorts Macau and the respective management agreement in connection with the continuing operations of Mocha Inner Harbour, Mocha Hotel Sintra and Mocha Golden Dragon beyond December 31, 2025, and an amendment agreement to the Concession Contract was signed in February 2026 to reflect that these three Mocha Clubs will continue to be operated under the engagement of such management company effective from January 1, 2026, subject to compliance with all legal and regulatory requirements. There is no assurance that additional requirements or approvals will not arise in connection with the continued operation of these Mocha Clubs as the Macau government may impose such requirements or approvals at its discretion in line with policies that may change from time to time. Any cessation of operations at these Mocha Clubs may have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our gaming operations in Macau could be adversely affected by restrictions on the export of the Renminbi and any unfavorable fluctuations in the currency exchange rates of the Renminbi. Gaming operators in Macau are currently prohibited from accepting wagers in Renminbi, the currency of China. There are currently restrictions on the export of the Renminbi outside of mainland China, including to 52 Table of Contents Macau. For example, a mainland China citizen traveling abroad is only allowed to take a total of RMB20,000 (equivalent to approximately US$2,858) plus non-RMB currency with an amount equivalent of up to US$5,000 out of mainland China. The annual limit of RMB100,000 (equivalent to approximately US$14,291) is the aggregate amount that can be withdrawn overseas by any person from mainland China bank accounts and it was set by the PRC government. In addition, the PRC government’s ongoing anti-corruption campaign has led to tighter monetary transfer regulations, including real-time monitoring of certain financial channels, reducing the amount that mainland China-issued ATM cardholders can withdraw in each withdrawal, imposing a limit on the annual aggregate amount that may be withdrawn and the launch of facial recognition and identity card checks with respect to certain ATM users, which could disrupt the amount of money visitors can bring from mainland China to Macau. Furthermore, a law also exists to control cross-border transportation of cash and other negotiable instruments to the bearer. In accordance with such law, all individuals entering Macau with an amount in cash or negotiable instrument to the bearer equal to or higher than the amount of MOP120,000 (equivalent to approximately US$14,973) as determined by the Chief Executive of Macau are required to declare such amount to the customs authorities. The adoption of digital currency by the PRC government may also cause more restrictions on the export of the Renminbi out of mainland China, which may impede the flow of customers from mainland China to Macau, inhibit the growth of gaming in Macau and negatively impact our operations. In addition, the value of RMB against the U.S. dollar and other currencies may fluctuate and may be affected by, among other things, changes in political and economic conditions and the foreign exchange policies adopted by the PRC government. In 2025, the value of RMB appreciated approximately 4.6% against the U.S. dollar, compared to 2024. It remains difficult to predict how market forces or PRC or U.S. government policy, including the ongoing trade disputes between China and the U.S. governments may further impact the value of the RMB against the U.S. dollar and other currencies in the future. Given that we derive a significant majority of our revenues from our Macau gaming business and a significant number of our gaming customers come from, and are expected to continue to come from, China, any further devaluation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar and other currencies may affect the visitation and level of spending of these gaming customers and could in turn have a material adverse effect on our revenues and financial condition. Adverse changes or developments in gaming laws or other regulations in Macau that affect our operations could be difficult to comply with or may significantly increase our costs, which could cause our projects to be unsuccessful. Our operations in Macau are also exposed to the risks of changes in laws and policies. Current laws in Macau, such as licensing requirements, tax rates, immigration and other regulatory obligations, including those for anti-money laundering, could change or become more stringent resulting in additional regulations being imposed upon gaming operations in Macau. See “— The gaming industries in the jurisdictions in which we operate are highly regulated.” On June 22, 2022, Law no. 7/2022, which amends Law no. 16/2001, or the Macau Gaming Operations Law, was published and on December 19, 2022, Law no. 16/2022, the new Gaming Activities Law, which replaces Administrative Regulation no. 6/2022, or the Gaming Promoter Regulation was published. These laws set additional requirements applicable to our operations. See “Item 4. Information on the Company — B. Business Overview — Regulations — Macau Regulations.” In addition, the Macau government imposed regulations and restrictions that affect the minimum age required for entrance into casinos in Macau, entry into casinos by off-duty gaming related employees, data privacy and other matters. Any such legislation, regulation or restriction which is being or may in the future be imposed by the Macau government may have a material adverse impact on our operations, business and financial performance. Furthermore, our inability to address any of these requirements or restrictions imposed by the Macau government could adversely affect our reputation and result in criminal or administrative penalties, in addition to any civil liability and other expenses. See “Item 4. Information on the Company — B. Business Overview — Regulations — Macau Regulations.” Also, smoking on the premises of casinos is only permitted in authorized segregated smoking lounges with no gaming activities, and such segregated smoking lounges are required to meet certain standards 53 Table of Contents determined by the Macau government. Our properties currently have a number of segregated smoking lounges. We cannot assure you that the Macau government will not enact more stringent smoking control legislation. Such limitations imposed on smoking have and may deter potential gaming patrons who are smokers from visiting casinos in Macau, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. See “Item 4. Information on the Company — B. Business Overview — Regulations — Macau Regulations — Smoking Regulations.” Current Macau laws and regulations concerning gaming and gaming concessions and matters such as prevention of money laundering are fairly recent or there is little precedent on the interpretation of these laws and regulations. These laws and regulations are complex and a court or an administrative or regulatory body may in the future render an interpretation of these laws and regulations or issue new or modified regulations that differ from our interpretation, which could have a material adverse effect on the operation of our properties and on our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and prospects. Our activities in Macau are subject to administrative review and approval by various departments of the Macau government. For example, our business activities are subject to the administrative review and approval by the DICJ, Macau Health Bureau, Macau Labor Bureau, Macau Construction Works Bureau, Macau Fire Department, Macau Finance Department and Macau Government Tourism Office. We cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain or maintain all necessary approvals, which may materially affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and prospects. Macau law permits redress to the courts with respect to administrative actions. However, such redress is largely untested in relation to gaming regulatory issues. The Macau government has established a maximum number of gaming tables and gaming machines that may be operated in Macau and has set a minimum average annual gross gaming revenue on gaming tables and gaming machines. The Macau government has set a cap on gaming tables and gaming machines that may be operated in Macau at 6,000 gaming tables and 12,000 gaming machines. In addition, gaming tables and gaming machines previously allocated to a concessionaire may also be revoked if the minimum average annual gross gaming revenue of MOP7 million (equivalent to approximately US$873,404) for gaming tables and MOP300,000 (equivalent to approximately US$37,432) for gaming machines are not met for two consecutive years or the tables or gaming machines are not fully utilized without reason within a certain period. Current and future restrictions on gaming tables and gaming machines may have a material impact on our gaming revenues and overall business and operations. Melco Resorts Macau benefits from an exemption from complementary tax on income from gaming operations under the Concession until December 31, 2027 and we may not be able to extend it. Companies in Macau are subject to complementary tax of up to 12% of taxable income, as defined in relevant tax laws. We are also subject to a 35% special gaming tax on our gaming revenues as well as contributions of 2% and 3% of gross gaming revenue to a public fund, and to urban development, touristic promotion and social security, respectively. Such contributions may be waived or reduced with respect to gross gaming revenue generated by foreign patrons under certain circumstances. The Macau government granted to Melco Resorts Macau the benefit of a complementary tax exemption on gaming profits for the period from January 1, 2023 to December 31, 2027 pursuant to a Dispatch of the Chief Executive of Macau dated January 29, 2024. The non-gaming profits of Melco Resorts Macau remain subject to the Macau complementary tax. We cannot assure you that the complementary tax exemption benefits will be extended beyond their expiration dates. The Macau government granted to one of our subsidiaries in Macau the Macau complementary tax exemption until 2021 on profits generated from income received from Melco Resorts Macau, to the extent that 54 Table of Contents such income is derived from Studio City gaming operations and has been subject to gaming tax. Such subsidiary applied for an extension of the Macau complementary tax exemption for the period from January 1, 2022 to December 31, 2022 and further for the period from January 1, 2023 to December 31, 2032. The application for 2023 to 2032 was rejected and an objection to such decision was denied in a notice dated September 4, 2024. As the tax exemption has not been extended, it may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition. In February 2024, Melco Resorts Macau entered into an agreement with the Macau government for an annual payment with respect to tax due for dividend distributions to the shareholders of Melco Resorts Macau from gaming profits, whether such dividends are actually distributed by Melco Resorts Macau or not, for the period from 2023 through 2025. Upon the payment of such amount, the shareholders of Melco Resorts Macau will not be liable to pay any other tax in Macau for dividend distributions received from gaming profits. Melco Resorts Macau submitted an application in October 2025 for an extension to the agreement for such annual payment for the period from 2026 through 2027 and such application is currently under review by the Macau government. There is no assurance that the same arrangement will be applied beyond the period previously agreed upon or, in the event a similar arrangement is adopted, whether we will be required to pay a higher annual sum. Risks Relating to Operating in the Gaming Industry in the Philippines The land and buildings comprising the site occupied by City of Dreams Manila is leased by Melco Resorts Leisure and thus subject to risks associated with tenancy relationships. Melco Resorts Leisure entered into a lease agreement on October 25, 2012, which became effective on March 13, 2013 (as amended or supplemented, the “Lease Agreement”), pursuant to which it leases from Belle Corporation the land and buildings occupied by City of Dreams Manila, which, in turn, leases part of the land from the Philippine government’s social security system (the “Social Security System”). Numerous potential issues or causes for disputes may arise from a tenancy relationship, such as with respect to the provision of utilities on the premises, rental lease payments, or any adjustments thereto, and the maintenance and normal repair of the buildings, any of which could result in an arbitrable dispute between Belle Corporation and Melco Resorts Leisure. There can be no assurance that any such dispute would be resolved or settled amicably or expediently or that Melco Resorts Leisure will not encounter any material issues with respect to its tenancy relationship with Belle Corporation. In August 2022 and October 2022, we entered into amendment agreements to the Lease Agreement with Belle Corporation, under which the parties revised the rent payable (i) for the year ended December 31, 2022; and (ii) for the year ended December 31, 2022 through the year ending December 31, 2033, respectively, subject to adjustments based on the annual headline inflation and bonus rent pursuant to the terms thereof. There can be no assurance that any material issue arising out of the tenancy relationship can always be resolved swiftly and on terms acceptable to us. Furthermore, if any dispute arises, Belle Corporation, as lessor, could discontinue essential services necessary for the operation of City of Dreams Manila, or seek relief to oust Melco Resorts Leisure from possession of the leased premises. Any prolonged or substantial dispute between Belle Corporation and Melco Resorts Leisure, or any dispute arising under the lease agreement between Belle Corporation and the Social Security System, could have a material adverse effect on the operations of City of Dreams Manila, which could in turn adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, any negative publicity arising from disputes with, or non-compliance by, Belle Corporation with the Lease Agreement could have a material adverse effect on our business and prospects, financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, the Lease Agreement may be terminated under certain circumstances, including Melco Resorts Leisure’s non-payment of rent, or if either party fails to substantially perform any material covenants under the Lease Agreement and fails to remedy such non-performance in a timely manner, which could cause a material adverse effect on our business and prospects, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. 55 Table of Contents Compliance with the terms of the Philippine License, MRP’s ability to operate City of Dreams Manila and the success of City of Dreams Manila as a whole are dependent on the actions of the other Philippine Licensees over which MRP has no control. Although Melco Resorts Leisure is the sole operator of City of Dreams Manila, the ability of the Melco Philippine Parties to operate City of Dreams Manila, as well as the fulfillment of the terms of the Philippine License granted by PAGCOR in relation to City of Dreams Manila, depends to a certain degree on the actions of the Philippine Parties. For example, the Philippine Parties, as well as the Melco Philippine Parties, are responsible for meeting a certain debt to equity ratio as specified in the Philippine License. The failure of any of the Philippine Parties to comply with these conditions would constitute a breach of the Philippine License. As the Philippine Parties are separate corporate entities over which MRP has no control, there can be no assurance that the Philippine Parties will remain in compliance with the terms of the Philippine License of their obligations and responsibilities under the cooperation agreement (as amended) entered into between the Philippine Parties and the Melco Philippine Parties on October 25, 2012, which became effective on March 13, 2013. In the event of any non-compliance, there can be no assurance that the Philippine License will not be suspended or revoked. In addition, if any of the Philippine Parties fails to comply with any of the conditions to the Philippine License, MRP may be forced to take action against the Philippine Parties under the cooperation agreement between the Philippine Parties and the Melco Philippine Parties or to enter into negotiations with PAGCOR for amendments to the Philippine License. There can be no assurance that any attempt to amend the Philippine License would be successful. Any of the foregoing could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, under the cooperation agreement between the Philippine Parties and the Melco Philippine Parties, the Philippine Parties are required to contribute the land and building structures for City of Dreams Manila. There can be no assurance that the title to the land and building structures for City of Dreams Manila will not be challenged by third parties or the Philippine government in the future. Any such event, each of which is beyond MRP’s control, may curtail the ability of MRP to operate City of Dreams Manila in an efficient manner or at all and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Melco Resorts Leisure’s right to operate City of Dreams Manila is subject to certain limitations. Melco Resorts Leisure’s right to operate City of Dreams Manila is subject to certain limitations under the operating agreement for the management and operation of City of Dreams Manila, entered into among Melco Resorts Leisure and the Philippine Parties. For example, Melco Resorts Leisure is prohibited from entering into any contract for City of Dreams Manila outside the ordinary course of the operation and management of City of Dreams Manila with an aggregate contract value exceeding US$3.0 million (such contract value to be increased by 5.0% each year on each anniversary date of the operating agreement, with the threshold at approximately US$5.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2025) without the consent of the other Philippine Licensees. In addition, Melco Resorts Leisure is required to remit specified percentages of the mass market and VIP gaming earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortization and other defined adjustments or net revenues derived from City of Dreams Manila to PremiumLeisure and Amusement Inc. If Melco Resorts Leisure is unable to comply with any of the provisions of the operating agreement, the other parties to the operating agreement may bring lawsuits and seek to suspend or replace Melco Resorts Leisure as the sole operator of City of Dreams Manila, or terminate the operating agreement. Moreover, the Philippine Parties may terminate the operating agreement if Melco Resorts Leisure materially breaches the operating agreement. Termination of the operating agreement, whether resulting from Melco Resorts Leisure’s or the Philippine Parties’ non-compliance with the operating agreement, could cause a material adverse effect on our business and prospects, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. 56 Table of Contents Melco Resorts Leisure may be forced to suspend VIP gaming operations at City of Dreams Manila under certain circumstances. Under the operating agreement for City of Dreams Manila, Melco Resorts Leisure must periodically calculate, on a 24-month basis, the respective amounts of VIP gaming earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortization and other defined adjustments derived from City of Dreams Manila (the “PLAI VIP EBITDA”) and VIP gaming net win derived from City of Dreams Manila pursuant to the operating agreement (the “PLAI VIP Net Win”) and report such amounts to the Philippine Parties. If the PLAI VIP EBITDA is less than the PLAI VIP Net Win, the Philippine Licensees must meet within ten business days to discuss and review City of Dreams Manila’s financial performance and agree on any changes to be made to the business operations of City of Dreams Manila and/or to the payment terms under the operating agreement. If such an agreement cannot be reached within 90 business days, Melco Resorts Leisure must suspend VIP gaming operations at City of Dreams Manila. Any suspension of VIP gaming operations at City of Dreams Manila could materially and adversely impact gaming revenues from City of Dreams Manila. Moreover, suspension of VIP gaming operations could effectively lead Melco Resorts Leisure to limit or suspend certain non-gaming operations focusing on VIP players, such as the VIP hotel and VIP lounge, which would further reduce revenues from City of Dreams Manila. Any suspension of VIP gaming operations, even for a brief period of time, could also damage the reputation and reduce the attractiveness of City of Dreams Manila as a premium gaming destination, particularly among premium direct players and other VIP players, as well as gaming promoters, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. MRP’s strategy to attract Premium Market customers to City of Dreams Manila may not be effective. A part of MRP’s strategy for City of Dreams Manila is to capture a share of the premium gaming market in the region. Compared to general market patrons, whose typical wagers are relatively low, premium market patrons usually have higher minimum bets. Despite its targeted marketing efforts, there can be no assurance that the premium market customers will be incentivized to play in City of Dreams Manila rather than in comparable properties in Macau, the Philippines or elsewhere in the region, as these players may be unfamiliar with the Philippines or refuse to change their normal gaming destination. If MRP is unable to expand in the premium market as it intends, this would adversely affect its and/or our business and results of operations. Changes in public acceptance of gaming in the Philippines may adversely affect City of Dreams Manila. Public acceptance of gaming changes periodically in various gaming locations in the world and represents an inherent risk to the gaming industry. In addition, the Philippine Catholic Church, community groups, non-governmental organizations and individual government officials have, on occasion, taken strong and explicit stands against gaming. PAGCOR has in the past been subject to lawsuits by individuals trying to halt the construction of casinos in their communities. Church leaders have on occasion called for the abolition of PAGCOR. There can be no guarantee that negative sentiments will not be expressed in the future against City of Dreams Manila or integrated casino resorts in general, which may reduce the number of visitors to City of Dreams Manila and may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. MRP may be unable to successfully register City of Dreams Manila as a tourism enterprise zone with the Philippine Tourism Infrastructure and Enterprise Zone Authority, an agency of the Philippine Department of Tourism (“TIEZA”). While Melco Resorts Leisure intends to apply for a designation as a tourism enterprise with TIEZA, there can be no assurance that TIEZA will approve the designation of Melco Resorts Leisure as a tourism enterprise. If Melco Resorts Leisure is unable to register as a tourism enterprise with TIEZA, it will not be 57 Table of Contents entitled to certain fiscal incentives provided to some of Melco Resorts Leisure’s competitors that are registered as tourism enterprises under TIEZA. For example, MRP’s liability for value added tax (“VAT”) on its sales largely depends on whether it may avail itself of tax incentives under TIEZA. If tax incentives under TIEZA are not available to MRP, it will be liable for VAT, which may result in a material adverse effect on our business and prospects, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. In addition, if Melco Resorts Leisure is able to register as a tourism enterprise with TIEZA, it will then be required to withdraw its current registration as a tourism economic zone enterprise with the Philippine Economic Zone Authority. The process of shifting from a tourism economic zone enterprise under the Philippine Economic Zone Authority to a tourism enterprise under TIEZA is uncertain. There is also uncertainty with respect to the fiscal incentives that may be provided to a registered tourism enterprise under TIEZA. Any of the foregoing results could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. However, several legislative bills were previously passed and are currently pending in the Philippine legislature with a view towards rationalizing fiscal incentives currently granted to certain enterprises and activities, including tourism enterprises. It is uncertain whether these bills will be passed into law, or what the effect, if any, will be on the incentives currently granted to qualified tourism enterprises under the Republic Act No. 9593, of the Philippines, or the Tourism Act of 2009. MRP’s gaming operations are dependent on the Philippine License issued by PAGCOR. PAGCOR regulates all gaming activities in the Philippines except for lottery, sweepstakes, jueteng, horse racing and gaming inside the Cagayan Export Zone. City of Dreams Manila’s gaming areas may only legally operate under the Philippine License granted by PAGCOR, which imposes certain requirements on the Melco Philippine Parties and their service providers. The Philippine License is also subject to suspension or termination upon the occurrence of certain events. The requirements imposed by the Philippine License include, among others: • payment of monthly license fees to PAGCOR; • maintenance of a debt-to-equity ratio (based on calculation as agreed with PAGCOR) for each of the Philippine Licensees of no greater than 70:30; • at least 95.0% of the total employees of City of Dreams Manila must be Philippine citizens; • the Philippine Licensees shall demonstrate the fitness and propriety of gaming promoters; • 2.0% of certain casino revenues must be remitted to a foundation devoted to the restoration of cultural heritage and 5.0% of certain non-gaming revenues to PAGCOR; and • operation of only the authorized casino games approved by PAGCOR. Moreover, certain provisions and requirements of the Philippine License are open to different interpretations and have not been interpreted by Philippine courts or made subject to more detailed interpretative rules. There is no guarantee that the Melco Philippine Parties’ proposed mode of compliance with these or other requirements of the Philippine License will be free from administrative or judicial scrutiny in the future. Any difference in interpretation between PAGCOR and MRP with respect to the Philippine License could result in sanctions against the Melco Philippine Parties, including fines or other penalties, such as suspension or termination of the Philippine License. There can be no assurance that the Philippine Licensees will be able to continuously comply with all of the Philippine License’s requirements, or that the Philippine License will not be modified to contain more onerous terms or amended in such a manner that would cause the Philippine Licensees to lose interest in the operation of City of Dreams Manila. If the Philippine License is materially altered or revoked for any reason, including the failure by any of the Philippine Licensees to comply with its terms, MRP 58 Table of Contents may be required to cease City of Dreams Manila’s gaming operations, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, a failure in the internal control systems of MRP may cause PAGCOR to adversely modify or revoke the Philippine License. Finally, the Philippine License will terminate in 2033, coinciding with the PAGCOR Charter’s termination, and there is no guarantee that the PAGCOR Charter or the Philippine License will be renewed. In addition, City of Dreams Manila’s gaming operation is highly regulated in the Philippines. As PAGCOR is also a gaming operator, there can be no assurance that PAGCOR will not withhold certain approvals from the Melco Philippine Parties in order to favor its own gaming operations. PAGCOR may also modify or impose additional conditions on its licensees or impose restrictions or limitations on Melco Resorts Leisure’s casino operations that would interfere with Melco Resorts Leisure’s ability to provide VIP services, which could adversely affect MRP’s business, financial condition and results of operations. City of Dreams Manila may be required to obtain an additional legislative franchise, in addition to its Philippine License. On August 2, 2017, House Bill No. 6111 was filed which proposed the creation of the Philippine Amusements and Gaming Authority, or PAGA, which, if adopted, would replace PAGCOR as the regulatory agency of gaming activities in the Philippines. Also under House Bill No. 6111, the holders of gaming licenses in the Philippines, including the Philippine Licensees, would be required to obtain from the Philippine Congress a legislative franchise to operate gambling casinos, gaming clubs and other similar gambling enterprises within one year from the date of the proposed law’s effectiveness. Non-compliance would result in the operations of holders of gaming licenses in the Philippines, including the Philippine Licensees, to be considered as illegal. On October 2, 2017, House Bill No. 6514 was filed whose provisions are essentially similar to House Bill No. 6111, particularly on the need for holders of gaming licenses in the Philippines, including the Philippine Licensees, to obtain from the Philippine Congress a legislative franchise within one year from the date of the proposed law’s effectiveness. In the event that House Bills 6111 and 6514 are signed into law, City of Dreams Manila may be required to obtain a legislative franchise in addition to its Philippine License and there can be no assurance that such a franchise, which requires legislative approval, will be granted. In addition, the Philippine License may be subject to amendment or repeal by the Philippine Congress. In the event City of Dreams Manila is not granted any required franchise, or the Philippine License is materially amended or repealed, the operation of City of Dreams Manila may cease, which could, in turn, have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Changes to fiscal incentives and other forms of taxes that may be implemented by the Philippines government from time to time may have a material adverse effect on our Philippine subsidiaries. For the gaming-related transactions in our Philippines operations, Melco Resorts Leisure currently enjoys exemptions from national, local, direct and indirect taxes, including VAT, in the Philippines pursuant to the PAGCOR charter, as a result of its payment of the 5% franchise tax directly payable to the Philippine Bureau of Internal Revenue (“BIR”) based on gross gaming revenue in the Philippines. In 2022, the BIR issued Revenue Memorandum Circular No. 32-2022, which sought to impose 12% VAT on gaming revenue. While Melco Resorts Leisure and the other integrated resorts submitted a joint letter to BIR challenging the imposition of VAT on gaming transactions, there is no assurance that we will prevail on any challenge and any assessment of VAT on our gaming revenue could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In December 2024, the BIR issued Revenue Memorandum Circular No. 132-2024 clarifying and upholding that the 5% franchise tax on the income derived from the gaming operations of PAGCOR, its licensees and contractees shall be in lieu of all local and national taxes including indirect taxes such as VAT. 59 Table of Contents Further, Melco Resorts Leisure, by virtue of its being registered with the Philippine Economic Zone Authority as a Tourism Economic Zone Enterprise, enjoys a tax and duty exemption on importation and VAT zero-rating on its local purchases of certain capital equipment used in registered activities. Our Philippines subsidiaries are also liable for VAT on certain transactions. On March 26, 2021, the Corporate Recovery and Tax Incentives for Enterprises (“CREATE”) was signed and took effect on April 11, 2021 and is applicable to income derived from our non-gaming operations in the Philippines. CREATE reduced the minimum corporate income tax rate from 2% to 1% for the period from July 1, 2020 to June 30, 2023 and the corporate income tax rate from 30% to 25% starting July 1, 2020. Any future amendments of CREATE, such as changes on the application of value-added and corporate income taxes and tax rates or changes to the fiscal incentives provided to Melco Resorts Leisure pursuant to its registration with the Philippine Economic Zone Authority as a Tourism Economic Zone Enterprise, may have significant negative impact on our Philippines business. Our Philippine subsidiaries may also be subject to other forms of taxes that may be implemented by the Philippine government from time to time, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. MRP is exposed to risks in relation to MRP’s previous business activities and industry. Prior to our acquisition of MRP, MRP’s primary business was the manufacture and processing of pharmaceutical products. The pharmaceuticals industry is highly regulated in the Philippines and abroad. There can be no assurance that MRP will not be involved in or subject to claims, allegations or suits with respect to its previous activities in the pharmaceutical industry for which MRP may not be insured fully or at all. Although MRP has indemnities as to certain liabilities or claims or other protections put in place, any adverse claim or liability imputed to MRP with respect to its previous business activities could have a material adverse effect on its business and prospects, financial condition, results of operations and cash flow. Our Philippine operations may be adversely affected by policy changes in the Philippines. Our Philippine operations may be adversely affected by changes in policies due to changes in government personnel in the Philippines, including but not limited to any changes following elections in the Philippines. There can be no assurance that newly elected or appointed officials will not modify previous policies in relation to the development and operation of integrated tourism resorts in the Philippines, tax incentives extended to their developers or operators or policies on gaming and tourism in the Philippines in general. Newly elected or appointed officials may also impose more stringent or additional conditions on gaming licenses or seek to discourage Philippine citizens from gambling by imposing restrictions. We are unable to predict whether new officials will seek to further alter or impose stricter conditions relating to gaming in the Philippines. Adverse changes in policies and regulations by the current administration or any officials elected or appointed in the future in the Philippines could disrupt the operations of our Philippine subsidiaries and materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. Risks Relating to Operating in the Gaming Industry in Cyprus Our operations in Cyprus, particularly at City of Dreams Mediterranean, face significant risks and uncertainties which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our operations in Cyprus include City of Dreams Mediterranean and the license to operate four satellite casinos. In July 2019, we acquired a 75% equity interest in ICR Cyprus from Melco International, our controlling shareholder, while the remaining 25% equity interest in ICR Cyprus is held by The Cyprus Phassouri (Zakaki) Limited. We have entered into a shareholders’ agreement with The Cyprus Phassouri (Zakaki) Limited regarding certain commercial and financial arrangements pursuant to which we, as more fully set out in additional management and service contracts, (i) provide certain corporate-level management services to ICR Cyprus and 60 Table of Contents its subsidiaries for a fixed amount of EUR2 million (equivalent to approximately US$2.4 million) per annum and (ii) have the right to receive an allotment of preference shares in the gaming license-holding subsidiary of ICR Cyprus, which will provide the right to a preferential dividend, among other terms. We will require the continued cooperation of The Cyprus Phassouri (Zakaki) Limited for the operation of City of Dreams Mediterranean and the Cyprus Casinos. Two satellite casinos in Nicosia and Larnaca opened in 2018 (the Larnaca satellite casino ceased operations in June 2020), one satellite casino opened in 2019 in Ayia Napa and one satellite casino in Paphos opened in February 2020. In addition, our City of Dreams Mediterranean project, which required significant investment of capital and other resources, opened to the public in July 2023. Prior to the opening of City of Dreams Mediterranean, we operated a temporary casino in Limassol from 2018 to 2023. Our operations in Cyprus are also subject to ongoing compliance with various laws, regulations, licenses, permits and renewals of those licenses and permits. Given our relatively short operating history and limited experience in Cyprus, which also represents our first significant business venture outside of Asia, it may be difficult for us to comply with the applicable laws and regulations or to secure all necessary licenses and permits in Cyprus, which could be time-consuming and significantly increase our costs. In addition, Cyprus is a relatively new gaming market and we may not achieve the intended results or return through our operations in Cyprus. While we have already made significant capital investments for the development and operation of our operations in Cyprus, the ongoing operation of City of Dreams Mediterranean requires further significant additional capital investments, which may be funded through various sources, including equity, cash on hand, operating free cash flow as well as other financing, including by way of shareholder loans and external debt financing. We will be required to obtain approval from, or the consent of, or notify relevant government authorities, including the CGC, in order to enter into any debt financing, and there can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain the necessary approvals or consents for debt financing in a timely manner or at all. Our ability to obtain such debt financing also depends on a number of factors beyond our control, including the military conflict between Russia and Ukraine and conflicts in the Middle East, rising interest rates, market volatility, and a contraction of liquidity in the global credit markets and lenders’ perceptions of, and demand for, the debt financing for City of Dreams Mediterranean. Under the shareholders’ agreement entered into between us and The Cyprus Phassouri (Zakaki) Limited regarding ICR Cyprus, the shareholders were obligated to use all commercially reasonable endeavors, subject to certain terms and conditions, to source debt financing of up to EUR437 million (equivalent to approximately US$514 million) for the development of City of Dreams Mediterranean. To the extent there was a shortfall in the amount of third-party debt available (or available on commercially-acceptable terms), we were obligated to fund the shortfall up to the full amount of EUR437 million (equivalent to approximately US$514 million) on terms which are, subject to certain terms and conditions, no less favorable to the project than any commercially-acceptable terms available in the commercial lending market. In connection therewith, a shareholder loan agreement for up to EUR275 million (equivalent to approximately US$324 million) was entered into by a subsidiary of the Company as lender, and Integrated Casino Resorts as borrower in March 2020. In addition, a further shareholder loan agreement for up to EUR250 million (equivalent to approximately US$294 million) was entered into by a subsidiary of the Company as lender, and Integrated Casino Resorts as borrower in May 2022, along with a subordination agreement pursuant to which the March 2020 shareholder loan was subordinated to the May 2022 shareholder loan. There is no guarantee that we can secure the necessary additional capital investments, including any additional or replacement debt financing, required for the ongoing operation of City of Dreams Mediterranean in a timely manner or at all. In addition, our operation of City of Dreams Mediterranean remains subject to additional risks, particularly, the military conflict between Russia and Ukraine, the Israel-Hamas conflict, and other conflicts in the Middle East, including between the United States, Israel and Iran, and the resulting disruptions. See “— Economic or trade sanctions and a heightened trend towards trade and technology “de-coupling” could negatively affect the relationships and collaborations with our suppliers, service providers, technology partners and other business partners and our ability to accept certain customers, which could materially and adversely affect our competitiveness and business operations” for discussions of events relating to Cyprus. 61 Table of Contents All of the foregoing trends, risks and uncertainties may have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Cyprus’ gaming operations are dependent on the Cyprus License issued by CGC and any failure to comply with the terms of the Cyprus License could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our current operations in Cyprus, including City of Dreams Mediterranean in Limassol and three satellite casinos in Nicosia, Ayia Napa and Paphos, are dependent on the Cyprus License granted by the government of Cyprus to Integrated Casino Resorts on June 26, 2017. Under the Cyprus License, Integrated Casino Resorts has been granted the right to develop, operate and maintain an integrated casino resort in Limassol, Cyprus and up to four satellite casino premises in Cyprus, for a term of 30 years from the date of grant with the right for exclusivity in Cyprus for the first 15 years of the term. The Cyprus License imposes certain requirements and conditions on Integrated Casino Resorts and its service providers, including the threat of suspension or termination of the Cyprus License upon the occurrence of certain events. Such requirements include, among others: • in connection with the operation of City of Dreams Mediterranean and, until the operation of such integrated casino resort, a temporary casino, payment to the government of Cyprus of an annual license fee of EUR2.5 million (equivalent to approximately US$2.9 million) per year for the first four-year period commencing from June 26, 2017, the grant date of the Cyprus License, and an annual license fee of EUR5.0 million (equivalent to approximately US$5.9 million) per year for the second four-year period. Upon completion of the above eight-year period and for each four-year period thereafter, the government of Cyprus may review the annual license fee payable for each four-year term, provided that the annual license fee payable per year shall be no less than EUR5.0 million (equivalent to approximately US$5.9 million) and subject to a maximum percentage increase. Pursuant to a letter from the CGC in August 2025, the annual license fee for the integrated casino resort remains EUR5.0 million (equivalent to approximately US$5.9 million) per year until the twelfth year following the date of grant of the Cyprus License; • in connection with the operation of the satellite casino in Nicosia, payment to the government of Cyprus of an annual license fee of EUR1.0 million (equivalent to approximately US$1.2 million) per year since its commencement of operations; • in connection with the operation of each of the satellite casinos in Larnaca (which ceased operation in June 2020), Ayia Napa and Paphos, payment to the government of Cyprus of an annual license fee of EUR0.5 million (equivalent to approximately US$0.6 million) per year since their operations commenced; and • payment to the government of Cyprus of a monthly casino tax of an amount equal to 15% of the gross gaming revenue, such casino tax not to be increased during the initial 15-year exclusivity period under the Cyprus License. Moreover, given that the Cyprus License is the first casino license granted in Cyprus, certain provisions and requirements of the Cyprus License have not yet been interpreted by Cyprus courts and may thereby be subject to different interpretations. There is no guarantee that Integrated Casino Resorts’ proposed mode of compliance with these or other requirements of the Cyprus License will be free from administrative or judicial scrutiny in the future. Any difference in interpretation of such Cyprus License requirements between the CGC and/or the government of Cyprus on the one hand and Integrated Casino Resorts on the other could result in sanctions against Integrated Casino Resorts, including fines or other penalties such as suspension or even termination of the Cyprus License. There can be no assurance that we will be able to continuously comply with all the requirements under the Cyprus License, or that the Cyprus License will not be modified to contain more onerous terms or in such other manner that would cause us to lose our interest in our Cyprus operations, particularly when the initial 15-year exclusivity period expires in 2032. If the Cyprus License is materially altered or revoked for any reason, including due to any failure by us to comply with its terms, we may be required to cease our gaming operations in Cyprus, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. 62 Table of Contents Risks Relating to Operating in the Gaming Industry in Other Jurisdictions that We Operate Our operations in Sri Lanka face significant risks and uncertainties which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. We commenced operations of the Sri Lanka Casino and management of Nüwa Sri Lanka in the third quarter of 2025. Historically, the leading source of tourists in Sri Lanka has come from India. While we intend to attract such tourists to City of Dreams Sri Lanka, it is uncertain if we will be successful in doing so. There are also significant legal restrictions around advertising and promotions of gambling in India. If City of Dreams Sri Lanka is unable to attract customers from India, this could adversely affect our business and results of operations. Although we have obtained the Sri Lanka License, there is considerable uncertainty about how the legal and regulatory environment may change in the near future. In particular, the Gambling Regulatory Authority Act, No. 17 of 2025 (“GRA Act”), which became effective on December, 1 2025, establishes a new gambling regulatory authority, compliance framework and foundation for new gambling regulations to be issued in Sri Lanka that could materially affect the manner in which we conduct our business. There is uncertainty regarding the scope, timing, and nature of gambling regulations to be issued in Sri Lanka. Moreover, because the current regulatory framework remains limited, we have only partial visibility into how prospective laws or regulations such as those pertaining to responsible gaming, corporate governance, and anti-money laundering might be adopted or enforced by any future casino regulatory authority. Any change in the legal and regulatory environment could increase our compliance costs and adversely affect our business and results of operations. Furthermore, failure to comply with any new regulatory requirements could result in penalties, fines, or other enforcement actions. In addition, the corporate income tax for gaming businesses has been increased from 40% to 45% since April 1, 2025, the monthly gross collection levy on the total collections from the business of gaming has been increased from 15% to 18% since January 1, 2026, and the casino entrance levy fee for Sri Lankan citizens has been increased from US$50 to US$100 since January 1, 2026. We will need to adjust our internal controls, compliance systems, marketing strategies or capital investment plans to meet new regulatory requirements or address more vigorous enforcement practices. Our operations in Sri Lanka are dependent on the continued cooperation of John Keells. Our subsidiary, Bluehaven Services, has entered into a casino lease agreement with a subsidiary of John Keells, Waterfront Properties (Private) Limited (“Waterfront Properties”), under which we have leased an area within City of Dreams Sri Lanka to operate a casino business. Our subsidiary, MCO Europe Holdings Three (NL) B.V., executed a hotel management agreement with Waterfront Properties to manage the top five floors of City of Dreams Sri Lanka under our Nüwa brand. We commenced operations of the Sri Lanka Casino and management of Nüwa Sri Lanka in the third quarter of 2025. The successes of both the Sri Lanka Casino and Nüwa Sri Lanka within City of Dreams Sri Lanka are dependent on the continued cooperation of John Keells. The leased area within City of Dreams Sri Lanka to operate a casino business is subject to risks associated with a tenancy relationship. Our lease with Waterfront Properties for an area within City of Dreams Sri Lanka to operate a casino business became effective on July 10, 2024. Numerous potential issues or causes for disputes may arise from a tenancy relationship, such as with respect to the provision of utilities on the premises, rental lease payments, or any adjustments thereto, any of which could result in a dispute between Waterfront Properties and us. There can be no assurance that any such dispute would be resolved or settled amicably or expediently or that we will not encounter any material issues with respect to the tenancy relationship with Waterfront Properties. There can be no assurance that any material issue arising out of the tenancy relationship can always be resolved swiftly and on terms acceptable to us. Furthermore, if any dispute arises, Waterfront Properties, as lessor, could discontinue essential services necessary for the leased area, or seek relief to oust us from possession of the leased premises. Any prolonged or substantial dispute under the casino lease agreement could have a material adverse effect on our operations at City of Dreams Sri Lanka, which could in turn, adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. 63 Table of Contents Furthermore, the casino lease agreement may be terminated under certain circumstances, including non-payment of rent, or if either party fails to substantially perform any material covenants under the casino lease agreement and fails to remedy such non-performance in a timely manner, which could cause a material adverse effect on our business and prospects, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Our operations in Sri Lanka are dependent on the Sri Lanka License and any failure to comply with the terms of the Sri Lanka License could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. The Sri Lanka License, the GRA Act and regulations issued under the previous Casino Business (Regulation) Act, No. 17 of 2010, provide the main regulatory framework to conduct and operate a casino business in Sri Lanka. Our Sri Lanka License is valid for a period of 20 years commencing from April 1, 2024. There are limited operational requirements prescribed under the GRA Act and the regulations issued under the previous Casino Business (Regulation) Act, No. 17 of 2010 which are still valid to the extent they are not inconsistent with the GRA Act. These include: • appointing a compliance officer to ensure adherence to laws and license terms; • prohibiting certain activities such as unlicensed money lending, disorderly or illegal activities; • preventing those under the legal minimum age from entering or gambling in casinos, and conspicuously displaying gambling licenses in the licensed premises; • the payment of an annual levy of LKR500 million (equivalent to approximately US$1.6 million) and a monthly gross collection levy of 18% of the total collections from the business of gaming (exempted if monthly gross collections do not exceed LKR1 million (equivalent to approximately US$3,225)); and • the payment of an annual tax of 45% on the gains and profits generated from the casino to the Inland Revenue Department of Sri Lanka. There is no assurance that we will be able to continuously comply with all of the requirements under the Sri Lanka License, or that the Sri Lanka License will not be modified to contain more onerous terms or in such other manner that would cause us to lose our Sri Lanka License or otherwise prohibit us from operating the casino at City of Dreams Sri Lanka. If the Sri Lanka License is materially altered or revoked for any reason, including due to any failure by us to comply with its terms, we may be required to cease our casino business operations in Sri Lanka, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial conditions and results of operations. Risks Relating to Our Corporate Structure and Ownership Our controlling shareholder has a substantial influence over us, and its interests in our business may be different than yours. We have had, and may continue to have, transactions with our controlling shareholder and its affiliates and such transactions may create conflicts of interest between us and our controlling shareholder. As of March 6, 2026, Melco International’s beneficial ownership in our Company was approximately 56.32%. There are risks associated with the possibility that Melco International may: (i) have economic or business interests or goals that are inconsistent with ours; (ii) have operations and projects elsewhere in Asia or elsewhere in the world that compete with our businesses in Macau, the Philippines, Cyprus and in other countries and for available resources and management attention; (iii) take actions contrary to our policies or objectives; or (iv) have financial difficulties. In addition, there is no assurance that the laws and regulations relating to foreign investment in Melco International’s governing jurisdictions will not be altered in such a manner as to result in a material adverse effect on our business and operating results. 64 Table of Contents In addition, Melco International has the power, among other things, to elect or appoint all of the directors to our board, including our independent directors, appoint and change our management, affect our legal and capital structure and our day-to-day operations, approve material mergers, acquisitions, dispositions and other business combinations and approve any other material transactions and financings. These actions may be taken in many cases without the approval of other shareholders and the interests of Melco International may conflict with your interests as minority shareholders. We have entered into various related party transactions with Melco International and its affiliates and subsidiaries. For example, we acquired a 75% equity interest in ICR Cyprus from Melco International on July 31, 2019. Prior to this acquisition, we had entered into arrangements with Melco International to provide planning, design, construction and other services to Melco International and its subsidiaries in connection with the City of Dreams Mediterranean project. In August 2022, we repurchased 9,995,799 ordinary shares and 25,000,000 ADSs, collectively representing approximately 5.8% of our Company’s outstanding shares at that time, from Melco Leisure. In March 2023, we repurchased 40,373,076 ordinary shares, representing approximately 3% of our Company’s outstanding shares at that time, from Melco Leisure. Furthermore, Melco International, as licensor, has granted us the license to use certain trademarks in certain territories with a term of 10 years since January 1, 2024 pursuant to a trademark license agreement. We may, from time to time, enter into additional agreements and arrangements with Melco International or its affiliates or subsidiaries in connection with other projects. We may, from time to time, purchase, acquire or invest in other assets, companies or projects held or sponsored by Melco International or its affiliates or subsidiaries or Melco International may make such purchases, acquisitions or investments in assets, companies or projects that our Company holds. The consideration or amount of such purchase, acquisition or investment may be material or significant. While we believe the terms of agreements and arrangements we have with Melco International or its affiliates or subsidiaries are commercially reasonable, the determination of such commercial terms are subject to judgment and estimates and we may have obtained different terms had we entered into such agreements or arrangements with independent third parties. Melco International may pursue additional casino projects in Asia, Europe or elsewhere, which, along with its current operations, may compete with our projects in Macau, the Philippines and Cyprus, which could have material adverse consequences to us and the interests of our minority shareholders. Melco International may take action to construct and operate new gaming projects located in other countries in the Asian region, Europe or elsewhere, which, along with its current operations, may compete with our projects in Macau, the Philippines and Cyprus and could have adverse consequences to us and the interests of our minority shareholders. We could face competition from these other gaming projects as well as competition from regional competitors. We expect to continue to receive significant support from Melco International in terms of its local experience, operating skills, international experience and high standards. Should Melco International decide to focus more attention on casino gaming projects located in other areas of Asia or elsewhere that may be expanding or commencing their gaming industries, or should economic conditions or other factors result in a significant decrease in gaming revenues and number of patrons in Macau, the Philippines and/or Cyprus, Melco International may make strategic decisions to focus on their other projects rather than us, which could adversely affect our growth. Casinos and integrated gaming resorts are becoming increasingly popular in Asia and Europe, giving rise to more opportunities for industry participants and increasing regional competition. We cannot guarantee that Melco International will not make strategic and other decisions which could adversely affect our business. Changes in our share ownership, including a change of control of our shares or our subsidiaries’ shares, could result in our subsidiaries’ inability to draw loans or cause events of default under our subsidiaries’ indebtedness, or could require our subsidiaries to prepay or make offers to repurchase certain indebtedness, as well as potentially negatively affect our ability to retain our concession or licenses (as the case may be). Credit facility agreements relating to certain of our indebtedness contain change of control provisions, including in respect of ownership over our shares as well as our obligations relating to our control and/or 65 Table of Contents ownership of certain of our subsidiaries and their assets. Under the terms of such credit facility agreements, the occurrence of certain change of control events, including a decline below certain thresholds in the aggregate direct or indirect shareholdings of us held by Melco International and the aggregate direct or indirect shareholdings of certain of our subsidiaries held by us or certain of our subsidiaries (as the case may be) may result in an event of default and/or a cancelation of committed amounts as well as a requirement to prepay the credit facilities in relation to such indebtedness in full. Other applicable change of control events under the credit facility agreements include steps being taken in connection with the liquidation or dissolution of certain of our subsidiaries. The terms of the Studio City Notes and the Melco Resorts Finance Notes also contain change of control provisions whereby the occurrence of a relevant change of control event will require us to offer to repurchase the Studio City Notes or the Melco Resorts Finance Notes (as the case may be) (and, in the case of a change of control event under the Melco Resorts Finance Notes, which is accompanied by a ratings decline) at a price equal to 101% of their principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest and, if any, additional amounts and other amounts specified under such indebtedness to the date of repurchase. Any occurrence of these events could be outside our control and could result in events of default and cross-defaults which may cause the termination and acceleration of our credit facilities, the Studio City Notes and Melco Resorts Finance Notes and potential enforcement of remedies by our lenders or note holders (as the case may be), which would have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. For example, Melco Leisure has pledged 667,360,904 ordinary shares of our Company held by it in connection with a credit facility entered into by, among others, it and Melco International. If they are unable to comply with certain covenants under such credit facility, it could result in the relevant lenders enforcing the pledge, which could result in a change of control in our Company that would trigger the above provisions under our credit facilities, the Studio City Notes and Melco Resorts Finance Notes. Such a change of control would also potentially adversely affect our ability to retain our concession or licenses. In the event we are unable to retain our concession or licenses, our business, financial condition, cash flows and prospects would be materially and adversely affected, including as a result of the fact that, in such case, an event of default or a mandatory prepayment obligation would arise under certain of our credit facilities and result in the cancelation of committed amounts as well as a requirement to prepay the credit facilities in relation to such indebtedness in full. Furthermore, under the terms of the Studio City Notes and the Melco Resorts Finance Notes, we would also be required to offer to repurchase the Studio City Notes and the Melco Resorts Finance Notes at a price equal to 100% of their principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest and, if any, additional amounts and other amounts specified under such indebtedness to the date of repurchase. We may not have sufficient funds to make such payments or be able to refinance such indebtedness or obtain additional debt to satisfy these obligations on acceptable terms, or at all. See also “— We may not be able to generate sufficient cash flow to meet our debt service obligations.” Studio City International may be unable to remain in compliance with the New York Stock Exchange requirements for its continued listing and as a result the SC ADSs may be delisted from trading on the New York Stock Exchange, which could have a material effect on us and the liquidity of the SC ADSs and its Class A ordinary shares. Our subsidiary, Studio City International, completed the Studio City IPO in 2018 and its SC ADSs have been listed on the New York Stock Exchange since then. Studio City International has previously received notice from the New York Stock Exchange that it was not in compliance with certain provisions of the New York Stock Exchange Listed Company Manual or the NYSE Manual, including the requirement that the number of total shareholders of Studio City International’s capital stock be no less than 400 shareholders and the number of total shareholders of Studio City International’s capital stock to be no less than 1,200 shareholders if the average monthly volume of its ADSs is less than 100,000 for the most recent 12 months. Studio City International subsequently submitted a business plan to the New York Stock Exchange, which was accepted by the New York Stock Exchange. The New York Stock Exchange subsequently notified Studio City International that it had regained compliance with the applicable continued listing requirements. 66 Table of Contents We cannot assure you that Studio City International can or will continually adhere to all of the continued listing requirements of the New York Stock Exchange, including those required to maintain our listing on the New York Stock Exchange, or that the New York Stock Exchange will not take any other action in the course of monitoring its compliance with the continued listing requirements of the New York Stock Exchange. If Studio City International is delisted from the New York Stock Exchange, the SC ADSs or its ordinary shares may be eligible for trading on an over-the-counter market in the United States. In the event that Studio City International is not able to obtain a listing on another U.S. stock exchange or quotation service for its ADSs, it may be extremely difficult for holders of the SC ADSs and its shareholders to sell their SC ADSs or ordinary shares in Studio City International. Moreover, if the SC ADSs are delisted from the New York Stock Exchange but listed elsewhere, it will likely be on a market with less liquidity and more price volatility than experienced on the New York Stock Exchange. Holders of the SC ADSs and its shareholders may not be able to sell their SC ADSs or ordinary shares in Studio City International on any such substitute market in the quantities, at the times or at the prices that could potentially be available on a more liquid trading market. In addition, following a delisting from the New York Stock Exchange, as direct or indirect holders of 5% or more of Studio City International’s shares are subject to suitability and financial capacity reviews by the DICJ, any direct or indirect sales of SC ADSs or ordinary shares in Studio City International representing 5% or more of its outstanding share capital may require prior approval by the Macau government. Risks Relating to Our Financing and Indebtedness Our current, projected and potential future indebtedness could impair our financial condition, which could further exacerbate the risks associated with our significant leverage. We have incurred and expect to incur, based on current budgets and estimates, secured and unsecured long-term indebtedness. Our outstanding indebtedness as of December 31, 2025 includes: • HK$6.90 billion (equivalent to US$886.6 million) under the MN1 2020 Revolving Facilities; • HK$1.0 million (equivalent to US$0.1 million) under the MRM 2015 Credit Facilities; • HK$234.0 million (equivalent to US$30.1 million) under the SCC 2021 Credit Facilities; • HK$389.0 million (equivalent to US$50.0 million) under the SCC 2024 Revolving Facilities; • US$600.0 million from Melco Resorts Finance’s issuance of the 2027 MRF Senior Notes; • US$850.0 million from Melco Resorts Finance’s issuance of the 2028 MRF Senior Notes; • US$1.15 billion from Melco Resorts Finance’s issuance of the 2029 MRF Senior Notes; • US$750.0 million from Melco Resorts Finance’s issuance of the 2032 MRF Senior Notes; • US$500.0 million from Melco Resorts Finance’s issuance of the 2033 MRF Senior Notes; • US$500.0 million from Studio City Finance’s issuance of the 2028 SCF Senior Notes; • US$1.10 billion from Studio City Finance’s issuance of the 2029 SCF Senior Notes; and • US$350.0 million from Studio City Company’s issuance of the 2027 SCC Senior Secured Notes. We may incur further indebtedness to finance any future projects or phases of projects, or for general corporate purposes. Our significant indebtedness could have material consequences. For example, it could: • make it difficult for us to satisfy our debt obligations; 67 Table of Contents • increase our vulnerability to general adverse economic and industry conditions, including disruptions to global economic conditions; • impair our ability to obtain additional financing in the future for working capital needs, capital expenditures, acquisitions or general corporate purposes; • require us to dedicate a significant portion of our cash flow from operations to the payment of principal and interest on our debt, which would reduce the funds available to us for our operations or expansion of our existing operations; • limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and the industry in which we operate; • place us at a competitive disadvantage as compared to our competitors, to the extent that they are not as leveraged; • subject us to higher interest expenses in the event of increases in interest rates to the extent a portion of our indebtedness bears interest at variable rates; • cause us to incur additional expenses by hedging interest rate exposures of our indebtedness and exposure to hedging counterparty failures to pay under such hedging arrangements, which would reduce the funds available to us to fund our operations; and • in the event we or one of our subsidiaries were to default, result in the loss of all or a substantial portion of our and/or our subsidiaries’ assets over which our creditors have taken or will take security. Any of the above or other consequences or events could have a material adverse effect on our ability to satisfy our other obligations. We may require additional financing to complete our investment projects or in our business operations, which may not be available on satisfactory terms or at all. We have funded our capital investment projects through, among others, cash generated from our operations, credit facilities, issuance of debt securities and equity financings. For example, we used such capital resources to fund the development of the remaining land for our Studio City development project, and we may require additional financing in the future for our capital investment projects, which we may raise through debt or equity financing. In connection with the Concession Contract, Melco Resorts Macau committed to an overall investment of MOP11,823.7 million (equivalent to approximately US$1.48 billion) and incremental additional non-gaming investment in the amount of approximately 20% of its initial non-gaming investment, or MOP2,003.0 million (equivalent to approximately US$249.9 million), in the event Macau’s annual gross gaming revenue reaches MOP180.0 billion (equivalent to approximately US$22.46 billion) (“Incremental Investment Trigger”). As Macau’s annual gross gaming revenue exceeded MOP180.0 billion (equivalent to approximately US$22.46 billion) in 2023, the Incremental Investment Trigger was triggered in 2023, thereby increasing Melco Resorts Macau’s non-gaming investment by MOP2,003.0 million (equivalent to approximately US$249.9 million), with the overall investment amount increased to MOP13,826.7 million (equivalent to approximately US$1.73 billion) to be carried out by December 2032. As of December 31, 2025, the total investment in gaming and non-gaming related projects carried out was in the aggregate amount of MOP5,724.2 million (equivalent to approximately US$714.2 million). We may also require additional financing in the future to fund our business operations. We may be required to obtain approval from, or consent of, or notify relevant government authorities or third parties in order to enter into such financings. There are no assurances that we would be able to obtain any required approval or consent from the relevant government authorities or third parties with respect to such financing in a timely manner or at all. Any financing related to the above may also be subject to, among others, the terms of credit facilities, the Melco Resorts Finance Notes and the Studio City Notes and any future financings. In addition, our ability to 68 Table of Contents obtain debt or equity financing on acceptable terms depends on a variety of factors that are beyond our control, including market conditions, investors’ and lenders’ perceptions of, and demand for, debt and equity securities of gaming companies and interest rates. Although many economies have started reducing interest rates, the direction of global policies remain uncertain Since 2022, continued stress in China’s property sector and a weaker, uneven post-pandemic economic recovery have weighed on risk sentiment towards China-linked U.S. dollar high-yield credit more broadly. This has at times contributed to wider spreads and weaker secondary-market performance for high-yield bonds of issuers in other sectors connected with China, including those issued by Macau gaming operators and associated entities. As a result, we cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain sufficient financing on terms satisfactory to us, or at all, to finance our capital investment projects. If we are unable to obtain such funding, our business, cash flow, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be materially and adversely affected. We may, from time to time, seek to obtain new financings or refinance our outstanding debt through international markets. Any such financing or refinancing, and our evaluation thereof, will depend on the prevailing market conditions, our liquidity requirements, contractual restrictions and other factors. The amounts involved may be material. See “Item 3. Key Information — D. Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Operating in the Gaming Industry in Macau — Our business and operations in Macau are dependent upon our concession and, if we fail to comply with the complex legal and regulatory regime in Macau, our concession may be subject to revocation,” “Item 3. Key Information — D. Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Our Financing and Indebtedness — Any inability to maintain current financing or obtain future financing could result in delays in our project development schedule and could impact our ability to comply with the terms of the Concession Contract and generate revenues from operations at our present and future projects” and “Item 4. Information on the Company — B. Business Overview — Regulations — Gaming Licenses — The Concession Contract in Macau.” We may not be able to generate sufficient cash flow to meet our debt service obligations. Our ability to make scheduled payments due on our existing and anticipated indebtedness obligations, including our credit facilities, the Melco Resorts Finance Notes and Studio City Notes, to refinance and to fund working capital needs, planned capital expenditures and development efforts will depend on our ability to generate cash. We must generate sufficient operating cash flow from our projects to service our current and future projected indebtedness. Our ability to obtain cash to service our existing and projected debt is subject to a range of economic, financial, competitive, legislative, regulatory, business and other factors, many of which are beyond our control, including: • our future operating performance; • the demand for services that we provide; • general economic conditions and economic conditions affecting China, the Philippines, Cyprus or the gaming industry in particular, including market conditions such as increases in inflation and other global economic, political and social conditions; • our ability to hire and retain employees and management at a reasonable cost; • competition; and • legislative and regulatory factors affecting our operations and business. We may not be able to generate sufficient cash flow from operations to satisfy our existing and projected indebtedness obligations or our other liquidity needs, in which case we may have to seek additional borrowings or undertake alternative financing plans, such as refinancing or restructuring our indebtedness, selling assets, reducing or delaying capital investments or seek to raise additional capital on terms that may be onerous or highly dilutive, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our operations. Our ability to incur additional borrowings or refinance our indebtedness, including our credit facilities, the Melco Resorts Finance Notes and Studio City Notes, will depend on the condition of the financing and capital 69 Table of Contents markets, our financial condition at such time and potentially governmental approval. We cannot assure you that any additional borrowing, refinancing or restructuring would be possible or that any assets could be sold or, if sold, the timing of any sale or the amount of proceeds that would be realized from any such sale. We cannot assure you that additional financing could be obtained on acceptable terms, if at all, or would be permitted under the terms of our various debt instruments then in effect, including the indentures governing the Melco Resorts Finance Notes and Studio City Notes. In addition, any failure to make scheduled payments of interest or principal on our outstanding indebtedness would likely result in a reduction of our credit rating and constitute an event of default, which would harm our ability to incur additional indebtedness on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Our failure to generate sufficient cash flow to satisfy our existing and projected indebtedness obligations or other liquidity needs, or to refinance our obligations on commercially acceptable terms or at all, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. The agreements governing our credit facilities and debt instruments contain certain covenants that restrict our ability to engage in certain transactions and may impair our ability to respond to changing business and economic conditions or otherwise take actions that may be in our best interests. The agreements governing our credit facilities and debt instruments contain restrictions on our ability to engage in certain transactions and may limit our ability to respond to changing business and economic conditions, including regulatory changes, or otherwise take actions that may be in our best interests. Certain of these agreements have restrictions that include, among other things, limitations on our ability and the ability of our restricted subsidiaries or other members of our obligor group to do some or all of the following: • pay dividends or distributions or repurchase equity; • make loans, payments on certain indebtedness, distributions and other restricted payments or apply revenues earned in one part of our operations to fund development costs or cover operating losses in another part of our operations; • incur additional debt, including guarantees; • make certain investments; • create liens on assets to secure debt; • enter into transactions with affiliates; • issue shares of subsidiaries; • enter into sale-leaseback transactions; • engage in other businesses; • merge or consolidate with another company; • undergo a change of control; • transfer, sell or otherwise dispose of assets; • issue disqualified stock; • create dividend and other payment restrictions affecting subsidiaries; • designate restricted and unrestricted subsidiaries; and • vary Melco Resorts Macau’s Concession Contract or Melco Resorts Macau’s and certain of its subsidiaries’ land concessions and certain other contracts. 70 Table of Contents Certain of our credit facilities and debt instruments also require us to satisfy various financial covenants, which include requirements for minimum interest coverage ratio and leverage ratios. For more information on financial covenants we are subject to under our credit facilities and debt instruments, see note 10 to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report. Future indebtedness or other agreements may contain covenants more restrictive than those contained in our existing credit facilities and debt instruments. In addition, we may also rely on waivers given by lenders in respect of certain terms and covenants under the facilities from time to time. For example, on August 16, 2022, MCO Nominee One received confirmation that the majority of lenders of the MN1 2020 Revolving Facilities have consented and agreed to a waiver extension of certain financial condition covenants contained in the facility agreement under the MN1 2020 Revolving Facilities such as (i) to meet or exceed the interest cover ratio, (ii) not to exceed the senior leverage ratio, and (iii) not to exceed the total leverage ratio. MCO Nominee One paid a customary fee to all consenting lenders in relation to such consent. There is no assurance that we will be successful in any future attempts to obtain consents or waivers of terms and conditions under any of the facilities from any lender on terms that are acceptable to us or at all. In addition, certain of our indebtedness is secured by mortgages, assignment of land use rights, leases or equivalents, security over shares, charges over bank accounts, security over assets and other customary security over the assets of our Macau subsidiaries. In the event of a default under such agreements governing our existing indebtedness, the holders of such secured indebtedness would first be entitled to payment from their collateral security, and only then would holders of our Macau subsidiaries’ unsecured debt be entitled to payment from their remaining assets. Our ability to comply with the terms of our outstanding credit facilities and debt instruments may be affected by general economic conditions, industry conditions and other events outside of our control. As a result, we may not be able to maintain compliance with these covenants. In addition, if our properties’ operations fail to generate adequate cash flow, we may breach these covenants, causing a default under our agreements, upon which creditors could terminate their commitments to lend to us, accelerate repayment of the debt and declare all amounts borrowed due and payable or terminate the agreements, as the case may be. Furthermore, our credit facilities and debt instruments contain cross-acceleration or cross-default provisions, as a result of which our default under one facility or instrument may cause the acceleration of repayment of debt or result in a default under our other facilities or instruments. If any of these events occur, we cannot assure you that our assets and cash flow would be sufficient to repay in full all of our indebtedness, or that we would be able to find alternative financing. Even if we do obtain alternative financing, we cannot assure you that it would be on terms that are favorable or acceptable to us. Drawdown or rollover of advances under our credit facilities involve satisfaction of extensive conditions precedent and our failure to satisfy such conditions precedent will result in our inability to utilize or roll over loan advances under such facilities. There is no assurance that we will be able to satisfy all conditions precedent under our current or future credit facilities. Our current and future credit facilities, including the MRM 2015 Credit Facilities, the MN1 2020 Revolving Facilities, the SCC 2021 Credit Facilities and the SCC 2024 Revolving Facilities, require and will require satisfaction of extensive conditions precedent prior to the advance or rollover of loans under such facilities. If there is a breach of any terms or conditions of our credit facilities or other obligations and the breach is not cured or capable of being cured, or if we are unable to make certain representations, then such conditions precedent will not be satisfied. Our ability to satisfy such conditions precedent may also be affected by the actions of third parties and/or matters outside of our control, such as government consents and approvals and market conditions, and thus also result in our inability to satisfy any conditions precedent. We may also rely on waivers given by lenders to waive satisfaction of certain conditions precedent under the facilities from time to time. There is no assurance that we will be successful in any future attempts to obtain consents or waivers of terms and conditions under any of the facilities from any lender on terms that are acceptable to us or at all. The inability to draw down or roll over loan advances under any credit facility may result in a funding shortfall in our 71 Table of Contents operations and we may not be able to fulfill our obligations as planned. Such events may also result in an event of default under the respective credit facility and may also trigger cross-defaults under our other indebtedness obligations. There can be no assurance that all conditions precedent to draw down or roll over loan advances under our credit facilities will be satisfied in a timely manner or at all. If we are unable to draw down or roll over loan advances under any current or future facility, we may have to find a new group of lenders and negotiate new financing terms or consider other financing alternatives. If required, it is possible that new financing would not be available or would have to be procured on substantially less attractive terms, which could harm the economic viability of the relevant development project. The need to arrange such alternative financing would likely also delay the construction and/or operations of our future projects or existing properties, which would affect our cash flows, results of operations and financial condition. Any inability to maintain current financing or obtain future financing could result in delays in our project development schedule and could impact our ability to comply with the terms of the Concession Contract and generate revenues from operations at our present and future projects. If we are unable to maintain our current financing arrangements or obtain suitable financing for our operations and our current or future projects (including any acquisitions we may make), such failure could adversely impact our compliance with our Concession Contract, our existing operations, or cause delays in, or prevent completion of, the development of any current or future projects. In connection with the Concession Contract, Melco Resorts Macau committed to an overall investment of MOP11,823.7 million (equivalent to approximately US$1.48 billion) and incremental additional non-gaming investment in the amount of approximately 20% of its initial non-gaming investment, or MOP2,003.0 million (equivalent to approximately US$249.9 million), in the event Macau’s annual gross gaming revenue reaches MOP180.0 billion (equivalent to approximately US$22.46 billion). As Macau’s annual gross gaming revenue exceeded MOP180.0 billion (equivalent to approximately US$22.46 billion) in 2023, the Incremental Investment Trigger was triggered in 2023, thereby increasing Melco Resorts Macau’s non-gaming investment by MOP2,003.0 million (equivalent to approximately US$249.9 million), with the overall investment amount increased to MOP13,826.7 million (equivalent to approximately US$1.73 billion) to be carried out by December 2032. As of December 31, 2025, the total investment in gaming and non-gaming related projects carried out was in the aggregate amount of MOP5,724.2 million (equivalent to approximately US$714.2 million). Any inability to obtain suitable financing, if required, may cause us to fail to comply with the terms of our Concession Contract, the harshest penalty of which for any non-compliance that may be imposed on us is revocation of the Concession Contract. See “Item 3. Key Information — D. Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Operating in the Gaming Industry in Macau — Our business and operations in Macau are dependent upon our concession and, if we fail to comply with the complex legal and regulatory regime in Macau, our concession may be subject to revocation” and “Item 4. Information on the Company — B. Business Overview — Regulations — Gaming Licenses — The Concession Contract in Macau.” In addition, such failure may also limit our ability to operate and expand our business and may adversely impact our ability to generate revenue. Furthermore, the costs incurred by any new financing may be greater than anticipated due to unfavorable market conditions. Any such increase in funding costs may have a negative impact on our revenue and financial condition. Risks Relating to Our Shares and ADSs The trading price of our ADSs has been volatile since our ADSs began trading on Nasdaq and may be subject to fluctuations in the future, which could result in substantial losses to investors. The trading price of our ADSs has been and may continue to be subject to wide fluctuations. Our ADSs were first quoted on the Nasdaq Global Market beginning on December 19, 2006, and were upgraded to trade on the Nasdaq Global Select Market, or the Nasdaq, since January 2, 2009. During the period from December 19, 2006 to March 6, 2026, the trading prices of our ADSs ranged from US$2.27 to US$45.70 per ADS and the 72 Table of Contents closing sale price on March 6, 2026 was US$5.58 per ADS. The market price for our shares and ADSs may continue to be volatile and subject to wide fluctuations in response to factors, including the following: • international political tensions, including between China and the U.S., and policies and/or legislation which may be proposed and/or enacted in relation to such tensions; • developments in the Macau market, the Philippine market, the Cyprus market or other Asian or European gaming markets, including disruptions caused by widespread health epidemics or pandemics and the announcement or completion of major new projects by our competitors; • uncertainties or delays relating to the financing, completion and successful operation of our projects; • general economic, political or other factors that affect the region where our properties are located and/or the macroeconomic environment, including any global pandemics or other crises; • regulatory developments affecting us or our competitors; • actual or anticipated fluctuations in our quarterly operating results; • announcements of new investments, acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures or divestments by us or our competitors; • changes in performance and value of our investments; • changes in financial estimates by securities research analysts; • changes in the economic performance or market valuations of other gaming and leisure industry companies; • changes in our market share of the Macau, Philippine and/or Cyprus gaming markets; • detrimental adverse publicity about us, our properties or our industries; • addition or departure of our executive officers and key personnel; • fluctuations in the exchange rates between the U.S. dollar, H.K. dollar, Pataca, Renminbi, Euro, the Philippine peso and the Sri Lankan rupee; • release or expiration of lock-up or other transfer restrictions on our outstanding shares or ADSs; • sales or perceived sales of additional shares or ADSs or securities convertible or exchangeable or exercisable for shares or ADSs; • potential litigation or regulatory investigations; and • rumors related to any of the above, irrespective of their veracity. In addition, the securities market has from time to time experienced significant price and volume fluctuations that are not related to the operating performance of particular companies. For example, in connection with COVID-19 outbreaks, securities markets across the globe have experienced significant volatility. These market fluctuations may also have a material adverse effect on the market price of our ADSs. In addition, we are a Cayman Islands holding company and not a mainland China operating company and investors may never directly hold equity interests in our operating subsidiaries. This organizational structure involves unique risks to investors, including the possibility of PRC or Macau regulatory authorities disallowing our organizational structure, which would likely result in a material change in our operations and/or value of our ADSs making them significantly decline or worthless. In the past, shareholders of public companies have often brought securities class action suits against those companies following periods of instability in the market price of their securities. If we were involved in a class action suit, it could divert a significant amount of our management’s attention and other resources from our business and operations and require us to incur significant expenses to defend the suit, which could harm our 73 Table of Contents results of operations. Any such class action suit, whether or not successful, could harm our reputation and restrict our ability to raise capital in the future. In addition, if a claim is successfully made against us, we may be required to pay significant damages, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, as a company listed on Nasdaq, we are subject to certain rules and requirements implemented by Nasdaq. The rules of Nasdaq impose various continued listing requirements. We cannot assure you that we can or will continually adhere to all of such requirements, including those required to maintain our listing on Nasdaq. Any failure to adhere to the applicable requirements could result in costs, penalties, administrative remedies or other consequences, any of which may result in a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, results of operations and financial condition. We cannot assure you that we will make dividend payments in the future. On May 14, 2020, we announced the suspension of the Company’s quarterly dividend program to preserve liquidity in light of COVID-19 outbreaks and to continue investing in our business. We cannot assure you that we will resume the Company’s quarterly dividend program or make any dividend payments on our shares in the future. Dividend payments will depend upon a number of factors, including the operating environment, our results of operations, earnings, capital requirements and surplus, general financial conditions, contractual restrictions and other factors considered relevant by our board. Except as permitted under the Companies Act (as amended) of the Cayman Islands, and the common law of the Cayman Islands, we are not permitted to distribute dividends unless we have a profit, realized or unrealized, or a reserve set aside from profits which our directors determine is no longer needed. Our ability, or the ability of our subsidiaries, to pay dividends is further subject to restrictive covenants contained in the MRM 2015 Credit Facilities, the MN1 2020 Revolving Facilities, the Studio City Notes, the SCC 2021 Credit Facilities, the SCC 2024 Revolving Facilities and other agreements governing indebtedness we and our subsidiaries may incur. Such restrictive covenants contained in the MRM 2015 Credit Facilities and the MN1 2020 Revolving Facilities include satisfaction of certain financial tests and conditions such as continued compliance with specified interest cover, cash cover and leverage ratios. The Studio City Notes, SCC 2021 Credit Facilities and SCC 2024 Revolving Facilities also contain certain covenants restricting payment of dividends by Studio City Finance and its subsidiaries, respectively. For more details, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects — B. Liquidity and Capital Resources — Indebtedness.” Substantial sales or perceived sales of our shares or ADSs in the public market could cause the price of our ADSs and shares to decline. Sales of our ADSs or shares in the public market, or the perception that these sales could occur, could cause the market price of our shares and ADSs to decline. There is no assurance that Melco International will not sell all or a part of its ownership interest in us. Any sale of their interest may be subject to volume and other restrictions, as applicable, under Rule 144 under the Securities Act of 1933, or the Securities Act. To the extent these or other shares are sold into the market, the market price of our shares and ADSs could decline. The ADSs represent interests in our shares. We would, subject to market forces, expect there to be a close correlation in the price of our ADSs and the price of the shares and any factors contributing to a decline in one market is likely to result to a similar decline in another. In addition, Melco International has the right to cause us to register the sale of their shares under the Securities Act, subject to the terms of the registration rights agreement. Registration of these shares under the Securities Act would result in these shares becoming eligible for deposit in exchange for freely tradable ADSs without restriction under the Securities Act immediately upon the effectiveness of the registration statement. Sales of these registered shares in the public market could cause the price of our share and ADSs to decline. Any decision by us to issue or raise further equity, which would result in dilution to existing shareholders, could cause the price of our ADSs and shares to decline. 74 Table of Contents If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or if they adversely change their recommendations regarding our ADSs, the market price for our ADSs and trading volume could decline. The trading market for our ADSs depends in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. If research analysts do not establish and maintain adequate research coverage or if one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrades our ADSs or publishes inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the market price for our ADSs would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our Company or fail to publish reports on us regularly, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which, in turn, could cause the market price or trading volume for our ADSs to decline. Techniques employed by short sellers may drive down the market price of our ADSs. Short selling is the practice of selling securities that the seller does not own but rather has borrowed from a third party with the intention of buying identical securities back at a later date to return to the lender. The short seller hopes to profit from a decline in the value of the securities between the sale of the borrowed securities and the purchase of the replacement shares, as the short seller expects to pay less in that purchase than it received in the sale. As it is in the short seller’s interest for the price of the security to decline, many short sellers publish, or arrange for the publication of, negative opinions regarding the relevant issuer and its business prospects in order to create negative market momentum and generate profits for themselves after selling a security short. These short attacks have, in the past, led to selling of shares in the market. Public companies that have substantially all of their operations in China have been the subject of short selling. Much of the scrutiny and negative publicity has centered on allegations of a lack of effective internal control over financial reporting resulting in financial and accounting irregularities and mistakes, inadequate corporate governance policies or a lack of adherence thereto and, in many cases, allegations of fraud. As a result, many of these companies are now conducting internal and external investigations into the allegations and, in the interim, are subject to shareholder lawsuits and/or SEC enforcement actions. It is not clear what effect such negative publicity could have on us. If we were to become the subject of any unfavorable allegations, whether such allegations are proven to be true or untrue, we could have to expend a significant amount of resources to investigate such allegations and/or defend ourselves. While we would strongly defend against any such short seller attacks, we may be constrained in the manner in which we can proceed against the relevant short seller by principles of freedom of speech, applicable law or issues of commercial confidentiality. Such a situation could be costly and time-consuming, and could distract our management from growing our business. Even if such allegations are ultimately proven to be groundless, allegations against us could severely impact our business operations, and any investment in our ADSs could be greatly reduced or even rendered worthless. Holders of ADSs have fewer rights than shareholders and must act through the depositary to exercise those rights. Holders of ADSs do not have the same rights of our shareholders and may only exercise the voting rights with respect to the underlying ordinary shares of the depositary and in accordance with the provisions of the deposit agreement. Advance notice of at least seven days is required for the convening of our annual general meeting and other shareholders meetings. When a general meeting is convened, you may not receive sufficient notice of a shareholders’ meeting to permit you to withdraw ordinary shares represented by your ADSs to allow you to cast your vote with respect to any specific matter. In addition, the depositary and its agents may not be able to send voting instructions to you or carry out your voting instructions in a timely manner. We will make all reasonable efforts to cause the depositary to extend voting rights to you in a timely manner, but we cannot assure you that you will receive the voting materials in time to ensure that you can instruct the depositary to vote your ADSs. The depositary and its agents will not be responsible for any failure to carry out any instructions to vote, 75 Table of Contents for the manner in which any vote is cast or for the effect of any such vote. As a result, you may not be able to exercise your right to vote and you may lack recourse if your ADSs are not voted as you requested. In addition, in your capacity as an ADS holder, you will not be able to convene a shareholder meeting. You may be subject to limitations on transfers of your ADSs. Your ADSs are transferable on the books of the depositary. However, the depositary may close its transfer books at any time or from time to time when it deems expedient in connection with the performance of its duties. In addition, the depositary may refuse to deliver, transfer or register transfers of ADSs generally when our books or the books of the depositary are closed, or at any time if we deem or the depositary deems it advisable to do so because of any requirement of law or of any government or governmental body, or under any provision of the deposit agreement, or for any other reason. Your right to participate in any future rights offerings may be limited, which may cause dilution to your holdings, and you may not receive cash dividends if it is unlawful or impractical to make them available to you. We may, from time to time, distribute rights to our shareholders, including rights to acquire our securities. However, we cannot make rights available to you in the United States unless we register the rights and the securities to which the rights relate under the Securities Act of 1933, or the Securities Act, or an exemption from the registration requirements is available. Also, under the deposit agreement, the depositary bank will not make rights available to you unless the distribution to ADS holders of both the rights and any related securities are either registered under the Securities Act, or exempted from registration under the Securities Act. We are under no obligation to file a registration statement with respect to any such rights or securities or to endeavor to cause such a registration statement to be declared effective. Moreover, we may not be able to establish an exemption from registration under the Securities Act. Accordingly, you may be unable to participate in our rights offerings and may experience dilution in your holdings. In addition, the depositary of our ADSs has agreed to pay to you the cash dividends or other distributions it or the custodian receives on our ordinary shares or other deposited securities after deducting its fees and expenses. You will receive these distributions in proportion to the number of ordinary shares your ADSs represent. However, the depositary may, at its discretion, decide that it is unlawful, inequitable or impractical to make a distribution available to any holders of ADSs. For example, the depositary may determine that it is not practicable to distribute certain property through the mail, or that the value of certain distributions may be less than the cost of mailing them. In these cases, the depositary may decide not to distribute such property and you will not receive such distribution. We are a Cayman Islands exempted company and, because judicial precedent regarding the rights of shareholders is more limited under Cayman Islands law than that under U.S. law, you may have less protection for your shareholder rights than you would under U.S. law. We are an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. Our corporate affairs are governed by our memorandum and articles of association, the Companies Act (as amended) of the Cayman Islands and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders to take action against the directors, actions by minority shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors to us under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as from the common law of England, the decisions of whose courts are of persuasive authority, but are not binding, on a court in the Cayman Islands (except for those decisions handed down from the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council to the extent that these have been appealed from the Cayman Islands courts). The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedent in some jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, the 76 Table of Contents Cayman Islands has a less developed body of securities laws than the United States. Some U.S. states, such as Delaware, have more fully developed and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law than the Cayman Islands. In addition, Cayman Islands companies may not have standing to initiate a shareholder derivative action in a federal court of the United States. Shareholders of Cayman Islands exempted companies like us have no general rights under Cayman Islands law to inspect corporate records (other than the memorandum and articles of association, a list of the current directors and the register of mortgages and charges) or to obtain copies of lists of shareholders of these companies. Our directors have discretion under our articles of association to determine whether or not, and under what conditions, our corporate records may be inspected by our shareholders, but are not obliged to make them available to our shareholders. This may make it more difficult for you to obtain the information needed to establish any facts necessary for a shareholder motion or to solicit proxies from other shareholders in connection with a proxy contest. As a result of all of the above, our public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by management, members of the board of directors or controlling shareholders than they would as shareholders of a U.S. public company. For a discussion of significant differences between the provisions of the Companies Act (as amended) of the Cayman Islands and the laws applicable to companies incorporated in the United States and their shareholders, see “Item 10. Additional Information — B. Memorandum and Articles of Association — Differences in Corporate Law.” You may have difficulty enforcing judgments obtained against us. We are a Cayman Islands exempted company and substantially all of our assets are located outside of the United States. All of our current operations, and administrative and corporate functions are conducted in Macau, Hong Kong, Singapore, the Philippines, Cyprus and Sri Lanka. In addition, substantially all of our directors and officers are nationals and residents of countries other than the United States. A substantial portion of the assets of these persons are located outside the United States. Due to the lack of reciprocity and treaties between the United States and some of these foreign jurisdictions, together with cost and time constraints, it may be difficult for you to effect service of process within the United States upon these persons. In particular, while none of our directors or officers spend a significant amount of time physically located in mainland China, all of our directors and officers, other than Ms. Galante, spend a significant amount of time physically located in Hong Kong and/or Macau, and it will be more difficult to enforce liabilities and enforce judgments on those individuals. It may also be difficult for you to enforce in the Cayman Islands, Macau, Hong Kong, Singapore, the Philippines, Cyprus or Sri Lanka courts judgments obtained in U.S. courts based on the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws against us and our officers and directors, most of whom are not residents in the United States and the substantial portion of whose assets are located outside of the United States. For instance, judgments of United States courts may not be directly enforced in Hong Kong. There are currently no treaties or other arrangements providing for reciprocal enforcement of foreign judgments between Hong Kong and the United States. However, the common law permits an action to be brought upon a foreign judgment. Similarly, the judgment of United States courts may not be directly enforced in Macau. There are currently no treaties or other arrangements providing for reciprocal enforcement of foreign judgments between Macau and the United States. However, Macau’s civil procedure law permits an action to be brought to the Macau Second Instance Court for the recognition of a judgment obtained in a foreign jurisdiction. However, a separate legal action for enforcement of the foreign judgment must be commenced in Macau in order to recover a debt from the judgment debtor, in case the debtor does not make voluntary payment of its debt upon recognition of the foreign judgment by the Courts in Macau. In addition, there is uncertainty as to whether the courts of the Cayman Islands, Macau, Hong Kong, Singapore, the Philippines, Cyprus or Sri Lanka would recognize or enforce judgments of U.S. courts against us 77 Table of Contents or such persons predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any state. In addition, it is uncertain whether such Cayman Islands, Macau, Hong Kong, Singapore, Philippines, Cyprus or Sri Lanka courts would be competent to hear original actions brought in the Cayman Islands, Macau, Hong Kong, Singapore, the Philippines, Cyprus or Sri Lanka against us or such persons predicated upon the securities laws of the United States or any state. We may be classified as a passive foreign investment company for U.S. federal income tax purposes, which could result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. Holders of our ADSs or ordinary shares. Based on the current market price of our ADSs and ordinary shares, and the composition of our income, assets and operations, we do not believe we were a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for our taxable year ended December 31, 2025. However, the application of the PFIC rules is subject to uncertainty in several respects, and we cannot assure you that we will not be a PFIC for any taxable year. A non-U.S. corporation will be a PFIC for any taxable year if either (i) at least 75% of its gross income for such year is “passive income” (as defined in the relevant provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended) or (ii) at least 50% of the value of its assets (generally based on a quarterly average) during such year is attributable to assets that produce passive income or are held for the production of passive income. For these purposes, cash and other assets readily convertible into cash are categorized as passive assets, and the company’s goodwill and other unbooked intangibles are generally taken into account. Passive income generally includes, among other things, rents, dividends, interest, royalties, gains from the disposition of passive assets and gains from commodities and securities transactions. For purposes of this test, we will be treated as owning a proportionate share of the assets and earning a proportionate share of the income of any other corporation of which we own, directly or indirectly, more than 25% (by value) of the stock. A separate determination must be made after the close of each taxable year as to whether we were a PFIC for that year. Because the value of our assets, including the value of our goodwill and unbooked intangibles, for purposes of the PFIC test will generally be determined by reference to the market price of our ADSs and ordinary shares, a significant decrease in the market price of the ADSs and ordinary shares may cause us to become a PFIC. In addition, changes in the composition of our income or assets may cause us to become a PFIC. If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder (as defined in “Item 10. Additional Information — E. Taxation — United States Federal Income Taxation”) holds an ADS or ordinary share, certain adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences could apply to such U.S. Holder. For example, such U.S. Holder may incur a significantly increased U.S. federal income tax liability on the receipt of certain distributions on our ADSs or ordinary shares or on any gain recognized from a sale or other disposition of our ADSs or ordinary shares, and will become subject to potentially burdensome reporting requirements. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisers regarding the application of these rules. See “Item 10. Additional Information — E. Taxation — United States Federal Income Taxation — Passive Foreign Investment Company.” Changes in tax law relating to multinational corporations could adversely affect our tax position. The member countries of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (“OECD”), with the support of the G20, initiated the base erosion and profit shifting (“BEPS”) project in 2013 in response to concerns that changes were needed to international tax laws. In November 2015, the G20 finance ministers adopted final BEPS reports designed to prevent, among other things, the artificial shifting of income to low-tax jurisdictions, and legislation to adopt and implement the standards set forth in such reports has been enacted or is currently under consideration in a number of jurisdictions. In May 2019, the OECD published a “Programme of Work,” which was divided into two pillars. Pillar One focused on the allocation of group profits among taxing jurisdictions based on a market-based concept rather than the historical “permanent establishment” concept. Global Anti-Base Erosion Model Rules (“Pillar Two”), among other things, introduced a global minimum tax. On October 10, 2021, 137 member jurisdictions of the G20/OECD Inclusive Framework on BEPS (including Israel) joined the “Statement on a Two-Pillar Solution to Address the Tax Challenges Arising from the 78 Table of Contents Digitalisation of the Economy” which sets forth the key terms of such two-pillar solution, including a reallocation of taxing rights among market jurisdictions under Pillar One and a global minimum tax rate of 15% under Pillar Two. On December 20, 2021, the OECD published model rules to implement the Pillar Two rules and released commentary to the Pillar Two model rules in March 2022 and published administrative guidance in 2023, 2024 and 2025. The model rules and commentary allow the OECD’s Inclusive Framework of over 140 members to begin implementing the Pillar Two rules in accordance with the agreement reached in October 2021. Pillar Two has been enacted in certain jurisdictions where we operate and the timing and ultimate impact of additional enactments and implementation on our tax obligations is uncertain. These changes, when enacted, by various countries in which we do business may increase our taxes in these countries in the future. The foregoing tax changes and other possible future tax changes may have an adverse impact on us, our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flow. 79 Table of Contents