Our Holding Company Structure and Contractual Arrangements with the VIEs 17 Education & Technology Group Inc. is not an operating company in mainland China but a Cayman Islands holding company with no equity ownership in the VIEs. We conduct our business in mainland China through (i) our mainland China subsidiaries, (ii) the VIEs with which we have maintained contractual arrangements, and (iii) the subsidiaries of the VIEs. Laws and regulations of mainland China restrict and impose conditions on foreign investment in value-added telecommunications services and certain other businesses. Accordingly, we operate these businesses in mainland China through the VIEs, and rely on contractual arrangements among our WFOEs, the VIEs and their respective shareholders to control the business operations of the VIEs and their subsidiaries. This structure involves unique risks to investors. Investors in our ADSs are not purchasing equity interest in the VIEs in mainland China, but are instead purchasing equity interest in a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands. The VIE structure is used to provide investors with exposure to foreign investment in China-based companies where Chinese law prohibits direct foreign investment in the operating companies. If the PRC government determines that the contractual arrangements constituting part of the VIE structure do not comply with PRC laws and regulations, or if these laws and regulations change or are interpreted differently in the future, we could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in those operations. The PRC regulatory authorities could disallow the VIE structure, which would likely result in a material adverse change in our operations, and our ADSs may decline significantly in value or become worthless. Revenues contributed by the VIEs and their subsidiaries accounted for 98.3%, 98.5% and 97.9% of our total revenues for 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. As used in this annual report, “we,” “us,” “our company” and “our” refers to 17 Education & Technology Group Inc., our Cayman Islands holding company and its subsidiaries, and, in the context of describing our operations and consolidated financial information, the VIEs and the subsidiaries of the VIEs. A series of contractual agreements, including proxy agreements and powers of attorney, equity interest pledge agreements, exclusive management services and business cooperation agreements, and exclusive call option agreements, have been entered into by and among our WFOEs, the VIEs and their respective shareholders. Terms contained in each set of contractual arrangements with the VIEs and their respective shareholders are substantially similar. As a result of the contractual arrangements, we have the power to direct the activities of the VIEs that most significantly affect the economic performances of the VIEs and are entitled to receive the economic benefits of the VIEs that could potentially be significant to the VIEs. Therefore, we have determined that we are the primary beneficiary of the VIEs for accounting purposes in accordance with ASC 810, Consolidations under U.S. GAAP, and have consolidated the VIEs’ results of operations, assets and liabilities in our consolidated financial statements for all the periods presented. Neither we nor our investors have an equity ownership in, direct foreign investment in, or control through such ownership or investment of, the VIEs, and the contractual arrangements are not equivalent to an equity ownership in the business of the VIEs. The entity in which investors own or can purchase their interest is 17 Education & Technology Group Inc., our Cayman Island holding company, whereas the entities in which we conduct our operations include (i) our mainland China subsidiaries, (ii) the VIEs with which we have maintained contractual arrangements, and (iii) the subsidiaries of the VIEs. For more details of these contractual arrangements, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Organizational Structure.” The following diagram illustrates our corporate structure, including our principal subsidiaries and other entities that are material to our business, as of the date of this annual report: 3 Notes: (1)Shareholders of Shanghai Hexu and their respective shareholdings in Shanghai Hexu and relationship with our company are (i) Mr. Andy Chang Liu (99.0%), our founder, chairman and chief executive officer; and (ii) Mr. Zhan Xie (1.0%), a relative of Mr. Andy Chang Liu. (2)Shareholders of Beijing Yiqi Information and their respective shareholdings in Beijing Yiqi Information are (i) Mr. Andy Chang Liu (99.0%), and (ii) Mr. Zhan Xie (1.0%). (3)Shareholders of Beijing Qili and their respective shareholdings in Beijing Qili are (i) Mr. Andy Chang Liu (99.0%), and (ii) Mr. Zhan Xie (1.0%). (4)Shareholders of Guangzhou Qili and their respective shareholdings in Guangzhou Qili are (i) Mr. Andy Chang Liu (99.0%), and (ii) Mr. Zhan Xie (1.0%). (5)Shareholders of Beijing Yiqi Development and their respective shareholdings in Beijing Yiqi Development are (i) Mr. Andy Chang Liu (99.0%), and (ii) Mr. Zhan Xie (1.0%). The following is a summary of the currently effective contractual arrangements among our WFOEs, the VIEs and their respective shareholders: (i)a series of powers of attorney, pursuant to which, the shareholders of the VIEs irrevocably authorized our WFOEs, or any person designated by our WFOEs, to act as their attorney-in-fact to exercise all of their rights as the shareholders of the VIEs. 4 (ii)a series of equity interest pledge agreements, pursuant to which, the shareholders of the VIEs have pledged 100% equity interests in the VIEs to our WFOEs to guarantee performance by the VIEs and the shareholders of the VIEs, as applicable, of their obligations under the powers of attorney, the exclusive management services and business cooperation agreements and the exclusive call option agreements. (iii)a series of exclusive management services and business cooperation agreements, pursuant to which, our WFOEs have the exclusive right to provide the VIEs with operational supports as well as consulting and technical services required by the VIEs’ business. Without our WFOEs’ prior written consent, the VIEs may not accept the same or similar operational supports as well as consulting and technical services provided by any third party during the term of the agreements. Further, pursuant to such exclusive management services and business cooperation agreements, other than the exclusive management services and business cooperation agreement among Shanghai WFOE, Shanghai Hexu and certain subsidiaries of Shanghai Hexu, the VIEs irrevocably granted the WFOEs an exclusive option to purchase all or part of their assets. (iv)a series of exclusive call option agreements, pursuant to which, the shareholders of the VIEs irrevocably granted our WFOEs an exclusive option to purchase all or part of their equity interests in the VIEs; and pursuant to the exclusive call option agreement among Shanghai WFOE, Shanghai Hexu and Shanghai Hexu’s shareholders, Shanghai Hexu irrevocably granted Shanghai WFOE an exclusive option to purchase all or part of its assets. (v)a series of spousal consent letters, whereby the spouses of the shareholders of the VIEs agreed that the equity interests in the VIEs held by and registered under the name of the respective shareholders will be disposed pursuant to the contractual agreements with our WFOEs and they agreed not to assert any rights over the equity interest in the VIEs. For more details of these contractual agreements, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Organizational Structure—Contractual Arrangements with the VIEs and Their Respective Shareholders.” However, the contractual arrangements may not be as effective as direct ownership in providing us with control over the VIEs. The shareholders of the VIEs may have potential conflicts of interest with us. We may incur substantial costs to enforce the terms of the arrangements. If the VIEs or the shareholders of the VIEs fail to perform their respective obligations under the contractual arrangements, our ability to enforce the contractual arrangements could be limited. In addition, these agreements have not been tested in mainland China courts. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—We rely on contractual arrangements with the VIEs and their shareholders for our business operations, which may not be as effective as direct ownership.” and “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—The shareholders of the VIEs may have actual or potential conflicts of interest with us, which may materially and adversely affect our business and financial condition.” There are also substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of current and future laws, regulations and rules of mainland China regarding the status of the rights of our Cayman Islands holding company with respect to its contractual arrangements with the VIEs and their respective shareholders. It is uncertain whether any new laws or regulations of mainland China relating to VIE structures will be adopted or if adopted, what they would provide. If we or the VIEs are found to be in violation of any existing or future laws or regulations of mainland China, or fail to obtain or maintain any of the required permits or approvals, the relevant Chinese regulatory authorities would have broad discretion to take action in dealing with such violations or failures. If the Chinese government deems that our contractual arrangements with the VIEs do not comply with regulatory restrictions of mainland China on foreign investment in the relevant industries, or if these regulations or the interpretation of existing regulations change or are interpreted differently in the future, we could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in those operations. Our holding company, our mainland China subsidiaries, the VIEs, and investors of our company face uncertainty about potential future actions by the Chinese government that could affect the enforceability of the contractual arrangements with the VIEs and, consequently, significantly affect the financial performance of the VIEs and our company as a whole. As of the date of this annual report, these agreements have not been tested in a court of law. A significant amount of our assets, including the necessary licenses to conduct business in mainland China, are held by the VIEs and their subsidiaries. Substantially all of our revenues are generated by the VIEs and their subsidiaries. Our ADSs may decline in value or become worthless if we are unable to assert our contractual rights over the VIEs. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—If the PRC government finds that the agreements that establish the structure for operating certain of our operations in mainland China do not 5 comply with regulations of mainland China relating to the relevant industries, or if these regulations or the interpretation of existing regulations change in the future, we could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in those operations.” Other Risks Related to Our PRC Operations We face various risks and uncertainties related to doing business in mainland China. Our business operations are primarily conducted in mainland China through the VIEs and their subsidiaries, and we are subject to complex and evolving laws and regulations of mainland China. For example, we face risks associated with regulatory approvals on offshore offerings, anti-monopoly regulatory actions, and oversight on cybersecurity and data privacy. These risks could result in a material adverse change in our operations and the value of our ADSs, significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to continue to offer securities to investors, or cause the value of such securities to significantly decline. With respect to the legal risks associated with being based in and having operations in mainland China, the laws, regulations and the discretion of Chinese governmental authorities discussed in this annual report are expected to apply to mainland China entities and businesses, rather than entities or businesses in Hong Kong, which operate under a different set of laws from mainland China. There are relevant laws and regulations in Hong Kong regarding data protection, such as the Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance and the Unsolicited Electronic Messages Ordinance which impose protocols and obligations regarding the handling of personal data including that, among other things, (i) personal data shall be collected for a lawful purpose, necessary and not excessive, (ii) personal data shall be collected by means that are lawful and fair in the circumstances of the case, (iii) the person from whom personal data is collected is informed of the purpose of collecting the data, and (iv) personal data shall not be used for any new purpose which is not or is unrelated to the original purpose when collecting the data, unless with the data subject’s express and voluntary consent. As of the date of this annual report, although certain of our subsidiaries are holding companies located in Hong Kong, we do not conduct external business operations or engage in revenue-generating activities with external third parties in Hong Kong. Any services provided by such Hong Kong subsidiaries are limited to internal support services rendered to other entities within our Group. Therefore, regulatory actions related to data protection or anti-monopoly concerns in Hong Kong do not have a material impact on our ability to conduct business, accept foreign investment in the future or continue to list on a United States stock exchange. However, if we conduct business operations and access bulk data in Hong Kong in the future, we may be required to incur additional cost to ensure our compliance with such laws and regulations, and any violation could result in a material adverse impact on our ability to conduct business, accept foreign investment or continue to list on a United States stock exchange. For a detailed description of risks related to doing business in China, please refer to risks disclosed under “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China.” PRC government’s significant authority in regulating our operations and its oversight and control over offerings conducted overseas by, and foreign investment in, China-based issuers could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors. Implementation of industry-wide regulations, including data security or anti-monopoly related regulations, in this nature may cause the value of such securities to significantly decline. For more details, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—The PRC government’s significant oversight over our business operations could result in a material adverse change in our operations and the value of our ADSs.” Risks and uncertainties arising from the legal system in mainland China, including risks and uncertainties regarding the enforcement of laws and quickly evolving rules and regulations in mainland China, could result in a material adverse change in our operations and the value of our ADSs. For more details, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Evolution of the mainland China legal system could adversely affect us.” Permissions Required from Chinese Authorities for Our Operations Our operations in mainland China are governed by laws and regulations of mainland China. Based on the advice of our PRC legal counsel, Tian Yuan Law Firm, we believe that, as of the date of this annual report, except for issues with respect to the filings associated with our mobile apps, the Publishing License, the License for Online Transmission of Audio-Visual Programs, the private school operating permit, the Online Publishing Service Permit and the security assessment and algorithm filing related to AI services, our mainland China subsidiaries and the VIEs have obtained all the permissions and approvals from the relevant Chinese government authorities that are necessary for the business operations of our holding company and the VIEs in mainland China, namely, the Value-added Telecommunications Business Operating License and the Publication Operation License. For issues with respect to the filings associated with our mobile apps, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—Uncertainties exist in relation to the interpretation 6 and implementation of, and proposed changes to, the PRC regulatory requirements regarding in-school educational solutions and after-school educational products and services, which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.” For issues with respect to the Publishing License, the License for Online Transmission of Audio-Visual Programs, the private school operating permit, and the Online Publishing Service Permit, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—We face uncertainties with respect to the development of regulatory requirements on operating licenses and permits for our online education services in mainland China. Failure to renew and maintain requested licenses or permits in a timely manner or obtain newly required ones due to adverse changes in regulations or policies could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.” For issues with respect to the security assessment and algorithm filing related to AI services, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—The artificial intelligence industry is subject to evolving and extensive regulations. The adoption and use of artificial intelligence in our product offerings may subject us to potential infringement claims and increase our regulatory compliance costs.” Given the uncertainties of interpretation and implementation of relevant laws and regulations and the enforcement practice by relevant government authorities, we may be required to obtain additional licenses, permits, filings or approvals for the functions and services of our platform in the future. Furthermore, recent legal developments in mainland China have created compliance uncertainty regarding issuances of securities to foreign investors. Chinese governmental authorities have recently promulgated laws, regulations and regulatory rules of mainland China, relating to cybersecurity review and overseas listing. In connection with our historical issuance of securities to foreign investors, under current laws, regulations and regulatory rules of mainland China, as of the date of this annual report, we, our mainland China subsidiaries and the VIEs, (i) have not been required to obtain permissions from the China Securities Regulatory Commission, or the CSRC, (ii) have not been required to go through cybersecurity review by the Cyberspace Administration of China, and (iii) have not been required to obtain or were denied any requisite permissions by any Chinese authority. However, the PRC government has recently indicated an intent to exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas by, and foreign investment in, China-based issuers, such that we may be required to complete filing with or obtain permissions from the relevant Chinese authorities in connection with any future overseas capital raising activities. Any such action could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to conduct future offerings of securities to investors and accept foreign investments. Based on the consultation with competent government authorities, under the currently effective laws and regulations in mainland China, as a company that has been listed on the Nasdaq Stock Market before the promulgation of the Revised Cybersecurity Review Measures, we, our subsidiaries and the VIEs are not required to go through a cybersecurity review by the Cyberspace Administration of China to conduct a security offering or maintain our listing status on the Nasdaq Stock Market. According to the press conference held by CSRC for the release of the Overseas Listing Trial Measures, as our ADSs have been listed on the Nasdaq Stock Market prior to March 31, 2023, the effective date of the Overseas Listing Trial Measures, we will be deemed as an “existing issuer” and are not required to complete the filing procedures with the CSRC for our historical issuance of securities to foreign investors. However, we will be required to complete the filing procedures with the CSRC for our overseas offering of equity and equity linked securities in the future within the applicable scope of the Overseas Listing Trial Measures. We cannot assure you that we would be able to comply with such regulatory guidance or any other new requirements relating to any of our potential future overseas capital raising activities. Any failure to obtain or delay in obtaining such approval or completing such procedures would subject us to sanctions by the CSRC, the Cyberspace Administration of China or other Chinese regulatory authorities. These regulatory authorities may impose fines and penalties on our mainland China subsidiaries or the VIEs or take other actions that could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects, as well as the trading price of our ADSs. If we, our mainland China subsidiaries and the VIEs (i) do not receive or maintain any necessary permissions or approvals from PRC authorities to operate business or offer securities, (ii) inadvertently conclude that such permissions or approvals are not required, or (iii) if applicable laws, regulations, or interpretations change and we are required to obtain such permissions or approvals in the future, we cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain the necessary permissions or approvals in a timely manner, or at all, and such approvals may be rescinded even if obtained. Any such circumstance could subject us to penalties, including fines, suspension of business and revocation of required licenses, significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to continue to offer securities to investors, and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or become worthless. For more information, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—Uncertainties exist in relation to the interpretation and implementation of, and proposed changes to, the PRC regulatory requirements regarding in-school educational solutions and after-school educational products and 7 services, which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations,” “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—We face uncertainties with respect to the development of regulatory requirements on operating licenses and permits for our online education services in mainland China. Failure to renew and maintain requested licenses or permits in a timely manner or obtain newly required ones due to adverse changes in regulations or policies could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations,” “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—We are subject to a variety of laws and other obligations regarding data protection. Many of these laws and regulations are subject to change and uncertain interpretation, and any actual or alleged failure to comply with applicable laws and obligations could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations” and “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—The approval and/or other requirements of the CSRC or other Chinese governmental authorities may be required in connection with an offering under rules, regulations or policies of mainland China, and, if required, we cannot predict whether or how soon we will be able to obtain such approval or complete such other requirements.” Any actions by the government to exert more oversight and regulation over offerings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investment could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless. The Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act Pursuant to the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, or the HFCAA, as amended by the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, if the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, determines that we have filed audit reports issued by a registered public accounting firm that has not been subject to inspections by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, or the PCAOB, for two consecutive years, the SEC will prohibit our shares or the ADSs from being traded on a national securities exchange or in the over-the-counter trading market in the United States. On December 29, 2022, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, was signed into law, which (i) reduced the number of consecutive non-inspection years required for triggering the trading prohibition under HFCAA from three years to two, and (ii) clarified that the PCAOB may determine that it is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms in certain jurisdictions because of positions taken by any foreign authority, not only an authority in the location in which the firms are headquartered or in which they have a branch or office. On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued a report to notify the SEC of its determination that the PCAOB was unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong, including our auditor. In May 2022, the SEC conclusively listed us as a Commission-Identified Issuer under the HFCAA following the filing of our annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021. On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB issued a report that vacated its December 16, 2021 determination and removed mainland China and Hong Kong from the list of jurisdictions where it is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms. For this reason, we were not identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer under the HFCAA after we filed our annual reports on Form 20-F for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024, and do not expect to be so identified after we file this annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025. Each year, the PCAOB will determine whether it can inspect and investigate completely audit firms in mainland China and Hong Kong, among other jurisdictions. If the PCAOB determines in the future that it no longer has full access to inspect and investigate completely accounting firms in mainland China and Hong Kong and we use an accounting firm headquartered in one of these jurisdictions to issue an audit report on our financial statements filed with the SEC, we would be identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer following the filing of the annual report on Form 20-F for the relevant fiscal year. There can be no assurance that we would not be identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer for any future fiscal year, and if we were so identified for two consecutive years, we would become subject to the prohibition on trading under the HFCAA. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—The PCAOB had historically been unable to inspect our auditor in relation to their audit work performed for our financial statements and the inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of our auditor in the past has deprived our investors with the benefits of such inspections.” and “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Our ADSs may be prohibited from trading in the United States under the HFCAA in the future if the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely auditors located in China. The delisting of the ADSs, or the threat of their being delisted, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment.” 8 Cash Flows through Our Organization 17 Education & Technology Group Inc. is a holding company with no operations of its own. We conduct our business in mainland China through our subsidiaries and the VIEs in mainland China. As a result, although other means are available for us to obtain financing at the holding company level, 17 Education & Technology Group Inc.’s ability to pay dividends to the shareholders and to service any debt it may incur may depend upon dividends paid by our mainland China subsidiaries and service fees paid by the VIEs. If any of our subsidiaries incurs debt on its own behalf in the future, the instruments governing such debt may restrict its ability to pay dividends to 17 Education & Technology Group Inc. In addition, our mainland subsidiaries are permitted to pay dividends to 17 Education & Technology Group Inc. only out of their retained earnings, if any, as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. Further, our mainland China subsidiaries and VIEs are required to make appropriations to certain statutory reserve funds or may make appropriations to certain discretionary funds, which are not distributable as cash dividends except in the event of a solvent liquidation of the companies. For more details, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—B. Liquidity and Capital Resources—Holding Company Structure.” Under PRC laws and regulations, our mainland China subsidiaries and VIEs are subject to certain restrictions with respect to paying dividends or otherwise transferring any of their net assets to us. Remittance of dividends by a wholly foreign-owned enterprise out of mainland China is also subject to examination by the banks designated by the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or the SAFE. The amounts restricted include the paid-in capital and the statutory reserve funds of our mainland China subsidiaries and the VIEs in which we have no legal ownership, totaling RMB4,289.3 million, RMB4,448.7 million and RMB4,521.1 million (US$646.5 million) as of December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. Furthermore, cash transfers from our mainland China subsidiaries and the VIEs to entities outside of mainland China are subject to PRC government controls on currency conversion. To the extent cash in our business is in mainland China or a mainland China entity, such cash may not be available to fund operations or for other use outside of mainland China due to restrictions and limitations imposed by the governmental authorities on currency conversion, cross-border transactions and cross-border capital flows. Shortages in the availability of foreign currency may temporarily delay the ability of our mainland China subsidiaries and the VIEs to remit sufficient foreign currency to pay dividends or other payments to us, or otherwise satisfy their foreign currency denominated obligations. In view of the foregoing, to the extent cash in our business is held in mainland China or by a mainland China entity, such cash may not be available to fund operations or for other use outside of mainland China. As of the date of this annual report, there is not equivalent or similar restriction or limitation in Hong Kong on cash transfers in, or out of, our Hong Kong entities. However, if restrictions or limitations were to become applicable to cash transfers in and out of Hong Kong entities in the future, the funds in our Hong Kong entities may not be available to fund operations or for other use outside of Hong Kong. For risks relating to the fund flows of our operations in mainland China, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—We may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to make payments to us could have a material and adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business. To the extent cash in our business is in mainland China or Hong Kong or an entity in mainland China or Hong Kong, such cash may not be available to fund operations or for other use outside of mainland China or Hong Kong due to interventions, restrictions and limitations imposed by the governmental authorities on the ability of us, our subsidiaries, or the VIEs to transfer cash,” “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Governmental regulation of currency conversion may limit our ability to utilize our revenues effectively and affect the value of your investment,” “Item 3. Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Mainland China regulation of loans to and direct investment in mainland China entities by offshore holding companies and governmental regulation of currency conversion may delay or prevent us from making loans or additional capital contributions to our mainland China subsidiaries and the VIEs in China, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business” and “Introduction—Summary of Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China.” We have established stringent controls and procedures for cash flows within our organization. Each transfer of cash between our Cayman Islands holding company and a subsidiary, the VIEs or the subsidiaries of the VIEs is subject to internal approval. The cash of our group is under the unified management of our finance department, and is dispatched and applied to each operating entity based on the budget and operating conditions of the specific operating entity. Each cash requirement, after it is raised by an operating entity, is required to go through a two-level review process of our finance department. The funding team of the finance department will allocate the cash to the operating entity after the application for cash requirement is approved by the responsible person in the finance department. The controls and procedures on cash transfers in the policy adhere to relevant regulatory requirements. Under PRC law, 17 Education & Technology Group Inc. may provide funding to our 9 PRC subsidiaries only through capital contributions or loans, and to the VIEs only through loans, subject to satisfaction of applicable government registration and approval requirements. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, 17 Education & Technology Group Inc. made capital contributions in the amount of nil, nil and nil to our subsidiaries, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, the VIEs received debt financing of RMB0.6 million, RMB22.8 million and nil from the primary beneficiary of VIEs, respectively. The VIEs may transfer cash to the primary beneficiary of the VIEs by paying service fees according to the exclusive management services and business cooperation agreements. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, cash paid by the VIEs to the primary beneficiary of the VIEs for service fees were RMB44.2 million, RMB18.2 million and RMB61.2 million (US$8.8 million), respectively. The relevant WFOEs will determine the service fees payable by the VIEs based on the factors stipulated in the VIE agreements. If there is any amount payable to the relevant WFOEs under the VIE agreements, the VIEs will settle the amount accordingly, in compliance with PRC laws and regulations. For more details regarding our intragroup cash flow, see the condensed consolidating schedules and statements under “Financial Information Related to the VIEs.” In addition, our board of directors has discretion on whether to distribute dividends, subject to certain requirements of Cayman Islands law. Even if we decide to pay dividends, the form, frequency and amount will depend upon our future operations and earnings, capital requirements and surplus, general financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors that the board of directors may deem relevant. If we pay any dividends on our ordinary shares, we will pay those dividends which are payable in respect of the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by the ADSs to the depositary, as the registered holder of such Class A ordinary shares, and the depositary then will pay such amounts to the ADS holders in proportion to the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by the ADSs held by such ADS holders, subject to the terms of the deposit agreement, including the fees and expenses payable thereunder. See “Item 8. Financial Information—A. Consolidated Statements and other Financial Information—Dividend Policy.” 17 Education & Technology Group Inc. has not declared or paid any cash dividends, nor does it have any present plan to pay any cash dividends on our ordinary shares in the foreseeable future. We currently intend to retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings to operate and expand our business. See “Item 8. Financial Information—A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Dividend Policy.” For PRC and United States federal income tax considerations of an investment in our ADSs, see “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation.” For purposes of illustration, the following discussion reflects the hypothetical taxes that might be required to be paid within mainland China, assuming that: (i) we have taxable earnings, and (ii) we determine to pay a dividend in the future: Tax calculation(1) Hypothetical pre-tax earnings(2) 100 % Tax on earnings at statutory rate of 25%(3) (25 )% Net earnings available for distribution 75% 75 % Withholding tax at standard rate of 10%(4) (7.5 )% Net distribution to Parent/Shareholders 67.5 % Note: (1)For purposes of this example, the tax calculation has been simplified. The hypothetical book pre-tax earnings amount, not considering timing differences, is assumed to equal taxable income in mainland China. (2)Under the terms of VIE contractual arrangements, our WFOEs may charge the VIEs for services provided to VIEs. These service fees shall be recognized as expenses of the VIEs, with a corresponding amount as service income by our WFOEs and eliminate in consolidation. For income tax purposes, our WFOEs and VIEs file income tax returns on a separate company basis. The service fees paid are recognized as a tax deduction by the VIEs and as income by our WFOEs and are tax neutral. (3)One of our subsidiaries and two of our VIEs qualify for a 15% preferential income tax rate in mainland China. However, such rate is subject to qualification, is temporary in nature, and may not be available in a future period. For purposes of this hypothetical example, the table above reflects a maximum tax scenario under which the full statutory rate would be effective. (4)The PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law imposes a withholding income tax of 10% on dividends distributed by a foreign invested enterprise to its immediate holding company outside of mainland China. A lower withholding income tax rate of 5% is applied if the foreign invested enterprise’s immediate holding company is registered in Hong Kong and certain other conditions are satisfied, subject to a qualification review at the time of the distribution. For purposes of this hypothetical example, the table above assumes a maximum tax scenario under which the full withholding tax would be applied. 10 The table above has been prepared under the assumption that all profits of the VIEs will be distributed as fees to our WFOEs under tax neutral contractual arrangements. If, in the future, the accumulated earnings of the VIEs exceed the service fees paid to our WFOEs (or if the current and contemplated fee structure between the intercompany entities is determined to be non-substantive and disallowed by Chinese tax authorities), the VIEs could make a non-deductible transfer to our WFOEs for the amounts of the stranded cash in the VIEs. This would result in such transfer being non-deductible expenses for the VIEs but still taxable income for the WFOEs. Such a transfer and the related tax burdens would reduce our after-tax income to approximately 50.6% of the pre-tax income. Our management believes that there is only a remote possibility that this scenario would happen. Financial Information Related to the VIEs The following tables provide condensed consolidating schedules depicting the results of operations, financial position and cash flows for 17 Education & Technology Group Inc., its subsidiaries, the consolidated VIEs, and any eliminating adjustments and consolidated totals (in thousands of RMB) as of and for the dates presented. You should read this section together with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes in conjunction with “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” included elsewhere in this annual report. Selected Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations Information For the Year Ended December 31, 2025 17 Education & Technology Other Subsidiaries Primary Beneficiary of VIEs VIEs and VIEs’ Subsidiaries Eliminations Consolidated Total (RMB in thousands) Third-party net revenues — 39 2,143 103,842 — 106,024 Inter-company net revenues — 12,274 46,547 14,264 (73,085 ) — Total costs and expenses (46,625 ) (32,705 ) (94,320 ) (95,924 ) — (269,574 ) Inter-company costs and expenses — — (14,264 ) (58,821 ) 73,085 — Income from non-operations 5,817 1,978 29 1,310 — 9,134 Share of loss from subsidiaries, VIEs and VIEs' subsidiaries (113,608 ) (95,194 ) (35,329 ) — 244,131 — Loss before income tax expenses (154,416 ) (113,608 ) (95,194 ) (35,329 ) 244,131 (154,416 ) Less: income tax expenses — — — — — — Net loss (154,416 ) (113,608 ) (95,194 ) (35,329 ) 244,131 (154,416 ) For the Year Ended December 31, 2024 17 Education & Technology Other Subsidiaries Primary Beneficiary of VIEs VIEs and VIEs’ Subsidiaries Eliminations Consolidated Total (RMB in thousands) Third-party net revenues — — 2,869 186,343 — 189,212 Inter-company net revenues — 19,287 44,246 14,264 (77,797 ) — Total costs and expenses (89,802 ) (39,686 ) (103,392 ) (170,144 ) — (403,024 ) Inter-company costs and expenses — — (14,264 ) (63,533 ) 77,797 — Income from non-operations 13,173 3,873 2,160 1,679 — 20,885 Share of loss from subsidiaries, VIEs and VIEs' subsidiaries (116,298 ) (99,772 ) (31,391 ) — 247,461 — Loss before income tax expenses (192,927 ) (116,298 ) (99,772 ) (31,391 ) 247,461 (192,927 ) Less: income tax expenses — — — — — — Net loss (192,927 ) (116,298 ) (99,772 ) (31,391 ) 247,461 (192,927 ) 11 For the Year Ended December 31, 2023 17 Education & Technology Other Subsidiaries Primary Beneficiary of VIEs VIEs and VIEs’ Subsidiaries Eliminations Consolidated Total (RMB in thousands) Third-party net revenues — — 2,877 168,085 — 170,962 Inter-company net revenues — 7,843 42,292 4,755 (54,890 ) — Total costs and expenses (112,345 ) (162,303 ) (112,568 ) (126,496 ) — (513,712 ) Inter-company costs and expenses — — (4,755 ) (50,135 ) 54,890 — Income from non-operations 24,270 1,863 4,133 702 — 30,968 Share of loss from subsidiaries, VIEs and VIEs' subsidiaries (223,707 ) (71,110 ) (3,089 ) — 297,906 — Loss before income tax expenses (311,782 ) (223,707 ) (71,110 ) (3,089 ) 297,906 (311,782 ) Less: income tax expenses — — — — — — Net loss (311,782 ) (223,707 ) (71,110 ) (3,089 ) 297,906 (311,782 ) Selected Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets Information For the Year Ended December 31, 2025 17 Education & Technology Other Subsidiaries Primary Beneficiary of VIEs VIEs and VIEs’ Subsidiaries Eliminations Consolidated Total (RMB in thousands) Assets Cash and cash equivalents 26,380 8,160 6,689 205,219 — 246,448 Restricted cash — — — 49 — 49 Term deposit 97,903 62,568 — — — 160,471 Accounts receivable — — 1,155 41,422 — 42,577 Prepaid expenses and other current assets 2,187 2,224 3,038 93,686 — 101,135 Amount due from inter-companies 1,028,039 206,691 751,633 — (1,986,363 ) — Property and equipment, net — 6,410 710 15,335 — 22,455 Right-of-use assets — 4,714 — 10,289 — 15,003 Other non-current assets — 784 136 1,465 — 2,385 Total assets 1,154,509 291,551 763,361 367,465 (1,986,363 ) 590,523 Accrued expenses and other current liabilities 3,485 3,183 77,590 39,022 — 123,280 Deferred revenue current and non-current — — 141 165,798 — 165,939 Amount due to inter-companies — 572,732 447,263 966,368 (1,986,363 ) — Deficits of investments in subsidiaries, VIEs and VIEs’ subsidiaries 864,396 648,216 850,419 — (2,363,031 ) — Operating lease liabilities current and non-current — 4,598 — 10,078 — 14,676 Total liabilities 867,881 1,228,729 1,375,413 1,181,266 (4,349,394 ) 303,895 Total shareholders’ equity/(deficit) 286,628 (937,178 ) (612,052 ) (813,801 ) 2,363,031 286,628 Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity/(deficit) 1,154,509 291,551 763,361 367,465 (1,986,363 ) 590,523 12 For the Year Ended December 31, 2024 17 Education & Technology Other Subsidiaries Primary Beneficiary of VIEs VIEs and VIEs’ Subsidiaries Eliminations Consolidated Total (RMB in thousands) Assets Cash and cash equivalents 133,380 7,484 27,118 66,162 — 234,144 Restricted cash — — — 49 — 49 Term deposit 61,885 63,223 — — — 125,108 Accounts receivable — — — 67,097 — 67,097 Prepaid expenses and other current assets 1,363 2,151 4,815 74,184 — 82,513 Amount due from inter-companies 998,391 204,881 763,690 — (1,966,962 ) — Property and equipment, net — 6,995 485 18,930 — 26,410 Right-of-use assets — 3,311 — 8,457 — 11,768 Other non-current assets — 784 179 1,465 — 2,428 Total assets 1,195,019 288,829 796,287 236,344 (1,966,962 ) 549,517 Accrued expenses and other current liabilities 3,638 1,763 78,845 20,176 — 104,422 Deferred revenue current and non-current — — 199 40,198 — 40,397 Amount due to inter-companies — 543,729 447,263 975,970 (1,966,962 ) — Deficits of investments in subsidiaries, VIEs and VIEs’ subsidiaries 797,742 583,951 850,638 — (2,232,331 ) — Operating lease liabilities current and non-current — 3,130 — 7,929 — 11,059 Total liabilities 801,380 1,132,573 1,376,945 1,044,273 (4,199,293 ) 155,878 Total shareholders’ equity/(deficit) 393,639 (843,744 ) (580,658 ) (807,929 ) 2,232,331 393,639 Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity/(deficit) 1,195,019 288,829 796,287 236,344 (1,966,962 ) 549,517 Selected Condensed Consolidated Cash Flows Information For the Year Ended December 31, 2025 17 Education & Technology Other Subsidiaries Primary Beneficiary of VIEs VIEs and VIEs’ Subsidiaries Eliminations Consolidated Total (RMB in thousands) Net cash (used in) generated from operating activities (8,478 ) (21,325 ) (48,786 ) 115,915 — 37,326 Capital contribution to Group companies — (43,478 ) — — 43,478 — Loans provided to Group companies (50,186 ) — — — 50,186 — Other investing activities (36,018 ) 565 (393 ) (5,758 ) — (41,604 ) Net cash used in investing activities (86,204 ) (42,913 ) (393 ) (5,758 ) 93,664 (41,604 ) Capital contribution from Group companies — 14,728 28,750 — (43,478 ) — Loans borrowed from Group companies — 50,186 — — (50,186 ) — Other financing activities (3,440 ) — — 28,900 — 25,460 Net cash (used in) generated from financing activities (3,440 ) 64,914 28,750 28,900 (93,664 ) 25,460 13 For the Year Ended December 31, 2024 17 Education & Technology Other Subsidiaries Primary Beneficiary of VIEs VIEs and VIEs’ Subsidiaries Eliminations Consolidated Total (RMB in thousands) Net cash used in operating activities (16,809 ) (87,857 ) (14,614 ) (19,938 ) — (139,218 ) Capital contribution to Group companies — (86,348 ) — — 86,348 — Loans (provided to) settled by Group companies (141,318 ) 31,305 (22,719 ) — 132,732 — Other investing activities 48,962 (4,314 ) (47 ) (9,007 ) — 35,594 Net cash (used in) generated from investing activities (92,356 ) (59,357 ) (22,766 ) (9,007 ) 219,080 35,594 Capital contribution from Group companies — — 86,348 — (86,348 ) — Loans borrowed from (repaid to) Group companies — 141,211 (37,878 ) 29,399 (132,732 ) — Other financing activities (1,055 ) — — 22,388 — 21,333 Net cash (used in) generated from financing activities (1,055 ) 141,211 48,470 51,787 (219,080 ) 21,333 For the Year Ended December 31, 2023 17 Education & Technology Other Subsidiaries Primary Beneficiary of VIEs VIEs and VIEs’ Subsidiaries Eliminations Consolidated Total (RMB in thousands) Net cash used in operating activities (3,757 ) (19,300 ) (68,918 ) (120,100 ) — (212,075 ) Capital contribution to Group companies — (70,999 ) — — 70,999 — Loans (provided to)/settled by Group companies (77,017 ) 29,781 (600 ) — 47,836 — Other investing activities (110,847 ) (58,909 ) 290 8,325 — (161,141 ) Net cash (used in)/generated from investing activities (187,864 ) (100,127 ) (310 ) 8,325 118,835 (161,141 ) Capital contribution from Group companies — — 70,999 — (70,999 ) — Loans (repaid to)/borrowed from Group companies (29,781 ) 77,017 — 600 (47,836 ) — Other financing activities (51,357 ) — — — — (51,357 ) Net cash (used in)/generated from financing activities (81,138 ) 77,017 70,999 600 (118,835 ) (51,357 ) A.[Reserved] B.Capitalization and Indebtedness Not Applicable. C.Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds Not Applicable. D.Risk Factors Summary of Risk Factors An investment in our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares involves significant risks. Below is a summary of material risks we and the VIEs face, organized under relevant headings. These risks are discussed more fully in “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors.” 14 Risks Related to Our Business and Industry •The cessation of the K-12 Academic AST Services and other actions we have taken to comply with the regulatory developments in mainland China have materially and adversely affected and will materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Failure to effectively and efficiently manage changes of our existing and new business may materially and adversely affect our ability to capitalize on new business opportunities. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—The cessation of the K-12 Academic AST Services and other actions we have taken to comply with the regulatory developments in mainland China have materially and adversely affected and will materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Failure to effectively and efficiently manage changes of our existing and new business may materially and adversely affect our ability to capitalize on new business opportunities” on page 19 for details; •We have a limited operating history with our current business model, which makes it difficult to predict our prospects and our business and financial performance. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—We have a limited operating history with our current business model, which makes it difficult to predict our prospects and our business and financial performance” on page 19 for details; •Significant uncertainties exist in relation to the interpretation and implementation of, or proposed changes to, the PRC laws, regulations and policies regarding the online private education industry. In particular, the Opinions on Further Alleviating the Burden of Homework and After-School Tutoring for Students in Compulsory Education and the implementation measures issued thereunder by the relevant PRC government authorities has materially and adversely affected and will materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—Significant uncertainties exist in relation to the interpretation and implementation of, or proposed changes to, the PRC laws, regulations and policies regarding the online private education industry. In particular, the Opinions on Further Alleviating the Burden of Homework and After-School Tutoring for Students in Compulsory Education and the implementation measures issued thereunder by the relevant PRC government authorities has materially and adversely affected and will materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects” on page 20 for details; •If we are unable to develop and refine our teaching and learning SaaS offerings to meet the evolving demands of educational authorities, schools, teachers and students, or if we are unable to maintain consistent quality and comprehensive grade and subject coverage of products offered as part of our teaching and learning SaaS offerings, our business and reputation may be materially and adversely affected. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—If we are unable to develop and refine our teaching and learning SaaS offerings to meet the evolving demands of educational authorities, schools, teachers and students, or if we are unable to maintain consistent quality and comprehensive grade and subject coverage of products offered as part of our teaching and learning SaaS offerings, our business and reputation may be materially and adversely affected” on page 22 for details; •The success of our new business initiatives is subject to various risks and uncertainties, and any change in the regulatory environment could negatively impact market demands. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—The success of our new business initiatives is subject to various risks and uncertainties, and any change in the regulatory environment could negatively impact market demands” on page 22 for details; •If we are not able to successfully develop other educational products and services and attract students or their families to purchase them, our business and prospects will be materially and adversely affected. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—If we are not able to successfully develop other educational products and services and attract students or their families to purchase them, our business and prospects will be materially and adversely affected” on page 23 for details; 15 •Our success relies on subscriptions to and purchases of our teaching and learning SaaS offerings by educational authorities and schools, and if we fail to successfully attract new educational authorities and schools to subscribe to or purchase our offerings or to maintain existing subscriptions made by educational authorities and schools, our business and prospects may be materially and adversely affected. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—Our success relies on subscriptions to and purchases of our teaching and learning SaaS offerings by educational authorities and schools, and if we fail to successfully attract new educational authorities and schools to subscribe to or purchase our offerings or to maintain existing subscriptions made by educational authorities and schools, our business and prospects may be materially and adversely affected” on page 24 for details; •Our business depends on the continued success of our brand, and if we fail to maintain and enhance recognition of our brand, we may face difficulty attracting educational authorities and schools to our teaching and learning SaaS offerings or attracting students to our other educational products and services, which could harm our reputation and results of operations. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—Our business depends on the continued success of our brand, and if we fail to maintain and enhance recognition of our brand, we may face difficulty attracting educational authorities and schools to our teaching and learning SaaS offerings or attracting students to our other educational products and services, which could harm our reputation and results of operations” on page 25 for details; and •If the market for our teaching and learning SaaS offerings and other business initiatives develops more slowly than we expect, our operating results could be harmed. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—If the market for our teaching and learning SaaS offerings and other business initiative develops more slowly than we expect, our operating results could be harmed” on page 25 for details. Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure •We are a Cayman Islands holding company with no equity ownership in the VIEs, and we conduct our operations in mainland China primarily through (i) our mainland China subsidiaries and (ii) the VIEs with which we have maintained contractual arrangements. Investors in our ADSs thus are not purchasing equity interest in our operating entities in mainland China but instead are purchasing equity interest in a Cayman Islands holding company. If the PRC government finds that the agreements that establish the structure for operating some of our business operations in mainland China do not comply with regulations of mainland China relating to the relevant industries, or if these regulations or the interpretation of existing regulations change in the future, we and the VIEs could be subject to severe penalties, or be forced to relinquish our interest in those operations. Our holding company in the Cayman Islands, the VIEs, and investors of us face uncertainty about potential future actions by the PRC government that could affect the enforceability of the contractual arrangements with the VIEs and, consequently, significantly affect the financial performance of the VIEs and our company as a whole. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—If the PRC government finds that the agreements that establish the structure for operating certain of our operations in mainland China do not comply with regulations of mainland China relating to the relevant industries, or if these regulations or the interpretation of existing regulations change in the future, we could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in those operations” on page 47 for details; •We rely on contractual arrangements with the VIEs and their shareholders for our business operations, which may not be as effective as direct ownership. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—We rely on contractual arrangements with the VIEs and their shareholders for our business operations, which may not be as effective as direct ownership” on page 49 for details; •Any failure by the VIEs or their shareholders to perform their obligations under our contractual arrangements with them would have a material and adverse effect on our business. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—Any failure by the VIEs or their shareholders to perform their obligations under our contractual arrangements with them would have a material and adverse effect on our business” on page 50 for details; and 16 •The shareholders of the VIEs may have actual or potential conflicts of interest with us, which may materially and adversely affect our business and financial condition. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—The shareholders of the VIEs may have actual or potential conflicts of interest with us, which may materially and adversely affect our business and financial condition” on page 50 for details. Risks Related to Doing Business in China •Changes in mainland China’s economic, political or social conditions or government policies could have a material adverse effect on our business and operations. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Changes in mainland China’s economic, political or social conditions or government policies could have a material adverse effect on our business and operations” on page 52 for details; •Evolution of the mainland China legal system could adversely affect us. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Evolution of the mainland China legal system could adversely affect us” on page 52 for details; •The PRC government’s significant oversight over our business operations could result in a material adverse change in our operations and the value of our ADSs. Due to the nature of our industry, the PRC government may intervene or influence our operations at any time, or may exert more regulation over offerings conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers, which could result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of our securities. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—The PRC government’s significant oversight over our business operations could result in a material adverse change in our operations and the value of our ADSs” on page 53 for details; •The approval and/or other requirements of the CSRC or other Chinese governmental authorities may be required in connection with an offering under rules, regulations or policies of mainland China, and, if required, we cannot predict whether or how soon we will be able to obtain such approval or complete such other requirements. Any actions by the government to exert more oversight and regulation over offerings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investment could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—The approval and/or other requirements of the CSRC or other Chinese governmental authorities may be required in connection with an offering under rules, regulations or policies of mainland China, and, if required, we cannot predict whether or how soon we will be able to obtain such approval or complete such other requirements” on page 53 for details; •You may experience difficulties in effecting service of legal process, enforcing foreign judgments or bringing actions in China against us or our management named in the annual report based on foreign laws. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—You may experience difficulties in effecting service of legal process, enforcing foreign judgments or bringing actions in China against us or our management named in the annual report based on foreign laws” on page 55 for details; •We may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to make payments to us could have a material and adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business. To the extent cash in our business is in mainland China or Hong Kong or an entity in mainland China or Hong Kong, such cash may not be available to fund operations or for other use outside of mainland China or Hong Kong due to interventions, restrictions and limitations imposed by the governmental authorities on the ability of us, our subsidiaries, or the VIEs to transfer cash. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—We may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to make payments to us could have a material and adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business. To the extent cash in our business is in mainland China or Hong Kong or an entity in mainland China or Hong Kong, such cash may not be available to fund operations or for other use outside of mainland China or Hong Kong due to interventions, restrictions and limitations imposed by the governmental authorities on the ability of us, our subsidiaries, or the VIEs to transfer cash.” on page 59 for details; 17 •Mainland China regulation of loans to and direct investment in mainland China entities by offshore holding companies and governmental regulation of currency conversion may delay or prevent us from making loans or additional capital contributions to our mainland China subsidiaries and the VIEs in China, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Mainland China regulation of loans to and direct investment in mainland China entities by offshore holding companies and governmental regulation of currency conversion may delay or prevent us from making loans or additional capital contributions to our mainland China subsidiaries and the VIEs in China, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business” on page 60 for details; •The PCAOB had historically been unable to inspect our auditor in relation to their audit work performed for our financial statements and the inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of our auditor in the past has deprived our investors with the benefits of such inspections. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—The PCAOB had historically been unable to inspect our auditor in relation to their audit work performed for our financial statements and the inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of our auditor in the past has deprived our investors with the benefits of such inspections” on page 61 for details; and •Our ADSs may be prohibited from trading in the United States under the HFCAA in the future if the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely auditors located in China. The delisting of the ADSs, or the threat of their being delisted, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Our ADSs may be prohibited from trading in the United States under the HFCAA in the future if the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely auditors located in China. The delisting of the ADSs, or the threat of their being delisted, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment” on page 61 for details. Risks Related to Our ADSs and Class A Ordinary Shares •The trading price of the ADSs is likely to be volatile, which could result in substantial losses to investors. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our ADSs and Class A Ordinary Shares—The trading price of the ADSs is likely to be volatile, which could result in substantial losses to investors” on page 63 for details; •Our dual-class voting structure will limit your ability to influence corporate matters and could discourage others from pursuing any change of control transactions that holders of our Class A ordinary shares and ADSs may view as beneficial. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our ADSs and Class A Ordinary Shares—Our dual-class voting structure will limit your ability to influence corporate matters and could discourage others from pursuing any change of control transactions that holders of our Class A ordinary shares and ADSs may view as beneficial” on page 64 for details; •We currently do not expect to pay dividends in the foreseeable future and you must rely on price appreciation of our ADSs for return on your investment. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our ADSs and Class A Ordinary Shares—We currently do not expect to pay dividends in the foreseeable future and you must rely on price appreciation of our ADSs for return on your investment” on page 66 for details; •You may be subject to limitations on transfer of your ADSs. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our ADSs and Class A Ordinary Shares—You may be subject to limitations on transfer of your ADSs” on page 68 for details; and •We believe that we were a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes for the taxable year ended December 31, 2025, and it is likely we will be a PFIC for the current taxable year and future taxable years, which could result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. Holders of our ADSs. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our ADSs and Class A Ordinary Shares—We believe that we were a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes for the taxable year ended December 31, 2025, and it is likely we will be a PFIC for the current taxable year and future taxable years, which could result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. Holders of our ADSs” on page 72 for details. 18 Risks Related to Our Business and Industry The cessation of the K-12 Academic AST Services and other actions we have taken to comply with the regulatory developments in mainland China have materially and adversely affected and will materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Failure to effectively and efficiently manage changes of our existing and new business may materially and adversely affect our ability to capitalize on new business opportunities. In light of regulatory developments in mainland China in 2021, including the joint promulgation of the Opinions on Further Alleviating the Burden of Homework and After-School Tutoring for Students in Compulsory Education by the General Office of State Council and the General Office of Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on July 24, 2021, or the Alleviating Burden Opinion, we have ceased to provide our K-12 Academic AST Services at the end of 2021, among other changes in our business operations. At the same time, we have leveraged our extensive knowledge and expertise accumulated through serving mainland China’s educational authorities, schools, teachers, and students over the past decade and launched new product and service offerings. In particular, we have launched our teaching and learning SaaS offerings that enhance in-school teaching and learning efficiency and effectiveness as an upgrade to our previous free in-school products and services. We are also exploring other educational products and services for students to respond to the changes in the regulatory environment and market demands, utilizing our technology and data insights to provide personalized content for students intended to improve their learning efficiency. In 2025, leveraging our brand recognition and user trust built through our smart in-class teaching and learning SaaS offerings, as well as our established relationships with students and parents, we introduced our new AI-powered personalized learning offering, “Yiqi Aixue”. We have started delivering products and services for Yiqi Aixue since January 2026, with certain advance payments collected from customers in 2025. To support our teaching and learning SaaS offerings and our other educational products and services, we will continue to invest in our technology and infrastructure to deliver highly reliable and scalable developer services and provide a broader range of developer services. We will also continue to invest in talent by recruiting, retaining and training AI specialists and data scientists to widen our technological advantage. We believe the enhancement of our research and development capabilities will enable us to develop new SaaS offerings and our other educational products and services. However, we cannot assure you that we will be able to execute our business strategy or that our service offerings will be successful. The changes to our business have resulted, and will continue to result, in substantial demands on our management, operational, technological and other resources. To manage and support changes in our business and our future growth strategy, we must continue to improve our existing operational, administrative and technological systems and our financial and management controls, and recruit, train and retain additional management personnel and other administrative and sales and marketing personnel, particularly as we enter into new areas. We cannot assure you that we will be able to effectively and efficiently manage our operations, recruit and retain management personnel and integrate new businesses into our operations. Any failure to effectively and efficiently manage changes of our business may materially and adversely affect our ability to capitalize on new business opportunities, which in turn may have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations. We cannot be sure that we will be successful in addressing these and other challenges we may face in the future, and our business may be adversely affected if we do not manage these risks successfully. In addition, we may not achieve sufficient revenue or maintain positive cash flows from operations or profitability in any given period, or at all. We have a limited operating history with our current business model, which makes it difficult to predict our prospects and our business and financial performance. We ceased to offer online K-12 after-school tutoring courses to comply with the Alleviating Burden Opinion and its implementing measures at the end of 2021. We therefore have a short operating history with our current business model, which is built around our teaching and learning SaaS offerings and our other educational products and services. Our teaching and learning SaaS offerings were launched in September 2021 and we are also exploring other educational products and services for students to respond to the changes in the regulatory environment and market demands. In 2025, leveraging our brand recognition and user trust built through our smart in-class teaching and learning SaaS offerings, as well as our established relationships with students and parents, we introduced our new AI-powered personalized learning offering, “Yiqi Aixue”. We have started delivering products and services for Yiqi Aixue since January 2026, with certain advance payments collected from customers in 2025. Our limited history with our current product and service offerings after the cessation of our online K-12 after-school tutoring courses, which differ from our historical product and service offerings, may not 19 provide you with an adequate basis for evaluating our prospects and operating results, including net revenues, cash flows and operating margins, and our past revenues and historical performance may not be indicative of our future performance. As we have had limited time to market our current product and service offerings, a number of factors could cause our results of operations to be adversely affected, including but not limited to (i) the tightening of PRC local governments’ budget, as many of our SaaS offering customers rely on funding from PRC local governments; (ii) any delay in the progress of our projects; (iii) increased market competition; (iv) any difficulty in collecting fees receivable; and (v) our failure, for any reason, to capitalize on growth opportunities. We have encountered, and may continue to encounter in the future, risks, challenges and uncertainties associated with operating an education technology business, such as building and managing reliable and secure IT systems and infrastructure, expanding the adoption by schools and teachers of our teaching and learning SaaS offerings, addressing regulatory compliance and uncertainty, engaging, training and retaining high-quality employees such as our sales and service representatives and IT support staff and exploring additional education products. If we do not manage these risks and challenges successfully, our operating and financial results may differ materially from our expectations and our business and financial performance may suffer. Our ability to effectively implement our strategies and grow our business will depend on a number of factors, including our ability to (i) continually develop and improve our teaching and learning SaaS offerings to make them more appealing to existing and prospective students, teachers and educational authorities; (ii) build up a large and efficient sales and distribution network and partnership network for our teaching and learning SaaS offerings; (iii) successfully develop, market and commercialize our new AI-driven initiatives targeting C-end users (i.e., referring to individual consumers, as opposed to enterprise clients); (iv) maintain and increase the number of customers; (v) maintain and expand the number of districts, schools and teachers that adopt our teaching and learning SaaS offerings; (vi) effectively recruit, train, retain and motivate a large number of new employees, particularly our IT support staff, educational product and content development professionals and salespersons; (vii) effectively identify, assess and manage the heightened regulatory, ethical, operational and reputational risks associated with the integration and deployment of AI in our educational products and services; (viii) innovate and adapt our products, services and solutions to meet evolving needs of current and potential students, including to address evolving market trends; (ix) maintain and increase our access to the data necessary for the development and performance of our solutions; (x) maintain the proper functioning of teaching and learning SaaS offerings, and other business initiatives as we continue to collect data from our user base through our smart in-school classroom solution; (xi) continually improve the algorithms underlying the products and the technologies; (xii) adapt to a changing regulatory landscape governing privacy matters; (xiii) continue to improve our operational, financial and management controls and efficiencies; (xiv) successfully enhance and improve our technological systems and infrastructure; (xv) protect and further develop our intellectual property rights; and (xvi) make sound business decisions in light of the scrutiny associated with operating as a public company. These activities require significant capital expenditures and the investment of valuable management and financial resources, and our growth will continue to place significant demands on our management. There are no guarantees that we will be able to effectively manage any future growth in an efficient, cost-effective and timely manner, or at all. Our growth in a relatively short period of time is not necessarily indicative of results that we may achieve in the future. If we do not effectively manage the growth of our business and operations, our reputation, results of operations and overall business and prospects could be negatively impacted. Significant uncertainties exist in relation to the interpretation and implementation of, or proposed changes to, the PRC laws, regulations and policies regarding the online private education industry. In particular, the Opinions on Further Alleviating the Burden of Homework and After-School Tutoring for Students in Compulsory Education and the implementation measures issued thereunder by the PRC government authorities have materially and adversely affected and will materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. The PRC private education industry, and especially the after-school tutoring sector, has experienced intense scrutiny and has been subject to significant regulatory changes. In particular, the Alleviating Burden Opinion sets out a series of operating requirements on after-school tutoring institutions that provides, among other things, a prohibition on the approval of new academic after-school tutoring institutions in compulsory education, or the Academic AST Institutions; a mandate that all the existing Academic AST Institutions be registered as non-profit institutions; mandatory re-approval for education apps, a ban on the capitalization and foreign participation of Academic AST Institutions, strengthened regulatory oversight of the pre-collection and approval requirements for non-academic tutoring. To implement the Alleviating Burden Opinion, in September 2021, the Chinese Ministry of Education published on its official website that the Chinese Ministry of Education, together with other government authorities, issued a circular requiring all Academic AST Institutions for students in compulsory 20 education to complete registration as non-profit by the end of 2021 and a circular requiring all online Academic AST Institutions that have filed with the local education administration authorities and provide tutoring services on academic subjects to obtain the private school operating permit by the end of 2021, and all such Academic AST Institutions shall, before completing such registration or obtaining such permit as applicable, suspend enrollment of students and charging fees. On February 8, 2022, the Chinese Ministry of Education issued the 2022 Work Points of Chinese Ministry of Education providing that after-school tutoring services for senior high school students must strictly follow the Alleviating Burden Opinion (collectively with the Alleviating Burden Opinion, the “New Regulations”). See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations—Regulation Related to After-School Tutoring and Online Private Education” for more details. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects have been materially and adversely affected in 2023, 2024 and 2025 and will be materially and adversely affected in subsequent periods by the actions we have taken to date and the actions may take in the future in order to be in compliance with the Alleviating Burden Opinion and its implementation measures. We are committed to complying with all applicable PRC laws and regulations, including the New Regulations. We ceased offering tutoring services related to academic subjects to students from kindergarten through the last year of senior high school, or K-12 Academic AST Services, in mainland China at the end of 2021. In addition, we have taken other actions to restructure our business and operations, including closing certain of our corporate offices, implementing staff optimization plans and disposing some of our assets to maintain our continued operations. We also began to provide new educational product and service offerings. Our teaching and learning SaaS offerings were launched in September 2021, and we are also exploring other educational products and services for students to respond to the changes in the regulatory environment and market demands. In 2025, leveraging our brand recognition and user trust built through our smart in-class teaching and learning SaaS offerings, as well as our established relationships with students and parents, we introduced our new AI-powered personalized learning offering, “Yiqi Aixue”. We have started delivering products and services for Yiqi Aixue since January 2026, with certain advance payments collected from customers in 2025. We are closely monitoring the evolving regulatory environment and are making efforts to seek guidance from and cooperate with the government authorities to comply with the Alleviating Burden Opinion and its implementation measures. We will continue to seek guidance from and cooperate with all relevant government authorities in mainland China in connection with its efforts to comply with the policy directives of the New Regulations and will further adjust our business operations as required. However, due to the complexity and substantial uncertainty of the regulatory environment, we cannot assure you that our operations will be in full compliance with applicable laws, regulations and policies, including the Alleviating Burden Opinion and its implementation measures, in a timely manner, or at all. Although we believe our new services and products are not in violation of current PRC laws and regulations in all material respects, we cannot assure you that our current and new services and products will not be deemed to be non-compliant in the future. We may become subject to fines or other penalties or be required to terminate certain operations, in which case our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected further. In addition, we may incur material impairment and severance charges resulting from termination of leases, dismissal of employees and other actions we take in light of the latest regulatory developments, which may have material adverse impact on our financial condition, results of operations and prospects. The enforcement of the New Regulations not only affects us directly, but also affects the development of the PRC private education industry in general, which may have a secondary effect on our business. While we are committed to complying with all applicable PRC laws and regulations, including the New Regulations, if other companies do not comply with the New Regulations or any other applicable additional laws, regulations and guidance regarding the private education industry, and provide prohibited products or services, those products and services may nevertheless reduce demand for our business. If we are unable to develop and refine our teaching and learning SaaS offerings to meet the evolving demands of educational authorities, schools, teachers and students, or if we are unable to maintain consistent quality and comprehensive grade and subject coverage of products offered as part of our teaching and learning SaaS offerings, our business and reputation may be materially and adversely affected. Our teaching and learning SaaS offerings development team works closely with educational authorities, and educational experts to understand the educational needs of and the feedback from educational authorities, schools and teachers help us to develop, update and improve our teaching and learning SaaS offerings to reflect the feedback received so as to better help improve education efficiency in school. We also work to continually update the educational content offered in our teaching and learning SaaS offerings to reflect the latest updates in education curricula and textbooks and specific requests from our users, as well as have expanded our use cases to 21 cover additional key educational scenarios including in-class interaction, class preparation and delivery, homework-related activities, academic assessment and school-parent communication. The adjustments, updates and expansions of our teaching and learning SaaS offerings and the development of new product features or content may not be accepted by existing or prospective schools and teachers and their students that utilize our solution. Even if we are able to develop acceptable new product features and content, we may not be able to introduce them as quickly as schools and teachers require or as quickly as our competitors introduce competing offerings. Furthermore, offering new product features and content or upgrading existing ones may require us to commit significant resources and make significant investments in product and content development. If we are unsuccessful in pursuing product and content development and upgrading opportunities due to the financial constraints, unable to attract product and content development personnel, or encounter other related challenges, our ability to maintain existing relationships with schools and teachers or attract new schools or teachers to adopt our teaching and learning SaaS offerings and our business and reputation may be materially and adversely affected. During 2025, we expanded our teaching and learning SaaS offerings to include learning companion robots, which were sold to our B-end customers. Selling hardware products, such as learning companion robots, exposes us to additional risks, including but not limited to supply chain disruptions, manufacturing defects, inventory management issues, increased production and logistics costs, and potential product liability claims. Moreover, the performance and reliability of hardware products may affect customer satisfaction and our brand reputation. Any failure in the manufacturing, quality control, delivery, or after-sales support of our hardware products could lead to customer complaints, increased refund or replacement costs, regulatory scrutiny, and adverse impacts on our business, financial condition, and reputation. In addition, rapid technological change may render our hardware products obsolete or less competitive, requiring ongoing investment in research and development and continual innovation to meet evolving market demands. The success of our new business initiatives is subject to various risks and uncertainties, and any change in the regulatory environment could negatively impact market demands. We started offering our teaching and learning SaaS offerings since 2021 and we are continually exploring our new AI-powered learning products and services. In 2025, leveraging our brand recognition and user trust built through our smart in-class teaching and learning SaaS offerings, as well as our established relationships with students and parents, we introduced our new AI-powered personalized learning offering, “Yiqi Aixue”. We have started delivering products and services for Yiqi Aixue since January 2026, with certain advance payments collected from customers in 2025. We aim to continue expanding the coverage of our product and service offerings, especially the educational products and services targeting C-end users (i.e., referring to individual consumers, as opposed to enterprise clients), to meet additional educational needs. Expansions and upgrades to our existing product and service offerings may not be well received by students, teachers and parents, and our newly introduced product and service offerings and educational content may not achieve success as expected. Our operating history and experience with these new products and services are shorter than our other businesses, which may adversely affect our prospects and our ability to compete with the existing market players in any of these product and service categories. The development of new products, services and content could disrupt our ongoing business, disrupt our management’s attention, be costly and time-consuming and require us to make significant investments in research and product development, develop new technologies, and increase sales and marketing efforts, all of which may not be successful. We cannot assure you that any of such new products or services will achieve market acceptance or generate sufficient revenues to offset the costs and expenses incurred in relation to our development and promotion efforts. If we are unsuccessful in our exploration of additional educational services due to financial constraints, failure to attract qualified personnel or other reasons, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected. In particular, our continued expansion into C-end business, including the introduction of our new AI-powered learning offering, “Yiqi Aixue,” subjects us to additional risks relating to the volatility and sustainability of new business models. The success of our C-end business and offerings depend largely on individual consumers’ and families’ willingness and ability to spend on educational products and services, which may be sensitive to fluctuations in overall economic conditions, changes in household income, and prevailing consumption or spending trends. Any adverse changes in macroeconomic conditions or consumer confidence may reduce demand for our productions and services, and thus materially and adversely affect our business, financial conditions and operational results. 22 Additionally, the regulatory environment for educational products and services targeting individual consumers, especially minors, remains uncertain and continues to evolve in the PRC. Any tightening of regulatory requirements, introduction of new compliance or licensing obligations, or other policy changes regarding Edtech, AI application, or educational products and services to consumers may impose additional costs, restrict our operational flexibility, limit product features, delay product launches, or in extreme circumstances, result in the suspension or discontinuation of our offerings. These regulatory risks are heightened for our new business initiatives given our limited operating history in this area, and there can be no assurance that we will be able to anticipate or respond timely to such changes. Moreover, as we are expanding our business to C-end users, we may face heightened risks related to data security and privacy protection. The collection, storage, and processing of personal and learning data from students and parents require strict compliance with evolving data protection regulations and industry standards. Any failure to adequately safeguard user data, prevent unauthorized access, or comply with applicable data privacy laws could result in regulatory penalties, loss of user trust, legal liabilities, and reputational damage, which could materially and adversely affect our business and prospects. See “—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—If our security measures are breached or fail, resulting in unauthorized disclosure or unintended leakage of data, we could lose existing students, fail to attract new students and be exposed to protracted and costly litigation.” Furthermore, the market for C-end educational products and services is also subject to rapid changes in user preferences, technology innovation, and intense competitive dynamics. As a result, the performance and prospects of our new initiatives may be highly volatile and unpredictable, and we may not be able to achieve or sustain the necessary scale or profitability as expected. If we are unable to effectively manage the relevant risks, or if our new products and services are not well-received by the market or are adversely affected by regulatory changes, our business, financial position, results of operations and prospects could be materially and adversely affected. If we are not able to successfully develop other educational products and services and attract students or their families to purchase them, our business and prospects will be materially and adversely affected. We are continually exploring and experimenting with new educational products and services for students to respond to the changes in the regulatory environment and market demands, including student-facing digital product and content and educational institution-facing digital education services. Our ability to attract customers to purchase our other educational products and services is critical to the success and growth of our business. This in turn will depend on several factors, including our ability to develop, adapt or enhance the quality of our other educational products and services to meet the evolving demands of our existing or prospective customers, adapt our promotional activities to changes in market demand, legal regime and administrative practice, enhance our brand equity and awareness to a broader base of potential customers and refine our educational content offered and provide a more localized, personalized and effective learning experience for students. Our ability to retain existing students and their parents by improving students’ academic performance and delivering a satisfactory learning experience is also critical to the success of our business. Our ability to improve the academic performance of the users of our products and services is largely dependent upon the learning ability, attitude, efforts and time and resource commitments of each student, which are beyond our control. Students may feel dissatisfied with the quality of our educational content offerings or fail to perform up to expectation after using our products. In addition, our products and services may not be able to satisfy all of our users’ needs. Satisfaction with our product may be affected by a number of factors, many of which may not relate to the quality or effectiveness of our offerings. If students or parents feel that we are not providing them the learning experience they have paid for, they may choose not to renew their existing subscriptions or obtain a refund for customer advances for products purchases and subscriptions. Although we have not experienced any significant refund requests in the past, if an increasing number of students request refunds, our cash flow, revenues and results of operations may be adversely affected. In addition, students who fail to improve their performance after using our products or have unsatisfactory studying experiences with us may also choose not to refer other students to us, which in turn may adversely affect the number of product subscriptions. All of these factors may contribute to reduced student engagement and increased challenges in attracting new users to purchase the products or services that we offer. We must also manage our growth while maintaining consistent and high teaching quality, and respond effectively to competitive pressures. In addition, in light of significant regulatory pressure on the education industry, many advertising and promotional channels are reluctant to offer service to any education related products and services, including products and services that are compliant with all applicable laws and regulations such as the Alleviating Burden opinion. As a result, we are facing increased user acquisition cost and may experience more difficulty attracting users for our products and services 23 that are perceived to be highly regulated. If we are unable to attract and retain students to purchase our products and to increase the spending of the users of our products and services, our net revenues may decline, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our success relies on subscriptions to and purchases of our teaching and learning SaaS offerings by educational authorities and schools, and if we fail to successfully attract new educational authorities and schools to subscribe to or purchase our offerings or to maintain existing subscriptions made by educational authorities and schools, our business and prospects may be materially and adversely affected. In September 2021, leveraging the experience and insights we gained from offering our free existing smart in-school classroom solution across mainland China over the last decade, we launched our teaching and learning SaaS offerings. The primary clients of our SaaS offerings are regional educational authorities, which typically require us to go through a stringent procurement and bidding process. Our clients also include public and private schools. The success of our business depends in large part on our ability to continue to attract new educational authorities and schools to choose our teaching and learning SaaS offerings and keep our existing customers. We have a dedicated sales and service team to solicit leads and bidding opportunities, provide pre-sale consultation and bidding preparation, as well as build and maintain the nationwide distribution network of our SaaS offerings. However, we cannot assure you that we will be successful in securing subscriptions and purchases from regional educational authorities due to government budgetary cycles, funding availability, evolving government regulations, competition, failure to effectively market our new products and services and maintain their quality and consistency, or other factors. In particular, regional educational authorities typically have specific budgetary cycles. Some of them are not used to a standard subscription model and may need time to become familiar with such payment structure. For these customers, we charge them in the form of a lump sum payment as we provide to them certain features of our SaaS offerings including the relevant software licenses for the features we provide. However, it is likely that they will continue to procure similar offerings during subsequent budgetary cycles, such as upgrades or expansions, although they are not contractually bound to do so. These repeat purchases are likely because many regional educational authorities tend to procure sophisticated applications, like our offerings, in stages. In addition, whenever their future needs arise, we have a distinct advantage in securing their future subscriptions or purchases as we have an in-depth understanding of their needs, our offerings are compatible with their existing systems and they can incur less duplicate cost. In fact, we have observed that many of our prominent clients have engaged in the procurement of several related offerings over multiple budgetary cycles. Regardless of the specific fee structure, any reduction, reallocation or delays in funding for regional educational authorities could adversely impact demand for our products. In addition, we may be unable to identify new areas with sufficient growth potential to expand our product offerings, and demand for our services and products may not increase as rapidly as we expect. Furthermore, we may be unable to develop or license additional content on commercially reasonable terms and in a timely manner, or at all, to keep pace with changes in regulatory developments and market demands. If we fail to successfully execute our business strategies, we may not be able to continue to attract regional educational authorities, schools and teachers to our teaching and learning SaaS offerings. To attract new educational authorities and schools, we need to convince educational officials, school officials and teachers, many of whom are used to educating students using traditional methods and may not be used to such digital teaching methods, to invest significant time and resources to adjust the manner in which they teach students. The use of teaching and learning SaaS offerings at schools in mainland China has just emerged in recent years, and many administrators and teachers may have concerns regarding the effectiveness of such products as well as difficulties and time associated with the change of teaching habits. Through the continued improvements of our smart in-school classroom solution, the acceptance of the integration of technology and education in school and use of our smart in-school classroom solution has increased over the past few years and was further accelerated due to the promotion of more efficient and effective homework assignments in light of the Alleviating Burden Opinion. However, it may still take longer than we expected for education bureaus, schools and teachers to change their teaching habit and fully accept our teaching and learning SaaS offerings. 24 In addition, schools that have adopted our teaching and learning SaaS offerings may experience turnover in their management. There is no assurance that the new management will have an interest in continuing or expanding the adoption of our teaching and learning SaaS offerings in their school, and the new management may attempt to discontinue their relationship with us or stop the subscriptions to or purchases of our teaching and learning SaaS offering. Furthermore, as the Chinese K-12 education curricula are mandated by municipal-level governments and the majority of the schools where our teaching and learning SaaS offerings are adopted are public schools, we face risks and challenges in maintaining our relationships with key participants in municipal public school system. If we are not successful in developing and maintaining relationships with key participants in the municipal public school system or if we are unable to cooperate with such key participants and public schools in an effective manner, we may fail in the maintenance and expansion of the network of schools and teachers adopting our teaching and learning SaaS offerings, and our business and prospects will be materially and adversely affected. We rely on our dedicated sales team and nationwide distribution network to promote our teaching and learning SaaS offerings. We have a dedicated service team to fulfill customer service needs. We must continue to recruit, train and retain qualified salespersons and build our distribution network at scale to promote our teaching and learning SaaS offerings effectively and to provide the necessary services. Our sales and service team has a limited operating history as compared to the analogous teams that we deployed for our prior businesses. If they are unable to effectively conduct promotional activities and provide customer service for teachers to help them learn to use our products or regularly communicate with teachers and schools to understand their educational needs and feedback, we may be unable to effectively promote the adoption of our teaching and learning SaaS offerings to more schools and teachers or maintain existing school and teacher relationships, which will have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our business depends on the continued success of our brand, and if we fail to maintain and enhance recognition of our brand, we may face difficulty attracting educational authorities and schools to our teaching and learning SaaS offerings or attracting students to our other educational products and services, which could harm our reputation and results of operations. We believe that market awareness of our brand has contributed significantly to the success of our business. Maintaining and enhancing our brand is critical to our efforts to promote our teaching and learning SaaS offerings and attract students to our other educational products and services, which are in turn critical to our business. Our ability to maintain and enhance brand recognition and reputation depends primarily on the positive outcome and feedback from districts, schools and teachers who use our teaching and learning SaaS offerings in their day-to-day teaching, as well as from those families and students who use our other educational products and services. Failure to maintain and enhance our brand recognition could have a material and adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition. In recent years, we have devoted significant resources to ensure the high quality of our products and services, which has helped to strengthen our reputation, and to continue the expansion of the network of schools and teachers adopting our teaching and learning SaaS offerings, but we cannot assure you that these efforts will be successful. If we are unable to further enhance our brand recognition, or if our brand image is negatively impacted by any negative publicity relating to our company, solution or products, regardless of its veracity, we may not be able to expand the network of schools and teachers adopting our teaching and learning SaaS offerings or attract students to our other educational products and services successfully or efficiently, and our business and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. If the market for our teaching and learning SaaS offerings and other business initiative develops more slowly than we expect, our operating results could be harmed. The market for education SaaS businesses and other business initiatives is rapidly growing. Our future success will depend in large part on our ability to penetrate the existing market, as well as the continued growth and expansion of that market. It is difficult to predict customers’ adoption and renewals of our subscriptions, demand for our platform, the size, growth rate and expansion of this market, changes in educational needs and focus of the market, the entry of competitive products or the success of existing competitive products. Our ability to penetrate the existing market with our teaching and learning SaaS offerings and other business initiatives depends on a number of factors, including the cost, performance and perceived value associated with our service and products, as well as potential customers’ willingness to adopt our service and products. Many educational institutions are not used to paying for the type of services we offer on a subscription basis, and we may change our fee structure to cater to their needs. If we or other education SaaS business or other providers experience security incidents, loss of customer or user data, disruptions in delivery or other problems, the market as a whole, including our business, may be negatively affected. If our services and products, especially SaaS offerings, do not achieve market adoption in line with our expectations, or there is a reduction in demand caused by a lack of 25 acceptance, technological challenges, the changes in educational needs, weakening economic conditions, security or privacy concerns, competing technologies and products, decreases in corporate spending or otherwise, it could result in decreased revenue and our business could be adversely affected. If we fail to keep up with rapid changes in technologies and educational needs, our future success may be adversely affected. Additionally, our introduction and use of AI may present business, compliance, and reputational challenges which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. We utilize our technology and data insights to facilitate the digital transformation and upgrade of Chinese schools, with a focus on improving the efficiency and effectiveness of core teaching and learning scenarios such as homework assignments and in-class teaching as well as to provide personalized and targeted learning and exercise content to improve students’ learning efficiency. The success of our business will depend, in part, on our ability to adapt and respond effectively to the development of technology and changes in educational needs on a timely basis. If we are unable to develop new products that satisfy schools and students’ latest educational needs and provide enhancements and new features for our existing products that keep pace with rapid technological and industry change, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected. If new technologies emerge, such as advanced artificial intelligence technologies,that are able to deliver competitive products and services at lower prices, more efficiently, more conveniently or more securely, such technologies could adversely impact our ability to compete effectively. Our teaching and learning SaaS offerings currently integrate with a number of hardware and software platforms combinations and can be customized to work with even broader situations and infrastructures, and we need to continually modify and enhance our products and services to adapt to changes and innovation in these technologies. Our SaaS offerings are based on tailored combination of a number of standardized modules covering classroom, question bank, homework assignments, learning content and multi-role reporting to suit the needs of different users. We may need to develop more modules to satisfy different customers’ needs or changes in educational needs. This development effort may require significant resources, which would adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. Any failure of our products and services to operate effectively with evolving or new technologies could reduce the demand for our products. We must continue to invest substantial resources in research and development to enhance our technology. If we are unable to respond to these changes in a cost-effective manner, our products may become less marketable and less competitive or obsolete, and our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected. In addition, we have incorporated and utilized, and expect to continue to incorporate and utilize, AI technologies in our teaching and learning SaaS offerings, our AI-powered personalized learning offering, as well as our other educational products and services. As with most emerging technologies, AI comes with its own set of risks and challenges that could affect its adoption and our business. The regulatory and legal framework on AI is constantly evolving. However, since these laws and regulations are still relatively new and significant uncertainties remain with respect to their interpretation and implementation, the integration of AI technologies introduces risks related to data privacy, security, and regulatory compliance. Any failure to adequately address these concerns could result in legal liabilities, reputational damage, or financial penalties, which could negatively impact our business and financial performance. See also “—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—The artificial intelligence industry is subject to evolving and extensive regulations. The adoption and use of artificial intelligence in our product offerings may subject us to potential infringement claims and increase our regulatory compliance costs.” We face significant competition, and if we fail to compete efficiently, we may lose our market share or fail to gain additional market share, which would adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. The in-school teaching and learning solutions industry and after-school education industry in mainland China are competitive, and we expect competition in this sector to persist and intensify. We face competition in both mainland China’s educational SaaS market and after-school education market from other educational service providers and other products and services catering to similar demands. Some of our current or future competitors may have longer operating histories, greater brand recognition, or greater financial, technical or marketing resources than we do. We compete with these educational service providers across a range of factors, including, among others, the extent to which the approach and format of our products address customer needs, functions covering diversified educational scenarios and friendly user experience, high-quality content synchronized with local curriculum, textbook versions and academic assessment objectives, insights based on learning data and empowered by data analytics capabilities, application of a wide range of advanced technology in different 26 educational scenarios, effectiveness of customer services and sales and marketing efforts, and track record, trust and brand recognition. Our competitors may adopt similar marketing approaches, with different pricing and service packages for in-school educational solutions or after-school learning products that may have greater appeal than our offerings. Our competitors may also choose to adopt alternative solutions aimed at enhancing teaching and learning efficiencies in schools, utilizing various technologies or approaches, whether existing or emerging. We may also be affected by the potential consequences of constantly evolving AI technologies. In addition, some of our competitors may have more resources than we do and may be able to devote greater resources than we can to the development and promotion of their product and services and respond more quickly than we can to the changes in student preferences, testing materials, admission standards, market needs or new technologies. As a result, subscriptions to or purchases of our teaching and learning SaaS offerings and other educational products and services may decrease due to intense competition. If we reduce the price of our offerings or increase spending in response to competition in order to retain or attract students and other personnel, or pursue new market opportunities, our net revenues may decrease and our costs and expenses may increase as a result of such actions that may adversely affect our operating margins. If we are unable to successfully compete for students, maintain or increase the price level of our offerings, attract and retain key personnel, maintain our competitiveness in terms of the quality of our product and service offerings in a cost-effective manner, we may lose our market share and our profitability may be adversely affected. The AI industry is subject to evolving and extensive regulations. The adoption and use of artificial intelligence in our product offerings may subject us to potential infringement claims and increase our regulatory compliance costs. We are building AI into our product and service offerings. For example, we use AI technologies to improve the efficiency in creating educational content and guidance to students. We also use AI algorithms to provide more tailored learning experiences, delivering content, assessing student progress, and adapting instruction based on individual needs. As with many industrial innovations, AI also presents risks and challenges that could affect its adoption, and, therefore, our business. AI algorithms may be flawed and datasets may be insufficient or contain biased information. Inappropriate or controversial data practices by us or others could impair our AI solutions. Some AI scenarios present ethical issues and if we offer AI related products that are controversial because of the impact of AI on human rights, privacy, employment, or other social issues, we may experience reputational harm or be exposed to liability. In addition, uncertainties remain as to the ownership and intellectual property protection of the AI-generated content and the use of AI-generated content tools may result in potential intellectual property infringement and other legal issues. If we fail to obtain necessary and commercially consents or permits in the use of such content, whether due to the inability to identify or verify the appropriate rights holder or for any other reason, we may be found to have infringed on the rights of others, potentially resulting in claims for monetary damages, regulatory fines and penalties, or a reduction of content available to users. The regulatory and legal framework on generative AI is evolving rapidly and may not sufficiently cover all its aspects. PRC government authorities have gradually accelerated the pace of legislation for generative AI related technologies including algorithm recommendation and deep synthesis. The Administrative Provisions on the Deep Synthesis of Internet Information Services, issued by the Cyberspace Administration of China, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and the Ministry of Public Security on November 25, 2022 and effective on January 10, 2023, require the providers of deep synthesis services to, among other things, establish and maintain the management systems for algorithmic mechanism review, data security and personal information protection. The Provisional Measures on AI-Generated-Content Services, published on July 10, 2023 by seven governmental authorities including the Cyberspace Administration of China, also imposes compliance requirements for providers of generative AI services to fulfill their responsibilities as network information contents producers and fulfill their obligations of network information security. Besides, the Administrative Provisions on Internet Information Service Algorithm Recommendation established a nationwide mandatory algorithm filing system applicable to providers of algorithm-recommended service that have attributes of public opinions or are capable of social mobilization. As of the date of this annual report, we have completed the algorithm filing process for our existing AI services but our AI-powered personalized learning offering is still in the process. On March 14, 2025, the Cyberspace Administration of China released the Measures for Labeling Artificial Intelligence Generated Synthetic Contents, effective on September 1, 2025. According to these measures, network information service providers shall label the AI-generated synthetic content to inform the users that the content is AI-generated. Non-compliance with these regulations may subject the providers of 27 generative-AI services to penalties, including warning, public denouncement, rectification orders and suspension of the provision of certain services. However, since these laws and regulations are still relatively new and significant uncertainties remain with respect to their interpretation and implementation, there remain uncertainties whether we are required to complete such security assessment and algorithm filing, and if so, we cannot assure you whether we will be able to comply with the requirements of such laws and regulations or complete additional registrations and filings in a timely manner or at all. If we are unable to complete all necessary filings and/or assessments, or if we have any dispute with any third party relating to intellectual property or data security, our business operation may be adversely affected. Uncertainties exist in relation to the interpretation and implementation of, and proposed changes to, the PRC regulatory requirements regarding in-school educational solutions and after-school educational products and services, which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. The smart in-school classroom solution industry and the after-school educational products and services industry in the PRC are subject to regulation in mainland China. Relevant rules and regulations are fast-evolving and could be changed to accommodate the development of education, in particular, markets and the further adoption of smart in-school classroom solutions from time to time. The Chinese Ministry of Education, jointly with certain other PRC government authorities, issued the Opinions on Guiding and Regulating the Orderly and Healthy Development of Educational Mobile Apps on August 10, 2019, or the Opinions on Educational Apps, which requires, among others, mobile apps that offer services for school teaching and management, student learning and student life, or home-school interactions, with school faculty, students or parents as the main users, and with education or learning as the main application scenarios, be filed with the competent provincial regulatory authorities for education. To implement the Alleviating Burden Opinion, the Chinese Ministry of Education issued a notice on its official website on December 13, 2021, which requires that the previous filing of educational apps under the Opinions on Educational Apps shall be temporarily withdrawn and be subject to review and re-approval. As of the date of this annual report, we have completed the re-filing procedure of our in-school apps that form part of our teaching and learning SaaS offerings as required under the Opinions on Educational Apps and the above notice. However, we are still in the process of filing certain educational apps. As the Opinions on Educational Apps and its relevant implementation rules are evolving, we cannot assure you that we are in full compliance with all relevant rules and will be able to complete or maintain all necessary filing requirements and comply with other regulatory requirements under the Opinions on Educational Apps and their related rules and regulations in a timely manner, or at all. The governmental authorities may, from time to time, conduct inspections or impose more stringent regulatory approach on compliance with the Opinions on Educational Apps and the relevant local rules. If we fail to promptly complete or maintain any such filing and comply with other applicable regulatory requirements, we may be subject to fines, regulatory orders to suspend our apps or other regulatory and disciplinary sanctions. Furthermore, if any school that is deemed as users of our smart in-school classroom solution applications fails to file with the competent governmental authorities as required, such schools may be inquired by governmental authorities, which creates uncertainties as to whether such school would continue to use our smart in-school classroom solution applications, and our business may be materially and adversely affected. We also cannot preclude the possibility that other misconduct by schools or teachers may subject us to more stringent regulatory requirements, or limits on our operation or promotional activities. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations—Regulation Related to Private Education” and “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations—Regulation Related to After-school Tutoring and Online Private Education.” Given the foregoing, the interpretation and application of the existing laws, regulations, implementation rules and interpretations that govern the online private education industry and the smart in-school/after-school learning solution industry would create substantial uncertainties regarding the legality of our business operation, which create risks that we may be found to violate the existing laws and regulations, including those under “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations—Regulation Related to After-School Tutoring and Online Private Education.” It is also uncertain whether and how PRC government authorities would further promulgate new laws, regulations, implementation rules and interpretations applicable to online training institutions and the smart in-school/after-school learning solution industry, including regulation related to in-school electronic devices and those promulgated to apply more stringent social and ethical standards in the education sector in general. There is no assurance that we can comply with any newly promulgated laws and regulations in a timely manner or at all, and any failure to comply may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. 28 We face uncertainties with respect to the development of regulatory requirements on operating licenses and permits for our online education services in mainland China. Failure to renew and maintain requested licenses or permits in a timely manner or obtain newly required ones due to adverse changes in regulations or policies could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. The internet industry and education industry in mainland China are highly regulated by the PRC government. As an internet-based education service provider, we are required to obtain and maintain all necessary approvals, licenses or permits and make all necessary registration and filings applicable to our business operations in mainland China, and we may be required to apply for and obtain additional licenses or permits for our operations as the interpretation and implementation of current PRC laws and regulations are still evolving, and new laws and regulations may also be promulgated. We print and provide physical education materials to certain users of our other educational products and services. If the government authorities deem our printing and provision of physical education materials to users as “publication of books” under Administrative Regulations on Publishing, we may be required to obtain a Publishing License or to entrust qualified publishers to publish such physical education materials, failure of which may subject us to penalties, including orders to cease illegal activities, discontinuation of operations, correction order, condemnation, fines, civil and criminal liability. As of the date of this annual report, each of Shanghai Hexu Information Technology Co., Ltd., or Shanghai Hexu, Beijing Yiqi Science Technology Co., Ltd., a wholly owned subsidiary of Shanghai Hexu, and Beijing Qili Technology Co., Ltd, or Beijing Qili, Zhiyouban (Shanghai) Technology Co., Ltd., or Shanghai Zhiyouban, holds a Publication Operation License. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations—Regulation Relating to Publishing.” We may be required to apply for and obtain additional licenses, permits or recordation or expand the scope of the licenses so obtained by us, given the significant uncertainties of the interpretation and implementation of certain regulatory requirements applicable to online education business. As of the date of this annual report, educational content providers like us are not explicitly required to obtain the License for Online Transmission of Audio-Visual Programs or the Permit for Production and Operation of Radio and TV Programs primarily because there are no implementation rules or explicit interpretation from government authorities deeming internet education services as “internet audio-visual program services” and “radio and television program” as defined in relevant rules and regulations promulgated by relevant government authorities. If relevant government authorities deem our online educational content to constitute “online education activities” under the Amended Implementation Rules for the Private Education Law, our relevant operating entities may be required to obtain a private school operating permit. However, there is no definition of “online education activities” under the Amended Implementation Rules for the Private Education Law. In addition, as of the date of this annual report, there are no implementation rules or explicit interpretation from government authorities deeming the provision of our educational content to students and teachers through our applications and online platforms as “online publishing services” which requires an Online Publishing Service Permit. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations—Regulation Relating to Online Publishing.” However, there is no assurance that local PRC authorities will not adopt different enforcement practice, or any PRC government will not issue more explicit interpretation and rules or promulgate new laws and regulations from time to time to further regulate the online education industry, which may subject us to additional licensing requirements to continue to operate our business. As of the date of this annual report, each of Shanghai Hexu, Beijing Yiqi Education Information Consultation Co., Ltd., or Beijing Yiqi Information and Shanghai Zhiyouban, has obtained a Permit for Production and Operation of Radio and TV Programs. Furthermore, Shanghai Hexu, Beijing Yiqi Information, Beijing Qili and Guangzhou Qili Technology Co., Ltd., or Guangzhou Qili, each currently holds a Value-added Telecommunications Business Operating License for certain internet information service, or ICP License. However, we cannot assure you that our ICP Licenses can be updated in a timely manner or at all with respect to business activities, websites and applications associated with our business operations because relevant laws and regulations are constantly evolving and can be subject to differing interpretations by PRC government authorities. Failures to obtain or update such licenses may subject us to fines, confiscation of relevant gains, suspend the operations of our online platforms and other liabilities. As of the date of this annual report, no material fines or other penalties have been imposed on us for failure to obtain such additional licenses, permits or filings, or to expand the scope of the licenses obtained by us. There can be no assurance that once required, we will be able to obtain or maintain all the required approvals, licenses, permits and complete or maintain all necessary filings, recordation, renewals, expansion of scope, and registrations on a timely basis for our online education services, given the significant amount of discretion the PRC authorities may have in interpreting, implementing and enforcing rules and regulations, as well as other factors beyond our control and anticipation. In addition, there can also be no assurance that we will be able to maintain our existing licenses, approvals, registrations or permits. If we fail to obtain and maintain required permits, to expand scope of such permits obtained by us in a timely manner or obtain or renew any permits and 29 certificates, or fail to complete the necessary filings, recordation, renewals or registrations on a timely basis, we may be subject to fines, confiscation of the gains derived from our non-compliant operations, suspension of our noncompliant operations or claims for compensation of any economic loss suffered by the users of our products and services, and our business, financial conditions and operational results may be materially and adversely affected. We have a history of net losses and we may not achieve profitability in the future. We incurred net losses of RMB311.8 million, RMB192.9 million and RMB154.4 million (US$22.1 million), respectively, in 2023, 2024 and 2025. We also had negative cash flows from operating activities of RMB212.1 million, RMB139.2 million in 2023, 2024, respectively, and positive cash flows from operating activities of RMB37.3 million (US$5.3 million) in 2025. The cessation of the K-12 Academic AST Services and other measures we have taken to comply with the regulatory developments in mainland China have materially and adversely affected and will materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. We cannot assure you that we will be able to generate net profits or positive cash flow from operating activities in the future. Our ability to achieve profitability will depend in large part on our ability to generate enough revenue from our new business initiatives, increase our operating margin, either by growing our revenues at a rate faster than our costs and operating expenses increase, or by reducing our costs and operating expenses as a percentage of our net revenues. Accordingly, we intend to continue to invest to attract new educational authorities, schools and students, hire educational content development professionals and other personnel, expand our sales and distribution network for teaching and learning SaaS offerings, and strengthen our educational content development and technologies and data analytics capabilities to enhance user experience. These efforts may be more costly than we expect, and our net revenues may not increase sufficiently to offset the expenses. We may continue to take actions and make investments that do not generate optimal financial results and may even result in significantly increased operating and net losses in the short-term with no assurance that we will eventually achieve our intended long-term benefits or profitability. These factors, among others set out under “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors” may negatively affect our ability to achieve profitability in the near term, if at all. In addition, our historical financial and operating results are not indicative of our future performance. Substantial uncertainties exist with respect to the profitability and cash generating capability of our new businesses. Our revenues, expenses and operating results may vary from quarter to quarter and from year to year in response to a variety of other factors beyond our control, including but not limited to: general economic conditions, changes in regulatory environment and policies, detrimental negative publicity about us, our competitors or our industry, changes in consumers’ spending patterns, and non-recurring charges incurred in connection with acquisitions or other extraordinary transactions or unexpected circumstances. As a result of these and other factors, we believe that period-to-period comparisons of our operating results may not be meaningful and should not be relied upon as an indicator of future performance. Furthermore, our past results may not be indicative of future performance due to the development or acquisition of new businesses. Any failure to protect our intellectual property rights may undermine our competitive position, and litigation to protect our intellectual property rights or defend against third-party allegations of infringement may be costly and ineffective. We believe that our patents, copyrights, trademarks and other intellectual property are essential to our success. We have devoted considerable time and energy to the development and improvement of our websites, applications, our system infrastructure and our educational content for our product and service offerings. We rely primarily on patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets and other contractual restrictions for the protection of the intellectual property used in our business. Nevertheless, these provide only limited protection and the actions we take to protect our intellectual property rights may not be adequate. Furthermore, our pending intellectual property right applications may be rejected. Our trade secrets may become known or be independently discovered by our competitors. Third parties may in the future pirate our educational content developed in-house and may infringe upon or misappropriate our other intellectual property. Infringement upon, or the misappropriation of, our proprietary technologies or other intellectual property could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. Although we have taken measures to monitoring and policing the unauthorized use of our copyrighted educational content for our product and service offerings, policing the unauthorized use of intellectual property rights can be difficult and expensive. Some educational content development professionals may continue to use this content if they resign with us and join our competitors, which may negatively impact the attractiveness of our products to prospective students and parents, and our intellectual property rights for such content could be costly and time consuming to defend. Although we have entered into agreements with certain educational content development professionals to prohibit them from 30 using our content without our prior consent, we cannot ensure compliance of educational content development professionals with such agreement. Furthermore, litigation may be necessary to enforce our intellectual property rights, protect our trade secrets or determine the validity and scope of the proprietary rights of others. Such litigation may be costly and divert management’s attention away from our business. An adverse determination in any such litigation would impair our intellectual property rights and may harm our business, prospects and reputation. Enforcement of judgments in China is uncertain, and even if we are successful in litigation, it may not provide us with an effective remedy. In addition, we have no insurance coverage against litigation costs and would have to bear all costs arising from such litigation to the extent we are unable to recover them from other parties. The occurrence of any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We may be involved in legal and other disputes from time to time arising out of our operations, in particular for allegations relating to our infringement of intellectual property rights of third parties, which may be expensive to defend and may disrupt our business and operations. We have and may continue to be involved in legal and other disputes in the ordinary course of our business, including allegations against us for potential infringement of third-party copyrights or other intellectual property rights. We may also encounter disputes from time to time over rights and obligations concerning intellectual property rights and other legal rights, in particular third-party copyrights that may be infringed by us in our business operation, and we may not prevail in those disputes. Our educational content is typically subject to internal review before being approved to launch and our content moderation personnel monitor our in-school and after-school products and services. We have also adopted policies and procedures to prohibit our employees from infringing upon third-party copyrights or, other intellectual property rights. However, we cannot assure you that our efforts will be effective in preventing potential infringement of third-party intellectual property rights. The students, teachers and parents using our applications or websites may post unauthorized third-party content on our applications or websites, which we may not be able to detect in time, or at all. We may incur liability for unauthorized duplication or distribution of materials posted on our applications or websites or used in our classes. We have been and are now subject to allegations on the grounds of intellectual property rights infringement and other legal theories based on the content of the materials that we distribute or use in our business operation. Any claims against us, with or without merit, could be time-consuming and costly to defend or litigate, divert our management’s attention and resources or result in the loss of goodwill associated with our brand. The application and interpretation of mainland China’s intellectual property right laws and the procedures and standards for granting trademarks, patents, copyrights, know-how or other intellectual property rights in mainland China, and the laws governing personal rights are still evolving and remain uncertain, and we cannot assure you that PRC courts or regulatory authorities would agree with our analysis. If a lawsuit against us is successful, we may be required to pay substantial damages and/or enter into royalty or license agreements with commercially unreasonable terms, or we may be unable to enter into such agreements at all. We may also lose, or be limited in, the rights to offer some of our SaaS offerings, parts of our products or be required to make changes to our educational content for our product and service offerings, applications or other software. As a result, the scope of our educational content for our product and service offerings could be reduced, which could adversely affect the effectiveness of our curriculum, limit our ability to attract new students, limit the effectiveness of and slow down the speed of adoption of our smart in-school classroom solution, harm our reputation and have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. We and certain of our directors or officers have been named as defendants in a putative shareholder class action lawsuit that could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operation, cash flows and reputation. We and certain of our officers and directors were named as defendants in a putative securities class action filed on July 19, 2022 in the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California, captioned Zhang v. 17 Educ. & Tech. Grp. Inc. et al,. No. 2:22-cv-04937. The action was purportedly brought on behalf of a class of persons who allegedly suffered damages as a result of alleged misstatements and omissions in the Company’s IPO prospectus and registration statement, allegedly in violation of the Sections 11, 12(a)(2) and 15 of the U.S. Securities Act of 1933. On October 24, 2022, the Court appointed Lead Plaintiffs and Lead Counsel. On November 18, 2022, the case was transferred to the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York under the caption Zhang v. 17 Educ. & Tech. Grp. Inc. et al,. No. 1:22-cv-09843. On January 31, 2023, Lead Plaintiffs filed an Amended Complaint. The Company filed its motion to dismiss the Amended Complaint on March 31, 2023. In July 2023, Magistrate Judge Stewart Aaron recommended that the Court grant Defendants’ motion to dismiss. In November 2023, District Judge Lewis Kaplan adopted the Magistrate Judge’s recommendation, and issued a 31 judgment dismissing the complaint in its entirety with prejudice. Plaintiffs’ time to appeal has lapsed, and the matter is now considered closed. In addition, we may also face new legal proceedings, claims and investigations in the future. The existence of such cases and any adverse outcome of these cases, including any plaintiff’s appeal of a judgment, could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows as well as the trading price of our ADSs. Resolution of these matters may utilize a significant portion of our cash resources and divert management’s attention from the day-to-day operations of our company, all of which could harm our business. We also may be subject to claims for indemnification related to these matters, and we cannot predict the impact that indemnification claims may have on our business or financial results. If our security measures are breached or fail, resulting in unauthorized disclosure or unintended leakage of data, we could lose existing students, fail to attract new students and be exposed to protracted and costly litigation. Maintaining platform security is of critical importance to us because we store and transmit proprietary and confidential information, which includes proprietary and confidential student, teacher and parent information, such as names, addresses, ID card numbers, bank account numbers and other personal information as well as personal academic learning and teaching information, all of which is primarily stored in our digital database. To ensure the confidentiality and integrity of our data, we maintain a comprehensive and rigorous data security program. For example, we have implemented advanced data encryption measures to ensure secured storage and transmission of data, and prevent any unauthorized access or use of our user data. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Data Privacy and Security.” These measures, however, may not be as effective as we anticipate. As an education technology company, we face an increasing number of threats to our platform and computer systems, including unauthorized activity and access, system viruses, worms, malicious code, denial of service attacks, phishing attacks, and organized cyberattacks, any of which could breach our security and disrupt our platform and technology infrastructure. The techniques used by computer hackers and cyber criminals to obtain unauthorized access to data or to sabotage computer systems change frequently and generally are not detected until after an incident has occurred. We have implemented certain safeguards and processes to thwart hackers and protect the data in our platform and computer systems. However, our efforts to maintain the security and integrity of our platform, and the cybersecurity measures taken by our third-party service providers may be unable to anticipate, detect or prevent all attempts to compromise our systems. If our security measures are breached or fail as a result of third-party action, employee error, malfeasance or otherwise, it could result in the loss or misuse of or authorized third-party access to proprietary and confidential student, teacher, parent, employee and company information, which could subject us to liability, interrupt our business or adversely affect our reputation, potentially over an extended period of time. Increased regulation of data utilization practices, including self-regulation, under existing laws that limit our ability to collect, transfer and use data, could have an adverse effect on our business. If we were to disclose data about students, teachers, parents and other users of our products and services in a manner that was objectionable to them, our business reputation could be adversely affected, and we could face potential legal claims that could impact our operating results. Failure to comply with these obligations could subject us to liability, and to the extent that we need to alter our business model or practices to adapt to these obligations, we could incur additional expenses. Any of these issues could harm our reputation, adversely affect our ability to attract and enroll prospective students, adversely affect our ability to maintain our filings, cause prospective students not to enroll or stay enrolled, cause schools and teachers to not adopt or cease their use of our smart in-school classroom solution, or subject us to third-party lawsuits, regulatory fines or other action or liability. Further, any reputational damage resulting from breach of our security measures could create distrust of our company by prospective students, teachers, parents or investors. We may be required to expend significant additional resources to protect us against the threat of security measures breaches or to alleviate problems caused by such disruptions or breaches. 32 We are subject to a variety of laws and other obligations regarding data protection. Many of these laws and regulations are subject to change and uncertain interpretation, and any actual or alleged failure to comply with applicable laws and obligations could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our business generates and processes a large quantity of data. We face risks inherent in handling and protecting large volume of data. In particular, we face a number of challenges relating to data from transactions and other activities on our platforms, including: •protecting the data in and hosted on our system, including against attacks on our system by outside parties or fraudulent behavior or improper use by our employees; •addressing concerns related to privacy and sharing, safety, security and other factors; and •complying with applicable laws, rules and regulations relating to the collection, use, storage, transfer, disclosure and security of personal information, including any requests from regulatory and government authorities relating to these data. Data security and data protection compliance receives heightened attention from domestic and global regulators and attracts great public scrutiny, which could increase our compliance costs going forward and subject us to heightened risks and challenges associated with data security and protection. If we are unable to manage these risks, we could become subject to penalties, including fines, suspension of business and revocation of required licenses, and our reputation and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. The PRC regulatory and enforcement regime with regard to data security and data protection is evolving and may be subject to different interpretations or significant changes. Moreover, different PRC regulatory bodies, including the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Cyberspace Administration of China, the Ministry of Public Security and the State Administration for Market Regulation, have enforced data privacy and protections laws and regulations with varying standards and applications. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations—Regulation Relating to Internet Information Security and Privacy Protection.” The following are examples of certain recent PRC regulatory activities in this area: In June 2021, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress promulgated the Data Security Law, which took effect in September 2021. The Data Security Law, among other things, provides for security review procedure for data-related activities that may affect national security. In July 2021, the state council promulgated the Regulations on Protection of Critical Information Infrastructure, which became effective on September 1, 2021. Pursuant to this regulation, critical information infrastructure means key network facilities or information systems of critical industries or sectors, such as public communication and information service, energy, transportation, water conservation, finance, public services, e-government affairs and national defense science, the damage, malfunction or data leakage of which may endanger national security, people’s livelihoods or the public interest. In addition, critical information infrastructure operator identification rules shall be formulated and clarified by the competent departments and supervision and management departments of important industries and sectors in future legislation. These departments will then be responsible for identifying the critical information infrastructure in their respective industries and notifying the operators who are identified as a critical information infrastructure operator on timely basis. In December 2021, the Cyberspace Administration of China, together with other authorities, jointly promulgated the Cybersecurity Review Measures, or the Revised Cybersecurity Review Measures, which became effective on February 15, 2022 and replaces its predecessor regulation. Pursuant to the Revised Cybersecurity Review Measures, a critical information infrastructure operator that procures internet products and services or a network platform operator that conducts data processing activities must be subject to the cybersecurity review if their activities affect or may affect national security. The Revised Cybersecurity Review Measures further stipulates that network platform operators that hold personal information of over one million users and seek to list abroad shall apply with the Cybersecurity Review Office for a cybersecurity review. Our PRC counsel has consulted the relevant government authority in mainland China, which confirmed that, under the currently effective laws and regulations in mainland China, a company already listed in a foreign stock exchange before promulgation of the Revised Cybersecurity Review Measures is not required to go through a cybersecurity review by the Cyberspace Administration of China to maintain its listing status on the foreign stock exchange on which its securities have been listed. Therefore, we believe that under the currently effective laws and regulations in mainland China, we are not required to go through a cybersecurity review by the Cyberspace Administration of China for our past issuance of securities to foreign investors through public offering and maintaining our listing status on Nasdaq. As of the date of this annual report, no detailed rules or 33 implementation rules have been issued by any authority and we have not been informed that we are a critical information infrastructure operator by any government authorities. Furthermore, the exact scope of “critical information infrastructure operators” and the criteria for the determination of “affect or may affect national security” under the current regulatory regime remains unclear, and the PRC government authorities may have wide discretion in the interpretation and enforcement of the applicable laws. Therefore, it is uncertain whether we would be deemed to be a critical information infrastructure operator or whether our data processing activities would be deemed to affect or may affect national security under PRC law. If we are deemed to be a critical information infrastructure operator or our data processing activities are deemed to affect or may affect national security under the PRC cybersecurity laws and regulations, we may be subject to obligations in addition to what we have fulfilled under the PRC cybersecurity laws and regulations. In October 2023, the Cyberspace Administration of China promulgated the Regulation on the Cyber Protection of Minors which took effect on January 1, 2024. This Regulation further improve the regulatory requirements relating to minor’s cyber protection, pursuant to which (i) once locating minors’ private information or minors’ personal information released through the Internet involving private information, network service providers shall prompt and take necessary protective measures such as stopping the transmission to prevent the information from spreading; (ii) the staff of personal information processor shall be approved by the responsible person or his/her authorized management personnel before accessing minors’ personal information, record the access situation, and take technical measures to avoid illegal processing of the personal information of minors. Further, on December 26, 2025, eight regulators including the Cyberspace Administration of China issued the Measures for the Classification of Network Information That May Affect the Physical and Mental Health of Minors, effective on March 1, 2026, which categorizes such harmful information, clarifies identification and labeling rules, and prohibits disseminating it in minor-targeted services or displaying it in prominent sections. On December 29, 2025, the general office of the Cyberspace Administration of China issued a notice requiring personal information processors handling minors’ personal information to submit annual compliance audit reports for the prior year by the end of January each year. On September 24, 2024, the State Council of the PRC promulgated the Regulations on Network Data Security Management, which became effective on January 1, 2025. The regulations provide that data processors shall apply for a cybersecurity review in accordance with relevant laws and regulations if their data processing activity affects or may affect national security. However, there have been no clarifications from the relevant authorities as of the date of this annual report as to the standards for determining whether an activity is one that “affects or may affect national security.” In addition, the regulations requires that processors of important data shall conduct risk assessment of their network data processing activities on an annual basis and submit risk assessment reports to the competent authorities at or above the provincial level, which shall in turn promptly notify the cyberspace administration and the public security organ at the same level. On March 22, 2024, the Cyberspace Administration of China published the Provisions on Promoting and Regulating Cross-bound Data Flows, pursuant to which if the data have not been informed or publicly announced as “important data” by the relevant authorities or regions, data processors are not required to declare security assessment for cross-border provision of the data as important data. As of the date of this annual report, we have not been informed or announced by any authorities that any data we process is important data. Many of the data-related legislations are relatively new and certain concepts thereunder remain subject to interpretation by the regulators. If any data that we possess belongs to data categories that are subject to heightened scrutiny, we may be required to adopt stricter measures for protection and management of such data. The Revised Cybersecurity Review Measures remains unclear on whether the relevant requirements will be applicable to companies that are already listed in the United States, such as us. We cannot predict the impact of the Revised Cybersecurity Review Measures, if any, at this stage, and we will closely monitor and assess any development in the rule-making process. If the Revised Cybersecurity Review Measures mandates clearance of cybersecurity review and other specific actions to be taken by issuers like us, we face uncertainties as to whether these additional procedures can be completed by us timely, or at all, which may subject us to government enforcement actions and investigations, fines, penalties, suspension of our noncompliant operations, or removal of our app from the relevant application stores, and materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations. As of the date of this annual report, we have not been involved in any formal investigations on cybersecurity review made by the Cyberspace Administration of China on such basis. 34 In general, compliance with the existing PRC laws and regulations, as well as additional laws and regulations that PRC regulatory bodies may enact in the future, related to data security and personal information protection, may be costly and result in additional expenses to us, and subject us to negative publicity, which could harm our reputation and business operations. There are also uncertainties with respect to how such laws and regulations will be implemented and interpreted in practice. We have been taking and will continue to take reasonable measures to comply with such laws, regulations, announcement and provisions; however, as the laws, regulations, announcement and provisions are relatively new, it remains uncertain how these announcements and provisions will be implemented. We cannot assure you we can adapt our operations to it in a timely manner. Evolving interpretations of such laws, regulations, announcements and provisions or any future regulatory changes might impose additional restrictions on us generating and processing personal and behavioral data. We may be subject to additional regulations, laws and policies adopted by the PRC government to apply more stringent social and ethical standards in data privacy resulting from the increased global focus on this area. To the extent that we need to alter our business model or practices to adapt to these announcement and provisions and future regulations, laws and policies, we could incur additional expenses. In addition, there are relevant laws and regulations in Hong Kong regarding data protection, such as the Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance and the Unsolicited Electronic Messages Ordinance which impose protocols and obligations regarding the handling of personal data including that, among other things, (i) personal data shall be collected for a lawful purpose, necessary and not excessive, (ii) personal data shall be collected by means that are lawful and fair in the circumstances of the case, (iii) the person from whom personal data is collected is informed of the purpose of collecting the data, and (iv) personal data shall not be used for any new purpose which is not or is unrelated to the original purpose when collecting the data, unless with the data subject’s express and voluntary consent. As of the date of this annual report, although certain of our subsidiaries are holding companies located in Hong Kong, we do not conduct external business operations or engage in revenue-generating activities with external third parties in Hong Kong. Any services provided by such Hong Kong subsidiaries are limited to internal support services rendered to other entities within our Group. If we conduct business operations and access bulk data in Hong Kong in the future, we may be required to incur additional cost to ensure our compliance with such laws and regulations, and any violation could result in a material adverse impact on our business, reputation and results of operations. Any failure, or perceived failure, by us, or by our third-party partners, to maintain the security of our user data or to comply with applicable privacy, cybersecurity, data security and personal information protection laws, regulations, policies, contractual provisions, industry standards, and other requirements, may result in civil or regulatory liability, including governmental or data protection authority enforcement actions and investigations, fines, penalties, enforcement orders requiring us to cease operating in a certain way, litigation, or adverse publicity, and may require us to expend significant resources in responding to and defending allegations and claims. Moreover, claims or allegations that we have failed to adequately protect our users’ data, or otherwise violated applicable privacy, cybersecurity, data security and personal information protection laws, regulations, policies, contractual provisions, industry standards, or other requirements, may result in damage to our reputation and a loss of confidence in us by students, teachers, parents or our partners, potentially causing us to lose product subscriptions, school partners, content providers, other business partners and revenues, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. If third-party education materials publishers and partners refuse to grant us intellectual property rights to educational content on acceptable terms or terminate their agreements with us, or if we are unable to adequately protect their educational content rights, our business could be adversely affected. We may rely on licenses from third-party education materials publishers and partners to distribute digital education textbook content to our school partners, teachers and students and to develop our other education products and services. The contracts or arrangements with most publishers and partners are typically subject to renewal every one to three years and thus the long-term availability of such digital content is affected by potential future changes. If we are unable to secure and maintain the rights to distribute, or otherwise use, the digital content upon terms that are acceptable to us, we would not be able to acquire such digital content from other sources and our ability to attract more schools and teachers to adopt our teaching and learning SaaS offerings or new students to purchase our other educational products and services and retaining existing schools, teachers and students could be adversely impacted. Moreover, to the extent we are able to secure and maintain rights to distribute, or otherwise use, the digital textbook content, our competitors may be able to obtain the same rights on more favorable terms. 35 In addition, our ability to distribute, or otherwise use, digital textbook content depends on publishers’ belief that we include effective digital rights management technology to control access to such digital content. If the digital rights management technology that we use is compromised or otherwise malfunctions, we could be subject to claims, and publishers may be unwilling to include their content in our product and service offerings, which would adversely affect our business and prospects. Refunds or potential refund disputes of our service fees may negatively affect our cash flows, financial condition, and reputation. We offer refunds for customer advances for our other educational products and services. The number of refund requests and the amount of refunds could be affected by a number of factors, many of which are beyond our control. These factors include, without limitation to, student and parent dissatisfaction with our product quality and our educational content offerings, privacy concerns relating to our services, negative publicity regarding us, and any change or development in PRC laws and regulations with respect to fees charged by educational service providers like us. Any refund payments that we may be required to make to our users, as well as the expenses we could incur for processing refunds and resolving refund disputes, could be substantial and could adversely affect our business operations and financial condition. A high volume of refunds and refund disputes may also generate negative publicity that could harm our reputation. In addition, we lease educational products under our teaching and learning SaaS offerings to schools. If any incidents occur resulting in damage to our educational products, our financial condition, results of operations or business could be adversely affected. The success and future growth of our business will be affected by educational authorities, teacher, student and parent acceptance of and market trends in integration of technology and education. We operate at the intersection of the education and technology industries, and our business model features integrating technology closely with education to provide a more efficient and engaging learning experience. However, the integration of technology and education remains a relatively new concept in mainland China, and there are limited proven methods to project user demand or preference or available industry standards on which we can rely. For example, despite the positive momentum and growing acceptance of our teaching and learning SaaS offering, there is no guarantee that it will also be well received by the broader education and teaching community. We cannot assure you that our products and services will continue to be attractive to our users in the future. If our teaching and learning SaaS offering and our other educational products and services, all of which utilize data insights and technology, become less appealing to our users, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. Any significant disruption to or failures of our information technology systems, including events beyond our control, could reduce user satisfaction and could harm our reputation and cause our education services to be less attractive to the users of our products and services. The performance and reliability of our information technology system is critical to our operations and reputation. Our network infrastructure is currently deployed and our data is currently mainly maintained through several third-party internet data centers and cloud computing service providers in mainland China. Our operations depend on each of the data centers’ and service providers’ ability to protect its and our system in its facilities against events such as damage or interruption from natural disasters, power or telecommunications failures, air quality issues, environmental conditions, computer viruses or attempts to harm our systems, criminal acts and similar events, which events are beyond our control. If our arrangements with such data centers and service providers are terminated or if there is a lapse of service or damage to any of their facilities, we could experience interruptions in our service. Although we continually back up our databases on both real-time and delayed bases, we may still lose important operating data or suffer disruption to our operations if there is a failure of the database system or the backup system. We may be required to invest significant resources in protecting against the foregoing technological disruptions, or to remediate problems and damages caused by such incidents, which could increase the cost of our business and in turn adversely affect our financial conditions and results of operations. We cannot assure you that we will be able to expand our information technology infrastructure in a timely and cost-effective manner. Any interruptions in the accessibility of or deterioration of the quality of access to our system could reduce teachers’, students’ and parents’ satisfaction and reduce the attractiveness of our teaching and learning SaaS offerings and other educational products and services, which would result in reduction in the number of teachers using our teaching and learning SaaS offerings and number of students purchasing our other educational products and services. Although we have not experienced any significant disruptions to or failures of our information technology systems, we cannot assure you that such disruptions or failures will not happen in the future. 36 In addition, we rely on third-party mobile application distribution channels, such as the Apple App Store and Android application stores, to distribute our mobile applications to students, teachers and parents. As such, the promotion, distribution and operation of our mobile applications are subject to such distribution channels’ standard terms and policies for application developers, which are subject to the interpretation of, and frequent changes by, these distribution channels. If the Apple App Store, Android application stores or any other major distribution channel interprets or changes its standard terms and conditions in a manner that is detrimental to us in the future, or terminate its existing relationship with us, or if any third-party infringement claims are brought against our mobile applications, our mobile applications could be temporarily or permanently removed from such third-party mobile application distribution channels and our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. If we fail to adopt new technologies that are important to our business, in particular the technology upgrades related to AI, our competitive position and ability to generate revenues may be materially and adversely affected. The technology used in internet and value-added telecommunications services in general, and in online education services in particular, may evolve and change over time. We believe our technologies are core to our success and are critical to the implementation of our business model. In particular, implementation of technologies to improve teaching efficiency is an important part of our smart in-school classroom solution and is critical to attracting new teachers to adopt our solution. As an education technology company, we must anticipate and adapt to such technological changes and adopt new technologies in a timely fashion. We also rely on our data and technology capabilities to build and maintain our platform and infrastructure. We cannot assure you that we can keep up with the fast pace of the technology industry, and continue to develop, innovate and utilize our proprietary capabilities. In particular, the application of technology in education is still at an early stage and under exploration. Our technologies may become obsolete or insufficient, and we may have difficulties in following and adapting to technological changes in the online education industry in a timely and cost-effective manner. New solutions and technologies developed and introduced by competitors could render our technology obsolete. Developing and integrating new technologies into our existing programs and algorithms could be expensive and time-consuming. We may not succeed in developing and incorporating new technologies at all. If we fail to continue to develop, innovate and utilize our technologies effectively and on a timely basis, our business, financial performance and prospects could be materially and adversely affected. If our Al programs or proprietary data analytics algorithms, especially those related to localized and real-time educational content generation, are flawed or ineffective, our business and reputation could be harmed. We rely on our proprietary data analytics algorithms to analyze student homework and academic assessment results data and based thereon to generate personalized and localized recommended study questions for students and teachers to aid in their learning and teaching, respectively, and to continually develop and improve the educational content offered in our products and services. Although we have invested substantially in the development and continued improvement of our algorithms, we cannot assure you that our algorithms do not and will not carry any flaw or defect that could compromise our data analysis results. Particularly, some of these flaws or defects may not become evident until the algorithm is put to actual usage or after its continued failure to accurately generate on-point personalized or localized study question recommendations. Even if the algorithm is properly designed, its performance may be affected by the quality and volume of student learning performance data we aggregated. We also expect to experience significant growth in the amount of data we need to process as we continue to develop our business and enlarge our user base. As the amount of data and variables we process increases, the calculations that our algorithms must process become increasingly complex and the likelihood of any defect or error increases. In addition, a significant component of our smart in-school classroom solution is powered by our Al programs, which address complex challenges such as autoscoring, speech recognition and evaluation and grammar error detection. We may incur significant expenses to remediate any defects in our AI programs or data analytics algorithms, or may not be able to correct them at all. Although we have not experienced any material defects to date, we cannot assure you that our Al programs and algorithms are flawless. If any incidents of material defects took place, our student and teacher experiences with our products and services would be significantly harmed, and they may lose confidence and trust in our products and services. As a result, we may incur significant reputational damage and market share loss. 37 Any inability to adequately and promptly respond to changes in examination systems, admission standards, test materials, teaching methods and regulation changes in the PRC could render our products and services less attractive to educational authorities, schools, teachers, students and parents. In mainland China, school admissions rely heavily on examination results, and students’ performance in these exams is critical to their education and future employment prospects. It is therefore common for students to pursue after-school learning to improve their test performance. Accordingly, the success of our business to a large extent depends on the continued use of entrance exams or tests by schools in their admissions. However, such heavy emphasis on examination scores may decline or fall out of favor with educational institutions or government authorities in mainland China. Admission and assessment processes undergo constant changes, in terms of subject and skill focus, question type, examination format and the manner in which the processes are administered. We are therefore required to continually update and enhance our educational contents, product features and technology focuses. Any failure to respond to the changes in a timely and cost-effective manner will adversely impact the marketability of our solutions and products, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Regulations and policies that decrease the weight of scholastic competition achievements in the admissions process mandated by government authorities or adopted by schools may have an impact on our enrollments. For example, the Chinese Ministry of Education issued certain implementation guidelines to clarify that local educational administrative departments at all levels, public schools and private schools are not allowed to use examinations to select their students for admission to middle schools from primary schools. As a result, public schools may not use various competitions or examination certificates as the criteria or basis for enrollment. Failure to track and respond to these changes in a timely and cost-effective manner would render our services and products less attractive to students, which may materially and adversely affect our reputation and ability to continue to attract students. We may not be able to timely develop our educational content in a cost-effective manner to make them appealing to existing and prospective students, or at all Our educational content development team works closely with our sales and service team on developing, updating and improving our existing educational content and developing new educational content to stay abreast of the latest educational trends and changes in education curricula and textbook content in their respective subject areas. The adjustments, updates and expansions of our existing educational content and the development of new educational content may not be accepted by existing or prospective students. Even if we are able to develop acceptable new educational content for our product and service offerings, we may not be able to introduce them as quickly as students require or as quickly as our competitors introduce competing offerings. Furthermore, offering new educational content or upgrading existing ones may require us to commit significant resources and make significant investments in educational content development. If we are unsuccessful in pursuing educational content development and upgrading opportunities due to the financial constraints, failure to attract educational content development professionals, or other factors, our ability to attract and retain students could be impaired and our financial results could suffer. We cannot assure you that we will not be subject to liability claims for any inappropriate or illegal content in our educational content offerings, which could cause us to incur legal costs and damages our reputation. Although we implement various content moderation procedures, we cannot assure you that there will be no inappropriate or illegal content included in our educational content or applications and websites. In addition, certain of our educational content, which is designed internally based on our understanding of the examination requirements and other factors, may be investigated by the regulatory authorities. We may face civil, administrative or criminal liability or legal or regulatory sanctions, such as requiring us to restrict or discontinue our content, products or services, if an individual or corporate, governmental or other entity believes that any of our educational content or content displayed on our applications and websites violates any laws, regulations or governmental policies or infringes upon its legal rights. Even if such a claim were not successful, defending such a claim may cause us to incur substantial costs. Moreover, any accusation of inappropriate or illegal content in our educational content offerings or our applications and websites could lead to significant negative publicity, which could harm our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations. 38 The recognition of our brand may be adversely affected by any negative publicity concerning us and our business, shareholders, affiliates, directors, officers and other employees, as well as the industry in which we operate, regardless of its accuracy, that could harm our reputation and business. We believe that the market recognition of our brand has significantly contributed to the success of our business and that maintaining and enhancing our brand recognition is critical to sustaining our competitive advantages. Negative publicity about us and our business, shareholders, affiliates, directors, officers, educational experts, sales and service representatives and other employees and other full-time and part-time workers supplied by third-party service providers, as well as the industry in which we operate, can harm the recognition of our brand. Negative publicity, regardless of merits, could be related to a wide variety of matters, including but not limited to: •alleged misconduct or other improper activities committed by the users of our products and services or our directors, officers, educational experts, sales and service representatives and other employees and other full-time and part-time workers supplied by third-party service providers, including misrepresentation made by our employees or full-time and part-time workers supplied by third-party service providers to potential students, teachers and parents during sales and marketing activities, and other fraudulent activities to artificially inflate the popularity of our products or services offerings; •false or malicious allegations or rumors about us or our directors, shareholders, affiliates, officers, educational experts, sales and service representatives and other employees and other workers supplied by third-party service providers; •complaints by students, teachers and parents about our product and service offerings; •refund disputes of fees between us and students and their parents or administrative penalties; •security breaches of private user or transaction data; •employment-related claims relating to alleged employment discrimination, wage and hour violations; and •governmental and regulatory investigations or penalties resulting from our failure to comply with applicable laws, regulations and policies, including those adopted by the government to apply more stringent social, ethical and environmental standards in connection with increased global focus on these areas. For example, in October 2018, it was reported that certain of our self-directed learning resources contained certain interactive, multi-media features that distracted students from learning and, in some cases, caused students to spend money on certain functions. We responded quickly to such reports and conducted a thorough internal investigation of all of our applications and learning resources to modify or remove, as applicable, any potentially improper content and features in such applications and resources. We also ceased to provide such self-directed learning resources and offered to refund money that were spent by students. In addition to traditional media, there has been an increasing use of social media platforms and similar technologies in mainland China, including instant messaging applications, social media websites and other forms of internet-based communications that provide individuals with access to a broad audience of consumers and other interested persons. The availability of information on instant messaging applications and social media platforms is virtually immediate as is its impact without affording us an opportunity for redress or correction. The opportunity for dissemination of information, including inaccurate information, is seemingly limitless and readily available. Information concerning our company, shareholders, affiliates, directors, officers, educational experts, sales and service representatives and other employees and other workers supplied by third-party service providers, may be posted on such platforms at any time. The risks associated with any such negative publicity or incorrect or misleading information cannot be completely eliminated or mitigated and may materially harm the recognition of our brand, reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations. 39 If our senior management and other key personnel are unable to work together effectively or efficiently or if we lose their services, our business may be severely affected. The continued services of our senior management and other key personnel are important to our continued success. In particular, we rely on the expertise and experience of Mr. Andy Chang Liu, our founder, chairman and CEO. We also rely on the experience and services from other senior management. If they cannot work together effectively or efficiently, our business may be severely disrupted. If one or more of our senior management were unable or unwilling to continue in their present positions, we might not be able to replace them easily or at all, and our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. Competition for experienced management personnel in the online education industry is intense, the pool of qualified candidates is limited, and we may not be able to retain the services of our senior executives or key personnel, or to attract and retain high-quality senior executives or key personnel in the future. If any of our senior management joins a competitor or forms a competing business, we may lose students, teaching staff, and other key professionals and staff members. Our senior management has entered into employment agreements with us which contain confidentiality and non-compete clauses. However, if any dispute arises between our senior management and us, we may have to incur substantial costs and expenses in order to enforce such agreements in mainland China or we may be unable to enforce them at all. Our success also depends on our having highly trained content and product development, financial, technical, human resource, sales and marketing staff and management personnel. A shortage in the supply of personnel with requisite skills or our failure to recruit them could impede our ability to increase revenues from our existing products and services, to launch new offerings and to expand our operations, and would have an adverse effect on our business and financial results. We are subject to third-party payment processing-related risks. We accept payments through major third-party online payment channels in mainland China, as well as bank transfers for our customers. We may also be susceptible to fraud, user data leakage and other illegal activities in connection with the various payment methods we offer. In addition, our business depends on the billing, payment and escrow systems of the third-party payment service providers to maintain accurate records of payments by customers and collect such payments. If the quality, utility, convenience or attractiveness of these payment processing and escrow services declines, or if we have to change the pattern of using these payment services for any reason, the attractiveness of our company could be materially and adversely affected. We are also subject to various rules, regulations and requirements, regulatory or otherwise, governing electronic funds transfers which could change or be reinterpreted to make it difficult or impossible for us to comply. If we fail to comply with these rules or requirements, we may be subject to fines and higher transaction fees and become unable to accept the current online payments solutions from our customers, and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. Business involving online payment services is subject to a number of risks that could materially and adversely affect third-party online payment service providers’ ability to provide payment processing and escrow services to us, including: •dissatisfaction with these online payment services or decreased use of their services; •increasing competition, including from other established Chinese internet companies, payment service providers and companies engaged in other financial technology services; •changes to rules or practices applicable to payment systems that link to third-party online payment service providers; •breach of customers’ personal information and concerns over the use and security of information collected from buyers; •service outages, system failures or failures to effectively scale the system to handle large and growing transaction volumes; •increasing costs to third-party online payment service providers, including fees charged by banks to process transactions through online payment channels, which would also increase our cost of revenues; and •failure to manage funds accurately or loss of funds, whether due to employee fraud, security breaches, technical errors or otherwise. 40 Our brand image, business and results of operations may be adversely impacted by misconduct, improper activities and misuse of our product and service offerings by users, employees and workers supplied by third-party service providers, many of which are beyond our control. We regularly and actively monitor content and communications on our platform to ensure that we are able to identify content that may be deemed inappropriate or in violation of laws, regulations and government policies. When any inappropriate or illegal content is identified, we promptly remove the content. However, since we have limited control over the real-time and offline behavior of the users of our products and services, to the extent any improper behavior is associated with our content, applications or websites, our ability to protect our brand image and reputation may be limited. In addition, if any of students or other users suffer or allege to have suffered physical, financial or emotional harm following contact initiated through our content, applications or websites, we may face civil lawsuits or other liabilities initiated by the affected individual or governmental or regulatory actions against us. In response to allegations of illegal or inappropriate activities conducted on our applications or websites or any negative media coverage about us, PRC governmental authorities may intervene and hold us liable for noncompliance with PRC laws and regulations concerning the dissemination of information on the internet and subject us to administrative penalties or other sanctions, such as requiring us to restrict or discontinue some of the content, features and services provided through our applications or websites. As a result, our business may suffer and our brand image, the pace at which our SaaS offerings are adopted, the demand for our other educational products and services, results of operations and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected. We are exposed to the risk of other types of fraud or other misconduct by employees supplied by third-party service providers. Other types of misconduct include, but are not limited to, intentionally failing to comply with government regulations, engaging in unauthorized activities when interacting with students and during the course of their work, such as mishandling student records and data, and making misrepresentation to our prospective students, teachers and school partners during marketing activities, all of which could harm our business and reputation. It is not always possible to deter misconduct by employees supplied by third-party service providers, and such risks are greater with respect to misconduct, improper activities and misuse of our products and data by employees supplied by third-party service providers, over whom we have less control as they are not our own employees. Although we set out confidentiality and conduct requirements for such employees in our agreements with third-party service providers and third-party service providers set out similar requirements in their employment or service contracts with such employees, and we oversee the performance of such employees supplied by third-party service providers and request these third-party service companies to replace workers that engage in misconduct and illegal activities, such efforts may not be effective in controlling and deterring misconduct and improper activities. The precautions we take to prevent and detect misconduct by employees supplied by third-party service providers may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses, which could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our results of operations are subject to seasonal fluctuations. We may generate higher net revenues in the third and fourth quarters in the future for our teaching and learning SaaS offerings business with regional educational authority clients, as it aligns with their specific budgetary cycles. For our private and public school clients, we may generate higher growth in net revenues in the first and third quarters in the future, as these are typically the school seasons when we deliver our teaching and learning SaaS offerings. Our other educational products and services business tends to generate relatively stable net revenues. Overall, the historical seasonality of our business has been relatively mild, but seasonality may increase in the future and there are uncertainties in real practice that could impact overall net revenues. Due to our limited operating history, the seasonal trends that we have experienced in the past may not be indicative of our future operating results. Our financial condition and results of operations for future periods may continue to fluctuate. As a result, the trading price of our ADSs may fluctuate from time to time due to seasonality. We have granted, and expect to continue to grant, share-based awards under our share incentive plans, which may result in increased share-based compensation expenses. We adopted share incentive plans in 2015, 2018 and 2020, or the 2015 Plan, the 2018 Plan and the 2020 Plan, respectively, for the purpose of granting share-based compensation awards to employees, officers, directors and consultants to incentivize their performance and promote the success of our business. On April 23, 2025, our board of directors approved the amendment and restatement of the 2015 Plan, the 2018 Plan and the 2020 Plan, to extend the expiration date of the options granted under and the ending date of the term of each of the 2015 Plan, the 2018 Plan and the 2020 Plan, to December 31, 2035. As of February 28, 2026, the maximum aggregate number of ordinary shares that may be issued under the 2015 Plan, the 2018 Plan and the 2020 Plan is 59,899,375 and 41 25,703,602 and 234,847,780, respectively. See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—B. Compensation of Directors and Executive Officers—Share Incentive Plan.” We recorded RMB83.7 million, RMB61.9 million and RMB30.8 million (US$4.4 million) in 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively, in share-based compensation expenses. We expect to continue to grant awards under our share incentive plans, which we believe are of significant importance to our ability to attract and retain key personnel and employees. As a result, our expenses associated with share-based compensation may increase, which may have an adverse effect on our results of operations. If we cannot maintain our corporate culture, we could lose the innovation, collaboration and focus that contribute to our business. We believe that a critical component of our success is our corporate culture, which fosters innovation and has roots in genuine care for children’s education and a deep understanding of students, teachers and schools as well as the evolving education industry in mainland China. We may find it difficult to maintain these valuable aspects of our corporate culture. Any failure to preserve our culture could undermine our reputation in the marketplace and negatively impact our ability to attract and retain employees and students, which would in turn jeopardize our future success. We face risks related to natural and other disasters, including severe weather conditions or outbreaks of health epidemics, and other extraordinary events, which could significantly disrupt our operations. Our business could be materially and adversely affected by natural disasters, other health epidemics or other public safety concerns affecting the PRC, and particularly Beijing. Natural disasters may give rise to server interruptions, breakdowns, system failures, technology platform failures, internet failures or other operation interruptions for us and our service providers, which could cause the loss or corruption of data or malfunction of software or hardware as well as adversely affect our ability and the ability of our service providers to conduct daily operations and to deliver our products offerings. Our business could also be adversely affected if employees of ours or our service providers are affected by health epidemics, such as new variants of COVID-19 or outbreaks of other diseases. In addition, our results of operations could be adversely affected to the extent that any health epidemic harms the Chinese economy in general. Our headquarters are located in Beijing, where most of our directors and management and the majority of our employees currently reside. Most of our system hardware and back-up systems are hosted in facilities located in Beijing and most of our service providers are located in Beijing. Consequently, if any natural disasters, health epidemics or other public safety concerns were to affect Beijing, our operation may experience material disruptions, which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. We have limited business insurance coverage, which could expose us to significant costs and business disruption. Insurance companies in mainland China currently do not offer as extensive an array of insurance products as insurance companies in more developed economies. We do not maintain any liability insurance or property insurance policies covering students, equipment and facilities for injuries, death or losses due to fire, earthquake, flood or any other disaster. Consistent with customary industry practice in mainland China, we do not maintain business interruption insurance, nor do we maintain key-man life insurance. We have determined that the costs of insuring for these risks and the difficulties associated with acquiring such insurance on commercially reasonable terms make it impractical for us to have such insurance. Any uninsured business disruptions may result in our incurring substantial costs and the diversion of resources, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. If we fail to maintain proper and effective internal controls, our ability to produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis could be impaired. We are subject to reporting obligations under the U.S. securities laws. The SEC, as required under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, adopted rules requiring every public company to include a management report on such company’s internal control over financial reporting in its annual report, which contains management’s assessment of the effectiveness of the company’s internal control over financial reporting. In addition, an independent registered public accounting firm for a public company may be required to issue an attestation report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. However, as a 42 “non-accelerated filer” as defined under Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act, we are not required to have an attestation report on internal control over financial reporting from our external auditor. Our management may conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is not effective. Moreover, even if our management concludes that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, our independent registered public accounting firm, after conducting its own independent testing, may issue an adverse report if it is not satisfied with our internal controls or the level at which our controls are documented, designed, operated or reviewed, or if it interprets the requirements differently from us. Furthermore, we have incurred and anticipate that we will continue to incur considerable costs, management time and other resources in an effort to comply with Section 404 and other requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. We may be unable to timely complete our evaluation testing and any required remediation. Our management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting and concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2025. See “Item 15. Controls and Procedures.” However, there is no assurance that we will not have any material weakness in the future. Failure to discover and address any control deficiencies could result in inaccuracies in our financial statements and impair our ability to comply with applicable financial reporting requirements and related regulatory filings on a timely basis. Moreover, ineffective internal control over financial reporting could significantly hinder our ability to prevent fraud. If we fail to develop or maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, our management and our independent registered public accounting firm may not conclude on an on-going basis that our internal control over financial reporting is effective. This conclusion could adversely impact the market price of our ADSs due to a loss of investor confidence in the reliability of our reporting processes. In addition, our internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system’s objectives will be met. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and instances of fraud will be detected. If we are not able to comply with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in a timely manner, or if we are unable to maintain proper and effective internal controls, we may not be able to produce timely and accurate financial statements. If that were to happen, the market price of our ADSs could decline and we could be subject to sanctions or investigations by the Nasdaq, SEC or other regulatory authorities. Our operations depend on the performance of the internet infrastructure and telecommunications networks in mainland China. The successful operation of our business depends on the performance of the internet infrastructure and telecommunications networks in mainland China. Almost all access to the internet is maintained through state-owned telecommunications operators under the administrative control and regulatory supervision of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology. Moreover, we have entered into contracts with various subsidiaries of a limited number of telecommunications service providers at provincial level and rely on them to provide us with data communications capacity through local telecommunications lines. We have limited access to alternative networks or services in the event of disruptions, failures or other problems with mainland China’s internet infrastructure or the telecommunications networks provided by telecommunications service providers. We regularly serve a large number of parents, students and teachers. With the expansion of our business, we may be required to upgrade our technology and infrastructure to keep up with the increasing traffic on our online applications and websites. However, we have no control over the costs of the services provided by telecommunications service providers. If the prices we pay for telecommunications and internet services rise significantly, our results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. If internet access fees or other charges to internet users increase, our user traffic may decline and our business may be harmed. We may need additional capital in the future to pursue our business objectives. If we cannot obtain additional capital on acceptable terms, or at all, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. We may need to raise additional capital to respond to business challenges or opportunities, accelerate our growth, develop new offerings or enhance our technological capacities. Due to the unpredictable nature of the capital markets and our industry, there can be no assurance that we will be able to raise additional capital on terms favorable to us, or at all, if and when required, especially if we experience disappointing results of operations. If 43 adequate capital is not available to us as required, our ability to fund our operations, take advantage of unanticipated opportunities, develop or enhance our infrastructure or respond to competitive pressures could be significantly limited. If we do raise additional funds through the issuance of equity or convertible debt securities, the ownership interests of our shareholders could be significantly diluted. These newly issued securities may have rights, preferences or privileges senior to those of existing shareholders. We may not be able to achieve the benefits we expect from future investments and acquisitions. We may make equity investments in or acquisitions of additional businesses, assets and technologies that complement our existing business in the future. This may include opportunities to expand our offerings and strengthen our technology and data capabilities. If the businesses or assets we acquire or invest in do not subsequently generate the anticipated financial performance or if any goodwill impairment test triggering event occurs, we may need to revalue or write down the value of goodwill and other intangible assets in connection with such acquisitions or investments, which would harm our results of operations. In addition, investments and acquisitions could result in the use of substantial amounts of cash, potentially dilutive issuances of equity securities, significant amortization expenses related to intangible assets, significant diversion of management attention and exposure to potential unknown liabilities of the acquired business. In addition, as we often do not have control over the companies in which we only have minority stake, we cannot ensure that these companies will always comply with applicable laws and regulations in their business operations. Material non-compliance by our investees may cause substantial harms to our reputations and the value of our investment. In addition, we may be unable to identify appropriate acquisition or strategic investment targets when it is necessary or desirable to make such acquisition or investment to remain competitive or to expand our business. Even if we identify an appropriate acquisition or investment target, we may not be able to successfully negotiate the terms of the acquisition or investment, finance the proposed transaction or integrate the relevant businesses into our existing business and operations. In the event that our investments and acquisitions are not successful, our results of operations and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected. A severe and prolonged downturn in the Chinese or global economy could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. The global macroeconomic environment faces numerous challenges. The growth rate of the Chinese economy has been slowing since 2010 and the Chinese population began to decline in 2022. The Russia-Ukraine conflict, the Hamas-Israel conflict, the conflict in the Persian Gulf and surrounding areas as far west as Israel and Lebanon, and the restrictions at various times on shipping through the straits of Hormuz and the Red Sea have heightened geopolitical tensions across the world. The impact of the regional conflicts has contributed to increases in food and energy prices and thus to inflation more generally, with the potential for even more serious consequences if oil and gas facilities are destroyed or shipping is affected for an extended period of time. There have also been concerns about the relationship between China and other countries which may potentially have economic effects. In particular, there is significant uncertainty about the future relationship between the United States and China with respect to a wide range of issues including trade policies, treaties, government regulations and tariffs. Economic conditions in China are sensitive to global economic conditions, as well as changes in domestic economic and political policies and the expected or perceived overall economic growth rate in China. As a result, any severe or prolonged slowdown in the global or Chinese economy may materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. The current tensions in international trade and rising international political tensions may adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. In recent years, there have been heightened trade and political tensions in international relations, particularly between the United States and China. These tensions have affected both diplomatic and economic ties between the two countries and created uncertainties to the international economy as a whole. Heightened tensions could reduce levels of trade, investments, technological exchanges, and other economic activities between major economies. The existing tensions and any further deterioration in the relationship between the United States and China and between other countries may have a negative impact on the general, economic, political, and social conditions around the globe, United States and China in particular, and thus adversely impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations. The U.S. government has implemented policies restricting international trade and investment, such as tariffs, export controls, economic or trade sanctions, and foreign investment filing and approval requirements. These actions may materially and adversely affect international trade, global financial markets, and the stability of the global economic condition. For example, since early 2025, the United States has implemented significant 44 changes to U.S. trade policy with China, including by imposing additional tariffs on Chinese imports. China has responded by imposing, and proposing to impose additional or higher tariffs on products imported from the United States, among other measures. There remains considerable uncertainty regarding future tariff rates and the trajectory of U.S.-China trade relations. It also remains uncertain whether increased tariffs and trade tensions will create further disruptions and uncertainties to the international trade and lead to a downturn to the global economy. In addition, the United States government has taken efforts to limit the outbound U.S. investments to China. On August 9, 2023, the Biden administration of the United States released an executive order directing the Department of Treasury to create an outbound foreign direct investment review program that would require reporting on or (in more narrow circumstances) prohibit investments by U.S. persons involving “covered national security technologies and products.” On October 28, 2024, the Department of Treasury issued a final rule to implement the executive order, providing details on technical specifications and other aspects of the operative regulations, which came into effect on January 2, 2025. This is referred to as the Outbound Investment Rule. The Outbound Investment Rule imposes investment prohibitions and notification requirements on U.S. persons for a wide range of investments in entities associated with “countries of concern,” currently only China, that are engaged in activities relating to (i) semiconductors and microelectronics, (ii) quantum information technologies, and (iii) artificial intelligence systems. These entities are collectively defined as “Covered Foreign Persons.” U.S. persons subject to the Outbound Investment Rule are prohibited from making, or required to report, transactions involving Covered Foreign Persons that are defined as “covered transactions,” although the Outbound Investment Rule excludes some investments from the scope of covered transactions, including those in publicly traded securities. The Outbound Investment Rule introduces new hurdles and uncertainties for cross-border collaborations, investments, and funding opportunities of China-based issuers including us. We do not believe that 17 Education & Technology Group Inc. would be defined as a Covered Foreign Person under the Outbound Investment Rule because we do not engage in a “covered activity” (as defined in the Outbound Investment Rule) or otherwise meet the definition of Covered Foreign Persons provided in the Outbound Investment Rule. However, there is no assurance that the U.S. Department of Treasury will take the same view as ours. If we were to be deemed a “Covered Foreign Person,” and if U.S. persons were to engage in a “covered transaction” (as defined under the Outbound Investment Rule) that involves the acquisition of our equity interests, such U.S. persons may need to make a notification pursuant to the Outbound Investment Rule. In addition, even though U.S. persons’ acquisitions of publicly traded securities (such as our ADSs) will be exempted from the scope of covered transactions under the Outbound Investment Rule, the rule could still limit our ability to raise capital or contingent equity capital from U.S. investors given that the relevant laws, regulations, and policies continue to evolve and we cannot rule out the possibility of being deemed a Covered Foreign Person in the future due to different views taken by the U.S. Department of Treasury, potential amendments to the Outbound Investment Rule or the introduction of additional regulations. For example, on February 21, 2025, the White House released President Trump’s “America First Investment Policy” memorandum, outlining several initiatives to incentivize investment from U.S. allies and partners while restricting investments involving “foreign adversaries,” including China. Among other things, the policy aims to expand the industry sectors covered by the U.S. outbound investment regulations and supplement outbound restrictions through the imposition of sanctions. As of the date of this annual report, the proposed changes under the America First Investment Policy are not implemented. In addition, on December 18, 2025, the Comprehensive Outbound Investment National Security Act of 2025, or the COINS Act, was enacted as part of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2026. The COINS Act largely preserves the core framework of the Outbound Investment Rule while expanding its scope and coverage in certain respects such as expanding covered activities in high-performance computing and supercomputing and hypersonic systems and including more countries of concern The COINS Act will not become effective until the U.S. Department of the Treasury issues implementing regulations, which must be promulgated through notice-and-comment rulemaking and no later than March 13, 2027. Accordingly, the Treasury may amend, expand or otherwise modify existing outbound investment prohibitions and restrictions pursuant to the COINS Act. If our ability to raise such capital is significantly and negatively affected, it could be detrimental to our business, financial condition and prospects, and our ADSs may significantly decline in value. Rising political tensions could reduce levels of trades, investments, technological exchanges, and other economic activities across the globe, which would have a material adverse effect on global economic conditions and the stability of global financial markets. Any of these factors could have a material adverse effect on the demand of our products and services, and thus negatively affect our business, prospects, financial condition, and results of operations. 45 Fluctuations in exchange rates could have a material and adverse effect on the value of your investment and our results of operations. The conversion of Renminbi into foreign currencies, including the U.S. dollar, is based on rates set by the People’s Bank of China. The Renminbi has fluctuated against the U.S. dollar and other currencies, at times significantly and unpredictably. The value of Renminbi against the U.S. dollar and other currencies is affected by changes in China, the US and other countries’ political and economic conditions and by foreign exchange policies of China, the U.S. and other countries, among other things. We cannot assure you that Renminbi will not appreciate or depreciate significantly in value against the U.S. dollar and other currencies in the future. It is difficult to predict how market forces or PRC or U.S. government policy may impact the exchange rate between Renminbi and U.S. dollar in the future. Significant revaluation of the Renminbi may have a material and adverse effect on your investment. For example, to the extent that we need to convert U.S. dollars we receive from our initial public offering into Renminbi for our operations, appreciation of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar would have an adverse effect on the Renminbi amount we would receive from the conversion. Conversely, if we decide to convert our Renminbi into U.S. dollars for the purpose of making payments for dividends on our ordinary shares or ADSs or for other business purposes, appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the Renminbi would have a negative effect on the U.S. dollar amount available to us. Very limited hedging options are available in mainland China to reduce our exposure to exchange rate fluctuations. As of the date of this annual report, we have not entered into any hedging transactions in an effort to reduce our exposure to foreign currency exchange risk. While we may decide to enter into hedging transactions in the future, the availability and effectiveness of these hedges may be limited and we may not be able to adequately hedge our exposure, or at all. In addition, our currency exchange losses may be magnified by PRC exchange control regulations that restrict our ability to convert Renminbi into foreign currency. Increasing focus with respect to environmental, social and governance matters may impose additional costs on us or expose us to additional risks. Failure to adapt to or comply with the evolving expectations and standards on environmental, social and governance matters from investors and the PRC government may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operation. The PRC government and public advocacy groups have been increasingly focused on environment, social and governance, or ESG, issues in recent years, making our business more sensitive to ESG issues and changes in governmental policies and laws and regulations associated with environment protection and other ESG-related matters. Investor advocacy groups, certain institutional investors, investment funds, and other influential investors are also increasingly focused on ESG practices and in recent years have placed increasing importance on the implications and social cost of their investments. Regardless of the industry, increased focus from investors and the PRC government on ESG and similar matters may hinder access to capital, as investors may decide to reallocate capital or to not commit capital as a result of their assessment of a company’s ESG practices. Any ESG concern or issue could increase our regulatory compliance costs. If we do not adapt to or comply with the evolving expectations and standards on ESG matters from investors and the PRC government or are perceived to have not responded appropriately to the growing concern for ESG issues, regardless of whether there is a legal requirement to do so, we may suffer from reputational damage and the business, financial condition, and the price of our ADSs could be materially and adversely effected. We face certain risks relating to the real properties that we lease. We lease real properties from third parties primarily for our office in mainland China, and the lease agreements for most of these leased properties have not been registered with the PRC government authorities as required by PRC law. Although the failure to do so does not in itself invalidate the leases, we may be ordered by the PRC government authorities to rectify such noncompliance and, if such noncompliance were not rectified within a given period of time, we may be subject to fines imposed by PRC government authorities ranging from RMB1,000 and RMB10,000 for each of our lease agreements that have not been registered with the relevant PRC government authorities. As of the date of this annual report, we are not aware of any regulatory or governmental actions, claims or investigations being contemplated or any challenges by third parties to our use of our leased properties the lease agreements of which have not been registered with the government authorities. However, we cannot assure you that the government authorities will not impose fines on us due to our failure to register any of our lease agreements, which may negatively impact our financial condition. 46 In addition, some of the ownership certificates or other similar proof of certain leased properties have not been provided to us by the relevant lessors. Therefore, we cannot assure you that such lessors are entitled to lease the relevant real properties to us. If the lessors are not entitled to lease the real properties to us and the owners of such real properties decline to ratify the lease agreements between us and the respective lessors, we may not be able to enforce our rights to lease such properties under the respective lease agreements against the owners. As of the date of this annual report, we are not aware of any claim or challenge brought by any third parties concerning the use of our leased properties without obtaining proper ownership proof. If our lease agreements are claimed as null and void by third parties who are the real owners of such leased real properties, we could be required to vacate the properties, in the event of which we could only initiate the claim against the lessors under relevant lease agreements for indemnities for their breach of the relevant leasing agreements. We cannot assure you that suitable alternative locations are readily available on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, and if we are unable to relocate our operations in a timely manner, our operations may be interrupted. Failure to make adequate contributions to various employee benefits plans as required by PRC regulations may subject us to penalties. Companies operating in mainland China are required to participate in various government-sponsored employee benefit plans, including certain social insurance, housing funds and other welfare-oriented payment obligations, and contribute to the plans in amounts equal to certain percentages of salaries, including bonuses and allowances, of employees up to a maximum amount specified by the local government from time to time at locations where our employees are based. The requirement of employee benefit plans has not been implemented consistently by the local governments in mainland China given the different levels of economic development in different locations. To efficiently administrate the contribution of employment benefit plans of our employees in some cities, we engage third-party agents to make the contribution for our employees. Our failure in making contributions to various employee benefit plans and in complying with applicable PRC labor-related laws may subject us to late payment penalties, and we could be required to make up the contributions for these plans as well as to pay late fees and fines. If we are subject to late fees or fines in relation to the underpaid employee benefits, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected. In addition, to the extent that we can make a reasonable estimate of the liability arising from our failure in making full contributions to various employee benefit plans, we record a related contingent liability. However, the amount of our estimates may be inaccurate, in which case our financial condition and cash flow may be adversely affected if we were to pay late fees or fines in relation to the underpaid employee benefits. Our advertising and promotional content may subject us to penalties and other administrative actions. Under PRC advertising, pricing and anti-unfair competition laws and regulations, we are obligated to monitor our advertising content to ensure that such content is true and accurate and in full compliance with applicable laws and regulations. In addition, education or training advertisement are further prohibited from containing content such as guarantee for passing of examination or the effect of education or training, recommendation and/or endorsement by scientific research institutes, academic institutions, educational organizations, industry associations, professionals or beneficiaries using their name or image. Further, the Alleviating Burden Opinion provides that no advertisements for after-school tutoring shall be published or broadcasted in the network platforms and billboards displayed in the mainstream media, new media, public place and residential areas. Violation of these laws and regulations may subject us to penalties, including fines, confiscation of our advertising income, orders to cease dissemination of the advertisements and orders to publish an announcement correcting the misleading information. In circumstances involving serious violations by us, PRC government authorities may force us to terminate our advertising operations or revoke our licenses. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations—Regulation Relating to Advertising and Promotion.” The PRC regulatory authorities have significant discretion in interpreting and implementing the PRC Advertising Law, PRC Pricing Law, the PRC Anti-Unfair Competition Law and the rules and regulations related thereto. While we have made significant efforts to ensure that our advertisements are in full compliance with applicable PRC laws and regulations, we cannot assure you that all the content contained in our advertisements is true and accurate as required by, and complies in all aspects with, the advertising laws and regulations. We also cannot assure you that we can rectify content that is deemed in violation of such laws and regulations, in a timely manner, or at all, especially given the uncertainty in the interpretation of these PRC laws and regulations. If we are found to be in violation of applicable PRC advertising laws and regulations, we may be subject to penalties and our reputation may be harmed, which may negatively affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. 47 Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure If the PRC government finds that the agreements that establish the structure for operating certain of our operations in mainland China do not comply with regulations of mainland China relating to the relevant industries, or if these regulations or the interpretation of existing regulations change in the future, we could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in those operations. Foreign ownership in entities that provide value-added telecommunication services (except for e-commerce, domestic multi-party communications, store-and-forward and call center), is subject to restrictions under current laws and regulations of mainland China. Specifically, foreign ownership of an internet information service provider may not exceed 50%. We are a company registered in the Cayman Islands. Our wholly foreign owned entities, or our WFOEs, are our mainland China subsidiaries and foreign-invested enterprises under laws of mainland China. To comply with laws and regulations of mainland China, we conduct such business activities in mainland China primarily through the VIEs. Our WFOEs have entered into a series of contractual arrangements with the respective VIEs and their respective shareholders. For a description of these contractual arrangements, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Organizational Structure.” As a result of these contractual arrangements, our WFOEs have the power to direct the activities of the VIEs that most significantly affect the economic performances of the VIEs and are entitled to receive the economic benefits of the VIEs that could potentially be significant to the VIEs. Therefore, we have determined that we are the primary beneficiary of the VIEs for accounting purposes in accordance with ASC 810, Consolidations under U.S. GAAP, and have consolidated the VIEs’ results of operations, assets and liabilities in our consolidated financial statements for all the periods presented. In 2023, 2024 and 2025, we derived 98.3%, 98.5% and 97.9% of our total revenues from the VIEs and their subsidiaries, respectively. The VIEs hold the licenses, approvals and key assets that are essential for our operations. We are a Cayman Islands holding company with no equity ownership in the VIEs and we conduct our operations in mainland China through (i) our mainland China subsidiaries and (ii) the VIEs with which we have maintained contractual arrangements. Investors in our Class A common shares or the ADSs thus are not purchasing equity interest in our consolidated affiliated entities in mainland China but instead are purchasing equity interest in a Cayman Islands holding company. If the PRC government deems that our contractual arrangements with the VIEs do not comply with mainland China regulatory restrictions on foreign investment in the relevant industries, or if these regulations or the interpretation of existing regulations change or are interpreted differently in the future, we and the VIEs could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in those operations. Our holding company in the Cayman Islands, the VIEs, and investors of us face uncertainty about potential future actions by the PRC government that could affect the enforceability of the contractual arrangements with the VIEs and, consequently, significantly affect the financial performance of the VIEs and our company as a group. In addition, as of the date of this annual report, these agreements have not been tested in a court of law. In the opinion of our PRC legal counsel, Tian Yuan Law Firm (i) the ownership structure of the VIEs and our WFOEs does not result in any violation of laws and regulations of mainland China currently in effect; and (ii) the contractual arrangements among each of our WFOEs, our respective VIEs and their respective shareholders governed by laws of mainland China will not result in any violation of laws or regulations of mainland China currently in effect. However, we have been further advised by our PRC legal counsel that there are substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of current or future laws and regulations of mainland China, including, but not limited to, the laws and regulations governing our and the VIEs’ business, or the enforcement and performance of our contractual arrangements with the VIEs and their perspective shareholders. These laws and regulations may be subject to change, and their official interpretation and enforcement may involve substantial uncertainty. New laws and regulations that affect existing and proposed future businesses may also be applied retroactively. Thus, the PRC government may ultimately take a view contrary to the opinion of our PRC legal counsel. If the PRC government otherwise find that we are in violation of any existing or future laws or regulations of mainland China or lack the necessary permits or licenses to operate our business, the governmental authorities would have broad discretion in dealing with such violation, including, without limitation: •revoking the business licenses and/or operating licenses of such entities; •imposing fines on us; •confiscating any of our income that they deem to be obtained through illegal operations; 48 •discontinuing or placing restrictions or onerous conditions on our operations; •placing restrictions on our right to collect revenues; and •shutting down our servers or blocking our application/software. Any of these events could cause significant disruption to our business operations and severely damage our reputation, which would in turn materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, new laws, regulations, and rules of mainland China may be introduced to impose additional requirements, posing additional challenges to our corporate structure and contractual arrangements. For example, the General Office of State Council and the General Office of Central Committee of the Communist Party of China jointly promulgated the Alleviating Burden Opinion on July 24, 2021, which provides, among others, that (i) Academic AST Institutions are prohibited from raising funds by listing on stock markets or conducting any capitalization activities; and (ii) foreign capital is prohibited from controlling or participating in any Academic AST Institutions through mergers and acquisitions, entrusted operation, joining franchise or variable interest entities. The Alleviating Burden Opinion provides that any violation of the foregoing shall be rectified. The Alleviating Burden Opinion further states that the administration and supervision over Academic AST Institutions for students on grade ten to twelve shall be implemented by reference to the relevant provisions of the Alleviating Burden Opinion. It remains uncertain as to how and to what extent the administration over Academic AST Institutions for students on grade ten to twelve will be implemented by reference of the Alleviating Burden Opinion. We have conducted a series of compliance measures regarding the Alleviating Burden Opinion and relevant implements, such as cessation of tutoring services related to academic subjects to students from kindergarten through the last year of senior high school. We may take further necessary measures to comply with the current and future laws and regulations of mainland China. However, there are substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of current and future laws and regulations of mainland China. If occurrences of any of these events results in our inability to direct the activities of the VIEs in mainland China that most significantly impact its economic performance, and/or our failure to receive the economic benefits from the VIEs, we may not be able to consolidate their financial results in our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. On February 17, 2023, the CSRC released the Trial Administrative Measures of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies, or the Overseas Listing Trial Measures, and five supporting guidelines, effective on March 31, 2023 and the CSRC subsequently issued two new supporting guidelines in May 2023 and May 2024 respectively. At the press conference held for the Overseas Listing Trial Measures on the same day, officials from the CSRC clarified that, as for companies seeking overseas listing with contractual arrangements, the CSRC will solicit opinions from relevant regulatory authorities and complete the filing of the overseas listing of such companies if they duly meet the compliance requirements, and support the development and growth of these companies by enabling them to utilize two markets and two kinds of resources. If we fail to complete the filing with the CSRC in a timely manner or at all, for any future offerings, listing or any other capital raising activities, which are subject to the filings under the Overseas Listing Trial Measures, due to our contractual arrangements, our ability to raise or utilize funds could be materially and adversely affected, and we may even need to unwind our contractual arrangements or restructure our business operations to rectify the failure to complete the filings. However, there remains substantial uncertainties as to the interpretation, application, and enforcement of Overseas Listing Trial Measures and how they will affect our operations and our future financing. Although we believe we, our mainland China subsidiaries and the VIEs are not in violation of current laws and regulations of mainland China, we cannot assure you that the PRC government would agree that our contractual arrangements comply with licensing, registration or other regulatory requirements of mainland China, with existing policies or with requirements or policies that may be adopted in the future. The PRC government has broad discretion in determining rectifiable or punitive measures for non-compliance with or violations of laws and regulations of mainland China. If the PRC government determines that we or the VIEs do not comply with applicable law, it could revoke the VIEs’ business and operating licenses, require the VIEs to discontinue or restrict the VIEs’ operations, restrict the VIEs’ right to collect revenues, block the VIEs’ websites, require the VIEs to restructure our operations, impose additional conditions or requirements with which the VIEs may not be able to comply, impose restrictions on the VIEs’ business operations or on their customers, or take other regulatory or enforcement actions against the VIEs that could be harmful to their business. Any of these or similar occurrences could significantly disrupt our or the VIEs’ business operations or restrict the VIEs from conducting a substantial portion of their business operations, which could materially and adversely affect the VIEs’ business, financial condition and results of operations. If any of these occurrences results in our inability to direct the 49 activities of any of the VIEs that most significantly impact its economic performance, and/or our failure to receive the economic benefits from any of the VIEs, we may not be able to consolidate these entities in our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. In addition, our shares may decline in value or become worthless if we are unable to assert our contractual control rights over the assets of our mainland China subsidiaries that conduct a significant part of our operations. We rely on contractual arrangements with the VIEs and their shareholders for our business operations, which may not be as effective as direct ownership. We have relied and expect to continue to rely on contractual arrangements with the VIEs, and their shareholders to operate our business in mainland China. These contractual arrangements may not be as effective as direct ownership in directing the business operations of the VIEs. For example, the VIEs and their shareholders could breach their contractual arrangements with us by, among other things, failing to conduct the operations of the VIEs in an acceptable manner or taking other actions that are detrimental to our interests. If we had direct ownership of the VIEs in mainland China, we would be able to exercise our rights as a shareholder to effect changes in the board of directors of the VIEs, which in turn could implement changes, subject to any applicable fiduciary obligations, at the management and operational level. However, under the current contractual arrangements, we rely on the performance by the VIEs and their shareholders of their obligations under the contracts to direct the business operations of the VIEs. The shareholders of the VIEs may not act in the best interests of our company or may not perform their obligations under these contracts. Such risks exist throughout the period in which we intend to operate certain portion of our business through the contractual arrangements with the VIEs. If any dispute relating to these contracts remains unresolved, we will have to enforce our rights under these contracts through the operations of law and arbitration of mainland China, litigation and other legal proceedings and therefore will be subject to uncertainties in the mainland China legal system. See “—Any failure by the VIEs or their shareholders to perform their obligations under our contractual arrangements with them would have a material and adverse effect on our business.” Therefore, our contractual arrangements with the VIEs may not be as effective in ensuring our ability to direct the relevant portion of our business operations as direct ownership would be. Any failure by the VIEs or their shareholders to perform their obligations under our contractual arrangements with them would have a material and adverse effect on our business. If the VIEs or their shareholders fail to perform their respective obligations under the contractual arrangements, we may have to incur substantial costs and expend additional resources to enforce such arrangements. We may also have to rely on legal remedies under law of mainland China, including seeking specific performance or injunctive relief, and contractual remedies, which we cannot assure you will be sufficient or effective under law of mainland China. For example, if the shareholders of the VIEs were to refuse to transfer their equity interests in the VIEs to us or our designee if we exercise the purchase option pursuant to these contractual arrangements, or if they were otherwise to act in bad faith toward us, then we may have to take legal actions to compel them to perform their contractual obligations. All the agreements under our contractual arrangements are governed by law of mainland China and provide for the resolution of disputes through arbitration in mainland China. Accordingly, these contracts would be interpreted in accordance with law of mainland China and any disputes would be resolved in accordance with mainland China legal procedures. The legal system in mainland China is evolving and the evolution of the mainland China legal system could limit our ability to enforce these contractual arrangements. Meanwhile, there are very few precedents and little formal guidance as to how contractual arrangements in the context of a consolidated variable interest entity should be interpreted or enforced under law of mainland China. There remain significant uncertainties regarding the ultimate outcome of such arbitration should legal action become necessary. In addition, under law of mainland China, rulings by arbitrators are final, parties cannot appeal the arbitration results in courts, and if the losing parties fail to carry out the arbitration awards within a prescribed time limit, the prevailing parties may only enforce the arbitration awards in mainland China courts through arbitration award recognition proceedings, which would require additional expenses and delay. In the event we are unable to enforce these contractual arrangements, or if we suffer significant delay or other obstacles in the process of enforcing these contractual arrangements, we may not be able to direct the business operations of the VIEs, and our ability to conduct our business may be negatively affected. See “—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Evolution of the mainland China legal system could adversely affect us.” 50 The shareholders of the VIEs may have actual or potential conflicts of interest with us, which may materially and adversely affect our business and financial condition. The shareholders of the VIEs may have actual or potential conflicts of interest with us. These shareholders may breach, or cause the VIEs to breach, or refuse to renew, the existing contractual arrangements we have with them and the VIEs, which would have a material and adverse effect on our ability to effectively control the VIEs and receive economic benefits from them. For example, the shareholders may be able to cause our agreements with the VIEs to be performed in a manner adverse to us by, among other things, failing to remit payments due under the contractual arrangements to us on a timely basis. We cannot assure you that when conflicts of interest arise any or all of these shareholders will act in the best interests of our company or such conflicts will be resolved in our favor. Currently, we do not have any arrangements to address potential conflicts of interest between these shareholders and our company, except that we could exercise our purchase option under the exclusive option agreements with these shareholders to request them to transfer all of their equity interests in the VIEs to a mainland China entity or individual designated by us, to the extent permitted by law of mainland China. For individuals who are also our directors and officers, we rely on them to abide by the laws of the Cayman Islands, which provide that directors and officers owe a fiduciary duty to the company that requires them to act in good faith and in what they believe to be the best interests of the company and not to use their position for personal gains. The shareholders of our respective VIEs have executed powers of attorney to appoint our WFOEs or a person designated by our WFOEs to vote on their behalf and exercise voting rights as shareholders of our respective VIEs. If we cannot resolve any conflict of interest or dispute between us and the shareholders of the VIEs, we would have to rely on legal proceedings, which could result in disruption of our business and subject us to substantial uncertainty as to the outcome of any such legal proceedings. Contractual arrangements in relation to the VIEs may be subject to scrutiny by mainland China tax authorities and they may determine that we or the VIEs owe additional taxes, which could negatively affect our financial condition and the value of your investment. Under applicable laws and regulations of mainland China, arrangements and transactions among related parties may be subject to audit or challenge by mainland China tax authorities. We could face material and adverse tax consequences if mainland China tax authorities determine that the contractual arrangements in relation to the VIEs were not entered into on an arm’s length basis in such a way as to result in an impermissible reduction in taxes under applicable laws of mainland China, rules and regulations, and adjust income of the VIEs in the form of a transfer pricing adjustment. A transfer pricing adjustment could, among other things, result in a reduction of expense deductions recorded by the VIEs for mainland China tax purposes, which could in turn increase their tax liabilities without reducing our mainland China subsidiaries’ tax expenses. In addition, mainland China tax authorities may impose late payment fees and other penalties on the VIEs for the adjusted but unpaid taxes according to the applicable regulations. Our financial position could be materially and adversely affected if the VIEs’ tax liabilities increase or if they are required to pay late payment fees and other penalties. Our current corporate structure and business operations may be affected by the Foreign Investment Law. On March 15, 2019, the National People’s Congress promulgated the Foreign Investment Law, which took effect on January 1, 2020. The Foreign Investment Law does not explicitly classify whether the variable interest entities that we direct business operations through contractual arrangements would be deemed as foreign invested enterprises if they are ultimately “controlled” by foreign investors. However, it has a catch-all provision under definition of “foreign investment” that includes investments made by foreign investors in mainland China through other means as provided by laws, administrative regulations or the State Council. Therefore, it still leaves leeway for future laws, administrative regulations or provisions of the State Council to provide for contractual arrangements as a form of foreign investment, and it remains uncertain whether our contractual arrangements will be deemed to be in violation of the market access requirements for foreign investment in mainland China and if yes, how our contractual arrangements should be dealt with. The Foreign Investment Law grants national treatment to foreign-invested entities, except for those foreign-invested entities that operate in industries specified as either “restricted” or “prohibited” from foreign investment in the Special Administrative Measures (Negative List) for Foreign Investment Access jointly promulgated by the Ministry of Commerce, and the National Development and Reform Commission, as amended from time to time. The Foreign Investment Law provides that foreign-invested entities are barred from operating in “prohibited” industries and will require market entry clearance and other approvals from PRC government authorities if operating in “restricted” industries. On December 26, 2019, the Supreme People’s Court issued the 51 Interpretations on Certain Issues Regarding the Application of Foreign Investment Law, which came into effect on January 1, 2020. In accordance with the interpretations, any claim to invalidate an investment agreement will be supported by courts if such agreement is found to be entered into for purposes of making investments in the “prohibited industries” under the negative list or for purposes of investing in “restricted industries” while failing to satisfy the conditions set out in the Negative List. If our ability to direct the business operations of the VIEs through contractual arrangements are deemed as foreign investment in the future, and any business of the VIEs is “restricted” or “prohibited” from foreign investment under the “negative list” effective at the time, we may be deemed to be in violation of the Foreign Investment Law, the contractual arrangements that allow us to direct the business operations of the VIEs may be deemed as invalid and illegal, and we may be required to unwind such contractual arrangements and/or restructure our business operations, any of which may have a material adverse effect on our business operation. Furthermore, if future laws, administrative regulations or provisions mandate further actions to be taken by companies with respect to existing contractual arrangements, we may face substantial uncertainties as to whether we can complete such actions in a timely manner, or at all. Failure to take timely and appropriate measures to cope with any of these or similar regulatory compliance challenges could materially and adversely affect our current corporate structure and business operations. We may lose the ability to use and enjoy assets held by the VIEs that are material to the operation of certain portion of our business if the entities go bankrupt or become subject to a dissolution or liquidation proceeding. As part of our contractual arrangements with the VIEs, the VIEs hold certain assets that are material to the operation of certain portion of our business, including licenses, permits, domain names and most of our IP rights. If the VIEs go bankrupt and all or part of their assets become subject to liens or rights of third-party creditors, we may be unable to continue some or all of our business activities, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Under the contractual arrangements, the VIEs may not, in any manner, sell, transfer, mortgage or dispose of their assets or legal or beneficial interests in the business without our prior consent. If the VIEs undergoes a voluntary or involuntary liquidation proceeding, the independent third-party creditors may claim rights to some or all of these assets, thereby hindering our ability to operate our business, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Risks Related to Doing Business in China Changes in mainland China’s economic, political or social conditions or government policies could have a material adverse effect on our business and operations. All of our operations are conducted in mainland China, and most of our assets are located in mainland China. Accordingly, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be influenced to a significant degree by economic, political and social conditions in mainland China generally. The PRC government exercises significant regulation over mainland China’s economic growth through allocating resources, controlling payment of foreign currency-denominated obligations, setting monetary policy, and providing preferential treatment to particular industries or companies. In addition, the PRC government continues to play a significant role in regulating industry development by imposing relevant industrial policies. While the economy of mainland China has experienced significant growth over the past decades, growth has been uneven, both geographically and among various sectors of the economy. In addition, the rate of growth has been slowing since 2012, and the impact of COVID-19 on the Chinese and global economies in 2020 was severe. Any adverse changes in economic conditions in mainland China, in the policies of the PRC government or in the laws and regulations in mainland China could have a material adverse effect on the overall economic growth of mainland China. Such developments could adversely affect our business and operating results, lead to reduction in demand for our solutions and services and adversely affect our competitive position. The PRC government has implemented various measures to encourage economic growth and guide the allocation of resources by promulgating regulations. Some of these measures may benefit the overall economy of mainland China, but may have a negative effect on us. For example, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected by government control over capital investments or changes in tax regulations. In addition, in the past, the PRC government has implemented certain measures, including interest rate adjustment. It is uncertain whether these measures would cause decreased economic activity in mainland China, which may adversely affect our business and results of operations. In addition, there are uncertainties whether the increased global focus on social, ethical and environmental issues would lead to mainland China’s adoption of more 52 stringent standards in these areas, which may adversely impact the operations of China-based companies including us. Evolution of the mainland China legal system could adversely affect us. The legal system of mainland China is a civil law system based on written statutes, where prior court decisions have limited precedential value. The legal system of mainland China is evolving rapidly, and the interpretations of many laws, regulations and rules may contain inconsistencies and enforcement of these laws, regulations and rules involves uncertainties. From time to time, we may have to resort to administrative and court proceedings to enforce our legal rights. However, since mainland China’s judicial and administrative authorities have significant discretion in interpreting and implementing statutory and contractual terms, it may be difficult to predict the outcome of a judicial or administrative proceeding. These uncertainties may impede our ability to enforce the contracts we have entered into and could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations. Furthermore, the legal system of mainland China is based, in part, on government policies and rules, some of which are not published in a timely manner or are published with short notice. As a result, we may not always be aware of any potential violation of these policies and rules. Such unpredictability towards our contractual, property (including intellectual property) and procedural rights could adversely affect our business and impede our ability to continue our operations. The PRC government has significant oversight over the conduct of our business and it has recently indicated an intent to exert more oversight over offerings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers. Any such action could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline. The PRC government’s significant oversight over our business operations could result in a material adverse change in our operations and the value of our ADSs. Due to the nature of our industry, the PRC government may intervene or influence our operations at any time, or may exert more regulation over offerings conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers, which could result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of our securities. We conduct our business in mainland China through the VIEs and their subsidiaries in mainland China. Our operations in mainland China are governed by laws and regulations of mainland China. The PRC government has significant oversight over the conduct of our business, and it may intervene or influence our operations at any time, or may exert regulation over operations of our business, which could result in a material adverse change in our operation, and our ordinary shares and ADSs may decline in value or become worthless. Also, the PRC government has recently indicated an intent to exert more oversight and regulation over offerings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers. For example, from the second half of 2021, a series of other draft laws and regulations concerning cybersecurity and data security were issued for public comment, certain of which have begun to take effect. See also “—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—We are subject to a variety of laws and other obligations regarding data protection. Many of these laws and regulations are subject to change and uncertain interpretation, and any actual or alleged failure to comply with applicable laws and obligations could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations” and “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations—Regulation Relating to Internet Information Security and Privacy Protection.” Since such laws and regulations concerning cybersecurity and data security are relatively new, there are still uncertainties on how the newly promulgated laws and regulations concerning cybersecurity and data security will be interpreted and implemented by the mainland China governmental authorities. In addition, on February 17, 2023, the CSRC released the Overseas Listing Trial Measures concerning overseas listing by PRC companies, effective on March 31, 2023. See “—The approval and/or other requirements of the CSRC or other Chinese governmental authorities may be required in connection with an offering under rules, regulations or policies of mainland China, and, if required, we cannot predict whether or how soon we will be able to obtain such approval or complete such other requirements.” for details. There remain substantial uncertainties about how the Overseas Listing Trial Measures will be interpreted, or implemented and how they will affect our operations and future overseas offerings. 53 It remains uncertain how mainland China governmental authorities will regulate overseas listing in general and whether we are required to obtain any other specific regulatory approvals from or complete any specific filing procedures with the CSRC, the Cyberspace Administration of China or any other mainland China governmental authorities for our offshore offerings. If the CSRC, the Cyberspace Administration of China or other regulatory agencies later promulgate new rules or explanations further requiring that we obtain their additional approvals or complete additional filings with them for our future offshore offerings, we may be unable to obtain such approvals or complete such filings in a timely manner, or at all, and such approvals and filings may be rescinded even if obtained. Any such circumstance could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless. In addition, implementation of industry-wide regulations directly targeting our operations could cause the value of our securities to significantly decline. Therefore, investors of our company and our business face potential uncertainty from actions taken by the PRC government affecting our business. The approval and/or other requirements of the CSRC or other Chinese governmental authorities may be required in connection with an offering under rules, regulations or policies of mainland China, and, if required, we cannot predict whether or how soon we will be able to obtain such approval or complete such other requirements. Any actions by the government to exert more oversight and regulation over offerings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investment could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless. The Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the M&A Rules, adopted by six mainland China regulatory agencies in 2006 and amended in 2009, requires an overseas special purpose vehicle formed for listing purposes through acquisitions of PRC domestic companies by using such overseas special purpose vehicle’s shares as a means of payment and controlled by PRC persons or entities to obtain the approval of the CSRC prior to the listing and trading of such special purpose vehicle’s securities on an overseas stock exchange. The interpretation and application of the regulations remain unclear, and our offshore offerings may ultimately require approval of the CSRC. If the CSRC approval is required, it is uncertain whether we can or how long it will take us to obtain the approval and, even if we obtain such CSRC approval, the approval could be rescinded. Any failure to obtain or delay in obtaining the CSRC approval for any of our offshore offerings, or a rescission of such approval if obtained by us, would subject us to sanctions imposed by the CSRC or other Chinese regulatory authorities, which could include fines and penalties on our operations in mainland China, restrictions or limitations on our ability to pay dividends outside of mainland China, and other forms of sanctions that may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. On September 6, 2024, the National Development and Reform Commission and the Ministry of Commerce, or the MOC, jointly issued the Special Administrative Measures (Negative List) for Foreign Investment Access (2024 Version), or the Negative List, which became effective on November 1, 2024. Pursuant to the Negative List, if a domestic company engaging in the prohibited business stipulated in the Negative List seeks an overseas offering and listing, it shall obtain the approval from the competent governmental authorities. Besides, the foreign investors of the company shall not be involved in the company’s operation and management, and their shareholding percentages shall be subject, mutatis mutandis, to the regulations on the domestic securities investments by foreign investors. There remain substantial uncertainties as to the interpretation and implementation of these new requirements, and it is unclear as to whether and to what extent listed companies like us will be subject to these new requirements. If we are required to comply with these requirements and fail to do so on a timely basis, if at all, our business operation, financial conditions and business prospect may be adversely and materially affected. The new rules for the filing-based administration of overseas securities offerings and listings by Chinese domestic companies released on February 17, 2023, including the Overseas Listing Trial Measures and relevant guidelines, or collectively the New Filing Rules, establish a new filing-based regime to regulate overseas offerings and listings by domestic companies. According to the New Filing Rules, (i) an overseas offering and listing by a domestic company, whether directly or indirectly, shall be filed with the CSRC; and (ii) the issuer or its affiliated domestic company, as the case may be, shall file with the CSRC for its initial public offering, follow-on offering, issuance of convertible bonds, offshore relisting after go-private transactions and other equivalent offering activities. In addition, after a domestic company has offered and listed securities in an overseas market, it is required to file a report to the CSRC after the occurrence and public disclosure of certain material corporate events, including but not limited to, change of control and voluntary or mandatory delisting. According to the New Filing Rules, the Company shall be deemed to be a domestic enterprise indirectly listed overseas. However, from March 31, 2023, enterprises that have been listed overseas shall constitute existing enterprises and are not required to conduct the overseas listing filing procedure immediately, but shall carry out filing procedures as required if they 54 conduct future offshore offerings or capital raising activities or are involved in other circumstances that require filing with the CSRC. On February 24, 2023, the CSRC, together with other government authorities, issued the Provisions on Strengthening Confidentiality and Archives Administration of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies, which became effective on March 31, 2023. According to these provisions, domestic mainland China companies, whether offering and listing securities overseas directly or indirectly, must strictly abide the applicable laws and regulations when providing or publicly disclosing, either directly or through their overseas listed entities, documents and materials to securities services providers such as securities companies and accounting firms or overseas regulators in the process of their overseas offering and listing. If such documents or materials contain any state secrets or government authorities work secrets, domestic companies must obtain the approval from competent governmental authorities according to the applicable laws, and file with the secrecy administrative department at the same level with the approving governmental authority. Furthermore, these provisions also provide that securities companies and securities service providers shall also fulfill the applicable legal procedures when providing overseas regulatory institutions and other relevant institutions and individuals with documents or materials containing any state secrets or government authorities work secrets or other documents or materials that, if divulged, will jeopardize national security or public interest. For more details of the New Filing Rules, please refer to “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations—Regulation Relating to M&A and Overseas Listings.” In addition, we cannot assure you that any new rules or regulations promulgated in the future will not impose additional requirements on us. If it is determined in the future that additional approval and filing from the CSRC or other regulatory authorities or other procedures, including the cybersecurity review under the enacted version of the revised Measures for Cybersecurity Review and the Regulations on the Network Data Security, are required for our offshore offerings, it is uncertain whether we can or how long it will take us to obtain such approval or complete such filing procedures and any such approval or filing could be rescinded or rejected. Any failure to obtain or delay in obtaining such approval or completing such filing procedures for our offshore offerings, or a rescission of any such approval or filing if obtained by us, would subject us to sanctions by the CSRC or other Chinese regulatory authorities for failure to seek CSRC approval or filing or other government authorization for our offshore offerings. These regulatory authorities may impose fines and penalties on our operations in mainland China, limit our ability to pay dividends outside of mainland China, limit our operating privileges in mainland China, delay or restrict the repatriation of the proceeds from our offshore offerings into mainland China or take other actions that could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects, as well as the trading price of our listed securities. The CSRC or other Chinese regulatory authorities also may take actions requiring us, or making it advisable for us, to halt our offshore offerings before settlement and delivery of the shares offered. Consequently, if investors engage in market trading or other activities in anticipation of and prior to settlement and delivery, they do so at the risk that settlement and delivery may not occur. In addition, if the CSRC or other regulatory authorities later promulgate new rules or explanations requiring that we obtain their approvals or accomplish the required filing or other regulatory procedures for our prior offshore offerings, we may be unable to obtain a waiver of such approval requirements, if and when procedures are established to obtain such a waiver. Any uncertainties or negative publicity regarding such approval requirement could materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, reputation, and the trading price of our listed securities. You may experience difficulties in effecting service of legal process, enforcing foreign judgments or bringing actions in China against us or our management named in the annual report based on foreign laws. We are an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands; however, we conduct all of our operations in mainland China and most of our assets are located in mainland China. In addition, most of our directors and executive officers are nationals or residents of jurisdictions other than the United States and most of their assets are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult for you to effect service of process upon us or our management named in the annual report inside mainland China. It may also be difficult for you to enforce in U.S. courts of the judgments obtained in U.S. courts based on the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws against us and our officers and directors. In addition, there is uncertainty as to whether the courts of the Cayman Islands or mainland China would recognize or enforce judgments of U.S. courts against us or such persons predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any state. 55 The recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments are provided under the PRC Civil Procedures Law. Mainland China courts may recognize and enforce foreign judgments in accordance with the requirements of the PRC Civil Procedures Law based either on treaties between China and the country where the judgment is made or on principles of reciprocity between jurisdictions. China does not have any treaties or other forms of written arrangement with the United States that provide for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments. In addition, according to the PRC Civil Procedures Law, mainland China courts will not enforce a foreign judgment against us or our directors and officers if they decide that the judgment violates the basic principles of PRC laws or national sovereignty, security or public interest. As a result, it is uncertain whether and on what basis a mainland China court would enforce a judgment rendered by a court in the United States. The custodians or authorized users of our controlling non-tangible assets, including chops and seals, may fail to fulfill their responsibilities, or misappropriate or misuse these assets. Under law of mainland China, legal documents for corporate transactions, including agreements and contracts are executed using the chop or seal of the signing entity or with the signature of a legal representative whose designation is registered and filed with mainland China market regulation administrative authorities. In order to secure the use of our chops and seals, we have established internal control procedures and rules for using these chops and seals. In any event that the chops and seals are intended to be used, the responsible personnel will submit the application through our office automation system and the application will be verified and approved by authorized employees in accordance with our internal control procedures and rules. In addition, in order to maintain the physical security of our chops, we generally have them stored in secured locations accessible only to authorized employees. Although we monitor such authorized employees, the procedures may not be sufficient to prevent all instances of abuse or negligence. There is a risk that our employees could abuse their authority, for example, by entering into a contract not approved by us or seeking to gain control of one of our subsidiaries or the VIEs or their subsidiaries. If any employee obtains, misuses or misappropriates our chops and seals or other controlling non-tangible assets for whatever reason, we could experience disruption to our normal business operations. We may have to take corporate or legal action, which could involve significant time and resources to resolve and divert management from our operations. If we are classified as a PRC resident enterprise for PRC income tax purposes, such classification could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-PRC shareholders or ADS holders. Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementation rules, an enterprise established outside of the PRC with a “de facto management body” within China is considered a “resident enterprise” and will be subject to the enterprise income tax on its global income at the rate of 25%. The implementation rules define the term “de facto management body” as the body that exercises full and substantial control and overall management over the business, productions, personnel, accounts and properties of an enterprise. In 2009, the State Administration of Taxation issued the Circular of the State Administration of Taxation on Issues Relating to Identification of PRC-Controlled Overseas Registered Enterprises as Resident Enterprises in Accordance with the De Facto Standards of Organizational Management, or SAT Circular 82, which provides certain specific criteria for determining whether the “de facto management body” of a PRC-controlled enterprise that is incorporated offshore is located in China. Although this circular only applies to offshore enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises or PRC enterprise groups, not those controlled by PRC individuals or foreigners, the criteria set forth in the circular may reflect SAT’s general position on how the “de facto management body” text should be applied in determining the tax resident status of all offshore enterprises. According to SAT Circular 82, an offshore incorporated enterprise controlled by a PRC enterprise or a PRC enterprise group will be regarded as a PRC tax resident by virtue of having its “de facto management body” in China and will be subject to PRC enterprise income tax on its global income only if all of the following conditions are met: (i) the primary location of the day-to-day operational management is in China; (ii) decisions relating to the enterprise’s financial and human resource matters are made or are subject to approval by organizations or personnel in China; (iii) the enterprise’s primary assets, accounting books and records, company seals, and board and shareholder resolutions, are located or maintained in China; and (iv) at least 50% of voting board members or senior executives habitually reside in China. We believe none of our entities outside of China is a PRC resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes. However, the tax resident status of an enterprise is subject to determination by the PRC tax authorities and uncertainties remain with respect to the interpretation of the term “de facto management body.” If the PRC tax authorities determine that our company or any of our subsidiaries outside of China is a PRC resident enterprise for enterprise income tax purposes, we could be subject to PRC tax at a rate of 25% on our worldwide income, which could materially reduce our net income, and we may be required to withhold a 10% withholding tax from 56 dividends we pay to our shareholders that are non-resident enterprises, including the holders of our ADSs. In addition, nonresident enterprise shareholders (including the ADS holders) may be subject to PRC tax at a rate of 10% on gains realized on the sale or other disposition of ADSs or Class A ordinary shares, if such income is treated as sourced from within China. Furthermore, if we are deemed a PRC resident enterprise, dividends payable to our non-PRC individual shareholders (including the ADS holders) and any gain realized on the transfer of ADSs or Class A ordinary shares by such shareholders may be subject to PRC tax at a rate of 10% in the case of non-PRC enterprises or a rate of 20% in the case of non-PRC individuals unless a reduced rate is available under an applicable tax treaty. It is unclear whether non-PRC shareholders of our company would be able to claim the benefits of any tax treaties between their country of tax residence and the PRC in the event that we are treated as a PRC resident enterprise. Any such tax may reduce the returns on your investment in the ADSs or Class A ordinary shares. We face uncertainties with respect to indirect transfer of equity interests in PRC resident enterprises by their non-PRC holding companies. We face uncertainties regarding the reporting on and consequences of previous private equity financing transactions involving the transfer and exchange of shares in our company by non-resident investors. In February 2015, the State Administration of Taxation issued the Bulletin on Issues of Enterprise Income Tax on Indirect Transfers of Assets by Non-PRC Resident Enterprises, or SAT Bulletin 7. Pursuant to SAT Bulletin 7, an “indirect transfer” of PRC assets, including a transfer of equity interests in an unlisted non-PRC holding company of a PRC resident enterprise, by non-PRC resident enterprises may be re-characterized and treated as a direct transfer of the underlying PRC assets, if such arrangement does not have a reasonable commercial purpose and was established for the purpose of avoiding payment of PRC enterprise income tax. As a result, gains derived from such indirect transfer may be subject to PRC enterprise income tax, and the transferee or other person who is obligated to pay for the transfer is obligated to withhold the applicable taxes, currently at a rate of 10% for the transfer of equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise. On October 17, 2017, the State Administration of Taxation issued the Announcement of the State Administration of Taxation on Issues Concerning the Withholding of Non-resident Enterprise Income Tax at Source, or SAT Bulletin 37, which came into effect on December 1, 2017. The SAT Bulletin 37 further clarifies the practice and procedure of the withholding of nonresident enterprise income tax. We also face uncertainties on the reporting and consequences of future private equity financing transactions, share exchanges or other transactions involving the transfer of shares in our company by investors that are non-PRC resident enterprises. Mainland China tax authorities may pursue non-resident enterprises involved in our previous or future private equity financing transactions with respect to a filing or the transferees with respect to withholding obligation, and request our mainland China subsidiaries to assist in the filing. As a result, we and non-resident enterprises in such transactions may become at risk of being subject to filing obligations or being taxed under SAT Bulletin 7 and SAT Bulletin 37, and may be required to expend valuable resources to comply with them or to establish that we and our non-resident enterprises should not be taxed under these regulations, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. If our preferential tax treatments are revoked or become unavailable or if the calculation of our tax liability is successfully challenged by mainland China tax authorities, we may be required to pay tax, interest and penalties in excess of our tax provisions. Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementation rules, the statutory enterprise income tax rate is 25%, but certain “high and new technology enterprises strongly supported by the state,” or HNTEs, are qualified for a preferential enterprise income tax rate of 15% subject to certain qualification criteria. Shanghai Hexu, Beijing Yiqi Education & Technology Co., Ltd., or Beijing Yiqi Education, and Beijing Yiqi Development currently enjoy a preferential enterprise income tax rate of 15% as they are recognized as HNTEs by the mainland China governmental authorities. The qualification as an HNTE is subject to annual evaluation and a three-year review by the mainland China governmental authorities. If Shanghai Hexu, Beijing Yiqi Education and Beijing Yiqi Development fail to maintain their HNTE status, experience any increase in the enterprise income tax rate, or face any discontinuation, retroactive or future reduction or refund of any of the preferential tax treatments enjoyed, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. Further, in the ordinary course of our business, we are subject to complex income tax and other tax regulations, and significant judgment is required in the determination of a provision for income taxes. Although we believe our tax provisions are reasonable, if mainland China tax authorities successfully challenge our position and we are required to pay tax, interest and penalties in excess of our tax provisions, our financial condition and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected. 57 The M&A Rules and certain other regulations of mainland China may make it more difficult for us to pursue growth through acquisitions. The Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Companies by Foreign Investors, or the M&A Rules, adopted by six mainland China regulatory agencies in 2006 and amended in 2009, and some other regulations and rules concerning mergers and acquisitions established complex procedures and requirements for some acquisitions of Chinese companies by foreign investors, including requirements in some instances that the Ministry of Commerce be notified in advance of any change-of-control transaction in which a foreign investor takes control of a PRC domestic enterprise. Moreover, the Anti-Monopoly Law promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress, which became effective in 2008 and was amended in June 2022, requires that transactions which are deemed concentrations and involve parties with specified turnover thresholds must be cleared by the Ministry of Commerce before they can be completed. On February 7, 2021, the Anti-monopoly Commission of the State Council published the Anti-Monopoly Guidelines for the Internet Platform Economy Sector that aims at specifying some of the circumstances under which an activity of internet platforms may be identified as monopolistic act as well as classifying that concentrations involving variable interest entities shall be subject to antimonopoly review. In addition, the security review rules issued by the Ministry of Commerce that became effective in September 2011 specify that mergers and acquisitions by foreign investors that raise “national defense and security” concerns and mergers and acquisitions through which foreign investors may acquire de facto control over domestic enterprises that raise “national security” concerns are subject to strict review by the Ministry of Commerce, and the rules prohibit any activities attempting to bypass a security review, including by structuring a transaction through a proxy or contractual control arrangement. In the future, we may pursue potential strategic acquisitions that are complementary to our business and operations. Complying with the requirements of the above-mentioned regulations and other relevant rules to complete such transactions could be time-consuming, and any required approval processes, including obtaining approval or clearance from the Ministry of Commerce, may delay or inhibit our ability to complete such transactions, which could affect our ability to expand our business or maintain our market share. Failure to comply with regulations of mainland China regarding the registration requirements for employee stock ownership plans or share option plans may subject our mainland China plan participants or us to fines and other legal or administrative sanctions. In February 2012, the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or SAFE, promulgated the Notices on Issues Concerning the Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Stock Incentive Plan of Overseas Publicly Listed Company, replacing earlier rules promulgated in 2007. Pursuant to these rules, PRC citizens and non-PRC citizens who reside in mainland China for a continuous period of not less than one year and participate in any stock incentive plan of an overseas publicly listed company are required to register with SAFE through a domestic qualified agent, which could be the PRC subsidiaries of such overseas-listed company, and complete certain other procedures, unless certain exceptions are available. In addition, an overseas-entrusted institution must be retained to handle matters in connection with the exercise or sale of stock options and the purchase or sale of shares and interests. We and our executive officers and other employees who are PRC citizens or non-PRC citizens living in China for a continuous period of not less than one year and have been granted options are subject to these regulations as our company has become an overseas-listed company. Failure to complete SAFE registrations may subject them to fines of up to RMB300,000 for entities and up to RMB50,000 for individuals and may also limit our ability to contribute additional capital into our mainland China subsidiaries and our mainland China subsidiaries’ ability to distribute dividends to us. We also face regulatory uncertainties that could restrict our ability to adopt additional incentive plans for our directors, executive officers and employees under mainland China law. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations—Regulation Relating to Foreign Exchange—Regulation on Stock Incentive Plans.” In addition, the State Administration of Taxation has issued certain circulars concerning employee share options and restricted shares. Under these circulars, our employees working in mainland China who exercise share options or are granted restricted shares will be subject to PRC individual income tax. Our mainland China subsidiaries have obligations to file documents related to employee share options or restricted shares with tax authorities and to withhold individual income taxes for those employees who exercise their share options. If our employees fail to pay or we fail to withhold their income taxes according to laws and regulations, we may face sanctions imposed by the tax authorities or other PRC government authorities. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations—Regulation Relating to Foreign Exchange—Regulation on Stock Incentive Plans.” 58 Regulations of mainland China relating to offshore investment activities by mainland China residents may limit our mainland China subsidiaries’ ability to change their registered capital or distribute profits to us or otherwise expose us or our mainland China resident beneficial owners to liability and penalties under laws of mainland China. In July 2014, SAFE promulgated the Circular on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Control on Domestic Residents’ Offshore Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment Through Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 37. SAFE Circular 37 requires mainland China residents (including mainland China individuals and mainland China corporate entities as well as foreign individuals that are deemed as mainland China residents for foreign exchange administration purposes) to register with SAFE or its local branches in connection with their direct or indirect offshore investment activities. SAFE Circular 37 further requires amendment to the SAFE registrations in the event of any changes with respect to the basic information of the offshore special purpose vehicle, such as change of a mainland China individual shareholder, name and operation term, or any significant changes with respect to the offshore special purpose vehicle, such as increase or decrease of capital contribution, share transfer or exchange, or mergers or divisions. SAFE Circular 37 is applicable to our shareholders who are mainland China residents and may be applicable to any offshore acquisitions that we make in the future. According to the Notice on Further Simplifying and Improving Policies for the Foreign Exchange Administration of Direct Investment released on February 13, 2015 by the SAFE, local banks will examine and handle foreign exchange registration for overseas direct investment, including the initial foreign exchange registration and amendment registration, under SAFE Circular 37 from June 1, 2015. Mainland China residents shall, by themselves or entrusting accounting firms or banks, file with the online information system designated by SAFE with respect to its existing rights under offshore direct investment each year prior to the requisite time. If our shareholders who are mainland China residents or entities do not complete their registration with the local SAFE branches or qualified local banks or complete annual filing of its existing rights under offshore direct investment, our mainland China subsidiaries may be prohibited from distributing to us its profits and proceeds from any reduction in capital, share transfer or liquidation, and we may be restricted in our ability to contribute additional capital to our mainland China subsidiaries. Moreover, failure to comply with the SAFE registration described above could result in liability under mainland China laws for evasion of applicable foreign exchange restrictions. We have used our best efforts to notify mainland China residents or entities who directly or indirectly hold shares in our Cayman Islands holding company and who are known to us as being mainland China residents or entities to complete the foreign exchange registrations and annual filings of its existing rights under offshore direct investment. However, we may not be informed of the identities of all mainland China residents or entities holding direct or indirect interest in our company, nor can we compel our beneficial owners to comply with SAFE registration requirements. We cannot assure you that all shareholders or beneficial owners of ours who are mainland China residents or entities have complied with, and will in the future make, obtain or update any applicable registrations or approvals required by, SAFE regulations. The failure or inability of such shareholders or beneficial owners to comply with SAFE regulations, or failure by us to amend the foreign exchange registrations of our mainland China subsidiaries, could subject us to fines or legal sanctions, restrict our overseas or cross-border investment activities, limit our mainland China subsidiaries’ ability to make distributions or pay dividends to us or affect our ownership structure. As a result, our business operations and our ability to distribute profits to you could be materially and adversely affected. We may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to make payments to us could have a material and adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business. To the extent cash in our business is in mainland China or Hong Kong or an entity in mainland China or Hong Kong, such cash may not be available to fund operations or for other use outside of mainland China or Hong Kong due to interventions, restrictions and limitations imposed by the governmental authorities on the ability of us, our subsidiaries, or the VIEs to transfer cash. We are a Cayman Islands holding company and we rely principally on dividends and other distributions on equity from our PRC subsidiaries for our cash requirements, including the funds necessary to pay dividends and other cash distributions to our shareholders for services or any debt we may incur. If our PRC subsidiaries incur debt on its own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict its ability to pay dividends or make other distributions to us. Under laws and regulations of mainland China, our mainland China subsidiaries, which is a foreign-owned enterprise, may pay dividends only out of its respective accumulated profits as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. In addition, a foreign-owned 59 enterprise is required to set aside at least 10% of its accumulated after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund a certain statutory reserve fund, until the aggregate amount of such fund reaches 50% of its registered capital. Such reserve funds cannot be distributed to us as dividends. At its discretion, after having accrued statutory reserve from the after-tax profits, a foreign-owned enterprise can also set aside discretionary reserve from the after-tax profits upon a resolution made by the shareholders’ meeting. Our mainland China subsidiaries generate essentially all of their revenue in Renminbi, which is not freely convertible into other currencies. Cash transfers from our mainland China subsidiaries and the VIEs to entities outside of mainland China are subject to the regulations on currency conversion. As a result, any restriction on currency exchange may limit the ability of our mainland China subsidiaries to use their Renminbi revenues to pay dividends to us. We cannot preclude the possibility that, in the future, the PRC government may continue to strengthen its capital regulation, and more restrictions and substantial vetting processes may be put forward by SAFE for cross-border transactions falling under both the current account and the capital account. To the extent cash in our business is in mainland China or Hong Kong or an entity in mainland China or Hong Kong, such cash may not be available to fund operations or for other use outside of mainland China or Hong Kong due to restrictions and limitations imposed by the governmental authorities on the ability of us, our subsidiaries, or the VIEs to transfer cash outside of mainland China or Hong Kong. Any limitation on the ability of our mainland China subsidiaries to pay dividends or make other kinds of payments to us could materially and adversely limit our ability to grow, make investments or acquisitions that could be beneficial to our business, pay dividends, or otherwise fund and conduct our business. Although currently there are not equivalent or similar restrictions or limitations in Hong Kong on cash transfers in, or out of, our Hong Kong entities, if restrictions or limitations were to become applicable to cash transfers in and out of Hong Kong entities in the future, the funds in our Hong Kong entities, likewise, may not be available to fund operations or for other use outside of Hong Kong. In addition, the Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementation rules provide that a withholding tax rate of up to 10% will be applicable to dividends payable by Chinese companies to non-PRC-resident enterprises unless otherwise exempted or reduced according to treaties or arrangements between the PRC central government and governments of other countries or regions where the non-PRC-resident enterprises are incorporated. Mainland China regulation of loans to and direct investment in mainland China entities by offshore holding companies and governmental regulation of currency conversion may delay or prevent us from making loans or additional capital contributions to our mainland China subsidiaries and the VIEs in China, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business. We are an offshore holding company conducting our operations in China through our mainland China subsidiaries and VIEs and their subsidiaries. We may make loans to our mainland China subsidiaries and VIEs and their subsidiaries subject to the approval from or registration with governmental authorities and limitation on amount, or we may make additional capital contributions to our wholly foreign-owned subsidiaries in China. Any loans to our wholly foreign-owned subsidiaries in mainland China, which are treated as foreign-invested enterprises, under law of mainland China, are subject to applicable foreign exchange loan registrations. In addition, a foreign invested enterprise shall use its capital pursuant to the principle of authenticity and self-use within its business scope. The capital of a foreign invested enterprise shall not be used for the following purposes: (i) directly or indirectly used for payment beyond the business scope of such foreign invested enterprise or the payment prohibited by laws and regulations; (ii) directly or indirectly used for investment in securities or investments in financial management other than banks’ principal-secured products unless otherwise provided by laws and regulations; (iii) the granting of loans to non-affiliated enterprises, except where it is expressly permitted in the business license; and (iv) paying the expenses related to the purchase of real estate that is not for self-use (except for the foreign-invested real estate enterprises). SAFE promulgated the Notice of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Reforming the Administration of Foreign Exchange Settlement of Capital of Foreign-invested Enterprises, or SAFE Circular 19, effective June 2015. According to SAFE Circular 19, the flow and use of the RMB capital converted from foreign currency-denominated registered capital of a foreign-invested company is regulated such that RMB capital may not be used for the issuance of RMB entrusted loans, the repayment of inter-enterprise loans or the repayment of bank loans that have been transferred to a third party. Although SAFE Circular 19 allows RMB capital converted from foreign currency-denominated registered capital of a foreign-invested enterprise to be used for equity investments within mainland China, it also reiterates the principle that RMB converted from the foreign currency-denominated capital of a foreign-invested company may not be directly or indirectly used for purposes beyond its business scope. Thus, it is unclear whether SAFE will permit such capital to be used for equity investments in 60 mainland China in actual practice. SAFE promulgated the Notice of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Reforming and Standardizing the Foreign Exchange Settlement Management Policy of Capital Account, or SAFE Circular 16, effective on June 9, 2016, which reiterates some of the rules set forth in SAFE Circular 19, but changes the prohibition against using RMB capital converted from foreign currency-denominated registered capital of a foreign-invested company to issue RMB entrusted loans to a prohibition against using such capital to issue loans to non-associated enterprises. Violations of SAFE Circular 19 and SAFE Circular 16 could result in administrative penalties. SAFE Circular 19 and SAFE Circular 16 may significantly limit our ability to transfer any foreign currency we hold to our mainland China subsidiaries, which may adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business in mainland China. On October 23, 2019, the SAFE promulgated the Notice of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Further Promoting the Convenience of Cross-border Trade and Investment, or the SAFE Circular 28, which, among other things, allows all foreign-invested companies to use Renminbi converted from foreign currency-denominated capital for equity investments in mainland China, as long as the equity investment is genuine, does not violate applicable laws, and complies with the negative list on foreign investment. However, since the SAFE Circular 28 is newly promulgated, it is unclear how SAFE and competent banks will carry this out in practice. In light of the various requirements imposed by mainland China regulations on loans to and direct investment in mainland China entities by offshore holding companies, we cannot assure you that we will be able to complete the necessary government registrations or obtain the necessary government approvals on a timely basis, or at all, with respect to future loans by us to our mainland China subsidiaries or VIEs or their subsidiaries or with respect to future capital contributions by us to our mainland China subsidiaries. If we fail to complete such registrations or obtain such approvals, our ability to capitalize or otherwise fund our mainland China operations may be negatively affected, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business. Governmental regulation of currency conversion may limit our ability to utilize our revenues effectively and affect the value of your investment The PRC government imposes regulation on the convertibility of the Renminbi into foreign currencies and, in certain cases, the remittance of currency out of mainland China. To the extent cash in our business is in mainland China or Hong Kong or a mainland China or Hong Kong entity, such cash may not be available to fund operations or for other use outside of mainland China or Hong Kong due to restrictions and limitations imposed by the governmental authorities on currency conversion, cross-border transactions and cross-border capital flows. We receive all of our revenues in Renminbi. Under our current corporate structure, our Cayman Islands holding company may rely on dividend payments from our mainland China subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have. Under existing foreign exchange regulations of mainland China, payments of current account items, including profit distributions, interest payments and trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, can be made in foreign currencies without prior approval of the SAFE, by complying with certain procedural requirements. Specifically, under the existing exchange restrictions, without prior approval of SAFE, cash generated from the operations of our PRC subsidiaries in mainland China may be used to pay dividends to our company. However, approval from or registration with appropriate government authorities is required where Renminbi is to be converted into foreign currency and remitted out of mainland China to pay capital expenses such as the repayment of loans denominated in foreign currencies. As a result, we need to obtain SAFE approval to use cash generated from the operations of our mainland China subsidiaries and the VIEs to pay off their respective debt in a currency other than Renminbi owed to entities outside mainland China, or to make other capital expenditure payments outside mainland China in a currency other than Renminbi. There are uncertainties whether more restrictions and substantial vetting processes will be put in place by SAFE to regulate cross-border transactions falling under the capital account. If any of our shareholders regulated by such policies fails to satisfy the applicable overseas direct investment filing or approval requirement timely or at all, it may be subject to penalties from the mainland China authorities. The PRC government may at its discretion further restrict access in the future to foreign currencies for current account transactions. If the foreign exchange regulation system prevents us from obtaining sufficient foreign currencies to satisfy our foreign currency demands, we may not be able to utilize cash held in mainland China or generated by a mainland China entity to fund our operations outside of mainland China or pay dividends in foreign currencies to our shareholders, including holders of the ADSs. 61 The PCAOB had historically been unable to inspect our auditor in relation to their audit work performed for our financial statements and the inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of our auditor in the past has deprived our investors with the benefits of such inspections. Our auditor, the independent registered public accounting firm that issues the audit report included elsewhere in this annual report, as an auditor of companies that are traded publicly in the United States and a firm registered with the PCAOB, is subject to laws in the United States pursuant to which the PCAOB conducts regular inspections to assess its compliance with the applicable professional standards. The auditor is located in mainland China, a jurisdiction where the PCAOB was historically unable to conduct inspections and investigations completely before 2022. As a result, we and investors in the ADSs were deprived of the benefits of such PCAOB inspections. The inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of auditors in China in the past has made it more difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of our independent registered public accounting firm’s audit procedures or quality control procedures as compared to auditors outside of China that are subject to the PCAOB inspections. On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB issued a report that vacated its December 16, 2021 determination and removed mainland China and Hong Kong from the list of jurisdictions where it is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms. However, if the PCAOB determines in the future that it no longer has full access to inspect and investigate completely accounting firms in mainland China and Hong Kong, and we use an accounting firm headquartered in one of these jurisdictions to issue an audit report on our financial statements filed with the SEC, we and investors in our ADSs would be deprived of the benefits of such PCAOB inspections again, which could cause investors and potential investors in the ADSs to lose confidence in our audit procedures and reported financial information and the quality of our financial statements. Our ADSs may be prohibited from trading in the United States under the HFCAA in the future if the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely auditors located in China. The delisting of the ADSs, or the threat of their being delisted, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment. Pursuant to the HFCAA, as amended by the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, if the SEC determines that we have filed audit reports issued by a registered public accounting firm that has not been subject to inspections by the PCAOB for two consecutive years, the SEC will prohibit our shares or ADSs from being traded on a national securities exchange or in the over-the-counter trading market in the United States. On December 29, 2022, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, was signed into law, which (i) reduced the number of consecutive non-inspection years required for triggering the trading prohibition under HFCAA from three years to two, and (ii) clarified that the PCAOB may determine that it is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms in certain jurisdictions because of positions taken by any foreign authority, not only an authority in the location in which the firms are headquartered or in which they have a branch or office. On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued a report to notify the SEC of its determination that the PCAOB was unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong, and our auditor was subject to that determination. In May 2022, the SEC conclusively listed us as a Commission-Identified Issuer under the HFCAA following the filing of our annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021. On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB removed mainland China and Hong Kong from the list of jurisdictions where it is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms. For this reason, we were not identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer under the HFCAA after we filed our annual reports on Form 20-F for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024, and do not expect to be so identified after we file this annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025. Each year, the PCAOB will determine whether it can inspect and investigate completely audit firms in mainland China and Hong Kong, among other jurisdictions. If the PCAOB determines in the future that it no longer has full access to inspect and investigate completely accounting firms in mainland China and Hong Kong and we use an accounting firm headquartered in one of these jurisdictions to issue an audit report on our financial statements filed with the SEC, we would be identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer following the filing of the annual report on Form 20-F for the relevant fiscal year. In accordance with the HFCAA, our securities would be prohibited from being traded on a national securities exchange or in the over-the-counter trading market in the United States if we are identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer for two consecutive years in the future. Furthermore, whether the PCAOB will be able to continue to conduct inspections and investigations completely to its satisfaction of PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong is subject to uncertainty and depends on a number of factors out of our, and our auditor’s, control, including positions taken by authorities of the PRC or any other foreign jurisdiction. If authorities in the PRC or another foreign jurisdiction were to take a position at any time in the future that would prevent the PCAOB from 62 continuing to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China or Hong Kong, and if such lack of inspection were to extend for the requisite period of time under the HFCAA, our securities will be prohibited from being traded on U.S. markets and this could result in a determination by Nasdaq to delist our securities. If our shares and ADSs are prohibited from trading in the United States, there is no certainty that we will be able to list on a non-U.S. exchange or that a market for our shares will develop outside of the United States. A prohibition of being able to trade in the United States would substantially impair your ability to sell or purchase our ADSs when you wish to do so, and the risk and uncertainty associated with delisting would have a negative impact on the price of our ADSs. Also, such a prohibition would significantly affect our ability to raise capital on terms acceptable to us, or at all, which would have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and prospects. It may be difficult for overseas regulators to conduct investigations or collect evidence within China. Shareholder claims or regulatory investigations that are common in jurisdictions outside mainland China are difficult to pursue as a matter of law or practicality in mainland China. For example, in mainland China, there are significant legal and other obstacles to providing information needed for regulatory investigations or litigation initiated outside mainland China. Although the authorities in mainland China may establish a regulatory cooperation mechanism with the securities regulatory authorities of another country or region to implement cross-border supervision and administration, such cooperation with the securities regulatory authorities in the United States or other jurisdictions may not be efficient in the absence of a mutual and practical cooperation mechanism. Furthermore, according to Article 177 of the PRC Securities Law, which became effective in March 2020, no overseas securities regulator is allowed to directly conduct investigation or evidence collection activities within the territory of the PRC, and without the consent by the Chinese securities regulatory authorities and the other competent governmental agencies, no entity or individual may provide documents or materials related to securities business to any foreign party. Furthermore, the Overseas Listing Trial Measures provides, among others, that domestic companies or individuals shall obtain consent from CSRC and relevant competent authorities before they provide relevant documents and materials required by overseas securities regulators for investigation and collection of evidence. In addition, the Data Security Law and the Personal Information Protection Law provide that no entity or individual within the territory of mainland China may provide any foreign judicial body and law enforcement body with any data or any personal information stored within the territory of mainland China without the approval of the competent governmental authority of mainland China. While detailed interpretation of or implementation rules under Article 177 of the PRC Securities Law and the above provision of the Overseas Listing Trial Measures have yet to be promulgated, the inability of an overseas securities regulator to directly conduct investigation or evidence collection activities within mainland China, the required prior consent from CSRC and the potential obstacles for information provision may further increase difficulties you face in protecting your interests. See also “—Risks Related to Our ADSs and Class A Ordinary Shares—You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law” for risks associated with investing in us as a Cayman Islands company. Recent litigation and negative publicity surrounding China-based companies listed in the U.S. may result in increased regulatory scrutiny of us and negatively impact the trading price of our ADSs. We believe that litigation and negative publicity surrounding companies with operations in China that are listed in the U.S. have negatively impacted stock prices for such companies. Various equity-based research organizations have published reports on China-based companies after examining, among other things, their corporate governance practices, related party transactions, sales practices and financial statements that have led to special investigations and stock suspensions on national exchanges. Any similar scrutiny of us, regardless of its lack of merit, could result in a diversion of management resources and energy, potential costs to defend ourselves against rumors, decreases and volatility in the ADS trading price, and increased directors and officers insurance premiums, and could have a material adverse effect upon our business, results of operations and financial condition. Risks Related to Our ADSs and Class A Ordinary Shares If we fail to meet Nasdaq’s minimum bid price or other continued listing requirements, our ADSs could be subject to delisting, which may significantly reduce the liquidity of our ADSs and cause further declines to the market price of our ADSs. Our ADSs are currently listed on the Nasdaq Stock Market under the symbol “YQ.” On August 3, 2023, we received a letter from the Listing Qualifications Department of Nasdaq, notifying us that because the closing 63 bid price of our ADSs for the last 30 consecutive business days was below US$1.00 per share, we did not meet the Nasdaq minimum bid price requirement, set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5450(a)(1). On January 4, 2024, we received a letter from the Listing Qualifications Department of Nasdaq, indicating that the closing bid price of our ADSs has been at US$1.00 per ADS or greater for ten (10) consecutive business days, and we have regained compliance with the Nasdaq Listing Rule 5450(a)(1). As of the date of this annual report, we are in compliance with the requirements for continued listing on Nasdaq. However, there can be no assurance that we will stay compliant with the requirements for continued listing at all times going forward. The delisting of our ADSs or transfer of listing may significantly reduce the liquidity of our ADSs, cause further declines to the market price of our ADSs, and make it more difficult for us to obtain adequate financing to support our continued operation. The trading price of the ADSs is likely to be volatile, which could result in substantial losses to investors. The trading price of the ADSs has been volatile since our ADSs started to trade on the Nasdaq, and could fluctuate widely due to factors beyond our control. This may happen because of broad market and industry factors, including the performance and fluctuation of the market prices of other companies with business operations located mainly in mainland China that have listed their securities in the United States. In addition to market and industry factors, the price and trading volume for the ADSs may be highly volatile for factors specific to our own operations, including the following: •actual or anticipated variations in our revenues, earnings, cash flow and changes or revisions of our expected results; •fluctuations in operating metrics; •announcements of new investments, acquisitions, strategic partnerships or joint ventures by us or our competitors; •announcements of new products, services and expansions by us or our competitors; •changes in financial estimates by securities analysts; •announcements of studies and reports relating to the quality of our product, service and SaaS offerings or those of our competitors; •changes in the performance or market valuations of other online education companies; •conditions in the online education market; •detrimental negative publicity about us, our competitors or our industry; •any share repurchase program; •additions or departures of key personnel; •release of lockup or other transfer restrictions on our outstanding equity securities or sales of additional equity securities; •regulatory developments affecting us or our industry; •general economic or political conditions affecting mainland China or elsewhere in the world; •fluctuations of exchange rates between the RMB and the U.S. dollar; and •potential litigation or regulatory investigations. 64 Any of these factors may result in large and sudden changes in the volume and price at which the ADSs will trade. For example, following the announcement of the Alleviating Burden Opinion, which contains high-level directives about requirements and restrictions related to after-school tutoring services, the trading price of our ADSs declined sharply. Furthermore, the stock market in general experiences price and volume fluctuations that are often unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of companies like us. These broad market and industry fluctuations may adversely affect the market price of our ADSs. Volatility or a lack of positive performance in the ADS price may also adversely affect our ability to retain key employees, most of whom have been granted equity incentives. We are named as a defendant in putative shareholder class action lawsuits in the United States, and we may be involved in more class action lawsuits in the future. See “—We and certain of our directors or officers have been named as defendants in a putative shareholder class action lawsuit that could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operation, cash flows and reputation.” Such lawsuits could divert a significant amount of our management’s attention and other resources from our business and operations and require us to incur significant expenses to defend the suit, which could harm our results of operations. Any such class action suit, whether or not successful, could harm our reputation and restrict our ability to raise capital in the future. In addition, if a claim is successfully made against us, we may be required to pay significant damages, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. If securities or industry analysts cease to publish research or reports about our business, or if they adversely change their recommendations regarding the ADSs, the market price for the ADSs and trading volume could decline. The trading market for the ADSs will be influenced by research or reports that industry or securities analysts publish about our business. If one or more analysts who cover us downgrade the ADSs, the market price for the ADSs would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease to cover us or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which, in turn, could cause the market price or trading volume for the ADSs to decline. Our dual-class voting structure will limit your ability to influence corporate matters and could discourage others from pursuing any change of control transactions that holders of our Class A ordinary shares and ADSs may view as beneficial. We have adopted a dual-class voting structure such that our ordinary shares consist of Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares (with certain shares remaining undesignated, with power for our directors to designate and issue such classes of shares as they think fit). Holders of Class A ordinary shares are entitled to one vote per share, while holders of Class B ordinary shares are entitled to thirty votes per share. Each Class B ordinary share is convertible into one Class A ordinary share at any time by the holder thereof, while Class A ordinary shares are not convertible into Class B ordinary shares under any circumstances. Holders of Class B ordinary shares have the ability to control matters requiring shareholders’ approval, including any amendment of our memorandum and articles of association. Any future issuances of Class B ordinary shares may be dilutive to the voting power of holders of Class A ordinary shares. Any conversions of Class B ordinary shares into Class A ordinary shares may dilute the percentage ownership of the existing holders of Class A ordinary shares within their class of ordinary shares. Such conversions may increase the aggregate voting power of the existing holders of Class A ordinary shares. In the event that we have multiple holders of Class B ordinary shares in the future and certain of them convert their Class B ordinary shares into Class A ordinary shares, the remaining holders who retain their Class B ordinary shares may experience increases in their relative voting power. As of February 28, 2026, Mr. Andy Chang Liu, our founder, chairman and chief executive officer, beneficially owned all of our issued Class B ordinary shares. These Class B ordinary shares constitute 40.2% of our total issued and outstanding share capital and 94.9% of the aggregate voting power of our total issued and outstanding share capital due to the disparate voting powers associated with our dual-class share structure. See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—E. Share Ownership.” As a result of the dual-class share structure and the concentration of ownership, holders of Class B ordinary shares will have considerable influence over matters such as decisions regarding mergers and consolidations, election of directors and other significant corporate actions. Such holders may take actions that are not in the best interest of us or our other shareholders. This concentration of ownership may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company, which could have the effect of depriving our other shareholders of the opportunity to receive a premium for their shares as part of a sale of our company and may reduce the price of our ADSs. This concentrated control will limit your ability to influence corporate matters and could discourage others from pursuing any potential merger, takeover or other change of control transactions that holders of Class A ordinary shares and ADSs may view as beneficial. 65 We cannot guarantee that any share repurchase program will be fully consummated or that any share repurchase program will enhance long-term shareholder value, and share repurchases could increase the volatility of the trading price of the ADSs and could diminish our cash reserves. On September 29, 2022, our board of directors authorized a share repurchase program, under which we may repurchase up to US$10.0 million worth our ordinary shares (including in the form of ADSs) during a 12-month period starting from November 2, 2022. We accumulatively repurchased approximately US$7.1 million of ADSs under this share repurchase program and the share repurchase program was completed in November 2023. On September 21, 2023, our board of directors authorized a share repurchase program, under which we may repurchase up to US$10.0 million worth our ordinary shares (including in the form of ADSs) during a 12-month period starting from November 2, 2023. As of December 31, 2024, we accumulatively repurchased approximately US$1.6 million of ADSs under this share repurchase program and the share repurchase program was completed in November 2023. On September 4, 2024, our board of directors authorized a share repurchase program, under which we may repurchase up to US$10.0 million worth of our ordinary shares (including in the form of ADSs) during a 12-month period starting from September 4, 2024. We accumulatively repurchased a total of approximately US$0.5 million of ADSs under this share repurchase program and the share repurchase program was completed in September 2025. On September 3, 2025, our board of directors authorized a share repurchase program, under which we may repurchase up to US$10 million worth of our ordinary shares (including in the form of ADSs) during a 12-month period starting from September 4, 2025. As of December 31, 2025, we had repurchased 1,578 ADS under this share repurchase program. Although our board of directors has authorized this program, we are not obligated to purchase any specific dollar amount or to acquire any specific number of shares. The timing and amount of repurchases, if any, will depend upon several factors, including market, business conditions, the trading price of the ADSs or our ordinary shares and the nature of other investment opportunities. Our share repurchase program could affect the price of the ADSs and increase volatility and may be suspended or terminated at any time, which may result in a decrease in the trading price of the ADSs. For example, the existence of a share repurchase program could cause the price of the ADSs to be higher than it would be in the absence of such a program and could potentially reduce the market liquidity for the ADSs. Additionally, our share repurchase program could diminish our cash reserves, which may impact our ability to finance future growth and to pursue possible future strategic opportunities. There can be no assurance that any share repurchases will enhance shareholder value because the market price of the ADSs or our ordinary shares may decline below the levels at which we determine to repurchase the ADSs or our ordinary shares. Although our share repurchase program is intended to enhance long-term shareholder value, there is no assurance that it will do so and short-term share price fluctuations could reduce the program’s effectiveness. The dual-class structure of our ordinary shares may adversely affect the trading market for our ADSs. Certain shareholder advisory firms have announced changes to their eligibility criteria for inclusion of shares of public companies on certain indices, including the S&P 500, to exclude companies with multiple classes of shares and companies whose public shareholders hold no more than 5% of total voting power from being added to such indices. In addition, several shareholder advisory firms have announced their opposition to the use of multiple class structures. As a result, the dual class structure of our ordinary shares may prevent the inclusion of our ADSs representing Class A ordinary shares in such indices and may cause shareholder advisory firms to publish negative commentary about our corporate governance practices or otherwise seek to cause us to change our capital structure. Any such exclusion from indices could result in a less active trading market for our ADSs. Any actions or publications by shareholder advisory firms critical of our corporate governance practices or capital structure could also adversely affect the value of our ADSs. We currently do not expect to pay dividends in the foreseeable future and you must rely on price appreciation of our ADSs for return on your investment. We currently intend to retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings to fund the development and growth of our business. As a result, we do not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Therefore, you should not rely on an investment in our ADSs as a source for any future dividend income. Our board of directors has complete discretion as to whether to distribute dividends, subject to certain requirements of Cayman Islands law. In addition, our shareholders may by ordinary resolution declare a dividend, but no dividend may exceed the amount recommended by our directors. Under Cayman Islands law, a Cayman Islands company may pay a dividend out of either profit or share premium account, provided that in no circumstances may a dividend be paid if this would result in the company being unable to pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business. Even if our board of directors decides to declare and pay dividends, 66 the timing, amount and form of future dividends, if any, will depend on our future results of operations and cash flow, our capital requirements and surplus, the amount of distributions, if any, received by us from our subsidiaries, our financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors deemed relevant by our board of directors. Accordingly, the return on your investment in our ADSs will likely depend entirely upon any future price appreciation of our ADSs. There is no guarantee that our ADSs will appreciate in value or even maintain the price at which you purchased the ADSs. You may not realize a return on your investment in our ADSs and you may even lose your entire investment in our ADSs. The sale or availability for sale of substantial amounts of our ADSs could adversely affect their market price. Sales of substantial amounts of our ADSs in the public market, or the perception that these sales could occur, could adversely affect the market price of our ADSs and could materially impair our ability to raise capital through equity offerings in the future. Shares held by our existing shareholders may also be sold in the public market in the future subject to the restrictions in Rule 144 and Rule 701 under the Securities Act and the applicable lock-up agreements. We cannot predict what effect, if any, market sales of securities held by our significant shareholders or any other shareholder or the availability of these securities for future sale will have on the market price of our ADSs. Our seventh memorandum and articles of association contain anti-takeover provisions that could have a material adverse effect on the rights of holders of our ordinary shares and the ADSs. Our seventh memorandum and articles of association contain provisions to limit the ability of others to acquire control of our company or cause us to engage in change-of-control transactions. These provisions could have the effect of depriving our shareholders of an opportunity to sell their shares at a premium over prevailing market prices by discouraging third parties from seeking to obtain control of our company in a tender offer or similar transaction. Our board of directors has the authority, without further action by our shareholders, to issue preferred shares in one or more series and to fix their designations, powers, preferences, privileges and relative participating, optional or special rights and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions, including dividend rights, conversion rights, voting rights, terms of redemption and liquidation preferences, any or all of which may be greater than the rights associated with our ordinary shares, including Class A ordinary shares represented by ADSs. Preferred shares could be issued quickly with terms calculated to delay or prevent a change in control of our company or make removal of management more difficult. If our board of directors decides to issue preferred shares, the price of the ADSs may fall and the voting and other rights of the holders of our ordinary shares and the ADSs may be materially and adversely affected. Our seventh memorandum and articles of association and the deposit agreement provide that the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (or, if the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York lacks subject matter jurisdiction over a particular dispute, the state courts in New York County, New York) is the exclusive judicial forum within the U.S. for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising out of or relating in any way to the federal securities laws of the United States, and any suit, action or proceeding arising out of or relating in any way to the ADSs or the deposit agreement, which could limit the ability of holders of our ordinary shares, the ADSs or other securities to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us, our directors and officers, the depositary, and potentially others. Our seventh memorandum and articles of association provide that the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (or, if the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York lacks subject matter jurisdiction over a particular dispute, the state courts in New York County, New York) is the exclusive forum within the United States for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising out of or relating in any way to the federal securities laws of the United States, regardless of whether such legal suit, action, or proceeding also involves parties other than our company. The deposit agreement provides that the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (or, if the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York lacks subject matter jurisdiction over a particular dispute, the state courts in New York County, New York) shall have exclusive jurisdiction over any suit, action or proceeding against or involving us or the depositary, arising out of or relating in any way to the deposit agreement or the transactions contemplated thereby or by virtue of owning the ADSs. The enforceability of similar federal court choice of forum provisions in other companies’ organizational documents has been challenged in legal proceedings in the United States, and it is possible that a court could find this type of provision to be inapplicable or unenforceable. If a court were to find the federal choice of forum provision contained in our Seventh memorandum and articles of association or the deposit agreement to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions. If upheld, the forum selection clause in our Seventh memorandum and articles of association, as well as the forum selection provision in the deposit agreement, may limit a 67 security-holder’s ability to bring a claim against us, our directors and officers, the depositary, and potentially others in his or her preferred judicial forum, and this limitation may discourage such lawsuits. Holders of our shares or the ADSs will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with the federal securities laws and the regulations promulgated thereunder pursuant to the exclusive forum provision in the seventh memorandum and articles of association and deposit agreement. In addition, the forum selection provision of the deposit agreement does not affect the right of an ADS holder or the depositary to require any claim against us, including a federal securities law claim, to be submitted to arbitration or to commence an action in any court in aid of that arbitration provision or to enter judgment upon or enforce any arbitration award. The voting rights of holders of ADSs are limited by the terms of the deposit agreement, and you may not be able to exercise your right to direct the voting of the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs. Holders of ADSs do not have the same rights as our registered shareholders. As a holder of ADSs, you will not have any direct right to attend general meetings of our shareholders or to cast any votes at such meetings. You will only be able to exercise the voting rights attached to the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs indirectly by giving voting instructions to the depositary in accordance with the provisions of the deposit agreement. Where any matter is to be put to a vote at a general meeting where we asked the depositary to solicit your instruction, then upon receipt of your voting instructions, the depositary will try, as far as is practicable, to vote the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs in accordance with your instructions. You will not be able to directly exercise your right to vote with respect to the underlying Class A ordinary shares unless you cancel and withdraw such Class A ordinary shares and become the registered holder of such shares prior to the record date for the general meeting. When a general meeting is convened, you may not receive sufficient advance notice of the meeting to withdraw the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs and become the registered holder of such Class A ordinary shares to allow you to attend the general meeting and to vote directly with respect to any specific matter or resolution to be considered and voted upon at the general meeting. In addition, under our Seventh memorandum and articles of association, for the purposes of determining those shareholders who are entitled to attend and vote at any general meeting, our directors may close our register of members and/or fix in advance a record date for such meeting, and such closure of our register of members or the setting of such a record date may prevent you from withdrawing the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs and from becoming the registered holder of such shares prior to the record date, so that you would not be able to attend the general meeting or to vote directly. Where any matter is to be put to a vote at a general meeting, upon our instruction the depositary will notify you of the upcoming vote and will arrange to deliver our voting materials to you. We cannot assure you that you will receive the voting materials in time to ensure that you can instruct the depositary to vote the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs. In addition, the depositary and its agents are not responsible for failing to carry out voting instructions or for their manner of carrying out your voting instructions. This means that you may not be able to exercise your right to direct how the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs are voted and you may have no legal remedy if the underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs are not voted as you requested. In addition, in your capacity as an ADS holder, you will not be able to requisition a shareholders’ meeting. Further, under the deposit agreement for the ADSs, if you do not vote, the depositary will give us a discretionary proxy to vote the Class A ordinary shares underlying your ADSs at shareholders’ meetings if: •we have instructed the depositary that we wish a discretionary proxy to be given; •we have confirmed to the depositary that there is no substantial opposition as to a matter to be voted on at the meeting; and •we have confirmed to the depositary that a matter to be voted on at the meeting would not have a material adverse impact on shareholders. 68 The effect of this discretionary proxy is that you cannot prevent our underlying Class A ordinary shares represented by your ADSs from being voted under the circumstances described above. This may adversely affect your interests and make it more difficult for shareholders to influence the management of our company. Holders of our Class A ordinary shares are not subject to this discretionary proxy. You may not receive cash dividends or other distributions if the depositary decides it is impractical to make them available to you. The depositary will pay cash distributions or other distributions on the ADSs only to the extent that we decide to make distributions on our Class A ordinary shares or other deposited securities, and we do not have any present plan to pay any cash dividends on our Class A ordinary shares in the foreseeable future. To the extent that there is a distribution, the depositary has agreed to pay you the cash dividends or other distributions it or the custodian receives on our shares or other deposited securities after deducting its fees and expenses. You will receive these distributions in proportion to the number of shares your ADSs represent. However, the depositary may, at its discretion, decide that it is inequitable or impractical to make a distribution available to any holders of ADSs. For example, the depositary may determine that it is not practicable to distribute certain property through the mail, or that the value of certain distributions may be less than the cost of mailing them. In these cases, the depositary may decide not to distribute such property to you. You may be subject to limitations on transfer of your ADSs. Your ADSs are transferable on the books of the depositary. However, the depositary may close its books at any time or from time to time when it deems expedient in connection with the performance of its duties. The depositary may close its books from time to time for a number of reasons, including in connection with corporate events such as a rights offering, during which time the depositary needs to maintain an exact number of ADS holders on its books for a specified period. The depositary may also close its books in emergencies, and on weekends and public holidays. The depositary may refuse to deliver, transfer or register transfers of the ADSs generally when our share register or the books of the depositary are closed, or at any time if we or the depositary thinks it is advisable to do so because of any requirement of law or of any government or governmental body, or under any provision of the deposit agreement, or for any other reason. You may experience dilution of your holdings due to inability to participate in rights offerings. We may, from time to time, distribute rights to our shareholders, including rights to acquire securities. Under the deposit agreement, the depositary will not distribute rights to holders of ADSs unless the distribution and sale of rights and the securities to which these rights relate are either exempt from registration under the Securities Act with respect to all holders of ADSs, or are registered under the provisions of the Securities Act. The depositary may, but is not required to, attempt to sell these undistributed rights to third parties, and may allow the rights to lapse. We may be unable to establish an exemption from registration under the Securities Act, and we are under no obligation to file a registration statement with respect to these rights or underlying securities or to endeavor to have a registration statement declared effective. Accordingly, holders of ADSs may be unable to participate in our rights offerings and may experience dilution of their holdings as a result. You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law. We are an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. Our corporate affairs are governed by our seventh memorandum and articles of association, the Companies Act (As Revised) of the Cayman Islands and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders to take action against our directors, actions by our minority shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors to us under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as from the common law of England, the decisions of whose courts are of persuasive authority, but are not binding, on a court in the Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedents in some jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands has a less developed body of securities laws than the United States. Some U.S. states, such as Delaware, have more fully developed and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law than the Cayman Islands. In addition, with respect to Cayman Islands companies, plaintiffs may face special obstacles, including but not limited to those relating to jurisdiction and standing, in attempting to assert derivative claims in state or federal courts of the United States. 69 Shareholders of Cayman Islands exempted companies like us have no general rights under Cayman Islands law to inspect corporate records (apart from the memorandum and articles of association, the register of mortgages and charges and special resolutions of the shareholders) or to obtain copies of lists of shareholders of these companies. Our directors have discretion under our seventh amended and restated articles of association to determine whether or not, and under what conditions, our corporate records may be inspected by our shareholders, but are not obliged to make them available to our shareholders. This may make it more difficult for you to obtain the information needed to establish any facts necessary for a shareholder motion or to solicit proxies from other shareholders in connection with a proxy contest. As a result of all of the above, our public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by management, members of our board of directors or controlling shareholders than they would as public shareholders of a company incorporated in the United States. For a discussion of significant differences between the provisions of the Companies Act of the Cayman Islands and the laws applicable to companies incorporated in the United States and their shareholders, see “Item 10. Additional Information—B. Memorandum and Articles of Association—Differences in Corporate Law.” Certain judgments obtained against us or our directors and executive officers by our shareholders may not be enforceable. We are a Cayman Islands exempted company and most of our assets are located in mainland China. All of our current operations are conducted in mainland China. In addition, all of our directors and executive officers are located in mainland China as of the date of this annual report. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for you to bring an action against us or against these individuals in the United States in the event that you believe that your rights have been infringed under the U.S. federal securities laws or otherwise. Even if you are successful in bringing an action of this kind, the laws of the Cayman Islands and of mainland China may render you unable to enforce a judgment against our assets or the assets of our directors and officers. ADS holders may not be entitled to a jury trial with respect to claims arising under the deposit agreement, which could result in less favorable outcomes to the plaintiff(s) in any such action. The deposit agreement governing the ADSs representing our Class A ordinary shares provides that, subject to the depositary’s right to require a claim to be submitted to arbitration, the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (or, if the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York lacks subject matter jurisdiction over a particular dispute, in the state courts in New York County, New York) shall have exclusive jurisdiction to hear and determine claims arising out of or relating in any way to the deposit agreement (including claims arising under the Exchange Act or the Securities Act) and in that regard, to the fullest extent permitted by law, ADS holders waive the right to a jury trial of any claim they may have against us or the depositary arising out of or relating to our shares, the ADSs or the deposit agreement, including any claim under the U.S. federal securities laws. If we or the depositary opposed a jury trial demand based on the waiver, the court would determine whether the waiver was enforceable based on the facts and circumstances of that case in accordance with the applicable state and federal law. To our knowledge, the enforceability of a contractual pre-dispute jury trial waiver in connection with claims arising under the federal securities laws has not been finally adjudicated by the United States Supreme Court. However, we believe that a contractual pre-dispute jury trial waiver provision is generally enforceable, including under the laws of the State of New York, which govern the deposit agreement. In determining whether to enforce a contractual pre-dispute jury trial waiver provision, courts will generally consider whether a party knowingly, intelligently and voluntarily waives the right to a jury trial. We believe that this is the case with respect to the deposit agreement and the ADSs. It is advisable that you consult legal counsel regarding the jury waiver provision before investing in the ADSs. If you or any other holders or beneficial owners of ADSs bring a claim against us or the depositary in connection with matters arising under the deposit agreement or the ADSs, including claims under federal securities laws, you or such other holder or beneficial owner may not be entitled to a jury trial with respect to such claims, which may have the effect of limiting and discouraging lawsuits against us or the depositary, lead to increased costs to bring a claim, limited access to information and other imbalances of resources between such holder and us, or limit such holder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that such holder finds favorable. If a lawsuit is brought against us or the depositary under the deposit agreement, it may be heard only by a judge or justice of the applicable trial court, which would be conducted according to different civil procedures and may result in different outcomes than a trial by jury would have had, including results that could be less favorable to the plaintiff(s) in any such action. 70 Nevertheless, if this jury trial waiver provision is not enforced, to the extend a court action proceeds, it would proceed under the terms of the deposit agreement with a jury trial. No condition, stipulation or provision of the deposit agreement or ADSs shall relieve us or the depositary from our respective obligations to comply with the Securities Act and the Exchange Act nor serve as a waiver by any holder or beneficial owner of ADSs of compliance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. ADS holders’ right to pursue claims against the depositary is limited by the terms of the deposit agreement. Under the deposit agreement, any legal suit, action or proceeding against or involving us or the depositary, arising out of or relating in any way to the deposit agreement or the transactions contemplated thereby or by virtue of owning the ADSs may only be instituted in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (or, if the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York lacks subject matter jurisdiction over a particular dispute, in the state courts in New York County, New York), and a holder of our ADSs, will have irrevocably waived any objection which such holder may have to the laying of venue of any such proceeding, and irrevocably submitted to the exclusive jurisdiction of such courts in any such action or proceeding. However, the enforceability of similar federal court choice of forum provisions in other companies’ organizational documents has been challenged in legal proceedings in the United States, and it is possible that a court could find this type of provision to be inapplicable or unenforceable. Accepting or consenting to this forum selection provision does not represent you are waiving compliance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. Furthermore, investors cannot waive compliance with the U.S. federal securities laws and rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. The deposit agreement provides that the depositary or an ADS holder may require any claim asserted by it against us arising out of or relating to our Class A ordinary shares, the ADSs or the deposit agreement be referred to and finally settled by an arbitration conducted under the terms described in the deposit agreement, although the arbitration provisions do not preclude you from pursuing any claim, including claims under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (or such state courts if the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York lacks subject matter jurisdiction). The exclusive forum selection provisions in the deposit agreement also do not affect the right of any party to the deposit agreement to elect to submit a claim against us to arbitration, or our duty to submit that claim to arbitration, as provided in the deposit agreement, or the right of any party to an arbitration under the deposit agreement, to commence an action to compel that arbitration, or to enter judgment upon or to enforce an award by the arbitrators, in any court having jurisdiction over an action of that kind. The arbitration provisions apply to actions arising under the Securities Act and the Exchange Act. Accepting or consenting to the arbitration provisions does not constitute a waiver by investors of our or the depositary’s compliance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. As a company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, we are permitted to adopt certain home country practices in relation to corporate governance matters that differ significantly from the Nasdaq listing standards. As a Cayman Islands exempted company listed on the Nasdaq, we are subject to the Nasdaq listing standards, which require listed companies to have, among other things, a majority of their board members to be independent and independent director oversight of executive compensation and nomination of directors. However, Nasdaq rules permit a foreign private issuer like us to follow the corporate governance practices of its home country. Certain corporate governance practices in the Cayman Islands, which is our home country, may differ significantly from the Nasdaq listing standards. We are permitted to elect to rely on home country practice to be exempted from the corporate governance requirements. Nasdaq Rule 5620 requires each issuer to hold an annual meeting of shareholders no later than one year after the end of the issuer’s fiscal year-end. However, Nasdaq Rule 5615(a)(3) permits foreign private issuers like us to follow “home country practice” in certain corporate governance matters. We followed home country practice and did not hold an annual meeting of shareholders in 2025. In March 2022, our board of directors approved the amended and restated 2020 share incentive plan. We relied on the home country practice exemption and did not convene a shareholder meeting to approve the amended and restated 2020 share incentive plan. Maples and Calder (Hong Kong) LLP, our Cayman Islands counsel, has provided a letter to the Nasdaq Stock Market certifying that under Cayman Islands law, we are not required to obtain shareholder approval in respect of the adoption of a stock option or other equity compensation arrangement, or an amendment to the stock option or other equity compensation plan. In March 2024, our board of directors approved the issuance of 58,453,168 Class B ordinary shares of the Company to Mr. Andy Chang Liu for an aggregate consideration of US$3,109,708.54. In March 2025, our board of directors approved the issuance of 83,093,664 Class B ordinary shares and 18,252,336 Class A ordinary shares of the Company to Mr. Andy Chang Liu for an aggregate consideration of 71 US$4,027,774.81. We relied on the home country practice exemption and did not convene a shareholder meeting to approve the share issuance. Maples and Calder (Hong Kong) LLP, our Cayman Islands counsel, has provided a letter to the Nasdaq Stock Market certifying that under Cayman Islands law, we are not required to obtain shareholder approval in respect of such share issuance. As a result of this and other home country practice we may follow in the future, our shareholders may be afforded less protection than they would otherwise enjoy if we complied fully with the Nasdaq listing standards. We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of the rules under the Exchange Act, and as such we are exempt from certain provisions applicable to U.S. domestic public companies. Because we qualify as a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, we are exempt from certain provisions of the securities rules and regulations in the United States that are applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, including: •the rules under the Exchange Act requiring the filing with the SEC of quarterly reports on Form 10-Q or current reports on Form 8-K; •the sections of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents, or authorizations in respect of a security registered under the Exchange Act; •the sections of the Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their stock ownership and trading activities and liability for insiders who profit from trades made in a short period of time; •the selective disclosure rules by issuers of material nonpublic information under Regulation FD; and •certain audit committee independence requirements in Rule 10A-3 of the Exchange Act. We are required to file an annual report on Form 20-F within four months of the end of each fiscal year. In addition, we publish our results on a quarterly basis as press releases, distributed pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Nasdaq. Press releases relating to financial results and material events are also furnished to the SEC on Form 6-K. However, the information we are required to file with or furnish to the SEC is less extensive and less timely compared to that required to be filed with the SEC by U.S. domestic issuers. As a result, you may not be afforded the same protections or information that would be made available to you were you investing in a U.S. domestic issuer. We are a “controlled company” within the meaning of the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules and, as a result, may rely on exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements that provide protection to shareholders of other companies. We are a “controlled company” as defined under the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules because Mr. Andy Chang Liu, our founder, chairman and chief executive officer, beneficially owns more than 50% of our total voting power. For so long as we remain a controlled company under that definition, we are permitted to elect to rely on, and may rely on, certain exemptions from corporate governance rules. In reliance on such exemptions, the majority of our board of directors are not independent directors. As a result, you will not have the same protection afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to these corporate governance requirements. We believe that we were a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes for the taxable year ended December 31, 2025, and it is likely we will be a PFIC for the current taxable year and future taxable years, which could result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. Holders of our ADSs. A non-U.S. corporation, such as our company, will be a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for any taxable year if either (1) at least 75% of its gross income for such year consists of certain types of “passive” income, or the income test; or (2) at least 50% of the fair market value of its assets (generally determined on the basis of a quarterly average) during such year is attributable to assets that produce passive income or are held for the production of passive income, or the asset test. A non-U.S. corporation that directly or indirectly owns at least 25% by value of the shares of another corporation is treated as holding and receiving directly its proportionate share of assets and income of such corporation. Although the law in this regard is unclear, we treat the VIEs (and their subsidiaries) as being owned by us for U.S. federal income tax purposes because we control their 72 management decisions and are entitled to substantially all of the economic benefits associated with them, and, as a result, we consolidate their results of operations in our consolidated U.S. GAAP financial statements. Based on our analysis of our current and expected income and assets (the value of which are partially determined by reference to the market value of our ADSs), we believe that we were a PFIC for United States federal income tax purposes for the taxable year ended December 31, 2025, and we will likely be a PFIC for the current and subsequent taxable years. In addition, it is possible that any subsidiary that we own or are treated as owning for U.S. federal income tax purposes would also be a PFIC for such taxable years. If we are a PFIC in any taxable year during which a U.S. holder (as defined in “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—United States Federal Income Tax Considerations”) holds our ADSs, such holder may incur significantly increased U.S. income tax on gain recognized on the sale or other disposition of the ADSs and on the receipt of distributions on the ADSs to the extent such gain or distribution is treated as an “excess distribution” under the U.S. federal income tax rules, and such holder will generally be subject to reporting requirements. Further, if we are a PFIC for any year during which a U.S. Holder holds our ADSs, in the absence of certain elections by such holder, we will generally continue to be treated with respect to such holder as a PFIC for all succeeding years during which such holder holds our ADSs, even if we subsequently cease to be a PFIC. For more information see “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—United States Federal Income Tax Considerations—Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations.”