Our overall investment portfolio is comprised of corporate investments and funds held for customers. Our corporate investments are comprised of cash and cash equivalents and investment-grade fixed income marketable securities. These assets are available for corporate operating purposes with maturities of up to 37 months from the date of purchase based on the effective maturity date. The funds held for customers are invested with safety of principal as the primary objective. As secondary objectives, we seek to provide liquidity and diversification and maximize interest income. The funds held for customers are invested in money market funds that maintain a constant net asset value, other cash equivalents, and highly liquid, investment-grade fixed income marketable securities, with maturities of up to 37 months from the time of purchase based on the effective maturity date. Certain types of investments may have effective maturity dates different from contractual maturity dates. Our investment policy governs the types of investments we make. We classify all of our investments in marketable securities as available-for-sale. As part of our customer funds investment strategy, we use funds collected daily from our customers to satisfy the obligations of other unrelated customers, rather than liquidating investments purchased with previously collected funds. There is risk that we may not be able to satisfy customer obligations in full or on time due to insufficient liquidity or due to a decline in value of our investments. However, the liquidity risk is minimized because we typically collect the customer’s funds in advance of the payment obligation and by maintaining certain investments in bank deposits and constant net asset value money market funds that allow for same-day liquidity. The risk of a decline in investment value is minimized by our restrictive investment policy allowing for only short-term, high quality fixed income marketable securities. We also maintain other sources of liquidity including our corporate cash balances. Interest Rate and Credit Risk We are exposed to interest rate risk relating to our investments of corporate cash and funds held for customers that we process through our bank accounts. Our corporate investment portfolio consists principally of interest-bearing bank deposits, money market funds, certificates of deposit, commercial paper, other corporate notes, asset-backed securities, and U.S. treasury securities. Funds that we hold for customers are held in non-interest and interest-bearing bank deposits, money market funds, certificates of deposit, commercial paper, other corporate notes, and U.S. treasury securities. We recognize interest earned from funds held for customers as revenue. Factors that influence the rate of interest we earn include the short-term market interest rate environment and the weighting of our balances by security type. The annualized interest rate earned on our corporate investment portfolio and funds held for customers decreased to 3.85% during fiscal 2026 compared to 4.50% during fiscal 2025, primarily due to the changes in the short-term interest rate environment. Unrealized gains or losses on our marketable debt securities are due primarily to interest rate fluctuations from the time the securities were purchased. We account for both fixed and variable rate securities at fair value with unrealized gains and losses recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) since we classify our marketable debt securities as available-for-sale. Our investments in marketable debt securities are generally held through maturity with sales before maturity barring unforeseen circumstances, and thus unrealized gains or losses on fixed-income securities from market interest rate decreases or increases are not realized as the securities mature at par. We are also exposed to interest-rate risk relating to borrowings from our Revolving Credit Facilities. As of June 30, 2026, we borrowed $330.0 million from our Revolving Credit Facilities. Because the interest rate on each of our Revolving Credit Facilities is indexed to a designated term SOFR, which is a floating rate mechanism, our interest cost may increase if market interest rates rise. A hypothetical 0.5%-2.0% increase or decrease in interest rates would not have a material effect on our financial results. 79 In addition to interest rate risks, we also have exposure to risks associated with changes in laws and regulations that may affect customer fund balances. For example, a change in regulations that restricts the permissible investment alternatives for customer funds would reduce our interest earned revenue. We are exposed to credit risk in connection with our investments in securities through the possible inability of the borrowers to meet the terms of the securities. We limit credit risk by investing in investment-grade securities as rated by Moody’s, Standard & Poor’s, or Fitch, by investing only in securities that mature in the near-term, and by limiting concentration in securities other than U.S. Treasuries. Investment in securities of issuers with short-term credit ratings must be rated A-2/P-2/F2 or higher. Investment in securities of issuers with long-term credit ratings must be rated A- or A3, or higher. Investment in asset-backed securities and money market funds must be rated AAA or equivalent. Investment in repurchase agreements will be at least 102 percent collateralized with securities issued by the U.S. government or its agencies. Securities in our corporate portfolio and securities held in our customer fund accounts may not mature beyond 37 months from purchase, based on the effective maturity date. No more than 5% of invested funds, either corporate or customer, may be held in the issues of a single corporation. We are also exposed to credit risk related to the timing of payments made from customer funds collected. For certain transactions we remit customer funds to our customers’ suppliers in advance of having good or confirmed funds collected from our customers and if a customer disputes a transaction after we remit funds on their behalf, then we could suffer a credit loss. Furthermore, our customers generally have three days to dispute transactions, and if we remit funds in advance of receiving confirmation that no dispute was initiated by our customer, then we could suffer a credit loss. We mitigate this credit exposure by leveraging our data assets to make credit underwriting decisions about whether to accelerate disbursements, managing exposure limits, and various controls in our operating systems. We continually evaluate the credit quality of the securities in our portfolios. If a security holding is downgraded below our credit rating threshold or we otherwise believe the security’s payment performance may be compromised, we will evaluate the relevant risks, remaining time to maturity, amount of principal, as well as other factors, and we will make a determination of whether to continue to hold the security or promptly sell it. We are exposed to credit risk from card receivable balances we have with our spending businesses and loans held for investment balances from borrowers using our invoice financing product. Spending businesses and borrowers may default on their obligations to us due to bankruptcy, lack of liquidity, operational failure or other reasons. Although we regularly review our credit exposure to specific spending businesses and borrowers as well as to specific industries that we believe may present credit concerns, default risk may arise from events or circumstances that are difficult to foresee or detect, such as fraud. In addition, our ability to manage credit risk or collect amounts owed to us may be adversely affected by legal or regulatory changes (such as restrictions on collections or changes in bankruptcy laws, and minimum payment regulations). We rely principally on the creditworthiness of spending businesses for repayment of card receivables and therefore have limited recourse for collection. We rely principally on our ability to collect outstanding balances on loans held for investment by receiving payments processed through our platform from the borrowers' customers and applying them to outstanding loan balances. Our ability to assess creditworthiness may be impaired if the criteria or models we use to manage our credit risk prove inaccurate in predicting future losses, which could cause our losses to rise and have a negative impact on our results of operations. Any material increases in delinquencies and losses beyond our current estimates could have a material adverse impact on us. Although we make estimates to provide for expected credit losses in our outstanding portfolio of card receivables and loans held for investment, these estimates may differ from actual losses. Foreign Currency Exchange Risk We are exposed to foreign currency exchange risk relating to our cross-border payment service, which allows customers to pay their international suppliers in foreign currencies. When customers make a cross-border payment, customers fund those payments in U.S. dollars based upon an exchange rate that is quoted on the initiation date of the transaction. Subsequently, when we convert and remit those funds to our customers’ suppliers primarily through our global payment partners, the exchange rate may differ, due to foreign exchange fluctuation, from the exchange rate that was initially quoted. Our transaction fees to our customers are not adjusted for changes in foreign exchange rates between the initiation date of the transaction and the date the funds are converted. 80 We are also exposed to foreign currency exchange risk relating to the operations of our subsidiary in Canada. A change in foreign currency exchange rate can affect our financial results due to transaction gains or losses related to the remeasurement of certain monetary asset and monetary liability balances that are denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of our Canadian subsidiary, which is in U.S. dollars. If the value of the U.S. dollar weakens relative to the foreign currencies, this may have an unfavorable effect on our cash flows and operating results. We believe that a 10% change in the relative value of the U.S. dollar to other foreign currencies would have an immaterial effect on our cash flows and operating results. 81