Our Holding Company Structure and Contractual Arrangements with the Variable Interest Entities TCTM is not a PRC operating company but a Cayman Islands holding company with operations primarily conducted through (i) our subsidiaries incorporated in mainland China, or mainland China subsidiaries, and (ii) contractual arrangements with the variable interest entities based in mainland China. Laws and regulations of mainland China restrict and impose conditions on foreign investment in certain internet value-added businesses. Accordingly, we operate these businesses in mainland China through the variable interest entities in order to comply with these laws and regulations, and rely on contractual arrangements among our mainland China subsidiaries, the variable interest entities, and their nominee shareholders to control the business operations of the variable interest entities. Such structure enables investors to share economic interests in China-based companies in sectors where foreign direct investment is prohibited or restricted under laws and regulations in mainland China. Revenues from continuing operations contributed by the variable interest entities accounted for 2.9%, 6.6% and 7.4% of our net revenues from continuing operations for the years of 2022, 2023 and 2024, respectively. As used in this annual report, “we,” “us,” “our” or “TCTM” refers to TCTM Kids IT Education Inc. (formerly known as Tarena International, Inc.), its subsidiaries, and, in the context of describing our operations and consolidated financial information, the variable interest entities in mainland China, including but are not limited to, Beijing Tarena and Beijing Tongcheng for the effective period of their respective contractual arrangements with us. The current VIE, Beijing Tongcheng, holds our ICP license as an internet information provider and a permit for the production and operation of radio and television programs, and operates our 61it.cn website and Tongcheng Online App. Our variable interest entities are domestic companies incorporated in mainland China in which we do not have any equity ownership but whose financial results have been consolidated into our consolidated financial statements based solely on contractual arrangements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, and we are the primary beneficiary of the variable interest entities for accounting purpose only. Investors in our ADSs are not purchasing any equity interest in the variable interest entities in mainland China, but instead are purchasing equity interest in a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, and may never directly hold equity interests in the variable interest entities in China. In December 2023, we entered into an equity transfer agreement to dispose of our equity interests in the professional education business to a buyer consortium led by Tarena Weishang Technology (Hainan) Co., Ltd, or the Divestiture. Ms. Lijuan Han, sister of our founder and chairman Mr. Shaoyun Han, is a member of the buyer consortium and has an interest in the Divestiture. The Divestiture had been consummated at the end of March 2024. Upon the consummation of the Divestiture, the professional education business, including the business operated by the former VIE, had been divested, and the STEM education business operated by the former VIE had been transferred to the current VIE. The Divestiture represented a strategic shift that has a major effect on our company’s operations and financial results. As a result of the Divestiture, the professional education business has been reclassified as discontinued operations and our remaining business after the Divestiture has been reclassified as continuing operations. For detailed information regarding all material financial impacts related to the Divestiture, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—A. Operating Results—Financial Impact by the Divestiture” and notes 1 and 3 to our consolidated financial statements, which are included in this annual report. ​ 3 Table of Contents We, through our mainland China subsidiaries, the variable interest entities, and their shareholders entered into a series of contractual agreements. These contractual arrangements, during the respective effective period: ● enable us to receive the economic benefits that could potentially be significant to the variable interest entities in consideration for the services provided by our mainland China subsidiaries; ● effectively assigned all of the voting rights underlying the nominee shareholders’ equity interest in the variable interest entities to us; and ● enable us to hold an exclusive option to purchase all or part of the equity interests in the variable interest entities when and to the extent permitted by the laws of mainland China. These contractual agreements among our mainland China subsidiaries, the variable interest entities and their shareholders include exclusive business cooperation agreements, power of attorney, equity interest pledge agreements, exclusive option agreements, and loan agreements. As a result of the contractual arrangements, the shareholders of the variable interest entities effectively assigned all of their voting rights underlying their equity interest in the variable interest entities to us, which gives our company or its subsidiaries the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the variable interest entities’ economic performance. The nominee shareholders of the variable interest entities are directors and members of our management body. We consider such people suitable to act as the nominee shareholders of the variable interest entities because of, among other considerations, their contribution to us, their competence, and their length of service with and loyalty to us. For more details of these contractual arrangements, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—A. History and Development of the Company.” ​ ​ 4 Table of Contents The following diagram illustrates our corporate structure, including our principal subsidiaries, the principal VIEs and other entities that are material to our business, as of the date of this annual report: Notes: (1) Shaoyun Han, our founder and chairman, owns 70% of the equity interest in Beijing Tongcheng. Mr. Jin Li, a member of our management body, owns 30% of the equity interest in Beijing Tongcheng. On June 5, 2024, Banyan Enterprises Limited, or Banyan, and Banyan Enterprises A Limited, or Banyan A, filed for asset preservation at the Hong Kong International Arbitration Centre, or the HKIAC. This action stemmed from disputes related the share transfer agreement dated December 7, 2018, entered in to by and among Mr. Han Shaoyun and his wholly owned company, Techedu Limited, or Techedu, and Banyan and Banyan A, concerning the equity interest in Tarena International, Inc., or Tarena International, held by Techedu. As part of the asset preservation measures, Mr. Shaoyun Han’s 70% equity interest in Beijing Tongcheng was frozen. According to the Civil Ruling No. (2024) Jing 04 Cai Bao 77 issued by the Fourth Intermediate People’s Court of Beijing, along with the asset preservation notice (Case No. (2024) Jing 04 Zhi Bao 172), and with the assistance of the Haidian District Market Supervision Administration of Beijing, such equity interest has been frozen from September 19, 2024 to September 18, 2027. 5 Table of Contents (2) Wenwei Jia is the principal of Tongcheng Technology Education Co., Ltd.; Jiping Xing is the principal of Jinan Lixia Tongcheng Tongmei Training School Co., Ltd. and Zibo Tongcheng Tongmei Training School Co., Ltd.; Yan Wang is the principal of Tianjin Tongcheng Tongmei Education Training School Co., Ltd.; Liping Han is the principal of Shijiazhuang Yuhuaqu Tongxincheng Education Training School Co., Ltd. and Shijiazhuang Changanqu Tongzhicheng Education Training School Co., Ltd.; Meiyue Zhu is the principal of Shenyang Heping Tongcheng Educational Center and Shenyang Tiexi Tongcheng Tongmei Educational Center; Zengbo Li* is the principal of Kunming Wuhua Tongcheng Tongmei Education Training School Co., Ltd.; Hehai Tian* is the principal of Jinan Gaoxin Tongcheng Tongmei Training School Co., Ltd.; Nan Pan is the principal of Shijiazhuang Tongcheng Education School Co., Ltd.; Yudong Wang is the principal of Shenyang Shenhe Tongcheng Tongmei Education School Co., Ltd.; Lingzhen Kong is the principal of Taiyuan Xinghualing Tongcheng Tongmei Training School Co., Ltd; Yan Hong is the principal of Qingdao Shibei District Tongcheng Tongchuang Computer Training School Co., Ltd; Leng Liao* is the principal of Kunming Xishan District Tongcheng Tongmei Culture and Art Training School Co., Ltd. and Kunming Guandu Tongcheng Tongmei Education Training School Co., Ltd; Dan Liu* is the principal of Changsha Kaifu Tongcheng Tongmei Education Training School (formerly known as Science Kid Robot Education Training School); Keyu Mu is the principal of Chengdu Tongcheng Tongmei Kechuang Education and Training School Co., Ltd.; En Wei is the principal of Tai’an Taishan District Tongcheng Tongmei Training School Co., Ltd.; Xiang Zhou is the principal of Nanchang Honggutan New District Tongchuang Training Center Co., Ltd.; Xin Gao is the principal of Qingdao West Coast New Area Tong Youwei Science and Technology Training School Co., Ltd.; Li Ge is the principal of Tianjin Tongcheng Tongmei Coding NO 1 Extracurricular Training School Co., Ltd.; Lening Shi is the principal of Tianjin Tongcheng Tongmei Coding NO 5 Extracurricular Training School Co., Ltd.; Luan Ma is the principal of Tianjin Tongcheng Tongmei Coding NO 6 Extracurricular Training School Co., Ltd.; Shuang Yang is the principal of Tianjin Tongcheng Tongmei Coding NO 7 Extracurricular Training School Co., Ltd.; Ling Liu is the principal of Tianjin Tongcheng Tongmei Coding NO 8 Extracurricular Training School Co., Ltd.; Jiali Wu is the principal of Tianjin Tongcheng Tongmei Coding NO 2 Extracurricular Training School Co., Ltd.; Yue Zhang is the principal of Tianjin Tongcheng Tongmei Coding NO 9 Extracurricular Training School Co., Ltd.; Yuyan Jiang is the principal of Tianjin Tongcheng Tongmei Coding NO 10 Extracurricular Training School Co., Ltd.; Weizheng Kong is the principal of Qinhuangdao Haigang District Tongcheng Tongmei Education and Training School; Yue Zhang is the principal of Tianjin Tongcheng Tongmei Coding NO 9 Extracurricular Training Center Co., Ltd.; Chuangjin Li is the principal of Taiyuan Xiaodian Tongcheng Tongchuang Technology Training School Co., Ltd.; Kaibin Zhang is the principal of Guangxinanning Tongchuang Education Technology Co.,Ltd.; Xiangting Chen is the principal of Guangxinanning Tongcheng Education Technology Co.,Ltd.; Jiping Xing is the principal of Weifang Kuiwen District Tongcheng Tongmei Education Training School Co., Ltd; Lisha Deng is the principal of Fuzhou Gulou Tongcheng Tongchuang Technology Extracurricular Training Co., Ltd.; Shenghuan Feng is the principal of Qingdao Laoshan District Tongcheng Tongmei Science and Technology Training School Co., Ltd. and Tianjin Tongcheng Tongmei Programming NO 4 Extracurricular Training Center Co., Ltd.; Yuantan Yang is the principal of Chengdu Shuangliu Tongcheng Tongmei Science and Technology Training School Co., Ltd. * Zengbo Li, Hehai Tian, Leng Liao and Dan Liu are no longer employed by us. The principal registration for each of Kunming Wuhua Tongcheng Tongmei Education Training School Co.,Ltd., Jinan Gaoxin Tongcheng Tongmei Training School Co., Ltd., Kunming Xishan District Tongcheng Tongmei Culture and Art Training School Co., Ltd., Kunming Guandu Tongcheng Tongmei Education Training School Co., Ltd and Changsha Kaifu Tongcheng Tongmei Education Training School. has not been updated. (3) Although we explained that the variable interest entities include Beijing Tarena and Beijing Tongcheng, Beijing Tarena had been deconsolidated upon the consummation of the Divestiture at the end of March 2024. The current VIE, is Beijing Tongcheng. ​ ​ ​ ​ 6 Table of Contents This type of corporate structure may affect investors and the value of their investment. The contractual arrangements may not be as effective as direct ownership in providing us with control over the variable interest entities, and we may incur substantial costs to enforce the terms of the arrangements. If the variable interest entities or the nominee shareholders fail to perform their respective obligations under the contractual arrangements, we could be limited in our ability to enforce the contractual arrangements that effectively assigned us the voting rights in the variable interest entities, and these agreements have not been tested in the courts of mainland China. Furthermore, if we are unable to maintain such effective assignment, we would not be able to continue to consolidate the financial results of these entities in our financial statements. As such, the VIE structure involves unique risks to investors of our Cayman Islands holding company. See “Item 3. Key Information-D. Risk Factors-Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure-Any failure by Beijing Tongcheng or its shareholders to perform their obligations under our contractual arrangements with them would have an adverse effect on our business” and “Item 3. Key Information-D. Risk Factors-Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure-The shareholders of Beijing Tongcheng may have potential conflicts of interest with us, which may materially and adversely affect our business and financial condition.” There are also substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of current and future laws, regulations and rules of mainland China regarding the status of the rights of our Cayman Islands holding company with respect to its contractual arrangements with the variable interest entities and their nominee shareholders. It is uncertain whether any new laws or regulations of mainland China relating to variable interest entity structures will be adopted or if adopted, what they would provide. If the PRC government deems that our contractual arrangements with the variable interest entities do not comply with PRC regulatory restrictions on foreign investment in the relevant industries, or if these regulations or the interpretation of existing regulations change in the future, we could be subject to material penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in those operations or otherwise significantly change our corporate structure. We and our investors face significant uncertainty about potential future actions by the PRC government that could affect the legality and enforceability of the contractual arrangements with the variable interest entities and, consequently, significantly affect our ability to consolidate the financial results of the variable interest entities and the financial performance of our company as a whole, which would likely result in a material change in our operations and/or a material change in the value of our securities. If we or the variable interest entities are found to be in violation of any existing or future laws or regulations of mainland China, or fail to obtain or maintain any of the required permits or approvals, the PRC regulatory authorities would have broad discretion in accordance with the applicable laws and regulations to take action in dealing with such violations or failures. See “Item 3. Key Information-D. Risk Factors-Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure-If the PRC government finds that the agreements that establish the structure for holding our ICP license do not comply with applicable laws and regulations of mainland China, or if these laws and regulations or the interpretation of existing laws and regulations change in the future, we could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in those operations” and “-If the PRC authorities determine that we can no longer own and operate certain of our learning centers through our subsidiaries in mainland China, we may need to restructure the ownership and operation of these learning centers (including possibly transferring these learning centers to the variable interest entities), our business may be disrupted and we may be exposed to increased risks associated with the contractual arrangements relating to the variable interest entities.” Our operations are primarily conducted in mainland China through (i) our mainland China subsidiaries and (ii) contractual arrangements with the variable interest entities based in mainland China, and revenues are substantially generated from mainland China. Though the PRC Foreign Investment Law does not explicitly classify contractual arrangements as a form of foreign investment, the definition of “foreign investment” thereunder is relatively wide and contains a catch-all provision which includes investments made by foreign investors through means stipulated in laws or administrative regulations or other methods prescribed by the State Council. Therefore, there is no assurance that foreign investment via contractual arrangement would not be interpreted as a type of indirect foreign investment activities in the future. If the variable interest entities were deemed as a foreign-invested enterprise under any such future laws, administrative regulations or provisions and any of our business would be included in any negative list or other form of restrictions on foreign investment, we may need to take further actions to comply with such future laws, administrative regulations or provisions. Such actions may have a material and adverse impact on our business, financial condition, result of operations and prospects. In addition, if the PRC regulatory authorities were to find our legal structure and contractual arrangements to be in violation of any laws, administrative regulations or provisions of mainland China, we are uncertain what impact of above PRC regulatory authorities’ actions would have on us and our ability to consolidate the variable interest entities in the consolidated financial statements. For more details, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Uncertainties exist with respect to the interpretation and implementation of the PRC Foreign Investment Law and its implementation regulations and how it may impact the viability of our current corporate structure, corporate governance and business operations.” 7 Table of Contents Our company and the variable interest entities face various risks and uncertainties related to doing business in China. For example, we face risks associated with regulatory approvals on offshore offerings, antimonopoly regulatory actions, and oversight on cybersecurity and data privacy. These risks could result in a material adverse change in our operations and the value of our ADSs, significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to continue to offer securities to investors, or may cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or become worthless. For a detailed description of risks related to doing business in China, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China.” PRC government’s certain administrative measures in regulating (i) our operations and (ii) offerings conducted overseas by, and foreign investment in, China-based issuers, could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors. Implementation of industry-wide regulations, including data security or anti-monopoly related regulations, of this nature may cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or become worthless. For more details, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business—Our business is subject to complex and evolving Chinese laws and regulations regarding cybersecurity, information security, privacy and data protection. Many of these laws and regulations are subject to change and uncertain interpretation, and any failure or perceived failure to comply with these laws and regulations could result in claims, changes to our business practices, negative publicity, legal proceedings, increased cost of operations, or declines in student base, or otherwise harm our business” and “—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—The approval of and filing with the CSRC or other PRC government authorities may be required in connection with our offshore offerings under the laws of mainland China, and, if required, we cannot predict whether or for how long we will be able to obtain such approval or complete such filing.” Risks and uncertainties arising from the PRC legal system, including risks and uncertainties regarding the enforcement of laws and quickly evolving rules and regulations in mainland China, could result in a material adverse change in our operations and cause the value of our ADSs to significantly decline or become worthless. For more details, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Uncertainties in the interpretation and enforcement of laws and regulations of mainland China could limit the legal protections available to you and us.” Permissions Required from the PRC Government Authorities for Our Operations We conduct our business primarily through our subsidiaries and the variable interest entities in mainland China. Our operations in mainland China are governed by laws and regulations of mainland China. As of the date of this annual report, we believe our subsidiaries and the variable interest entities in mainland China have obtained the requisite licenses and permits from the PRC government authorities that are material for the business operations of currently conducted by our holding company, its subsidiaries, and the variable interest entities in mainland China, including, among others, a business license, an ICP license, a permit for the production and operation of radio and television programs and permits for school operation. However, we cannot assure you that relevant government authorities would reach the same conclusion. Given the uncertainties of interpretation and implementation of relevant laws and regulations and the enforcement practice by the government authorities, we may be required to obtain additional licenses, permits, filings or approvals for the functions and services of our platform in the future. For more detailed information, see “Item 3. Key Information-D. Risk Factors-Risks Related to Doing Business in China-We face risks and uncertainties with respect to the licensing requirement for value-added telecommunication services, internet audio-video programs, radio or television programs production and operation, internet publication, and filing requirements for commercial franchise.” Furthermore, as advised by Beijing DOCVIT Law Firm, our PRC legal counsel, in connection with our historical issuance of securities to foreign investors that was consummated in the year of 2014, under current PRC laws, regulations and regulatory rules, as of the date of this annual report, we, our mainland China subsidiaries and the variable interest entities, (i) are not required to obtain permission from the China Securities Regulatory Commission, or the CSRC, and (ii) are not required to go through a cybersecurity review by the Cyberspace Administration of China. , and (iii) As of the date of this annual report, we, our mainland China subsidiaries and the variable interest entities have not been asked to obtain, or been denied by any PRC government authority for, permission by any other PRC government authority. If (i) we inadvertently conclude that such permissions or approvals are not required, or (ii) applicable laws, regulations, or interpretations change and we are required to obtain such permissions or approvals in the future, we may have to expend significant time and costs to procure them. If we, our subsidiaries, or the variable interest entities are unable to do so, on commercially reasonable terms, in a timely manner or otherwise, we may become subject to sanctions imposed by the PRC regulatory authorities, which could include fines and penalties, proceedings against us, and other forms of sanctions, and our ability to conduct our business, invest into China as foreign investments or accept foreign investments, or be listed on a U.S. or other overseas exchange may be restricted, and our business, reputation, financial condition, and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. 8 Table of Contents However, the PRC government has promulgated certain regulations and rules to exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers. On February 17, 2023, the CSRC released the Trial Administrative Measures of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies and five supporting guidelines, or, collectively, the Filing Rules, which took effect on March 31, 2023. According to the Filing Rules, domestic companies in mainland China that directly or indirectly offer or list their securities in an overseas market are required to file with the CSRC. In addition, an overseas listed company must also submit the filing with respect to its follow-on offerings, issuance of convertible corporate bonds and exchangeable bonds, and other equivalent offering activities, within a specific time frame requested under the Filing Rules. Therefore, On February 17, 2023, the CSRC also held a press conference for the release of the Filing Rules, which, among others, clarified that the companies in mainland China that have been listed overseas before March 31, 2023 are not required to file with the CSRC immediately, but these companies should complete filing with the CSRC for their future equity and equity-linked securities financing activities in accordance with the Filing Rules. Based on the foregoing, we are not required to complete filing with the CSRC for our prior offshore offerings and listing at this stage, but we will be required to file with the CSRC for our overseas offering of equity and equity linked securities in the future within the applicable scope of the Filing Rules. For more detailed information, see “Item 3. Key Information-D. Risk Factors-Risks Related to Doing Business in China-The approval of and filing with the CSRC or other PRC government authorities may be required in connection with our offshore offerings under the laws of mainland China, and, if required, we cannot predict whether or for how long we will be able to obtain such approval or complete such filing” and “-Risks Related to Our Business-Our business is subject to complex and evolving Chinese laws and regulations regarding cybersecurity, information security, privacy and data protection. Many of these laws and regulations are subject to change and uncertain interpretation, and any failure or perceived failure to comply with these laws and regulations could result in claims, changes to our business practices, negative publicity, legal proceedings, increased cost of operations, or declines in student base, or otherwise harm our business.” Cash and Asset Flows through Our Organization TCTM is a holding company with no operations of its own. We conduct our operations in mainland China primarily through our subsidiaries and the variable interest entities in mainland China. As a result, although other means are available for us to obtain financing at the holding company level, TCTM’s ability to pay dividends to the shareholders and to service any debt it may incur may depend upon dividends paid by our subsidiaries in mainland China and service fees paid by the variable interest entities. If any of our subsidiaries incurs debt on its own behalf in the future, the instruments governing such debt may restrict its ability to pay dividends to TCTM. In addition, to the extent cash or assets in our business is in mainland China or Hong Kong or a mainland China or Hong Kong entity, the funds or assets may not be available to fund operations or for other use outside of mainland China or Hong Kong as we, our subsidiaries, and the consolidated variable interest entities are subject to certain restrictions with respect to paying dividends or otherwise transferring any of their cash or assets offshore, and there is no assurance the PRC government will not intervene in or impose restrictions on the ability of us, our subsidiaries, and the consolidated variable interest entities to transfer cash (or assets). See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—We may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our subsidiaries in mainland China to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have. To the extent cash or assets in the business is in mainland China or Hong Kong or a mainland China or Hong Kong entity, the funds or assets may not be available to fund operations or for other use outside of mainland China or Hong Kong as we, our subsidiaries, and the consolidated variable interest entities are subject to certain restrictions with respect to paying dividends or otherwise transferring any of their cash or assets offshore, and any such restrictions could have a material and adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business.” and “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—B. Liquidity and Capital Resources—Holding Company Structure.” In addition, our subsidiaries in mainland China are permitted to pay dividends to TCTM only out of their retained earnings, if any, as determined in accordance with accounting standards and regulations of mainland China. Further, our subsidiaries and the variable interest entities in mainland China are required to make appropriations to certain statutory reserve funds or may make appropriations to certain discretionary funds, which are not distributable as cash dividends except in the event of a solvent liquidation of the companies. For more details, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects-B. Liquidity and Capital Resources-Holding Company Structure.” Under the laws of mainland China, TCTM may provide funding to our subsidiaries in mainland China only through capital contributions or loans, and to the variable interest entities only through loans or payment for inter­group transactions, subject to satisfaction of applicable government registration and approval requirements. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024, there was no capital contribution from TCTM Kids IT Education Inc. to its subsidiaries or the variable interest entities, and TCTM did not extend any loans to, or receive any repayments from, its subsidiaries or the variable interest entities. The variable interest entities may transfer cash to TCTM by paying service fees according to the exclusive business cooperation agreement. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024, no such service fees were paid by the variable interest entities. If there is any amount payable to TCTM under the exclusive business cooperation agreement, we intend to settle them accordingly, but do not intend to otherwise distribute earnings. 9 Table of Contents For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024, no dividends or distributions were made to TCTM by its subsidiaries or the variable interest entities. Under laws and regulations of mainland China, our subsidiaries and the variable interest entities in mainland China are subject to certain restrictions with respect to paying dividends or otherwise transferring any of their net assets to us. Remittance of dividends by a wholly foreign-owned enterprise, or WFOE, out of mainland China is also subject to examination by the banks designated by State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or the SAFE. The amounts restricted include the paid-up capital and the statutory reserve funds of our subsidiaries in mainland China and the net assets of the variable interest entities in which we have no legal ownership, totaling RMB1,558.9 million, RMB1,228.2 million and RMB1,236.9 million (US$169.5 million) as of December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024, respectively. For risks related to the fund flows of our operations in mainland China, see “Item 3. Key Information-D. Risk Factors-Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure-We may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our subsidiaries in mainland China to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of our subsidiaries in mainland China to make payments to us could have a material and adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business.” There are certain restrictions on our ability to convert Renminbi into foreign currencies. Approval from State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or SAFE, and the People’s Bank of China, or PBOC, may be required where RMB are to be converted into foreign currencies, including U.S. dollars, and approval from SAFE and PBOC or their branches may be required where RMB are to be remitted out of China. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Governmental control of currency conversion may affect the value of your investment.” For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024, no assets other than cash were transferred through our organization. Our Company has established a centralized cash management policy to direct how funds are transferred between the Company, our subsidiaries, and the variable interest entities to improve the efficiency and ensure the security of cash management. Our treasury department prepares the rolling cash flow forecast of our Company and also prepares fund management reports regularly to our management team. We only allow authorized departments and personnel to have access to our funds, and we also segregate duties among our personnel involved in funds management. Furthermore, all funds are transferred in accordance with the applicable PRC laws and regulations. For more details, see our selected condensed consolidating schedule starting on page 10 and the consolidated financial statements starting on page F-4. TCTM has not declared or paid any cash dividends since the beginning of 2019, nor does it have any present plan to pay any cash dividends on our ordinary shares in the foreseeable future. We currently intend to retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings to operate and expand our business. See “Item 8. Financial Information—A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Dividend Policy.” For the Cayman Islands, mainland China and United States federal income tax considerations of an investment in our ADSs, see “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation.” For purposes of illustration, the following discussion reflects the hypothetical taxes that might be required to be paid within mainland China, assuming that: (i) we have taxable earnings, and (ii) we determine to pay a dividend in the future: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Tax calculation (1) Hypothetical pre-tax earnings(2) 100 % Tax on earnings at statutory rate of 25%(3) (25) % Net earnings available for distribution 75 % Withholding tax at standard rate of 10%(4) (7.5) % Net distribution to Parent/Shareholders 67.5 % Notes: (1) For purposes of this example, the tax calculation has been simplified. The hypothetical book pre-tax earnings amount, not considering timing differences, is assumed to equal taxable income in mainland China. (2) Under the terms of VIE agreements, our subsidiary in mainland China may charge the VIEs for services provided to the VIEs. These service fees shall be recognized as expenses of the VIEs, with a corresponding amount recognized as service income by our subsidiary in mainland China and eliminated in consolidation. For income tax purposes, our subsidiary and the VIEs in mainland China file income tax returns on a separate company basis. The service fees paid are recognized as a tax deduction by the VIEs and as income by our subsidiary in mainland China and thus are tax neutral. 10 Table of Contents (3) Certain of our mainland China subsidiaries qualify for certain preferential tax treatments. However, such preferential treatments may not be available in a future period when distributions are paid. For purposes of this hypothetical example, the table above reflects a maximum tax scenario under which the full statutory rate would be effective. (4) The Implementation Regulations for PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law imposes a withholding income tax of 10% on dividends distributed by a foreign invested enterprise to its immediate holding company outside of mainland China. A lower withholding income tax rate of 5% is applied if the foreign invested enterprise’s immediate holding company is registered in Hong Kong or other jurisdictions that have a tax treaty arrangement with mainland China, subject to a qualification review at the time of the distribution. For purposes of this hypothetical example, the table above assumes a maximum tax scenario under which the full withholding tax would be applied. The table above has been prepared under the assumption that all profits of the variable interest entities will be distributed as fees to our subsidiaries in mainland China under tax neutral contractual arrangements. If, in the future, the accumulated earnings of the variable interest entities exceed the service fees paid to our subsidiaries in mainland China (or if the current and contemplated fee structure between the intercompany entities is determined to be non-substantive and disallowed by Chinese tax authorities), the variable interest entities could make a non-deductible transfer to our subsidiaries in mainland China for the amounts of the stranded cash in the variable interest entities. This would result in such transfer being non-deductible expenses for the variable interest entities but still taxable income for the subsidiaries in mainland China. Such a transfer and the related tax burdens would increase our after-tax loss by approximately 28% of the pre-tax profit. Our management believes that there is only a remote possibility that this scenario would happen. Financial Information Related to the Variable Interest Entities Disposal of subsidiary Gaohuiqiangxue Software (Hainan) Co., Ltd. was a wholly-owned subsidiary of the former VIE, Beijing Tarena, through the cooperation with universities and colleges in mainland China to offer joint-major degree programs and related peripheral services to colleges and students, or the Target Business, in accordance with the higher education reform policies of each province. On April 28, 2023, we entered into agreements to dispose of our controlling interest in the Target Business to a consortium led by Beijing Weike Xinneng Education Technology Ltd, or Beijing Weike Mr. Shaoyun Han is member of the investor consortium and has an interest in the disposal of the Target Business. The Target Business accounted for an insignificant portion of our revenues and assets during the recent fiscal years before the disposal, and therefore, we do not expect the disposal to have any material impact on our business operations and financial performance. Discontinued operations In December 2023, we entered into an equity transfer agreement to dispose of our equity interests in the professional education business to a buyer consortium led by Tarena Weishang Technology (Hainan) Co., Ltd, or the Divestiture. The Divestiture had been consummated at the end of March 2024. Upon the consummation of the Divestiture, the professional education business, including the business operated by the former VIE, had been divested, and the STEM education business operated by the former VIE had been transferred to the current VIE. The Divestiture represented a strategic shift that has a major effect on our company’s operations and financial results. As a result of the Divestiture, the professional education business has been reclassified as discontinued operations and our remaining business after the Divestiture has been reclassified as continuing operations. The following tables present the condensed consolidating schedules for our consolidated variable interest entities and other entities for the years and as of the dates indicated. ​ 11 Table of Contents The following tables provide financial information depicting the financial position, cash flows and results of operations of the parent, subsidiaries, the VIEs, and any eliminating adjustments and consolidated totals (in thousands of RMB) as of and for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024. Selected Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income, Balance Sheets, and Cash Flows Information ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the Year Ended December 31, 2024 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Non-VIE ​ ​ ​ Other Inter- ​ ​ ​ ​ Parent ​ VIEs ​ Subsidiaries ​ VIE ​ Company ​ Group ​ Company Consolidated Consolidated Elimination Elimination Consolidation ​ ​ RMB ​ ​ (In thousands) Cash and cash equivalents ​ 1,504 2,519 11,279 — — 15,302 Inter-Group balances due from the VIEs/Non-VIE subsidiaries ​ 438,701 32,980 365,897 (394) (837,184) — Other current assets ​ 112 10,042 25,803 48 4,902 40,907 Equity method investments ​ 34,682 — — — (34,682) — Investment deficit in the VIEs and Non-VIE subsidiaries ​ (1,887,093) — — — 1,887,093 — Other non-current assets ​ — ​ — ​ (924) ​ (1,800) ​ 47,132 ​ 44,408 Total Assets ​ (1,412,094) ​ 45,541 ​ 402,055 ​ (2,146) ​ 1,067,261 ​ 100,617 Inter-Group balances due to the VIEs/Non-VIE subsidiaries ​ 43,927 ​ 32,979 ​ 365,749 ​ (346) ​ (442,309) ​ — Other current liabilities ​ 346,837 ​ 166,411 ​ 1,312,494 ​ — ​ (12,937) ​ 1,812,805 Non-current liabilities ​ — ​ 1,665 ​ 89,742 ​ — ​ — ​ 91,407 Total liabilities ​ 390,764 ​ 201,055 ​ 1,767,985 ​ (346) ​ (455,246) ​ 1,904,212 Equity ​ (1,802,858) ​ (155,514) ​ (17,356) ​ (1,800) ​ 173,933 ​ (1,803,595) Net revenues from continuing operations ​ — ​ 86,125 ​ 1,084,733 ​ — ​ — ​ 1,170,858 Net loss ​ 8,928 ​ (43,457) ​ (546,829) ​ — ​ (5,744) ​ (587,102) Net cash provided by/(used in) operating activities ​ (2,234) ​ (80,322) ​ 1,118,225 ​ 80,322 ​ (1,237,446) ​ (121,455) Net cash provided by/(used in) investing activities ​ — ​ (8,200) ​ (91,043) ​ 8,200 ​ — ​ (91,043) Net cash provided by/(used in) financing activities ​ (7,360) ​ 86,483 ​ (22,228) ​ (86,483) ​ 40,428 ​ 10,840 ​ ​ 12 Table of Contents ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the Year Ended December 31, 2023 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Non-VIE ​ ​ ​ Other Inter- ​ ​ ​ ​ Parent ​ VIEs ​ Subsidiaries ​ VIE ​ Company ​ Group ​ Company Consolidated Consolidated Elimination Elimination Consolidation ​ ​ RMB ​ ​ (In thousands) Cash and cash equivalents ​ 5,251 2,520 212,918 — — 220,689 Inter-Group balances due from the VIEs/Non-VIE subsidiaries ​ 380,470 104,642 406,637 (11,259) (880,490) — Other current assets ​ 225 62,550 22,344 — (20,815) 64,304 Equity method investments ​ 142,399 — — — (142,399) — Investment deficit in the VIEs and Non-VIE subsidiaries ​ (1,702,776) — — — 1,702,776 — Other non-current assets ​ — 46,371 411,276 — — 457,647 Total assets of discontinued operations ​ — ​ 36,779 ​ 249,639 ​ — ​ (10,815) ​ 275,603 Total Assets ​ (1,174,431) 252,862 1,302,814 (11,259) 648,257 1,018,243 Inter-Group balances due to the VIEs/Non-VIE subsidiaries ​ 319,197 23,676 130,159 (11,259) (461,773) — Other current liabilities ​ 4,155 152,969 1,712,121 — (18,680) 1,850,565 Non-current liabilities ​ — 4,252 103,985 — — 108,237 Total liabilities of discontinued operations ​ — ​ 100,392 ​ 471,214 ​ — ​ (10,815) ​ 560,791 Total liabilities ​ 323,352 281,289 2,417,479 (11,259) (491,268) 2,519,593 Equity ​ (1,497,783) (28,427) (1,114,665) (2,060) 1,141,585 (1,501,350) Net revenues from continuing operations ​ — 90,661 1,284,531 — — 1,375,192 Net income/(loss) ​ 8,928 3,606 (6,530) 7,939 (3,589) 10,354 Net cash provided by/(used in) operating activities ​ 4,902 (17,817) 317,788 (3,220) (420,588) (118,935) Net cash provided by investing activities ​ — — 72,048 — — 72,048 Net cash (used in)/provided by financing activities ​ (2,201) (7,192) (456,123) 7,192 422,543 (35,781) ​ ​ 13 Table of Contents ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ For the Year Ended December 31, 2022 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Non-VIE ​ ​ ​ Other Inter- ​ ​ ​ ​ Parent ​ VIEs ​ Subsidiaries ​ VIE ​ Company ​ Group ​ Company Consolidated Consolidated Elimination Elimination Consolidation ​ ​ RMB ​ ​ (In thousands) Cash and cash equivalents ​ 1,844 16,031 180,654 — — 198,529 Inter-Group balances due from the VIEs/Non-VIE subsidiaries ​ 437,987 64,604 280,273 (50,780) (732,084) — Other current assets ​ 550 1,191 47,030 (23) (10,000) 38,748 Equity method investments ​ 140,025 — — — (140,025) — Investment deficit in the VIEs and Non-VIE subsidiaries ​ (1,714,999) — — — 1,714,999 — Other non-current assets ​ — 37,704 445,457 — — 483,161 Total assets of discontinued operations ​ — ​ 66,959 ​ 654,486 ​ (56,142) ​ (48,241) ​ 617,062 Total Assets ​ (1,134,593) 186,489 1,607,900 (106,945) 784,649 1,337,500 Inter-Group balances due to the VIEs/Non-VIE subsidiaries ​ 334,909 (48,511) 598,854 (7,631) (877,621) — Other current liabilities ​ 30,392 134,191 1,755,328 — — 1,919,911 Non-current liabilities ​ — 4,176 105,685 — — 109,861 Total liabilities of discontinued operations ​ — ​ 128,666 ​ 687,940 ​ — ​ (2,197) ​ 814,409 Total liabilities ​ 365,301 218,522 3,147,807 (7,631) (879,818) 2,844,181 Equity ​ (1,499,894) (32,033) (1,539,907) 7,065 1,558,088 (1,506,681) Net revenues from continuing operations ​ — 40,755 1,360,680 — (1,591) 1,399,844 Net income/(loss) ​ 83,520 1,255 482 17,064 (17,088) 85,233 Net cash provided by/(used in) operating activities ​ (5,699) 7,722 (29,753) 17,088 (16,886) (27,528) Net cash provided by/(used in) investing activities ​ — 19,975 (37,684) (5,000) — (22,709) Net cash (used in)/provided by financing activities ​ (16,996) 5,762 4,331 14,238 (9,440) (2,105) ​ A. [Reserved] ​ B. Capitalization and Indebtedness Not Applicable. C. Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds Not Applicable. D. Risk Factors Summary of Risk Factors An investment in our ADSs involves significant risks. Below is a summary of material risks we face, organized under relevant headings. With respect to the legal risks associated with being based in and having operations in mainland China, the laws, regulations and the discretion of mainland China governmental authorities discussed in this annual report are expected to apply to mainland China entities and businesses, rather than entities or businesses in Hong Kong which operate under a different set of laws from mainland China. These risks are discussed more fully in Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors. Risks Related to Our Business ● Uncertainties and risks accompany our strategy to divest our professional education business. Our strategy to divest is largely based on our management’s assessment of our core strengths, business objectives, resource allocation, and likelihood of success for different business models. However, our judgment could be inaccurate, and we may not achieve the desired strategic and financial benefits from the divestiture transaction. 14 Table of Contents ● We incurred net losses from 2019 to 2021, generated net income in 2022 and 2023, and incurred net loss in 2024. Our historical financial and operating results may not be indicative of future performance, which makes it difficult to predict our future business prospects and financial performance. ● We rely on IT-focused supplementary STEM education programs for a substantial part of our net revenues upon the consummation of the Divestiture, and a decrease in the popularity of IT-focused supplementary STEM education courses, such as childhood & adolescent robotics programming and computer programming courses, would have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. ● If we are not able to continue to attract students to enroll in our courses, our business and prospects will be materially and adversely affected. ● We may not be able to continue to recruit, train and retain qualified instructors and teaching assistants, who are critical to the success of our business and effective delivery of our education services to students. ● If we fail to develop and introduce new courses in anticipation of market demand in a timely and cost-effective manner, our competitive position and ability to generate revenues may be materially and adversely affected. We cannot assure you that any of these new courses will match the quality or popularity of those developed by our competitors, achieve widespread market acceptance or satisfy the evolving needs and preferences of our students and their parents. ● Our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected by a downturn in the global or Chinese economy. A slowdown in China’s economy or the global economy may lead to a reduction in demand for our education services, which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. ● If the level of performance by the students of our STEM education program deteriorates or satisfaction with our services declines, our business, financial condition, results of operations and reputation could be adversely affected. ● We face competition from other STEM education service providers and the STEM education services market in China is fragmented, rapidly evolving and highly competitive. We may lose market share and our financial results may be materially and adversely affected, if we fail to compete effectively with our present and future competitors or to adjust effectively to the changing market conditions and trends. ● Our business is subject to complex and evolving Chinese laws and regulations regarding cybersecurity, information security, privacy and data protection. Many of these laws and regulations are subject to change and uncertain interpretation, and any failure or perceived failure to comply with these laws and regulations could result in claims, changes to our business practices, negative publicity, legal proceedings, increased cost of operations, or declines in student base, or otherwise harm our business. Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure ● 61it.cn is important for our business operations. If the PRC government finds that the agreements that establish the structure for holding our ICP license do not comply with applicable laws and regulations of mainland China, or if these laws and regulations or the interpretation of existing laws and regulations change in the future, our ability to provide online education services and conduct our marketing and promotional activities through 61it.cn may be negatively impacted. ● If the PRC authorities determine that we can no longer own and operate certain of our learning centers through our subsidiaries in mainland China, we may need to restructure the ownership and operation of these learning centers (including possibly transferring these learning centers to the variable interest entities), our business may be disrupted and we may be exposed to increased risks associated with the contractual arrangements relating to the variable interest entities. 15 Table of Contents ● We may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our subsidiaries in mainland China to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have. To the extent cash or assets in the business is in mainland China or Hong Kong or a mainland China or Hong Kong entity, the funds or assets may not be available to fund operations or for other use outside of mainland China or Hong Kong as we, our subsidiaries, and the consolidated variable interest entities are subject to certain restrictions with respect to paying dividends or otherwise transferring any of their cash or assets offshore, and any such restriction could have a material and adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business. For more details, see “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—We may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our subsidiaries in mainland China to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have. To the extent cash or assets in the business is in mainland China or Hong Kong or a mainland China or Hong Kong entity, the funds or assets may not be available to fund operations or for other use outside of mainland China or Hong Kong as we, our subsidiaries, and the consolidated variable interest entities are subject to certain restrictions with respect to paying dividends or otherwise transferring any of their cash or assets offshore, and any such restriction could have a material and adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business.” Risks Related to Doing Business in China ● Our ADSs will be prohibited from trading in the United States under the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, or the HFCA Act, in the future if the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), or the PCAOB, is unable to inspect or investigate completely our auditors. The delisting of our ADSs, or the threat of their being delisted, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment. Additionally, the inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of our auditors would deprive our investors of the benefits of such inspections. ● Uncertainties in the interpretation and enforcement of laws and regulations of mainland China could limit the legal protections available to you and us. ● Changes in China’s economic, political or social conditions or government policies could have a material adverse effect on our business and operations. ● We conduct our business primarily in mainland China. Our operations in mainland China are governed by laws and regulations of mainland China. The PRC government has significant oversight and discretion over the conduct of our business, which could result in a material adverse change in our operation, and our ordinary shares and ADSs may decline in value or become worthless. ● The legal system in China embodies uncertainties which could limit the legal protections available to us or impose additional requirements and obligations on our business, and PRC laws, rules, and regulations can evolve quickly, which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—The legal system in China embodies uncertainties which could limit the legal protections available to us or impose additional requirements and obligations on our business, and PRC laws, rules, and regulations can evolve quickly, which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.” ● The PRC government’s significant oversight and discretion over our business operation could result in a material adverse change in our operations and the value of our ADSs. In addition, any actions by the Chinese government to exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—The PRC government’s significant oversight and discretion over our business operation could result in a material adverse change in our operations and the value of our ADSs. In addition, any actions by the Chinese government to exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless.” Risks Related to Our ADSs · The trading prices of our ADSs have fluctuated and may be volatile, which could result in substantial losses to investors. In addition to market and industry factors, the price and trading volume for our ADSs may be highly volatile for factors specific to our own operations. 16 Table of Contents ● If we fail to meet Nasdaq’s minimum bid price or minimum market value of publicly held shares requirements, our ADSs could be subject to delisting, which may significantly reduce the liquidity of our ADSs and cause further declines to the market price of our ADSs. Risks Related to Our Business Uncertainties and risks accompany our strategy to divest our professional education business. Professional education business has long been a driver of our growth. In 2022 and 2023, revenues generated from our professional education business represented a significant portion of our total revenues. Upon the Divestiture, we have been primarily focused on providing IT-focused supplementary STEM courses for young children aged between three and eighteen. Our results of operations and financial position will be substantially dependent on the performance of our STEM courses offerings to young children in the foreseeable future. In addition, our strategy to divest is largely based on our management’s assessment of our core strengths, business objectives, resource allocation, and likelihood of success for different business models. However, our judgment could be inaccurate, and we may not achieve the desired strategic and financial benefits from the divestiture transaction. We generated net income in 2022 and 2023, and incurred net loss in 2024. Our historical financial and operating results may not be indicative of future performance, which makes it difficult to predict our future business prospects and financial performance. We generated net income of RMB85.2 million, RMB10.4 million in 2022 and 2023, and incurred net loss of RMB578.1 million (US$80.4 million) in 2024. In particular, upon the consummation of the Divestiture on March 31, 2024, we had divested the professional education business, which represented a strategic shift that has a major effect on our results of operations. Our remaining business after the Divestiture has been reclassified as continuing operations. For our continuing operations, we incurred net loss of RMB2.1 million in 2022, generated net income of RMB22.3 million in 2023, and incurred net loss of RMB535.4 million (US$73.3 million) in 2024. We cannot assure you that we will be able to continue to generate positive net income in the future. Rather than relying on our historical operating and financial results to evaluate us, you should consider our business prospects in light of the strategic shift we took and the risks and difficulties we may encounter in this evolving industry. We may not achieve the desired benefits from the strategic shift and we may not be able to successfully address these risks and difficulties, which could significantly harm our business, results of operations and financial condition. Our ability to achieve profitability will depend in large part on our ability to increase our operating margin, either by growing our revenues at a rate faster than our operating expenses increase, or by reducing our operating expenses, especially our selling and marketing expenses, as a percentage of our net revenues. We intend to continue to invest in our branding and marketing activities to attract new students, and improve our online learning modules to enhance student experience. We cannot assure you that we will be successful in these efforts, and we may incur net losses for a period of time in the future. We rely on IT-focused supplementary STEM education programs for a substantial part of our net revenues, and a decrease in the popularity of IT-focused supplementary STEM education would have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. A substantial part of our net revenues is generated from the IT-focused supplementary STEM education. In 2024, childhood robotics programming and childhood computer programming courses contributed to 42.2% and 18.9% of our net revenues from continuing operations, respectively. Our business growth and financial performance are closely tied to the sustained demand for IT-focused STEM eduction, particularly in robotics and computer programming. This demand is influenced by various factors, including technology advancements, shifts in educational priorities, evolving job market requirements and government policies that promote STEM education. Any significant decrease in the popularity or perceived value of robotics and computer programming, whether due to changes in market trends, emerging educational alternatives, or a shift in government or institutional focus, could lead to decreased student enrollment in our courses. Furthermore, intensified competition, economic downturns, or reduced consumer spending on supplementary education could also impact our enrollment rates. If we are unable to maintain or increase enrollment in our IT-focused STEM education programs, our revenue streams could be significantly affected. Additionally, our long-term growth prospects may be hindered if we fail to adapt our offerings to aligh with evolving market demands and technological advancements. This, in turn, could materially and adversely affect our business and our results of operations. 17 Table of Contents If we are not able to continue to attract students to enroll in our courses, our business and prospects will be materially and adversely affected. The success of our business depends primarily on the number of students enrolled in our courses. Therefore, our ability to continue to attract students to enroll in our courses is critical to the continued success and growth of our business. This in turn will depend on several factors, including our ability to develop new courses and enhance existing courses to respond to changes in market trends and student demands, expand our learning center network and geographic footprint while keeping a high utilization rate of our facilities, manage our growth while maintaining consistent and high education quality, and market our courses effectively to a broader base of prospective students, including young children as well as their parents. If we are unable to continue to attract students to enroll in our courses, our net revenues may decline, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We may not be able to continue to recruit, train and retain qualified instructors and teaching assistants, who are critical to the success of our business and effective delivery of our education services to students. Our instructors and teaching assistants are critical to maintaining the quality of our educational services and our reputation. We seek to hire highly qualified instructors with rich industry experience and strong teaching skills. As our STEM education program continues to develop, we may need to recruit more instructors and teaching assistants. We recruit dedicated instructors and teaching assistants primarily from experienced teachers or undergraduates with good academic backgrounds and/or relevant industry experience. There is a limited pool of instructors and teaching assistants with these attributes, and we must provide competitive compensation packages to attract and retain them. We must also provide ongoing training to our instructors and teaching assistants to ensure that they stay abreast of changes in curriculum, student demands, and other trends necessary to teach and tutor effectively. We have not experienced major difficulties in recruiting, training or retaining qualified instructors and teaching assistants in the past. However, we may not always be able to recruit, train and retain enough qualified instructors and teaching assistants in the future to keep pace with our growth and maintain consistent education quality. A shortage of qualified teaching staff, a decrease in the quality of our teaching staff’s classroom performance, whether actual or perceived, or a significant increase in compensation to retain qualified instructors and teaching assistants would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. If we fail to develop and introduce new courses in anticipation of market demand in a timely and cost-effective manner, our competitive position and ability to generate revenues may be materially and adversely affected. Our primary focus was on providing IT professional education services at the inception of our business. We have since then expanded our course offerings to include non-IT training courses, such as digital art, online sales and marketing and accounting. In December 2015, we launched IT and non-IT training courses customized for young children, which primarily include computer programming and robotics programming. As of the date of this annual report, we are primarily focused on providing IT-focused supplementary STEM courses for young children aged between three and eighteen in anticipation of the growing market demand. As the market demand evolves, our offerings may change and we may introduce new courses to meet the evolving demand. The introduction of new courses is subject to risks and uncertainties. Unexpected technical, operational, logistical, regulatory or other problems could delay or prevent the introduction of one or more new courses. Moreover, we cannot assure you that any of these new courses will match the quality or popularity of those developed by our competitors, achieve widespread market acceptance or satisfy the evolving needs and preferences of our students and their parents. Offering new courses requires us to make investments in content development, recruit and train additional qualified instructors and teaching assistants, increase marketing efforts and re-allocate resources away from other uses. We may have limited experience with the content of new courses and may need to modify our systems and strategies to incorporate new courses into our existing course offerings. In offering courses in new subject areas, we may face new risks and challenges that we are not familiar with. Furthermore, we may experience difficulties in recruiting or otherwise identifying qualified instructors to develop the content for these new courses. If we are unable to offer new courses in a timely and cost-effective manner, our results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected. 18 Table of Contents Our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected by a downturn in the global or Chinese economy. Our student enrollment for IT-focused supplementary STEM education services may depend on the parents’ disposable income and willingness to spend. COVID-19 had a severe and negative impact on the Chinese and the global economy from 2020 through 2022, and the global macroeconomic environment still faces numerous challenges. The growth rate of the Chinese economy has been slowing since 2010 and the Chinese population began to decline in 2022. The Federal Reserve and other central banks outside of China have raised interest rates. The Russia-Ukraine conflict, the Hamas-Israel conflict and the attacks on shipping in the Red Sea have heightened geopolitical tensions across the world. The impact of the Russia-Ukraine conflict on Ukraine food exports has contributed to increases in food prices and thus to inflation more generally. There have also been concerns about the relationship between China and other countries which may potentially have economic effects. In particular, there is significant uncertainty about the future relationship between the United States and China with respect to a wide range of issues including trade policies, treaties, government regulations and tariffs. Economic conditions in China are sensitive to global economic conditions, as well as changes in domestic economic and political policies and the expected or perceived overall economic growth rate in China. It is unclear whether these challenges and uncertainties will be contained or resolved and what effects they may have on the global political and economic conditions in the long term. A decline in the economic prospects of IT and other professionals could alter the spending priorities of the parents of our current and prospective students. We cannot assure you that if the macroeconomic environment deteriorates, parents will continue to spend on STEM education for their children. Therefore, a slowdown in China’s economy or the global economy may lead to a reduction in demand for our education services, which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. Our business depends on the market recognition of our brands, and if we are unable to maintain or enhance our brand recognition, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected We believe that the market recognition of our “TongchengTongmei” brand has significantly contributed to the success of our business and believe that maintaining and enhancing the reputation of our brand is critical to sustaining our competitive advantage. Our ability to maintain and enhance our brand recognition and reputation depends primarily on the perceived effectiveness and quality of our courses as well as the success of our marketing and promotion efforts. As we continue to grow and expand into new course areas, we may not be able to maintain the quality and consistency of our educational services as we did in the past. We have devoted significant resources to promoting our courses and brands, including internet-based marketing and advertising, traditional media advertising, press conferences and program launch events. However, our marketing and promotion efforts may not be successful or may inadvertently negatively impact our brand recognition and reputation. For example, if any governmental authority or competitor publicly alleges that any of our advertisements are misleading, our brand reputation may be adversely impacted. If we are unable to maintain and further enhance our brand recognition and reputation and increase awareness of our courses, or if we incur excessive marketing and promotion expenses, our results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. If we are unable to sustain our brand image, we may not be able to maintain premium tuition fees over our competitors, which may further exacerbate the extent of any adverse effect on our results of operations. Furthermore, any negative publicity relating to our company or our courses and services, regardless of its veracity, could harm our brand image and in turn materially and adversely affect our business and operating results. If the level of performance by the students of our STEM education program deteriorates or satisfaction with our services declines, our business, financial condition, results of operations and reputation could be adversely affected. The success of our business depends on our ability to deliver a satisfactory learning experience and improved educational results. Although the courses provided under our STEM education programs do not directly link to the academic performance of our students, their effectiveness could be evaluated by our students and their parents in an intuitive way by referring to the improvements in programming skills or performances in robotics competitions. The performance of our students in the STEM robotics programming and coding courses and IT training courses will impact the acceptance of, and the student and parent satisfaction with, our courses. Accidents or injuries suffered by our students, their parents or other people caused by us, or perceived to be caused by us, may adversely affect our reputation, subject us to liability and cause us to incur substantial costs. We have a large number of students and their parents on our premises to attend classes and/or use our facilities, and they may suffer accidents or injuries or other harm on our premises, including those caused by or otherwise arising from the actions of our employees. Although we have enhanced preventive measures to avoid such incidents, we cannot assure you that there will be no incidents in the future. 19 Table of Contents Other than the travel insurance, accident insurance, and medical insurance for our students aged between three and eighteen participating in our camp or event-related activities, we do not carry liability insurance for most of our students at our learning centers. In the event of accidents or injuries or other harm caused or perceived to be caused by us, our facilities and/or services may be perceived to be unsafe, which may discourage prospective students from attending our classes and participating in our activities. We could also face claims alleging that we should be liable for the accidents or injuries, or we were negligent, or provided inadequate supervision to our employees and therefore should be held jointly liable for harm caused by them. A material liability claim against us or any of our teachers or other employees could adversely affect our reputation, enrollment and revenues. Even if unsuccessful, such a claim could create unfavorable publicity, cause us to incur substantial expenses and divert the time and attention of our management. If we fail to successfully execute our growth strategies, our business and prospects may be materially and adversely affected. Our growth strategies include growing our student enrollments for existing courses, expanding our course offerings, and further enhancing the quality of our education services. We may not succeed in executing our growth strategies due to a number of factors, including, without limitation, the following: ● we may fail to market our courses in new markets or promote new courses in existing markets effectively; ● we may not be able to replicate our successful business model in other geographic markets or in new course subject areas; ● we may fail to identify new cities with sufficient growth potential to expand our network; ● we may not be able to recruit and retain learning center managers, teaching assistants and other key personnel; ● our analysis for selecting suitable new locations may not be accurate and the demand for our services at such new locations may not materialize or increase as rapidly as we expect; ● we may fail to obtain the requisite licenses and permits necessary to open learning centers at our desired locations from local authorities; ● we may not be able to continue our existing businesses or expand our operations due to governmental regulations and policy restrictions; ● we may not be able to continue to update our existing courses or offer new courses to adapt to changing market demand and technological advances; and ● we may fail to achieve the benefits we expect from our expansion. If we fail to execute our growth strategies successfully, we may not be able to maintain our growth rate and our business and prospects may be materially and adversely affected as a result. We may not be able to manage our business expansion effectively, which could harm our financial condition and results of operations. While we closed certain non-performing learning centers in some areas of mainland China in recent years, we plan to expand our operations in different geographic areas as we address the growth of our customer base and market opportunities. For our continuing operations, we closed 22 non-performing learning centers and opened 1 new center in 2022; and we closed 4 non-performing learning centers and opened 7 new centers in 2023. We increased the number of our learning centers for STEM education programs from 217 as of December 31, 2022 to 220 as of December 31, 2023, and decreased to 218 as of December 31, 2024. Any business expansion will result in substantial demands on our management, personnel and operational, technological and other resources. To manage the expected growth of our operations, we will be required to expand our existing operational, administrative and technological systems and our financial systems, procedures and controls and to expand training and management of our growing employee base. In addition, the geographic dispersion of our operations requires significant management resources. We cannot assure you that our current and planned personnel, systems, procedures and controls will be adequate to support our future operations, or that we will be able to effectively and efficiently manage the growth of our operations or recruit and retain qualified personnel to support our expansion. Any failure to effectively and efficiently manage our expansion may materially and adversely affect our ability to capitalize on new business opportunities, which in turn may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. 20 Table of Contents Our success depends on the continuing efforts of our senior management team and other key personnel, and our business may be adversely affected if we lose their services. Our future success depends heavily upon the continuing services of our senior management team. If any member of our senior management team leaves us and we fail to effectively manage a transition to new personnel, or if we fail to attract and retain experienced and passionate instructors, regional managers and other key personnel on acceptable terms, our business, financial conditions and results of operations could be adversely affected. We will need to continue to hire additional personnel, especially qualified instructors and regional managers, as our business grows. A shortage in the supply of personnel with requisite skills or our failure to attract and retain high-quality executives or key personnel could impede our ability to increase revenues from our existing courses, to launch new course offerings and to expand our operations and would have an adverse effect on our business and financial results. The operations of certain learning centers providing STEM education programs are, or may be deemed by the PRC government authorities to be, beyond their authorized business scope or without proper license or registration. If the PRC government authorities take actions against such learning centers, our business and operations could be materially and adversely affected. The General Office of the State Council promulgated the Opinions of the General Office of the State Council on Regulating the Development of After-school Tutoring Institutions, or Circular 80, on August 6, 2018. Circular 80 provides that after-school tutoring institutions shall obtain school operation permits and business licenses. Circular 80 further provides that after-school tutoring institutions shall obtain approvals from local education authorities for opening new branches or learning centers. In addition, the Ministry of Education and other government authorities promulgated a series of notices in 2018 and 2019 to regulate the operation of the after-school tutoring institutions, which emphasize and strengthen the same principle as provided in Circular 80. The Implementation Opinions on Regulating Online After-School Tutoring, or the Online After-School Tutoring Opinions, was promulgated by the Ministry of Education jointly with certain other PRC government authorities, effective on July 12, 2019. Although the Online After-School Tutoring Opinions remains effective as of the date of this annual report, such filing requirements may be superseded by an approval scheme pursuant to Amendment to the Private Education Law Implementation Rules and the Opinions on Further Alleviating the Burden of Homework and After-school Tutoring on Students in Compulsory Education Stage, or the Alleviating Burden Opinions, according to which private online tutoring institutions are mandated to obtain school operation permits. According to the Amendment to the Private Education Law Implementation Rules, private tutoring institutions utilizing internet technology to conduct training and educational activities shall obtain corresponding school operation permits and comply with the requirements of laws and regulations related to internet management. In addition, the Alleviating Burden Opinions, issued by the General Office of the CPC Central Committee and the General Office of the State Council on July 24, 2021, proposes certain measures intended to ease the workload of students in compulsory education and regulate the after-school tutoring services that aim at students in compulsory education in mainland China. For non-academic tutoring institutions, the Alleviating Burden Opinions requires that the local governmental authorities shall administer the non-academic after-school tutoring institutions by classifying sports, culture and art, science and technology and other non-academic subjects, formulating standards among different classification of non-academic tutoring and conducting strict examination before granting permission. On November 30, 2022, the Ministry of Education, jointly with twelve other departments, published the Opinions on Regulating Non-academic After-school Tutoring for Primary and Secondary School Students, providing further principles and requirements on non-academic after-school tutoring institutions. For example, the non-academic tutoring institutions must obtain administrative licenses from the competent authorities prior to registering as legal persons, and online non-academic tutoring institutions shall be approved to engage in internet information services by the telecommunications authorities. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Government Regulations—Regulations on Private Education—Regulations on After-school Tutoring for Students Aged Between Three and Eighteen” for more details. 21 Table of Contents On August 23, 2023, the Ministry of Education issued Interim Measures for Administrative Penalties on After-school Tutoring, or the Interim Measures on After-school Tutoring, which became effective on October 15, 2023. The Interim Measures on After-school Tutoring sets out the general requirements for administrative penalties for illegal after-school tutoring operated by any natural person, legal person or other organization that is offered to preschool children over 3 years of age, and primary and secondary school students. The Interim Measures on After-school Tutoring provides that the following circumstances shall constitute illegal after-school tutoring, and relevant natural person, legal person or other organization conducting such illegal after-school tutoring may be subject to various administrative penalties, such as orders to rectify or cease tutoring activities, returning fees charged, revocation of operation approval, warning, criticism and fines: (i) carrying out after-school tutoring without a requisite private school operating permit and meets certain conditions, including having a specific tutoring facility for offline tutoring activities or a specific website or application for online tutoring activities, two or more tutoring personnel and corresponding organizational structure and division of work; (ii) carrying out certain after-school academic tutoring activities in a disguised form without meeting the conditions as prescribed above but also without a private school operating permit; (iii) carrying out after-school tutoring beyond the scope of its private school operating permit; (iv) carrying out after-school tutoring in violation of applicable laws and regulations; (v) having the problem of disorganized management; and (vi) organizing or participating in the organization of competitions outside campus without approval for preschool children over 3 years of age, and primary and secondary school students. Our STEM education programs, which currently provide IT training courses to students aged between three and eighteen, were operated through our 218 learning centers in 53 cities in mainland China as of December 31, 2024, as well as through the internet. According to the rules mentioned above, our learning centers providing STEM education programs may be deemed as after-school tutoring institutions which are required to obtain school operation permits and business licenses. As of December 31, 2024, 74 of our leaning centers have obtained school operation permits from the local education authorities for our STEM education programs. However, there remain uncertainties about the application and approval process for school operation permits with respect to STEM education programs. Since the promulgations of the Circular 80, the Amendment to the Private Education Law Implementation Rules and the Alleviating Burden Opinions, some local authorities have promulgated rules and regulations related to the establishment, approval and operation of non-academic after-school tutoring institutions, most of which provide guidance in how non­-academic after-school tutoring institutions may obtain school operation permits. For example, Shanghai has published the Setting Standards of Science and Technology After-school Tutoring, which sets a series of entry conditions for science and technology after-school tutoring institutions that intend to apply for school operation permits in Shanghai. However, some rules and regulations may still have not been put into practice yet, and further implementing rules are still to be promulgated in some provinces and cities. We have been communicating, and will continue to communicate, with the competent provincial education regulatory authorities to obtain school operation permits. We also participate in organizing or attending certain extracurricular challenges or competitions facing preschool children over 3 years of age, and primary and secondary school students, but some of these challenges or competitions that we participated have not been filed with or approved by compete authorities. Although we have not been subject to any material fines or other penalties in relation to any non-compliance with licensing and filing requirements in the past with respect to our learning centers providing STEM education programs or organization of competitions outside campus, if we fail to cure any non-compliance in a timely manner, we may be subject to mandatory rectifications, order to cease tutoring activities, returning fees charged, revocation of operation approval, warning, criticism, fines, confiscation of the gains derived from our noncompliant operations or the suspension of our noncompliant learning centers, which may materially and adversely affect our business and results of operation. In addition, our online programming courses provided to pre-school children may be materially and adversely affected by the Alleviating Burden Opinions. The Alleviating Burden Opinions sets out a series of operating requirements for academic after-school tutoring institutions, or Academic AST Institutions, including, among other things, that (i) the local government authorities shall no longer approve any new after-school tutoring institutions which provide tutoring services pertaining to academic subjects for students in compulsory education, and all existing Academic AST Institutions shall be registered as non-profit organizations, and the local government authorities shall no longer approve any new after-school tutoring institutions which provide tutoring services pertaining to academic subjects for preschool-aged children and students in grades ten to twelve; (ii) Academic AST Institutions are prohibited from raising funds by listing on any stock markets or conducting any capital market activities, and listed companies are prohibited from investing in any Academic AST Institutions through fund-raising activities in the capital markets, or acquiring assets of Academic AST Institutions by paying cash or issuing securities; and (iii) foreign capital is prohibited from controlling or investing in any Academic AST Institutions through mergers and acquisitions, entrusted operations, joining franchises or variable interest entities. The Alleviating Burden Opinions further prohibits online tutoring and offline academic tutoring for preschoolers aged between three and six years old (including foreign language tutoring and academic tutoring classes carried out in the name of preschool classes, primary school transitioning or preparation classes or thought training classes). Administration and supervision over Academic AST institutions for students in grades ten to twelve shall be implemented by reference to the Alleviating Burden Opinions. 22 Table of Contents The Ministry of Education issued the Notice on Further Clarifying the Scope of Academic Subjects and Non-Academic Subjects of After-school Tutoring in the Compulsory Education in July, 2021, according to which IT education after-school tutoring is classified as a non-academic subject. The Guidelines for Classification and Identification of After-school Tutoring Programs in Compulsory Education issued in November 2021 further sets forth specific criteria to differentiate academic and non-academic tutoring courses. Although we believe that our STEM education programs are not classified as academic tutoring courses under the current regulatory schemes, we cannot guarantee they will not be deemed as academic tutoring courses or that the regulatory authorities will not impose similar restrictions on non-academic tutoring courses, in which case our business may be materially and adversely affected. Moreover, our services to preschool-aged children may be materially and adversely affected under the Alleviating Burden Opinions. We may lose market share and our financial results may be materially and adversely affected, if we fail to compete effectively with our present and future competitors or to adjust effectively to the changing market conditions and trends. The STEM education services market in China is fragmented, rapidly evolving and highly competitive. We face competition in our offered courses and in many of the geographic markets in which we operate. As the STEM education market in China matures, there is increased demand for highly specialized IT labor, and we may face competition from other STEM education providers. In the future, we may also face competition from new entrants into the Chinese STEM education market. Furthermore, as we expand into new fields within or beyond the STEM education services market, we may face competition for student enrollment from existing online and offline providers of similar services. Some of our competitors may be able to devote more resources than we can to the development, promotion and provision of their education services and respond more quickly than we can to changes in student needs, market trends or new technologies. In addition, some of our competitors may be able to respond faster to changes in student preferences in some of our geographic markets and engage in price-cutting strategies. For our STEM education programs, some of our competitors may have more experience in designing courses based on minors’ preferences, mentality and learning curve. We cannot assure you that we will be able to compete successfully against current or future competitors. If we are unable to maintain our competitive position or otherwise respond to competitive pressure effectively, we may be forced to reduce our tuition fees and lose our market share, which will adversely impact our financial results. Our business is subject to complex and evolving Chinese laws and regulations regarding cybersecurity, information security, privacy and data protection. Many of these laws and regulations are subject to change and uncertain interpretation, and any failure or perceived failure to comply with these laws and regulations could result in claims, changes to our business practices, negative publicity, legal proceedings, increased cost of operations, or declines in student base, or otherwise harm our business. Our business generates and processes a large quantity of data. We face risks inherent in handling and protecting large volume of data. In particular, we face a number of challenges relating to data from transactions and other activities on our platforms, including: ● protecting the data in and hosted on our system, including against attacks on our system by outside parties or fraudulent behavior or improper use by our employees; ● addressing concerns related to privacy and sharing, safety, security and other factors; and ● complying with applicable laws, rules and regulations relating to the collection, use, storage, transfer, disclosure and security of personal information, including any requests from regulatory and government authorities relating to these data. 23 Table of Contents We have adopted security policies and measures, including encryption technology, to protect our proprietary data and customer information. However, advances in technology, the expertise of hackers, improper use or sharing of data, new discoveries in the field of cryptography or other events or developments could result in a compromise or breach of the technology that we use to protect confidential information. We may not be able to prevent third parties, especially hackers or other individuals or entities engaging in similar activities, from illegally obtaining such confidential or private information we hold as a result of our customers’ visits to our websites. Such individuals or entities obtaining our customers’ confidential or private information may further engage in various other illegal activities using such information. In addition, we have limited control or influence over the security policies or measures adopted by business partners, including strategic partners or third-party providers of online payment services through which some of our customers may choose to make payment for purchases. Any negative publicity on our websites’ safety or privacy protection mechanisms and policies, and any claims asserted against us or fines imposed upon us as a result of actual or perceived failures, could have a material and adverse effect on our public image, reputation, financial condition and results of operations. We have not experienced breaches of our information security measures in the past. We cannot assure you that such events will not occur in the future. If we give third parties greater access to our technology platform in the future, it may become more challenging for us to ensure the security of our systems. Any compromise of our information security or the information security measures of third-party online payment service providers or other business partners could have a material and adverse effect on our reputation, business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations. Practices regarding the collection, use, storage, transmission and security of personal information by companies operating over the internet and mobile platforms are under increased public scrutiny. We expect that data security and data protection compliance will receive greater attention and focus from regulators, as well as attract continued or greater public scrutiny and attention going forward, which could increase our compliance costs and subject us to heightened risks and challenges associated with data security and protection. If we are unable to manage these risks, we could become subject to penalties, including fines, suspension of business and revocation of required licenses, and our reputation and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. The PRC regulatory and enforcement regime with regard to data security and data protection is evolving and may be subject to different interpretations or significant changes. Moreover, different PRC regulatory bodies, including the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Cyberspace Administration of China, the Ministry of Public Security, and the State Administration for Market Regulation have enforced data privacy and protections laws and regulations with varying standards and applications. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Government Regulations—Regulations on Internet Information Security and Privacy Protection.” The following are examples of certain PRC regulatory activities in this area: Data Security In November 2016, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress promulgated the PRC Cybersecurity Law, which requires, among others, that network operators take security measures to protect the network from unauthorized interference, damage and unauthorized access and prevent data from being divulged, stolen or tampered with. Network operators are also required to collect and use personal information in compliance with the principles of legitimacy, properness and necessity, and strictly within the scope of authorization by the subject of personal information unless otherwise prescribed by laws or regulations. Significant capital, managerial and human resources are required to comply with legal requirements, enhance information security and to address any issues caused by security failures. 24 Table of Contents In June 2021, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress promulgated the Data Security Law, which took effect in September 2021. The Data Security Law, among other things, provides for security review procedures for data-related activities that may affect national security. In December 2021, the Cyberspace Administration of China, together with other authorities, jointly promulgated the Cybersecurity Review Measures, which became effective on February 15, 2022 and replaces its predecessor regulation. Pursuant to the Cybersecurity Review Measures, critical information infrastructure operators that procure internet products and services must be subject to the cybersecurity review if their activities affect or may affect national security. The Cybersecurity Review Measures further stipulates that critical information infrastructure operators or network platform operators that hold personal information of over one million users shall apply with the Cybersecurity Review Office for a cybersecurity review before any initial public offering at a foreign stock exchange. On July 30, 2021, the State Council promulgated the Regulations on Protection of Critical Information Infrastructure, which became effective on September 1, 2021. Pursuant to the Regulations on Protection of Critical Information Infrastructure, critical information infrastructure shall mean any important network facilities or information systems of the important industry or field such as public communication and information service, energy, transportation, water conservation, finance, public services, e-government affairs and national defense science, which may endanger national security, people’s livelihood and public interest in case of damage, function loss or data leakage. In addition, the administration departments of each critical industry and sector shall be responsible to formulate eligibility criteria and determine the critical information infrastructure operator in the respective industry or sector. The operators shall be informed about the final determination as to whether they are categorized as critical information infrastructure operators. As of the date of this annual report, no detailed rules or implementation rules have been issued by any authority and we have not been informed that we are a critical information infrastructure operator by any government authorities. Furthermore, the exact scope of “critical information infrastructure operators” under the current regulatory regime remains unclear, and the PRC government authorities may have wide discretion in the interpretation and enforcement of the applicable laws. Therefore, it is uncertain whether we would be deemed to be a critical information infrastructure operator under laws of mainland China. If we are deemed to be a critical information infrastructure operator under the cybersecurity laws and regulations of mainland China, we may be subject to obligations in addition to what we have fulfilled under the cybersecurity laws and regulations of mainland China, and we may be subject to cybersecurity review when purchasing internet products and services or engaging in data processing activities. Network Data Regulations were promulgated by the State Council on September 24, 2024, and became effective as of January 1, 2025. The Network Data Regulations restates and further specifies the legal requirements for personal information, important data, cross-border data transfer, network platform services, and data security. Among others, network data handlers engaging in data processing activities that affect or may affect national security must be subject to network data security review by the relevant cyberspace administration of the PRC. Any failure to comply with such requirements may subject us to, among others, suspension of services, fines, revoking relevant business permits or business licenses and penalties. Personal Information and Privacy The Civil Code promulgated in 2020 provides specific provisions regarding the protection of personal information. The Anti-monopoly Guidelines for the Platform Economy Sector published by the Anti-monopoly Committee of the State Council, effective on February 7, 2021, prohibits collection of user information through coercive means by online platforms operators. In August 2021, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress promulgated the Personal Information Protection Law, which integrates the scattered rules with respect to personal information rights and privacy protection and took effect on November 1, 2021. We update our privacy policies from time to time to meet the latest regulatory requirements of PRC government authorities and adopt technical measures to protect data and ensure cybersecurity in a systematic way. Nonetheless, the Personal Information Protection Law elevates the protection requirements for personal information processing, and many specific requirements of this law remain to be clarified by the Cyberspace Administration of China, other regulatory authorities, and courts in practice. We may be required to make further adjustments to our business practices to comply with the personal information protection laws and regulations. On July 7, 2022, the CAC promulgated the Security Assessment Measures which took effect on September 1, 2022. Pursuant to the Security Assessment Measures, a data processor shall apply to competent authorities for security assessment prior to transferring any data abroad if the transfer involves (i) important data; (ii) personal information transferred overseas by a critical information infrastructure operator and a data processor that has processed personal information of more than one million individuals; (iii) personal information transferred overseas by a data processor who has already provided personal information of 100,000 persons or sensitive personal information of 10,000 persons overseas since January 1 of the previous year; or (iv) other circumstances as requested by the CAC. 25 Table of Contents On March 22, 2024, CAC published the Provisions on Promoting and Regulating Cross-border Data Flows, which took effective on the same date. The provisions provide several exemptions from undergoing data security assessment, obtaining personal information protection certification or entering into standard contract for outbound transfer of personal information for businesses. These exemptions include, among others, the scenario where a data processor, other than a CIIO, has cumulatively transferred overseas personal information, excluding sensitive personal information, of fewer than 100,000 individuals since January 1 of the current year. A data processor intending to implement outbound data transfer under the following circumstances should apply for security assessment to the CAC: (i) a CIIO intending to provide personal information or important data abroad; or (ii) a data processor that is not a CIIO intending to provide important data abroad, or has since January 1 of the current year cumulatively provided personal information (excluding sensitive personal information) of over one million individuals, or sensitive personal information of over 10,000 individuals, abroad. The provisions also explicitly state that data processors are not required to conduct data security assessment for cross-border transfer of important data if the data has not been notified or published as important data by relevant departments or regions. In addition, for any data processors other than the CIIOs who have since January 1 of the current year cumulatively provided personal information (excluding sensitive personal information) of over 100,000 and less than one million individuals, or sensitive personal information of less than 10,000 individuals abroad, should execute a standard contract for outbound transfer of personal information with the recipient abroad or pass the certification for personal information protection. Furthermore, on March 22, 2024, the CAC promulgated the Guide to Applications for Security Assessment of Outbound Data Transfers (Second Edition), which provides that any of the following circumstances is deemed as the act of outbound data transfers: (i) a data processor transfers abroad the data collected and generated from its operation within the territory of China; (ii) the data collected and generated by the data processor is stored within the territory of China, allowing inquiry, retrieval, download and export by overseas agencies, organizations or individuals; and (iii) other data handling activities such as handling of the personal information of domestic natural persons abroad under the circumstances specified in Paragraph 2 of Article 3 of the Personal Information Protection Law. On 12 February 2025, the CAC promulgated the Administrative Measures for Personal Information Protection Compliance Audits, or the Audits Administrative Measures, which will become effective on May 1, 2025. The Audits Administrative Measures provided that any personal information handler handling the personal information of more than 10 million people shall carry out the personal information protection compliance audits at least once every two years. For a personal information handler who falls under any of the following circumstances, the cyberspace administration of China and other authorities performing responsibilities of personal information protection (hereinafter collectively referred to as the “protection authorities” in short) may require the personal information handler to entrust a specialized agency with the compliance audit of its personal information handling activities: (i) Where its personal information handling activities involve relatively large risks such as serious impact on personal rights and interests or serious lack of security measures; (ii) Where its personal information handling activities may infringe upon the rights and interests of many people; or (iii) Where a personal information security incident occurs, resulting in the divulgence, tampering with, loss or damage of the personal information of more than one million people or the sensitive personal information of more than 100,000 people. For the same personal information security incident or risk, it is not allowed to repeatedly require the personal information handler concerned to entrust a specialized agency with the personal information protection compliance audits. In general, compliance with the existing laws and regulations of mainland China, as well as additional laws and regulations that PRC regulatory bodies may enact in the future, related to data security and personal information protection, may be costly and result in additional expenses to us, and subject us to negative publicity, which could harm our reputation and business operations. It may place restrictions on the conduct of our business and the manner in which we interact with our students and/or their parents. Any failure to comply with applicable regulations could also result in regulatory enforcement actions against us, and misuse of or failure to secure personal information could also result in violation of data privacy laws and regulations, proceedings against us by governmental authorities or other authorities or damage to our reputation and credibility and could have a negative impact on revenues and profits. Significant capital and other resources may be required to protect against information security breaches or to alleviate problems caused by such breaches or to comply with our privacy policies or privacy-related legal obligations. The resources required may increase over time as the methods used by hackers and others engaged in online criminal activities are increasingly sophisticated and constantly evolving. Any failure or perceived failure by us to prevent information security breaches or to comply with privacy policies or privacy-related legal obligations, or any compromise of security that results in the unauthorized release or transfer of personally identifiable information or other data, could cause our students and/or their parents to lose trust in us and could expose us to legal claims. There are also uncertainties with respect to how such laws and regulations will be implemented and interpreted in practice. 26 Table of Contents If we fail to protect our intellectual property rights, we may lose our competitive advantage and our brands and operations may suffer. We consider our copyrights, trademarks, trade names and domain names invaluable to our ability to continue to develop and enhance our brand recognition. Unauthorized use of our copyrights, trademarks, trade names and domain names may damage our reputation and brands. Our major brand names and logos are registered trademarks in mainland China. Our proprietary curricula and course materials are protected by copyrights. However, preventing copyright, trademark and trade name infringement or misuse could be difficult, costly and time-consuming, particularly in mainland China. The measures we take to protect our copyrights, trademarks and other intellectual property rights are currently based upon a combination of trademark and copyright laws in mainland China and may not be adequate to prevent unauthorized uses. Furthermore, application of laws governing intellectual property rights in mainland China is uncertain and evolving, and could involve substantial uncertainties to us. There have been several incidents in the past where third parties used our “TCTM”, “TongchengTongmei” and former “Tarena” brands without our authorization, and we had to resort to litigation to protect our intellectual property rights. These proceedings were all resolved in our favor and our brand and business were not materially harmed. However, if we are unable to adequately protect our trademarks, copyrights and other intellectual property rights in the future, we may lose our competitive advantage, our brand name may be harmed and our business may suffer materially. Furthermore, our management’s attention may be diverted by violations of our intellectual property rights, and we may be required to enter into costly litigation to protect our proprietary rights against any infringement or violation. We may be subject to intellectual property rights claims or other claims, which could result in substantial costs and diversion of our financial and management resources away from our business. We cannot assure you that our course materials, other educational contents or other intellectual properties developed or used by us do not or will not infringe upon patents, valid copyrights or other intellectual property rights held by third parties. We have, and may from time to time be subject to legal proceedings and claims relating to the intellectual property of others. In addition, some of our employees were previously employed at other companies, including our current and potential competitors. To the extent these employees are involved in content development at our company similar to content development in which they have been involved at their former employers, we may become subject to claims that such employees or we may have used or disclosed trade secrets or other proprietary information of the former employers of our employees. In addition, our competitors may file lawsuits against us. If any such claim arises in the future, litigation or other dispute resolution proceedings may be necessary to retain our ability to offer our current and future course materials or other content, which could result in substantial costs and diversion of our financial and management resources. Furthermore, if we are found to have violated the intellectual property rights of others, we may be enjoined from using such intellectual property rights, incur additional costs to license or develop alternative intellectual property rights and be forced to pay fines and damages, any of which may materially and adversely affect our business. Failure to control rental costs, obtain leases at desired locations at reasonable prices or protect our leasehold interests could materially and adversely affect our business. A majority of our offices and learning centers are located on leased premises. At the end of each lease term we must negotiate an extension of the lease. If we are not able to negotiate an extension on terms acceptable to us, we will be forced to move to a different location, or the rent may increase significantly. This could disrupt our operations and adversely affect our profitability. All of our leases are subject to renewal at market prices, which could result in a substantial rent increase each renewal period. We compete with many other businesses for sites in certain highly desirable locations. As a result, we may not be able to obtain new leases at desirable locations or renew our existing leases on acceptable terms or at all, which could adversely affect our business. As of December 31, 2024, we had received from our lessors’ copies of title certificates or proof of authorization to lease the properties to us for all leased properties. However, we cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain copies of title certificates or proof of authorization to lease any properties that we may lease in the future or the title to these properties we currently lease or any properties that we may lease in the future will not be otherwise challenged. Furthermore, several of our leased properties are built on allocated land in mainland China. Such properties may not be legally leased to us under laws of mainland China. Our leasehold interest in these properties may be challenged by the PRC governmental authorities to be invalid, and we may be forced to move out of such premises. In addition, we have not registered most of our lease agreements with the PRC governmental authorities as required by laws of mainland China, and although failure to do so does not in itself invalidate the leases, we may not be able to defend these leases against bona fide third parties. As of the date of this annual report, we are not aware of any actions, claims or investigations being contemplated by governmental authorities against us or our lessors with respect to the defects in our leased real properties or any challenges by third parties to our use of these properties. However, if any of our leases are terminated as a result of challenges by third parties or governmental authorities for lack of title certificates or proof of authorization to lease, we may not be able to protect our leasehold interest and may be forced to relocate the affected learning centers and incur additional expenses relating to such relocation. If we fail to find suitable replacement sites in a timely manner or on terms acceptable to us, our business and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. 27 Table of Contents Capacity constraints of our learning centers could cause us to lose students to our competitors. Our learning centers are limited in size and number of classrooms. We may not be able to admit all students who would like to enroll in our courses due to the capacity constraints of our learning centers. If we fail to expand our physical capacity as quickly as the demand for our classroom-based services grows, we could lose potential students to our competitors, which could adversely affect our results of operations and business prospects. As we further expand our STEM education programs, we may face more intense capacity challenges. Furthermore, the investment in the expansion of learning centers can be costly, which may have adverse impact on our gross margin, if we can manage to make such investments at all. We may not be able to recoup the capital expenditures or investments we make to expand and upgrade our teaching, administrative, research and other capabilities. We purchased two office buildings in Beijing for an aggregate price of RMB231.9 million in 2016. The office buildings were mainly for teaching purposes, and to a lesser extent for administrative functions. We sold one of them in 2021 and incurred a loss on disposal amounting to RMB22.3 million. We sold the other in March 2023 and recognized an impairment loss of RMB11.6 million in 2022. We also purchased a building in Qingdao and another one in Haikou for an aggregate price of RMB49.6 million in 2016. The purpose of these two buildings was for teaching purposes as learning centers to accommodate the growing demand in the local market and to take advantage of favorable local policies. We sold the Qingdao building with a total consideration of RMB26.1 million and incurred a gain on disposal amounting to RMB1.1 million in 2023. We may continue to invest in our teaching, administrative, research and other capabilities as our business further develops. Although we will evaluate the feasibility of each property purchase for the good of our business operations, we are likely to incur costs associated with these investments earlier than some of the anticipated benefits and the return on these investments may be lower, or may develop more slowly, than we expect. We may not be able to recover our capital expenditures or investments, in part or in full, or the recovery of these capital expenditures or investments may take longer than expected. As a result, the carrying value of the related assets may be subject to an impairment charge, which could adversely affect our profitability. Our strategy of investments and acquiring complementary businesses and assets may fail. As part of our business strategy, we have pursued, and may continue to pursue, selective strategic investments and acquisitions of businesses and assets that complement our existing business. Investments and acquisitions involve uncertainties and risks, including: ● potential ongoing financial obligations and unforeseen or hidden liabilities, including liability for infringement of third-party copyrights or other intellectual property; ● failure to achieve the intended objectives, benefits or revenue-enhancing opportunities; ● costs and difficulties of integrating acquired businesses and managing a larger business; ● potentially significant goodwill impairment charges; ● high acquisition and financing costs; ● possible loss of key employees of a target business; ● potential claims or litigation regarding our board’s exercise of its duty of care and other duties required under applicable law in connection with any of our significant acquisitions or investments approved by the board; ● diversion of resources and management attention; and ● in the case of acquisitions of businesses or assets outside mainland China, the need to integrate operations across different business cultures and languages and to address the particular economic, currency, political, and regulatory risks associated with specific countries. 28 Table of Contents Any failure to address these risks successfully may have a material and adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Investments and acquisitions may require a significant amount of capital investment, which would decrease the amount of cash available for working capital or capital expenditures. In addition, if we use our equity securities to pay for investments and acquisitions, we may dilute the value of our ADSs and the underlying ordinary shares. If we borrow funds to finance investments and acquisitions, such debt instruments may contain restrictive covenants that could, among other things, restrict us from distributing dividends. Moreover, acquisitions may also generate significant amortization expenses related to intangible assets. We may also incur impairment charges to earnings for investments and acquired businesses and assets which are determined to be impaired, and recognize the proportional share of the net losses of the investees to the extent of the amount of the investments for the equity method investments. Our historical financial and operating results may not be indicative of future performance. Although we commenced operations in 2002, our significant business growth and expansion began in 2009. Our previous focus had been providing professional education services since the inception of our business. In 2015, we launched STEM education courses targeting young children aged between three and eighteen to supplement our offerings. In December 2023, we entered into an equity transfer agreement to dispose of our professional education business. The Divestiture had been closed in 2024, and our primary focus has shifted to providing IT-focused supplementary STEM education services. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—A. History and Development of the Company” for more details on the disposal of the professional education business. Our business and our prospects must be evaluated in light of the risks and uncertainties encountered by companies at a comparable stage of development. Furthermore, our results of operations may vary from period to period in response to a variety of other factors, including general economic conditions and regulations, government actions pertaining to the education services sector in China, changes in spending on education services, our ability to control cost of revenues and operating expenses and non-recurring charges incurred in connection with acquisitions or other extraordinary transactions or under unexpected circumstances. Due to the above factors, some of which are beyond our control, our historical financial and operating results may not be indicative of our future performance, and you should not rely on our past results or our historic growth rates as indicators of our future performance. Our ability to broadcast our lectures live and to offer online learning modules on 61it.cn and depends upon the performance and reliability of our systems and the internet infrastructure and telecommunications networks in China. We deliver live broadcasts of our lectures via a dedicated network of China Telecom and China Unicom on third-party live broadcasting platforms to terminals located in selected learning centers with high student enrollment and via public internet infrastructure to other learning centers. Any unscheduled service interruption of the internet infrastructure and telecommunications networks in China could cause us to be unable to deliver these live broadcasts, forcing us to resort to using pre-recorded lectures in the event of such service interruptions. Our inability to broadcast live lectures during service interruptions may damage the quality of our education and student experience, which may hurt our reputation and negatively impact our financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, our gross profit and net income could be adversely affected if the prices that we pay for telecommunications and internet services rise significantly. Our ability to offer online learning modules also depends on the performance and reliability of the internet infrastructure in China. Disruptions to the internet infrastructure of China may deny our students access to the learning functionalities on our 61it.cn, which may hinder students from effectively learning our education contents. Furthermore, increases in the traffic on 61it.cn could also strain the capacity of our existing computer systems, which could lead to slower response times or system failures. This would cause a disruption or suspension in our course offerings, which would hurt our brands and reputation and negatively affect our revenue growth. We may need to incur additional costs to improve our systems in order to accommodate increased demand if we anticipate that our systems cannot handle higher traffic volume in the future. We have limited insurance coverage for our operations in China. Insurance companies in China currently do not offer as extensive an array of insurance products as insurance companies do in more developed economies. We have determined that the risks of disruption or liability from our business, the loss or damage to our fixed assets, including our equipment and office furniture, the cost of insuring for these risks, and the difficulties associated with acquiring such insurance on commercially reasonable terms render it commercially impractical for us to have such insurance. We do not have any business interruption, litigation or property insurance coverage for our operations in mainland China. Any uninsured occurrence of personal injury, loss or damage to fixed assets, or litigation or business disruption may result in the incurrence of substantial costs and the diversion of resources, which could have an adverse effect on our operating results. 29 Table of Contents Our business is subject to seasonal fluctuations, which may cause our operating results to fluctuate from quarter to quarter. This may result in volatility and adversely affect the price of our ADSs. We have experienced, and expect to continue to experience, seasonal fluctuations in our net revenues and results of operations, primarily due to seasonal changes in student enrollment. Historically, our courses tend to have the largest student enrollment, cash collection and net revenues in the third and fourth quarters. We generally generate less tuition fees in the first quarter of each year due to the Chinese New Year holiday. Our expenses, however, do not necessarily correspond to changes in our student enrollment and net revenues. We make investments in marketing and promotion, instructor recruitment and training and course development throughout the year. We expect quarterly fluctuations in our net revenues and results of operations to continue. These fluctuations could result in volatility and adversely affect the price of our ADSs. As our net revenues grow, these seasonal fluctuations may become more pronounced. Higher labor costs and inflation in China may adversely affect our business and our profitability. Labor costs in China have risen in recent years. We employed 4,142 employees in mainland China as of December 31, 2024, of which 3,854 employees were associated with our continuing operations. The increases in labor cost may erode our profitability and materially harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, the PRC government has promulgated laws and regulations to enhance labor protection, such as the Labor Contract Law and the Social Insurance Law, which are also expected to cause our labor costs to increase. As the interpretation and implementation of these new laws and regulations are still evolving, our employment practices may not be at all times be deemed in compliance with the new laws and regulations. If we are subject to severe penalties or incur significant liabilities in connection with labor disputes or investigation, our business and profitability may be adversely affected. Although we have not in the past been materially affected by inflation since our inception, we can provide no assurance that we will not be affected in the future by higher rates of inflation in China. We have granted share-based awards and may grant more share-based awards in the future, which may reduce our net income. In February 2014, we adopted a 2014 share incentive plan with a term of ten years. In February 2024, we adopted a 2024 share incentive plan, or the 2024 Plan. Pursuant to the share incentive plans, we issued, and may continue to issue, options, restricted shares and restricted share units to our qualified employees, directors and consultants on a regular basis. The maximum aggregate number of shares which may be issued pursuant to all awards under the 2024 Plan, or the Award Pool, is 3,500,000, provided that the shares reserved in the Award Pool shall be increased on the first day of each calendar year, commencing on January 1, 2025, if the unissued shares reserved in the Award Pool on such day account for less than 2% of the total number of shares issued and outstanding on a fully diluted basis on December 31 of the immediately preceding calendar year, as a result of which increase the shares unissued and reserved in the Award Pool immediately after each such increase shall equal 2% of the total number of shares issued and outstanding on a fully diluted basis on December 31 of the immediately preceding calendar year. As a result of grants and potential future grants under the share incentive plans, we have incurred and will continue to incur share-based compensation expenses. As of December 31, 2024, the unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested options and non-vested shares amounted to RMB1.1 million (US$0.2 million) and RMB0.6 million (US$0.1 million), respectively, which will be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.7 years and 0.28 years, respectively. Expenses associated with share-based compensation awards granted under our share plan may reduce our future net income. However, if we limit the size of grants under our share plan to minimize share-based compensation expenses, we may not be able to attract or retain key personnel. Any natural catastrophes, severe weather conditions, health epidemics and other extraordinary events could severely disrupt our business operations. The occurrence of natural catastrophes such as earthquakes, floods, typhoons, tsunamis or any acts of terrorism may result in significant property damages as well as loss of revenues due to interruptions in our business operations. In addition to COVID-19, health epidemics such as outbreaks, Zika, Ebola, avian influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) or the influenza A (H1N1), and severe weather conditions such as snow storm and hazardous air pollution, as well as the government measures adopted in response to these events, could require the temporary closure of our offices and learning centers and quarantines of our employees. Furthermore, our ability to broadcast live lectures and provide our education services through 61it.cn depends on the continuing operation of our technology system, which is vulnerable to damage or interruption from natural catastrophes and other extraordinary events. Our disaster recovery planning cannot account for every conceivable possibility. Any damage to or failure of our technology system could result in interruptions in our services, and our brands could be damaged if students believe our systems are unreliable. Such disruptions could severely interfere with our business operations and adversely affect our results of operations. 30 Table of Contents Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure If the PRC government finds that the agreements that establish the structure for holding our ICP license do not comply with applicable laws and regulations of mainland China, or if these laws and regulations or the interpretation of existing laws and regulations change in the future, we could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in those operations. Pursuant to the Provisions on Administration of Foreign Invested Telecommunications Enterprises promulgated by the State Council on December 11, 2001, as amended on September 10, 2008, February 6, 2016 and March 29, 2022, the ultimate foreign equity ownership in a value-added telecommunications services provider may not exceed 50%. The latest amended version cancelled the previous requirements on the primary foreign investor’s performance and operational experience and requirements on approvals from the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, and the Ministry of Commerce, or their authorized local counterparts. However, this modification is relatively new, uncertainties still exist in relation to its interpretation and implementation. Although the Special Administrative Measures (Negative List) for Foreign Investment Access (Edition 2024), or the 2024 Negative List, jointly issued by the NDRC and the Ministry of Commerce on September 6, 2024, and effective from November 1, 2024, and Circular of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology on Liberalizing the Restrictions on Foreign Shareholding Percentages in Online Data Processing and Transaction Processing Business (For-profit E-commerce Business), promulgated by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology in June 2015, allow a foreign investor to own up to 100% of the total equity interest in e-commerce business, domestic multi-party communication, storage and forwarding classes and call centers, we have not engaged in any of such business. Due to the foreign ownership restriction on internet content and other value-added telecommunication services, we operate our 61it.cn website and Tongcheng Online App through Beijing Tongcheng, and such website and application have been included in the permitted operation scope under the ICP license held by Beijing Tongcheng. Beijing Tongcheng is 70% owned by Mr. Shaoyun Han, our founder and chairman, and 30% owned by Mr. Jin Li, a member of our management body. Mr. Han and Mr. Li are both citizens of mainland China. Our mainland China subsidiary, Tongcheng Shidai, entered into a series of contractual arrangements with Beijing Tongcheng and its shareholders, which enable us to: ● exercise effective financial control over Beijing Tongcheng; ● receive substantially all of the economic benefits and bear the obligation to absorb substantially all of the losses of Beijing Tongcheng; and ● have an exclusive option to purchase all or part of the equity interests in Beijing Tongcheng when and to the extent permitted by laws of mainland China. Because of these contractual arrangements, we are the primary beneficiary of Beijing Tongcheng and consolidate its financial results in our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. For a detailed discussion of these contractual arrangements, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Organizational Structure.” Investors in our ADSs thus are not purchasing equity interest in the variable interest entities in mainland China but instead are purchasing equity interest in a Cayman Islands holding company with no equity ownership in the variable interest entities. Beijing DOCVIT Law Firm, our PRC legal counsel, is of the opinion that (i) the ownership structure of Beijing Tongcheng and Tongcheng Shidai will not result in any violation of laws or regulations of mainland China currently in effect; and (ii) the contractual arrangements among Tongcheng Shidai, Beijing Tongcheng and its shareholders governed by laws of mainland China are valid, binding and enforceable, and will not result in any violation of laws or regulations of mainland China currently in effect. 31 Table of Contents There are, however, substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of current or future laws and regulations of mainland China concerning foreign investment in mainland China, and their application to and effect on the legality, binding effect and enforceability of the contractual arrangements. In particular, we cannot rule out the possibility that PRC regulatory authorities, courts or arbitral tribunals may in the future adopt a different or contrary interpretation or take a view that is inconsistent with the opinion of our PRC legal counsel. It is uncertain whether any new laws or regulations of mainland China relating to VIEs will be adopted or if adopted, what they would provide. For example, on February 17, 2023, the CSRC issued the Trial Administrative Measures of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies, or the Overseas Listing Regulations, and five supporting guidelines, all of which were aimed to regulate both direct and indirect overseas offering and listing of mainland China domestic companies’ securities by adopting a filing-based regulatory regime. Companies in mainland China that seek to offer and list securities in overseas markets, in direct or indirect means, are required to fulfill the filing procedures with the CSRC and submit relevant information. At the press conference in relation to the promulgation of the Overseas Listing Regulations on February 17, 2023, the CSRC officials clarified that, as for companies seeking overseas offering, listing with VIE structures and applying to file with the CSRC, the CSRC will solicit opinions from the PRC regulatory authorities and proceed with the filing of the overseas listing of such companies if such companies duly meet the compliance requirements. If we fail to complete the filing with the CSRC in a timely manner, or at all, for our further capital raising activities, which are subject to filing requirements under the Overseas Listing Regulations, due to our VIE structure, we may be required to unwind the VIEs or adjust our business operations to meet the filing requirements and our ability to raise or utilize funds could be materially and adversely affected. However, as the Overseas Listing Regulations was recently promulgated, it remains uncertain as to its interpretation, implementation and enforcement, in particular, for companies with VIE structures, and there also remain uncertainties how they will affect our operations in mainland China and our future capital-raising activities. On March 15, 2019, the National People’s Congress approved the PRC Foreign Investment Law, which came into effect on January 1, 2020. Under the PRC Foreign Investment Law, “foreign investment” refers to the investment activities directly or indirectly conducted by foreign individuals, enterprises or other entities in mainland China. Although the PRC Foreign Investment Law does not explicitly classify contractual arrangements as a form of foreign investment, there is no assurance that foreign investment via contractual arrangements would not be interpreted as a type of indirect foreign investment activities under the definition of “foreign investment” in the future. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Government Regulations—Regulations on Value-Added Telecommunications Services—The Foreign Investment Law” and “Item. 3 Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Uncertainties exist with respect to the interpretation and implementation of the PRC Foreign Investment Law and its implementation regulations and how it may impact the viability of our current corporate structure, corporate governance and business operations.” Our holding company in the Cayman Islands, the variable interest entities, and investments in our company face uncertainty about potential future actions by the PRC government that could affect the enforceability of the contractual arrangements with the variable interest entities and, consequently, the business, financial condition, and results of operations of the variable interest entities and our company as a group. In addition, our ADSs may decline in value or become worthless if we are unable to assert our contractual control rights over the assets of the variable interest entities, which contributed 7.4% of our revenues from continuing operations in 2024. If we or Beijing Tongcheng is found to be in violation of any existing or future laws or regulations of mainland China, or such arrangement is determined as illegal and invalid by the PRC court, arbitral tribunal or regulatory authorities, or if we fail to obtain, maintain or renew any of the required permits or approvals, the PRC regulatory authorities would have broad discretion to take action in dealing with such violations or failures, including: ● revoking the business and operating licenses of our subsidiaries in mainland China and Beijing Tongcheng; ● discontinuing or restricting the conduct of any transactions between our subsidiaries in mainland China and Beijing Tongcheng; ● imposing fines, confiscating the income from Beijing Tongcheng, or imposing other requirements with which we or Beijing Tongcheng may not be able to comply; or ● requiring us to restructure our ownership structure or operations, including terminating the contractual arrangements with Beijing Tongcheng and deregistering the equity pledges of Beijing Tongcheng. We launched our 61it.cn online learning platform in July 2018 to deliver online live instruction of our IT-focused supplementary STEM education courses to students aged between three and eighteen. 61it.cn features an OMO-based interactive classroom and leveled class materials covering multiple programming languages such as Scratch, Python, Javascript, HTML, CSS and C++. 61it.cn is also important for our marketing efforts. Therefore, the imposition of any of these penalties could result in a material and adverse effect on our ability to provide online education services and conduct our marketing and promotional activities through 61it.cn. Beijing Tongcheng has added our 61it.cn website under its ICP license. 32 Table of Contents If the PRC authorities determine that we can no longer own and operate certain of our learning centers through our subsidiaries in mainland China, we may need to restructure the ownership and operation of these learning centers (including possibly transferring these learning centers to the variable interest entities), our business may be disrupted and we may be exposed to increased risks associated with the contractual arrangements relating to the variable interest entities. There are still uncertainties under the current laws of mainland China as to whether a wholly foreign-owned enterprise is allowed to indirectly invest in and own private schools through its subsidiaries in mainland China. On the one hand, the Private Education Law does not expressly prohibit a subsidiary of a foreign-invested enterprise from investing in private schools. The Amendment to the Private Education Law Implementation Rules provides that foreign-invested enterprises established in mainland China and social organizations controlled by any foreign entity are prohibited from establishing or participating in establishing private schools to provide compulsory education; and the establishment of any other type of private school is subject to the provisions of the State on foreign investment. Moreover, the Alleviating Burden Opinions specifies that foreign capital is prohibited from controlling or investing in any academic after-school tutoring institutions through mergers and acquisitions, entrusted operation, joining franchise or variable interest entity, but has not expressly imposed restriction on non-academic after-school tutoring institutions. On the other hand, according to the Private Education Law, Chinese-foreign cooperation in operating schools is specifically governed by the Regulations on Operating Chinese-foreign Schools and its implementing rules, which require specific approvals from those governmental authorities in charge of either human resources and social security or education, and that any foreign party to such Chinese-foreign cooperation in operating schools be an educational institution with relevant experience in providing educational services outside mainland China. In addition, the Regulations on Operating Chinese-foreign Schools prohibits foreign institutions or individuals from independently establishing schools which provide educational services mainly for Chinese citizens in mainland China. It remains uncertain as to how and to what extent the Alleviating Burden Opinions may affect the regulation and administration on non-academic after-school tutoring institutions. In addition, there are substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of current and future laws and regulations of mainland China. In practice, different local authorities have different views and administrative policies on whether foreign institutions or individuals are permitted to use their direct or indirect wholly owned subsidiaries incorporated in mainland China to establish a school under the Private Education Law without violating the Regulations on Operating Chinese-foreign Schools. For example, Beijing published the Setting Standards of Science and Technology After-school Tutoring (Trial) (Draft for comment) on December 19, 2023, which emphasizes that if the organizer of a science and technology after-school tutoring institution is a foreign invested enterprise or a social organization controlled by a foreign party, the organizer should comply with relevant regulations in mainland China. As of the date of this annual report, the draft was released for public comment only, and its respective provisions may be subject to change with substantial uncertainty. Certain local government authorities hold that a wholly foreign-owned enterprise is prohibited or restricted from indirectly investing in or owning private schools through its subsidiaries. As a result, we may have to apply for private school operating permits through a subsidiary of the current VIE, Beijing Tongcheng, in certain regions to satisfy the requirement of such local governmental authorities to the extent necessary. If the PRC government authorities determine in the future that we can no longer own and operate our schools and their related learning centers through our subsidiaries in mainland China, which are considered ineligible to act as sponsors of private schools, we may need to transfer these schools and related learning centers to the variable interest entities, which may severely disrupt our business and expose us to increased risks associated with the contractual arrangements relating to the variable interest entities. Any failure by Beijing Tongcheng or its shareholders to perform their obligations under our contractual arrangements with them would have an adverse effect on our business. If Beijing Tongcheng or its shareholders fail to perform their obligations under their contractual arrangements with us, we may have to incur substantial costs and expend additional resources to enforce such arrangements. We may also have to rely on legal remedies under the laws of mainland China, including seeking specific performance or injunctive relief, and claiming damages, which we cannot assure you will be effective. For example, if the shareholders of Beijing Tongcheng were to refuse to transfer their equity interest in Beijing Tongcheng to us or our designee if we exercise the exclusive option agreements pursuant to these contractual arrangements, or if they were otherwise to act in bad faith toward us, then we may have to take legal actions to compel them to perform their contractual obligations. 33 Table of Contents All the agreements under our contractual arrangements are governed by laws of mainland China and provide for the resolution of disputes through arbitration in mainland China. Accordingly, these contracts would be interpreted in accordance with laws of mainland China and any disputes would be resolved in accordance with PRC legal procedures. Uncertainties in the PRC legal system could limit our ability to enforce these contractual arrangements. Under laws of mainland China, if the losing parties fail to carry out the arbitration awards within a prescribed time limit, the prevailing parties may only enforce the arbitration awards in mainland China courts through arbitration award recognition proceedings, which would require additional expenses and delay. In the event we are unable to enforce these contractual arrangements, we may not be able to exert effective financial control over Beijing Tongcheng, and our ability to conduct our business may be negatively affected. If we had direct ownership of Beijing Tongcheng, we would be able to exercise our rights as a shareholder to effect changes in the board of directors of Beijing Tongcheng, which in turn could effect changes, subject to any applicable fiduciary obligations, at the management level. However, under the current contractual arrangements, we rely on the performance by Beijing Tongcheng and its shareholders of their obligations under the contracts to exercise control over Beijing Tongcheng. Meanwhile, there are very few precedents as to whether contractual arrangements would be judged to form effective control over variable interest entity through the contractual arrangements, or how contractual arrangements in the context of a variable interest entity should be interpreted or enforced by the mainland China courts. Should legal actions become necessary, we cannot guarantee that the court will rule in favor of the enforceability of the variable interest entity contractual arrangements. In the event we are unable to enforce these contractual arrangements, or if we suffer significant delay or other obstacles in the process of enforcing these contractual arrangements, we may not be able to exert effective control over the variable interest entities, and our ability to conduct our business may be materially adversely affected. Therefore, our contractual arrangements with Beijing Tongcheng may not be as effective in ensuring our control over the relevant portion of our business operations as direct ownership would be. The shareholders of Beijing Tongcheng may have potential conflicts of interest with us, which may materially and adversely affect our business and financial condition. We have designated individuals who are PRC nationals to be the shareholders of Beijing Tongcheng. The equity interests of Beijing Tongcheng are held by Mr. Shaoyun Han and Mr. Jin Li. The interests of these individuals as the shareholders of Beijing Tongcheng may differ from the interests of our company as a whole. These shareholders may breach, or cause Beijing Tongcheng to breach, or refuse to renew, the existing contractual arrangements we have with them and Beijing Tongcheng, which would have a material and adverse effect on our ability to effectively control Beijing Tongcheng. We cannot assure you that when conflicts of interest arise, any or all of these shareholders will act in the best interests of our company or such conflicts will be resolved in our favor. Currently, we do not have any arrangements to address potential conflicts of interest between these shareholders and our company, except that we could exercise our purchase option under the purchase option agreement with these shareholders to request them to transfer all of their equity ownership in Beijing Tongcheng to a mainland China entity or individual designated by us. We rely on Mr. Shaoyun Han, who is our director and who owe a fiduciary duty to our company, and Mr. Jin Li, who is a member of our management body, to comply with the terms and conditions of the contractual arrangements. If we cannot resolve any conflict of interest or dispute between us and the shareholders of Beijing Tongcheng, we would have to rely on legal proceedings, which could result in disruption of our business and subject us to substantial uncertainty as to the outcome of any such legal proceedings. Our contractual arrangements with the variable interest entities may be subject to scrutiny by the PRC tax authorities, and a finding that we owe additional taxes could substantially reduce our consolidated net income and the value of your investment. Under laws and regulations of mainland China, arrangements and transactions among related parties may be subject to audit or challenge by the PRC tax authorities. We could face material and adverse tax consequences if the PRC tax authorities determine that the contractual arrangements between Tongcheng Shidai and the variable interest entities did not represent an arms-length price and adjust the variable interest entities’ income in the form of a transfer pricing adjustment. A transfer pricing adjustment could, among other things, result in a reduction, for PRC tax purposes, of expense deductions recorded by the variable interest entities, which could in turn increase their tax liabilities without reducing our tax liabilities. In addition, the PRC tax authorities may impose late payment fees and other penalties on the variable interest entities for under-paid taxes. Our consolidated net income may be materially and adversely affected if our tax liabilities increase or if we are found to be subject to late payment fees or other penalties. 34 Table of Contents We may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our subsidiaries in mainland China to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have. To the extent cash or assets in the business is in mainland China or Hong Kong or a mainland China or Hong Kong entity, the funds or assets may not be available to fund operations or for other use outside of mainland China or Hong Kong as we, our subsidiaries, and the consolidated variable interest entities are subject to certain restrictions with respect to paying dividends or otherwise transferring any of their cash or assets offshore, and any such restriction limitation on the ability of our subsidiaries in mainland China to make payments to us could have a material and adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business. We are a holding company, and we may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our subsidiaries in mainland China for our cash and financing requirements, including the funds necessary to pay dividends and other cash distributions to our shareholders and service any debt we may incur. If these subsidiaries incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other distributions to us. In addition, to the extent cash or assets in the business is in mainland China or Hong Kong or a mainland China or Hong Kong entity, the funds or assets may not be available to fund operations or for other use outside of mainland China or Hong Kong as we, our subsidiaries, and the consolidated variable interest entities are subject to certain restrictions with respect to paying dividends or otherwise transferring any of their cash or assets offshore, and there is no assurance the PRC government will not intervene in or impose restrictions on the ability of us, our subsidiaries, and the consolidated variable interest entities to transfer cash (or assets). Also see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—B. Liquidity and Capital Resources— Holding Company Structure.” Under laws and regulations of mainland China, our wholly foreign-owned subsidiaries in mainland China may pay dividends only out of their respective accumulated profits as determined in accordance with accounting standards and regulations of mainland China. In addition, a mainland China enterprise is required to set aside at least 10% of its accumulated after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund certain statutory reserve funds, until the aggregate amount of such fund reaches 50% of its registered capital. Any limitation on the ability of our subsidiaries in mainland China to pay dividends or make other distributions to us could materially and adversely limit our ability to grow, make investments or acquisitions that could be beneficial to our business, pay dividends, or otherwise fund and conduct our business. See also “—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—We are affected by the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, and we may be classified as a mainland China ‘resident enterprise’ for mainland China enterprise income tax purposes. Such classification would likely result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-mainland China shareholders and have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and the value of your investment.” If Beijing Tongcheng becomes the subject of a bankruptcy or liquidation proceeding, we may lose the ability to use and enjoy its assets, which could materially and adversely affect our business. Due to foreign ownership restrictions in the online value-added telecommunications business, we hold our ICP license through contractual arrangements with Beijing Tongcheng as well as its shareholders. As part of these arrangements, Beijing Tongcheng holds assets that are important to the operation of our business, including the domain names and ICP license for our 61it.cn website. We do not have priority pledges and liens against Beijing Tongcheng’s assets. As a contractual and property right matter, this lack of priority pledges and liens has remote risks. If Beijing Tongcheng undergoes an involuntary liquidation proceeding, third-party creditors may claim rights to some or all of its assets and we may not have priority against such third-party creditors on Beijing Tongcheng’s assets. If Beijing Tongcheng liquidates, we may take part in the liquidation procedures as a general creditor under the PRC Enterprise Bankruptcy Law and recover any outstanding liabilities owed by Beijing Tongcheng by Tongcheng Shidai under the applicable service agreements. To ameliorate the risks of an involuntary liquidation proceeding initiated by a third-party creditor, we closely monitor the operations and finances of Beijing Tongcheng through carefully designed budgetary and internal controls to ensure that Beijing Tongcheng is well capitalized and is highly unlikely to trigger any third-party monetary claims in excess of its assets and cash resources. Furthermore, Tongcheng Shidai has the ability, if necessary, to provide financial support to Beijing Tongcheng to prevent such an involuntary liquidation. 35 Table of Contents If the shareholders of Beijing Tongcheng were to attempt to voluntarily dissolve or liquidate Beijing Tongcheng without obtaining our prior consent, we could effectively prevent such unauthorized voluntary liquidation by exercising our right to request Beijing Tongcheng’s shareholders to transfer all of their equity ownership interest to a mainland China entity or individual designated by us in accordance with the exclusive option agreements with the shareholders of Beijing Tongcheng. In the event that the shareholders of Beijing Tongcheng initiate a voluntary liquidation proceeding without our authorization or attempts to distribute the retained earnings or assets of Beijing Tongcheng without our prior consent, we may need to resort to legal proceedings to enforce the terms of the contractual agreements. Any such legal proceeding may be costly and may divert our management’s time and attention away from the operation of our business, and the outcome of such legal proceeding would be uncertain. The uncertainties in legal proceedings to enforce the terms of the contractual agreements are mainly caused by the laws of mainland China that prohibit domestic companies holding ICP licenses from assisting foreign investors in conducting value-added telecommunications business in mainland China. Under the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Circular, a domestic company that holds an ICP license is prohibited from leasing, transferring or selling the license to foreign investors in any form, and from providing any assistance, including providing resources, sites or facilities, to foreign investors that conduct value-added telecommunications business illegally in mainland China. Personal disputes of significant shareholders of our Company, subsidiaries or VIE may have an adverse impact on our business, financial conditions and results of operations. Personal legal disputes or debt enforcement actions involving significant shareholders of our Company, subsidiaries or VIE may have adverse impact on our business and corporate structure, even if such disputes are unrelated to our operations. On June 5, 2024, Banyan and Banyan A filed for asset preservation at the HKIAC. This action stemmed from disputes related the share transfer agreement dated December 7, 2018, entered in to by and among Mr. Han Shaoyun and his wholly owned company, Techedu, and Banyan and Banyan A, concerning the equity interest in Tarena International held by Techedu. As part of the asset preservation measures, Mr. Shaoyun Han’s 70% equity interest in Beijing Tongcheng was frozen. According to the Civil Ruling No. (2024) Jing 04 Cai Bao 77 issued by the Fourth Intermediate People’s Court of Beijing, along with the asset preservation notice (Case No. (2024) Jing 04 Zhi Bao 172), and with the assistance of the Haidian District Market Supervision Administration of Beijing, such equity interest has been frozen from September 19, 2024 to September 18, 2027. The HKIAC has not yet determined a specific hearing schedule for this case. Although these legal proceedings are not directly linked to our business operations, they may still affect us materially. If legal disputes lead to judicial freezing, liens, or forced auction of equity interests in our Company, subsidiaries or VIE, they could result in a change of control or disruption in our corporate structure. In particular, the potential loss of voting rights or a transfer of equity to an unvetted third party may adversely affect our corporate governance, decision-making processes, or strategic planning. Additionally, such shareholder disputes may cause uncertainty and concern among our business partners, potentially impacting our credit profile, financing capabilities and business reputation. If these risks materialize, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. If the custodians or authorized users of our controlling non-tangible assets, including chops and seals, fail to fulfill their responsibilities, or misappropriate or misuse these assets, our business and operations could be materially and adversely affected. In mainland China, legal documents for corporate transactions, including agreements and contracts such as the leases and sales contracts that our business relies on, are typically executed using the chop or seal of the signing entity or with the signature of a legal representative whose designation is registered and filed with the local branch of the State Administration for Market Regulation. We generally execute legal documents by affixing chops or seals, rather than having the designated legal representatives sign the documents. We have three major types of chops—corporate chops, contract chops and finance chops. We use corporate chops generally for documents to be submitted to government agencies, such as applications for changing business scope, directors or company name, and for legal letters. We use contract chops for executing leases and commercial contracts. We use finance chops generally for making and collecting payments, including, but not limited to, issuing invoices. Use of corporate chops and contract chops must be approved by our legal department and administrative department, and use of finance chops must be approved by our finance department. The chops of our subsidiaries and the variable interest entities are generally held by the respective entity so that documents can be executed locally. Although we usually utilize chops to execute contracts, the registered legal representatives of our subsidiaries and the variable interest entities in mainland China have the apparent authority to enter into contracts on behalf of such entities without chops, unless such contracts set forth otherwise. All designated legal representatives of our subsidiaries and the variable interest entities in mainland China have signed employment agreements with us under which they agree to abide by duties they owe to us. 36 Table of Contents In order to maintain the physical security of our chops, we generally store them in secured locations accessible only to the department heads of the legal, administrative or finance departments. Our designated legal representatives generally do not have access to the chops. Although we monitor our employees, including the designated legal representatives of our subsidiaries and the variable interest entities in mainland China, the procedures may not be sufficient to prevent all instances of abuse or negligence. There is a risk that our employees or designated legal representatives could abuse their authority, for example, by binding the relevant subsidiary or variable interest entity with contracts against our interests, as we would be obligated to honor these contracts if the other contracting party acts in good faith in reliance on the apparent authority of our chops or signatures of our legal representatives. If any designated legal representative obtains control of the chop in an effort to obtain control over a subsidiary or variable interest entity, we would need to have a shareholder or board resolution to designate a new legal representative and to take legal action to seek the return of the chop, apply for a new chop with the PRC authorities, or otherwise seek legal remedies for the legal representative’s misconduct. If any of the designated legal representatives obtains and misuses or misappropriates our chops and seals or other controlling intangible assets for whatever reason, we could experience disruption to our normal business operations. We may have to take corporate or legal action, which could involve significant time and resources to resolve while distracting management from our operations. Risks Related to Doing Business in China Uncertainties in the interpretation and enforcement of laws and regulations of mainland China could limit the legal protections available to you and us. The legal system of mainland China is based on written statutes. Unlike common law systems, it is a system in which legal cases have limited value as precedents. In the late 1970s, the government of mainland China began to promulgate a comprehensive system of laws and regulations governing economic matters. The overall effect of legislation over the past three decades has significantly increased the protections afforded to various forms of foreign or private-sector investment in mainland China. Our subsidiaries and the VIEs in mainland China are subject to various laws and regulations of mainland China generally applicable to companies in mainland China. However, since these laws and regulations are relatively new and the legal system of mainland China continues to rapidly evolve, the interpretations of many laws, regulations and rules are not always uniform and enforcement of these laws, regulations and rules involve uncertainties. From time to time, we may have to resort to administrative and court proceedings to enforce our legal rights. However, since PRC administrative and court authorities have significant discretion in interpreting and implementing statutory terms, it may be more difficult to evaluate the outcome of administrative and court proceedings and the level of legal protection we enjoy than in more developed legal systems. Furthermore, the legal system of mainland China is based in part on government policies and internal rules (some of which are not published in a timely manner or at all) some of which may have retroactive effect. As a result, we may not be aware of our violation of these policies and rules until sometime after the violation. Such uncertainties, including uncertainty over the scope and effect of our contractual, property (including intellectual property) and procedural rights, and any failure to respond to changes in the regulatory environment in mainland China could materially and adversely affect our business and impede our ability to continue our operations. Changes in China’s economic, political or social conditions or government policies could have a material adverse effect on our business and operations. Substantially all of our business operations are conducted in mainland China. Accordingly, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be influenced to a significant degree by political, economic and social conditions in China generally and by continued economic growth in China as a whole. China’s economy differs from the economies of most developed countries in many respects, including the level of government involvement, level of development, growth rate, control of foreign exchange and allocation of resources. Although the government of mainland China has implemented measures since the late 1970s emphasizing the utilization of market forces for economic reform, the reduction of state ownership of productive assets, and the establishment of improved corporate governance in business enterprises, a substantial portion of productive assets in mainland China is still owned by the government. In addition, the government of mainland China continues to play a significant role in regulating industry development by imposing industrial policies, and has significant authority to exert influence on the ability of a China-based company, such as us, to conduct its business. Therefore, investors of our company and our business face potential uncertainty from China. The government of mainland China also exercises significant control over China’s economic growth through allocating resources, controlling payment of foreign currency-denominated obligations, setting monetary policy, and providing preferential treatment to particular industries or companies. 37 Table of Contents While China’s economy has experienced significant growth over the past decades, growth has been uneven, both geographically and among various sectors of the economy, and the rate of growth has been slowing. Some of the government measures may benefit the overall Chinese economy, but may have a negative effect on us. For example, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected by government control over capital investments or changes in tax regulations. Any stimulus measures designed to boost the Chinese economy may contribute to higher inflation, which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. COVID-19 had a severe and negative impact on the Chinese and the global economy from 2020 through 2022, and the global macroeconomic environment still faces numerous challenges. The growth rate of the Chinese economy has been slowing since 2010 and the Chinese population began to decline in 2022. The Federal Reserve and other central banks outside of China have raised interest rates. The Russia-Ukraine conflict, the Hamas-Israel conflict and the attacks on shipping in the Red Sea have heightened geopolitical tensions across the world. The impact of the Russia-Ukraine conflict on Ukraine food exports has contributed to increases in food prices and thus to inflation more generally. There have also been concerns about the relationship between China and other countries which may potentially have economic effects. In particular, there is significant uncertainty about the future relationship between the United States and China with respect to a wide range of issues including trade policies, treaties, government regulations and tariffs. Economic conditions in China are sensitive to global economic conditions, as well as changes in domestic economic and political policies and the expected or perceived overall economic growth rate in China. It is unclear whether these challenges and uncertainties will be contained or resolved and what effects they may have on the global political and economic conditions in the long term. A decline in the economic prospects of IT and other professionals could alter the spending priorities of the parents of our current and prospective students. We cannot assure you that if the macroeconomic environment deteriorates, parents will continue to spend on STEM education for their children. Therefore, a slowdown in China’s economy or the global economy may lead to a reduction in demand for our education services, which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. The legal system in China embodies uncertainties which could limit the legal protections available to us or impose additional requirements and obligations on our business, and PRC laws, rules, and regulations can evolve quickly, which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. We conduct our business primarily through our PRC subsidiaries and the VIEs and their subsidiaries in China. Our operations in China are governed by PRC laws and regulations. The legal system in China is a civil law system based on statutes. Unlike common law systems, it is a system in which decided legal cases may be of reference value but have less precedential value. The legal system in China evolves rapidly with little advance notice, and the interpretations of laws, regulations, and rules may contain uncertainties. These uncertainties could limit the legal protections available to us. In addition, we cannot predict the effect of future developments in the PRC legal system, changes to existing laws or the interpretation or enforcement thereof, or the preemption of local regulations by national laws. Such unpredictability towards our contractual, property (including intellectual property) and procedural rights could adversely affect our business and impede our ability to continue our operations. Furthermore, any litigation may be protracted and result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management attention. In addition, new laws and regulations may be enacted from time to time, and PRC laws, rules, and regulations can evolve quickly with little advance notice. Uncertainties exist regarding the interpretation and implementation of current and any future PRC laws and regulations applicable to our businesses. In particular, the PRC government authorities may continue to promulgate new laws, regulations, rules and guidelines with respect to a wide range of issues, such as anti-unfair competition and antitrust, privacy and data protection, intellectual property, and other matters, which may result in additional obligations imposed on us. Compliance with these laws, regulations, rules, guidelines, and implementations may be costly, and any incompliance or associated inquiries, investigations, and other governmental actions may divert significant management time and attention and our financial resources, bring negative publicity, subject us to liabilities or administrative penalties, or materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. 38 Table of Contents The PRC government’s significant oversight and discretion over our business operation could result in a material adverse change in our operations and the value of our ADSs. In addition, any actions by the Chinese government to exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless. We conduct our business primarily in mainland China. Our operations in mainland China are governed by laws and regulations of mainland China. The PRC government has significant oversight and discretion over the conduct of our business, and may intervene or influence our operations. The PRC government has published new policies that significantly affected certain industries and we cannot rule out the possibility that it will in the future release regulations or policies that directly or indirectly affect our industry or require us to seek additional permission to continue our operations, In addition, the PRC government may intervene or influence our operations at any time by adopting new laws and regulations, which could result in a material adverse change in our operation, and our ordinary shares and ADSs may decline in value or become worthless. Also, the PRC government has indicated an intent to exert more oversight and control over securities offerings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers. For example, on July 6, 2021, the PRC government authorities made public the Opinions on Strictly Scrutinizing Illegal Securities Activities in Accordance with the Law. These opinions emphasized the need to strengthen the administration over illegal securities activities and the supervision on overseas listings by China-based companies and proposed to take effective measures, such as promoting the construction of regulatory systems to deal with the risks and incidents faced by China-based overseas-listed companies. On December 28, 2021, the NDRC, the MIIT, and several other administrations jointly published the Cybersecurity Review Measures, effective on February 15, 2022, which required that, among others, operators of “critical information infrastructure” purchasing network products and services or network platform operators carrying out data processing activities, that affect or may affect national security, shall apply with the Cybersecurity Review Office for a cybersecurity review. In addition, a network platform operator holding over one million users’ personal information shall apply with the Cybersecurity Review Office for a cybersecurity review before any public offering at a foreign stock exchange. Network Data Regulations were promulgated by the State Council on September 24, 2024, and became effective as of January 1, 2025. The Network Data Regulations restates and further specifies the legal requirements for personal information, important data, cross-border data transfer, network platform services, and data security. Among others, network data handlers engaging in data processing activities that affect or may affect national security must be subject to network data security review by the relevant cyberspace administration of the PRC. Any failure to comply with such requirements may subject us to, among others, suspension of services, fines, revoking relevant business permits or business licenses and penalties. On February 17, 2023, the CSRC released the Trial Administrative Measures of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies and five supporting guidelines, or, collectively, the Filing Rules, which took effect on March 31, 2023. According to the Filing Rules, domestic companies in mainland China that directly or indirectly offer or list their securities in an overseas market are required to file with the CSRC. In addition, an overseas listed company must also submit the filing with respect to its follow-on offerings, issuance of convertible corporate bonds and exchangeable bonds, and other equivalent offering activities, within a specific time frame requested under the Filing Rules. On February 17, 2023, the CSRC also held a press conference for the release of the Filing Rules, which, among others, clarified that the companies in mainland China that have been listed overseas before March 31, 2023 are not required to file with the CSRC immediately, but these companies should complete filing with the CSRC for their future equity and equity-linked securities financing activities in accordance with the Filing Rules. Based on the foregoing, we are not required to complete filing with the CSRC for our prior offshore offerings and listing at this stage, but we will be subject to the filing requirements for our future equity and equity-linked securities offerings, if any, under the Filing Rules. However, as the Filing Rules was recently promulgated, it remains uncertain as to its interpretation, implementation and enforcement. If the CSRC, CAC or other regulatory agencies later promulgate new rules or explanations requiring that we obtain their approvals for our future offshore securities offerings, we may be unable to obtain such approvals in a timely manner, or at all, and such approvals may be rescinded even if obtained. Any such circumstance could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless. 39 Table of Contents Our ADSs will be prohibited from trading in the United States under the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, or the HFCA Act, in the future if the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely our auditors. The delisting of our ADSs, or the threat of their being delisted, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment. Pursuant to the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, if the SEC determines that we have filed audit reports issued by a registered public accounting firm that has not been subject to inspections by the PCAOB for two consecutive years, the SEC will prohibit our shares or the ADSs from being traded on a national securities exchange or in the over-the-counter trading market in the United States. On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued a report to notify the SEC of its determination that the PCAOB was unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong. On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB removed mainland China and Hong Kong from the list of jurisdictions where it is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms. Our current auditor, Assentsure PAC, the independent registered public accounting firm that issues the audit report included elsewhere in this annual report, as an auditor of companies that are traded publicly in the United States and a firm registered with the PCAOB, is subject to laws in the United States pursuant to which the PCAOB conducts regular inspections to assess its compliance with the applicable professional standards. Assentsure PAC, whose audit report is included in this annual report on Form 20-F, is headquartered in New York, New York, and was not included in the list of PCAOB Identified Firms in the PCAOB Determination Report issued in December 2021. Our ability to retain an auditor subject to PCAOB inspection and investigation, including but not limited to inspection of the audit working papers related to us, may depend on the relevant positions of U.S. and Chinese regulators. Assentsure PAC’s audit working papers related to us are located in mainland China. With respect to audits of companies with operations in mainland China, such as us, there are uncertainties about the ability of our auditor to fully cooperate with a request by the PCAOB for audit working papers in mainland China without the approval of Chinese authorities. Each year, the PCAOB will determine whether it can inspect and investigate completely audit firms in mainland China and Hong Kong, among other jurisdictions. Whether the PCAOB will be able to conduct inspections of our auditor, including but not limited to inspection of the audit working papers related to us, in the future is subject to substantial uncertainty and depends on a number of factors out of our, and our auditor’s, control. If the PCAOB determines in the future that it no longer has full access to inspect and investigate completely the auditors we retain to issue an audit report on our financial statements filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, we would be identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer following the filing of the annual report on Form 20-F for the relevant fiscal year. In accordance with the HFCAA, our securities would be prohibited from being traded on a national securities exchange or in the over-the-counter trading market in the United States if we are identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer for two consecutive years in the future. If our shares and ADSs are prohibited from trading in the United States, there is no certainty that we will be able to list on a non-U.S. exchange or that a market for our shares will develop outside of the United States. A prohibition of being able to trade in the United States would substantially impair your ability to sell or purchase our ADSs when you wish to do so, and the risk and uncertainty associated with delisting would have a negative impact on the price of our ADSs. Also, such a prohibition would significantly affect our ability to raise capital on terms acceptable to us, or at all, which would have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and prospects. 40 Table of Contents We are affected by the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, and we may be classified as a mainland China “resident enterprise” for mainland China enterprise income tax purposes. Such classification would likely result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-mainland China shareholders and have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and the value of your investment. Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, or the EIT Law, that became effective on January 1, 2008, as amended on February 24, 2017 and December 29, 2018, an enterprise established outside mainland China with “de facto management bodies” within mainland China is considered a mainland China “resident enterprise” for mainland China enterprise income tax purposes and is generally subject to a uniform 25% enterprise income tax rate on its worldwide income. Under the Implementation Rules to the EIT Law, a “de facto management body” is defined as a body that has material and overall management and control over the manufacturing and business operations, personnel and human resources, finances and properties of an enterprise. In addition, a circular, known as Circular 82, issued in April 2009, as amended in January 2014 and December 2017, by the State Administration of Taxation, or the SAT, specifies that certain offshore incorporated enterprises controlled by mainland China enterprises or mainland China enterprise groups will be classified as mainland China resident enterprises if the following are located or resident in mainland China: senior management personnel and departments that are responsible for daily production, operation and management; financial and personnel decision making bodies; key properties, accounting books, company seals, and minutes of board meetings and shareholders’ meetings; and half or more of the senior management or directors having voting rights. Circular 82 also clarified that dividends and other income paid by such “resident enterprises” will be considered to be mainland China source income, subject to mainland China withholding tax, currently at a rate of 10%, when recognized by shareholders that are non-mainland China resident enterprises. Further to Circular 82, the State Administration of Taxation issued a bulletin, known as Bulletin 45, which took effect on September 1, 2011, to provide more guidance on the implementation of Circular 82 and clarify the reporting and filing obligations of such “Chinese-controlled offshore-incorporated resident enterprises.” Bulletin 45 provides procedures and administrative details for the determination of mainland China resident enterprise status and administration on post-determination matters. Although both Circular 82 and Bulletin 45 only apply to offshore enterprises controlled by mainland China enterprises and there are currently no further rules or precedents governing the procedures and specific criteria for determining the “de facto management body” for a company like ours, or controlled by mainland China enterprise groups, not those controlled by mainland China individuals or foreign individuals like us, the determining criteria set forth in Circular 82 and Bulletin 45 may reflect the general position of State Administration of Taxation on how the “de facto management body” test should be applied in determining the tax resident enterprise status of offshore enterprises, regardless of whether they are controlled by mainland China enterprises, mainland China enterprise groups or by mainland China or foreign individuals. We do not believe that TCTM meets all of the conditions above and thus we do not believe that TCTM a mainland China resident enterprise, despite the fact that all of the members of our management team as well as the management team of our offshore holding company are located in mainland China. However, if the PRC tax authorities determine that TCTM Kids IT Education Inc. is a mainland China resident enterprise for mainland China enterprise income tax purposes, a number of unfavorable mainland China tax consequences could follow. First, we will be subject to the uniform 25% enterprise income tax on our worldwide income, which could materially reduce our net income. In addition, we will also be subject to mainland China enterprise income tax reporting obligations. Second, although dividends paid by one mainland China tax resident to another mainland China tax resident should qualify as “tax-exempt income” under the EIT Law, we cannot assure you that such dividends will not be subject to a 10% withholding tax, as the PRC foreign exchange control authorities, which enforce the withholding tax on dividends, and the PRC tax authorities, have not yet issued guidance with respect to the processing of outbound remittances to entities that are not controlled by any mainland China enterprise or enterprise group and treated as resident enterprises for mainland China enterprise income tax purposes. Finally, dividends we pay to our non-mainland China enterprise shareholders and gains derived by our non-mainland China shareholders from the sale of our shares may become subject to a 10% mainland China withholding tax. In addition, future guidance may extend the withholding tax to dividends we pay to our non-mainland China individual shareholders and gains derived by such shareholders from transferring our shares. In addition to the uncertainty in how the new “resident enterprise” classification could apply, it is also possible that the rules may change in the future, possibly with retroactive effect. If mainland China income tax were imposed on gains realized through the transfer of our ADSs or ordinary shares or on dividends paid to our non-resident investors, the value of the investment in our ADSs or ordinary shares may be materially and adversely affected. Furthermore, our ADS holders whose jurisdictions of residence have tax treaties or arrangements with mainland China may not qualify for benefits under such tax treaties or arrangements. 41 Table of Contents We face uncertainty regarding the mainland China tax reporting obligations and consequences for certain indirect transfers of our operating company’s equity interests. Enhanced scrutiny over acquisition transactions by the PRC tax authorities may have a negative impact on potential acquisitions we may pursue in the future. In connection with the EIT Law, the Ministry of Finance and the State Administration of Taxation jointly issued Circular 59 in April 2009, which became effective retroactively on January 1, 2008. On February 3, 2015, the State Administration of Taxation issued Public Notice 2015 No.7, or Public Notice 7. Under Public Notice 7, where a non-resident enterprise conducts an “indirect transfer” by transferring the equity interests in a mainland China “resident enterprise” or other taxable assets indirectly by disposing of the equity interests in an overseas holding company, the non-resident enterprise, being the transferor, may be subject to mainland China enterprise income tax, if the indirect transfer is considered to be an abusive use of company structure without reasonable commercial purposes. In addition, Public Notice 7 provides clear criteria on how to assess reasonable commercial purposes and introduces safe harbor scenarios applicable to internal group restructurings. However, it also brings challenges to both the foreign transferor and transferee of the “indirect transfer” as they have to make a self-assessment as to whether the transaction should be subject to mainland China taxes and to file or withhold the mainland China taxes accordingly. Where non-resident investors were involved in our private equity financing, if such transactions were determined by the tax authorities to lack reasonable commercial purpose, we and our non-resident investors may become at risk of being taxed under Public Notice 7 and may be required to expend valuable resources to comply with Public Notice 7 or to establish that we should not be taxed under Public Notice 7, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations or the non-resident investors’ investments in us. In October 2017, the State Administration of Taxation promulgated the Announcement of the State Administration of Taxation on Matters Concerning Withholding of Income Tax of Non-resident Enterprises at Source, or Circular 37, which provides certain changes to the current withholding regime, amends certain provisions in Public Notice 7. For example, Circular 37 requires that the transferor shall declare to the competent tax authority for payment of tax within seven (7) days after the tax payment obligation comes into being if the withholding agent fails to withhold the tax due or withhold the tax due in full. However, according to Circular 37, if the withholding agent fails to withhold and remit the income tax payable, or is unable to perform its obligation in this regard, as long as the non-resident enterprise that earns the income voluntarily declares and pays the tax payable before the tax authority orders it to do so within required time limits, it shall be deemed that such enterprise has paid the tax in time. By promulgating and implementing these circulars, the PRC tax authorities have enhanced their scrutiny over the direct or indirect transfer of equity interests in a mainland China resident enterprise by a non-resident enterprise. The PRC tax authorities have the discretion under Circular 59, Public Notice 7 and Circular 37 to make adjustments to the taxable capital gains based on the difference between the fair value of the equity interests transferred and the cost of investment. We may pursue acquisitions in the future that may involve complex corporate structures. If we are considered a non-resident enterprise under the EIT Law and if the PRC tax authorities make adjustments under Circular 59, Public Notice 7 or Circular 37, our income tax costs associated with such potential acquisitions will be increased, which may have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, the State Administration of Taxation promulgated Administrative Measures on the General Anti-Avoidance Rule (Trial) on December 12, 2014, which shows the authority’s intention to fight against any tax avoidance scheme that is adopted to obtain unwarranted tax benefit without reasonable commercial purpose. A press release, made by the State Administration of Taxation to clarify certain issues relating to the application of this set of measures, stated that the measures may be applicable if any general tax-avoidance scheme exists in the offshore indirect transfer of equity interests. Since it is unclear how this set of measures, and any future implementation rules thereof, will be interpreted, amended and implemented by the governmental authorities, we cannot predict how these regulations will affect our business operations, future acquisitions or strategy. We face risks and uncertainties with respect to the licensing requirement for value-added telecommunication services, internet audio-video programs, radio or television programs production and operation, internet publication, and filing requirements for commercial franchise. On September 25, 2000, the Telecommunications Regulations of the People’s Republic of China, or the Telecom Regulations, were issued by the State Council, which were subsequently amended in 2014 and 2016. Under the Telecom Regulations, it is a requirement that telecommunications service providers procure operating licenses prior to their commencement of operations. A Catalog of Telecommunications Business was issued as an attachment to the Telecom Regulations to categorize telecommunications services as basic or value-added. This catalog was most recently updated in June 2019, and the information services are classified as value-added telecommunications services. 42 Table of Contents On September 25, 2000, the State Council promulgated the Administrative Measures on Internet Information Services, or the Internet Measures, which were amended in December 2024. Under the Internet Measures, commercial internet information services operators shall obtain an ICP license from the government authorities before engaging in any commercial internet information services operations within mainland China. We offer online learning courses through 61it.cn website, which may be deemed as providing commercial internet information services and required to obtain an ICP license. Conducting value-added telecommunication services without obtaining an ICP license may result in fines or even order to suspend operation of our website. Beijing Toncheng obtained an ICP license for 61it.cn. In December 2007, the State Administration of Press Publication Radio Film and Television, or SAPPRFT, the predecessor of Administration of Radio and Television newly established in April 2018, and the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, issued the Administrative Measures Regarding Internet Audio-Video Program Services, or the Internet Audio-Video Program Measures, which became effective on January 31, 2008, and amended on August 28, 2015. Among other things, the Internet Audio-Video Program Measures stipulates that no entities or individuals may provide internet audio-video program services without a “License for Disseminating Audio-Video Programs through Information Network” issued by SAPPRFT or its local bureaus or completing the required registration with SAPPRFT or its local bureaus, and only entities wholly owned or controlled by the PRC government may engage in the production, editing, integration or consolidation, and transmission to the public through the internet of audio-video programs, or the provision of audio-video program uploading and transmission services. After the conference, the two authorities published a press release that confirmed the above guidelines. There are still significant uncertainties relating to the interpretation and implementation of the Internet Audio-Video Program Measures, in particular, the scope of “Internet Audio-Video Programs.” Furthermore, on April 1, 2010, SAPPRFT promulgated the Test Implementation of the Tentative Categories of Internet Audio-Visual Program Services, amended on March 10, 2017, which clarified the scope of internet audio-video programs services. According to the tentative categories, there are four categories of internet audio-visual program services which are further divided into seventeen sub-categories. The third sub-category to the second category covers the making and editing of certain specialized audio-video programs concerning, among other things, educational content, and broadcasting such content to the general public online. We transmit our recorded audio-video quality education programs through our 61it.cn to enrolled course participants. In addition, we provide live teaching services so that students can choose different learning modes. As a result, we may be subject to the Internet Audio-Video Program Measures. If the governmental authorities determine that our provision of lecture videos on 61it.cn falls within the Internet Audio-Video Program Measures, we may not be able to obtain the License for Disseminating Audio-Video Programs through Information Network. If this occurs, we may become subject to significant penalties, fines, legal sanctions or an order to suspend our use of audio-video content, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. In addition, a producer or operator of radio or television programs is required to obtain a License for Radio and Television Program Production and Operation under laws and regulations of mainland China. Furthermore, we offer videos of lectures on our website of 61it.cn. Governmental authorities may determine that our online content services fall within the scope of “internet publishing,” and therefore require us to apply for an Internet Publishing License, which we have not obtained from SAPPRFT. We may not be able to obtain such a license if we are requested to obtain one in the future, and we may therefore become subject to penalties, fines, legal sanctions or be ordered to suspend the video content on the website, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. In addition, the State Council promulgated The Administrative Regulations on Commercial Franchise on February 6, 2007. The Ministry of Commerce promulgated the Administrative Measures on Filing of Commercial Franchise on April 30, 2007, which was recently amended on December 29, 2023. Under these regulations, “franchise operations” involves granting of a license by an enterprise owner of registered trademarks, enterprise logos, patents, proprietary technologies or other business resources, or franchisor, to another business operator, the franchisee, to use such business resources owned by the franchisor through a contractual arrangement, where the franchisee operates the business according to a uniform business model stipulated under the contract and pays the franchisor franchising fees. A franchisor shall file with the Ministry of Commerce or its local office within 15 days from the date of entering into a franchise contract with a franchisee for the first time. If we fail to complete any filing for franchise operations, the competent authorities may order us to complete such filing within a stipulated period and we may be subject to a fine between RMB10,000 and RMB50,000. If we still fail to complete such filing within a stipulated period, we may be subject to a fine between RMB50,000 and RMB100,000, and a public announcement may be issued against us. Wuhan Haoxiaozi Robot Technology Co., Ltd., the wholly owned subsidiary of Tongcheng Shidai, completed the filling with Ministry of Commerce for the franchise operations. 43 Table of Contents The approval of and filing with the CSRC or other PRC government authorities may be required in connection with our offshore offerings under the laws of mainland China, and, if required, we cannot predict whether or for how long we will be able to obtain such approval or complete such filing. The Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the M&A Rules, adopted by six PRC regulatory agencies in 2006 and amended in 2009, require an overseas special purpose vehicle formed for listing purposes through acquisitions of mainland China domestic companies and controlled by mainland China persons or entities to obtain the approval of the CSRC prior to the listing and trading of such special purpose vehicle’s securities on an overseas stock exchange. The interpretation and application of the regulations remain unclear, and our offshore offerings may ultimately require approval of the CSRC. If the CSRC approval is required, it is uncertain whether we can or how long it will take us to obtain the approval and, even if we obtain such CSRC approval, the approval could be rescinded. Any failure to obtain or delay in obtaining the CSRC approval for any of our offshore offerings, or a rescission of such approval if obtained by us, would subject us to sanctions imposed by the CSRC or other PRC regulatory authorities, which could include fines and penalties on our operations in mainland China, restrictions or limitations on our ability to pay dividends outside mainland China, and other forms of sanctions that may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. On July 6, 2021, the PRC government authorities issued Opinions on Strictly Cracking Down Illegal Securities Activities in Accordance with the Law. These opinions emphasized the need to strengthen the administration over illegal securities activities and the supervision on overseas listings by China-based companies and proposed to take effective measures, such as promoting the construction of relevant regulatory systems to deal with the risks and incidents faced by China-based overseas-listed companies. As a follow-up, on February 17, 2023, CSRC released the Trial Administrative Measures of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies, or the Overseas Listing Regulations, and five relevant guidelines, which became effective on March 31, 2023. Pursuant to the Overseas Listing Regulations, companies in mainland China that directly or indirectly offer or list their securities in an overseas market must file with the CSRC within three business days after submitting their listing application documents to the regulator in the place of the intended listing. The Overseas Listing Regulations also provides that a company in mainland China must file with the CSRC within three business days after completion of its follow-on offering of securities after it is listed in an overseas market. If the company fails to complete the filing procedure or conceals any material fact or falsifies any major content in its filing documents, it may be subject to administrative penalties, such as order to rectify, warnings, fines, and its controlling shareholders, actual controllers, the person directly in charge and other directly liable persons may also be subject to administrative penalties, such as warnings and fines. According to the Notice on Administration of the Filing of Overseas Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies issued by the CSRC on February 17, 2023, the companies in mainland China that have been listed overseas before March 31, 2023 are not required to file with the CSRC in connection with the historical offerings, but these companies are required to fulfill filing obligations with the CSRC in connection with their additional capital raising activities in accordance with the Overseas Listing Regulations. Based on the foregoing, we are not required to complete filing with the CSRC for our historical offerings, but may be subject to the filing requirements for our future capital raising activities, if any, under the Overseas Listing Regulations. As the Overseas Listing Regulations was newly promulgated, the interpretation, application and enforcement of the Overseas Listing Regulations remain uncertain, and this is particularly true for companies conducting their operations in mainland China through variable interest entities. There remain substantial uncertainties with respect to how the CSRC filing procedures under the Overseas Listing Regulations would be applied to, and implicate, the procedures, timetables and outcomes of our future offerings or other capital raising activities. For more details of the Overseas Listing Regulations, please refer to “Item 4. Information on the Company— B. Business Overview— Government Regulations—Regulations Relating to Overseas Listing and M&A.” On February 24, 2023, the CSRC, jointly with some other governmental authorities, published the Provisions on Strengthening Confidentiality and Archives Management of Overseas Securities Issuance and Listing by Domestic Enterprises, which became effective on March 31, 2023. Pursuant to the provisions, China-based companies that offer and list securities in overseas markets shall establish a confidentiality and archives system. These China-based companies shall obtain approval from the authorities and file with the confidential administration authorities, either by itself or its offshore listing entity, when providing or publicly filing documents and materials related to state secrets or secrets of the governmental authorities to the relevant securities companies, securities service institutions or offshore regulatory authorities. In addition, these companies shall complete relevant procedures if the documents or materials filed may adversely affect national security or public interests once publicly disclosed, or if these companies provide accounting files or copies to relevant securities companies, securities service institutions, overseas regulators and individuals. 44 Table of Contents Pursuant to the 2024 Negative List, if a domestic company engaging in the prohibited business stipulated in the 2024 Negative List seeks an overseas offering and listing, it shall obtain the approval from the competent governmental authorities. Moreover, the foreign investors of the company shall not be involved in the company’s operation and management, and their shareholding percentage shall be subject, mutatis mutandis, to the regulations on the domestic securities investments by foreign investors. There remain substantial uncertainties as to the interpretation and implementation of these new requirements, and it is unclear as to whether and to what extent listed companies like us will be subject to these new requirements. If we are required to comply with these requirements and fail to do so on a timely basis, if at all, our business operations, financial condition and business prospects may be adversely and materially affected. In addition, we cannot assure you that any new rules or regulations promulgated in the future will not impose additional requirements on us. If it is determined in the future that approval and filing from the CSRC or other regulatory authorities or other procedures, including the cybersecurity review under the Cybersecurity Review Measures is required for our offshore offerings, it is uncertain whether we can or how long it will take us to obtain such approval or complete such filing procedures and any such approval or filing could be rescinded or rejected. Any failure to obtain or delay in obtaining such approval or completing such filing procedures for our offshore offerings, or a rescission of any such approval or filing if obtained by us, would subject us to sanctions by the CSRC or other PRC regulatory authorities for failure to seek CSRC approval or filing or other government authorization for our offshore offerings. These regulatory authorities may impose fines and penalties on our operations in mainland China, limit our ability to pay dividends outside mainland China, limit our operating privileges in mainland China, delay or restrict the repatriation of the proceeds from our offshore offerings into mainland China or take other actions that could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects, as well as the trading price of our listed securities. The CSRC or other PRC regulatory authorities may also take actions requiring us, or making it advisable for us, to halt our offshore offerings before settlement and delivery of the shares offered. Consequently, if investors engage in market trading or other activities in anticipation of and prior to settlement and delivery, they do so at the risk that settlement and delivery may not occur. In addition, if the CSRC or other regulatory authorities later promulgate new rules or explanations requiring that we obtain their approvals or accomplish the required filing or other regulatory procedures for our prior offshore offerings, we may be unable to obtain a waiver of such approval requirements, if and when procedures are established to obtain such a waiver. Any uncertainties or negative publicity regarding such approval requirement could materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, reputation, and the trading price of our listed securities. Regulations establish complex approval procedures for some acquisitions of mainland China companies by foreign investors, which could make it more difficult for us to pursue growth through acquisitions in China. The transfers of our learning centers from the variable interest entities to our former wholly owned subsidiaries in China may be subject to such approval procedures, in which case we may need to restructure the ownership and operation of the affected learning centers, and as a result we may be exposed to increased risks associated with the contractual arrangements relating to the variable interest entities. Six PRC regulatory agencies promulgated regulations effective in September 2006 and amended in June 2009 that are commonly referred to as the M&A Rules. The M&A Rules establish procedures and requirements that could make some acquisitions of mainland China companies by foreign investors more time-consuming and complex, including requirements in some instances that the Ministry of Commerce be notified in advance of any change-of-control transaction in which a foreign investor takes control of a mainland China domestic enterprise. In addition, national security review rules issued by the PRC governmental authorities in 2011 require acquisitions by foreign investors of domestic companies engaged in military-related or certain other industries that are crucial to national security to be subject to prior security review. Moreover, the Anti-Monopoly Law requires that the Ministry of Commerce be notified in advance of any concentration of undertaking if certain thresholds are triggered. We may expand our business in part by acquiring complementary businesses. Complying with the requirements of the M&A Rules, security review rules and other regulations of mainland China to complete such transactions could be time-consuming, and any required approval processes, including obtaining approval from the Ministry of Commerce, may delay or inhibit our ability to complete such transactions, which could affect our ability to expand our business or maintain our market share. 45 Table of Contents In addition, in accordance with the M&A Rules, approval of the Ministry of Commerce is required for acquisitions of mainland China domestic enterprises by foreign companies that are established or controlled by mainland China domestic companies, enterprises or individuals related to the target mainland China domestic enterprises, or “Related Party Acquisitions,” and the parties are not allowed to evade such requirements through investment by foreign investment enterprises in mainland China or in other ways. Although M&A Rules have been effective since September 2006, we are not aware of any precedent of approval by the Ministry of Commerce of any Related Party Acquisition conducted by mainland China domestic individuals. Starting from the second half of 2012, we began to transfer the operations, including related assets and liabilities, of the variable interest entity to our former wholly owned subsidiary, Tarena Technologies Inc., or Tarena Tech, and its subsidiaries, either through transferring the companies that operate learning centers or that sponsor the schools, or through changing the schools’ sponsors. All of our learning center operations of the variable interest entity had been transferred to Tarena Tech and its subsidiaries and schools before 2018, while one of our learning centers was transferred back to Beijing Tarena for business operation purpose in 2018. In 2019, three of our learning centers which provide online education services were transferred back to Beijing Tarena for business operation purpose and one school was newly set up through Beijing Tarena. In 2021, two schools were newly set up through Beijing Tarena. In February 2023, one school was transferred to a subsidiary of Beijing Tarena As Mr. Shaoyun Han is a shareholder of both TCTM (formerly known as “Tarena”) and the VIEs, even though the transfers of the companies from the variable interest entity to our former wholly owned subsidiaries in mainland China are not “acquisitions by foreign investors of mainland China domestic enterprises” under the M&A Rules, and our wholly foreign invested enterprises in mainland China were converted into a wholly foreign invested enterprise before the effective date of the M&A Rules, the requirement for an approval from the Ministry of Commerce may still be required for such transfers because of the above anti-evasion clause. Furthermore, it is unclear whether our transfers of the schools, which are not enterprises, from subsidiaries of the variable interest entity to our former wholly owned subsidiaries, could be regarded as Related Party Transactions under the M&A Rules. If the Ministry of Commerce determines that our previous transfers of learning centers from the variable interest entity to our former wholly owned subsidiaries are Related Party Transactions under the M&A Rules and we fail to obtain the Ministry of Commerce’s approvals on such transfers, the effectiveness of such transfers may be challenged and we may need to transfer these companies and schools, including the related learning centers, back to the variable interest entity. Under such circumstances, our business may be disrupted and we may be exposed to increased risks associated with the contractual arrangements relating to the variable interest entity. See “—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure.” Regulations relating to offshore investment activities by mainland China residents may limit our mainland China subsidiaries’ ability to increase their registered capital or distribute profits to us, limit our ability to inject capital into our mainland China subsidiaries, or otherwise expose us to liability and penalties under laws of mainland China. The PRC State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or the SAFE, has promulgated regulations, including the Notice on Relevant Issues Relating to Domestic Residents’ Investment and Financing and Round-Trip Investment through Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular No. 37, effective on July 4, 2014, and its appendixes, that require mainland China residents, including mainland China institutions and individuals, to register with the local branch of the SAFE in connection with their direct establishment or indirect control of an offshore entity, for the purpose of overseas investment and financing, with such mainland China residents’ legally owned assets or equity interests in domestic enterprises or offshore assets or interests, referred to in SAFE Circular No. 37 as a “special purpose vehicle.” SAFE Circular No. 37 further requires an amendment to the registration in the event of any significant changes with respect to the special purpose vehicle, such as an increase or decrease of capital contributed by mainland China individuals, share transfer or exchange, merger, division or other material events. In the event that a mainland China shareholder holding interests in a special purpose vehicle fails to fulfill the required SAFE registration, the mainland China subsidiaries of that special purpose vehicle may be prohibited from making profit distributions to the offshore parent and from carrying out subsequent cross-border foreign exchange activities, and the special purpose vehicle may be restricted in its ability to contribute additional capital into its mainland China subsidiary. Further, failure to comply with the various SAFE registration requirements described above could result in liability under laws of mainland China for foreign exchange evasion, including (i) the requirement by the SAFE to return the foreign exchange remitted overseas within a period specified by the SAFE, with a fine of up to 30% of the total amount of foreign exchange remitted overseas and deemed to have been evasive and (ii) in circumstances involving serious violations, a fine of no less than 30% of and up to the total amount of remitted foreign exchange deemed evasive. Furthermore, the persons-in-charge and other persons at our mainland China subsidiaries who are held directly liable for the violations may be subject to criminal sanctions. On February 28, 2015, SAFE promulgated the Notice on Further Simplifying and Improving Foreign Exchange Administration Policy on Direct Investment, or SAFE Notice 13, which became effective on June 1, 2015. In accordance with SAFE Notice 13, entities and individuals are required to apply for foreign exchange registration of foreign direct investment and overseas direct investment, including those required under SAFE Circular No. 37, with qualified banks, instead of the SAFE. The qualified banks, under the supervision of the SAFE, directly examine the applications and conduct the registration. 46 Table of Contents These regulations apply to our direct and indirect shareholders who are mainland China residents and may apply to any offshore acquisitions or share transfers that we make in the future if our shares are issued to mainland China residents. We have requested mainland China residents who we know currently hold direct or indirect interests in our company to make the necessary applications, filings and amendments as required under SAFE Circular No. 37 and other related rules. We have used our best efforts to notify all of our shareholders who are mainland China citizens and hold interests in us to register with the local SAFE branch and/or qualified banks as required under SAFE Circular No. 37 and SAFE Notice 13. However, in practice, different local SAFE branches and/or qualified banks may have different views and procedures on the application and implementation of SAFE regulations. Therefore, we cannot assure you that they can successfully amend their foreign exchange registrations with the local SAFE branch and/or qualified banks in full compliance with applicable laws. In addition, we may not be informed of the identities of all the mainland China residents holding direct or indirect interests in our company, and we cannot provide any assurances that these mainland China residents will comply with our request to make or obtain any applicable registrations or comply with other requirements required by SAFE Circular No. 37, SAFE Notice 13 or other related rules. A failure by any of our current or future shareholders or beneficial owners who are mainland China residents to comply with the SAFE regulations may subject us to fines or other legal sanctions, restrict our cross-border investment activities, limit our mainland China subsidiaries’ ability to make distributions or pay dividends or affect our ownership structure, which could adversely affect our business and prospects. Furthermore, it is unclear how these regulations, and any future regulation concerning offshore or cross-border transactions, will be interpreted, amended and implemented by the government authorities. We cannot predict how these regulations will affect our business operations or future strategy. For example, we may be subject to a more stringent review and approval process with respect to our foreign exchange activities, such as remittance of dividends and foreign-currency-denominated borrowings, which may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, if we decide to acquire a mainland China domestic company, either we or the owners of such company, as the case may be, may not be able to obtain the necessary approvals or complete the necessary filings and registrations required by the foreign exchange regulations. This may restrict our ability to implement our acquisition strategy and could adversely affect our business and prospects. Failure to comply with regulations of mainland China regarding the registration requirements for employee share ownership plans or share option plans may subject the mainland China plan participants or us to fines and other legal or administrative sanctions. In February 2012, SAFE promulgated the Notices on Issues Concerning the Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Stock Incentive Plans of Overseas Publicly Listed Companies, or the Stock Option Rules. Under the Stock Option Rules and other rules and regulations, mainland China residents who participate in a stock incentive plan in an overseas publicly listed company are required to register with the SAFE or its local branch and complete certain other procedures. Participants of a stock incentive plan who are mainland China residents must retain a qualified mainland China agent, which could be a mainland China subsidiary of the overseas publicly listed company or another qualified institution selected by the mainland China subsidiary, to conduct the SAFE registration and other procedures with respect to the stock incentive plan on behalf of its participants. The participants must also retain an overseas entrusted institution to handle matters in connection with their exercise of stock options, the purchase and sale of corresponding stocks or interests and fund transfers. In addition, the mainland China agent is required to amend the SAFE registration with respect to the stock incentive plan if there is any material change to the stock incentive plan, the mainland China agent or the overseas entrusted institution or other material changes. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Government Regulations—Regulations on Stock Incentive Plans.” We and our mainland China employees who have been granted share options and restricted share units are subject to these regulations and we have completed the registrations of our stock incentive plans with the local SAFE as required by laws of mainland China. Failure of our mainland China share option holders or restricted shareholders to complete their SAFE registrations may subject these mainland China residents to fines and legal sanctions and may also limit our ability to contribute additional capital into our subsidiaries in mainland China, limit our mainland China subsidiaries’ ability to distribute dividends to us, or otherwise materially and adversely affect our business. 47 Table of Contents Regulation of direct investment and loans by offshore holding companies to mainland China entities and governmental control of currency conversion may delay or limit us from using the proceeds of offshore offerings to make loans to our subsidiaries and the variable interest entities in mainland China, or making additional capital contributions to our mainland China subsidiaries, which could adversely affect our ability to fund and expand our business. TCTM is our offshore holding company conducting operations in mainland China through our mainland China subsidiaries and the variable interest entities. Under laws and regulations of mainland China, we are permitted to utilize the proceeds from offshore offerings to make loans to our mainland China subsidiaries and the variable interest entities, or to make additional capital contributions to our mainland China subsidiaries, subject to applicable government registration and approval requirements. None of our loans to any subsidiary in mainland China or variable interest entity can exceed the difference between its total amount of investment and its registered capital approved under the laws of mainland China or three times of the net assets provided in the latest audited financial report of such subsidiary in mainland China, as applicable, and the loans must be registered with the local branch of SAFE. Our capital contributions to our subsidiaries in mainland China or establishment of new subsidiaries in mainland China shall be recorded with the Ministry of Commerce or its local counterpart. Meanwhile, we are not likely to finance the activities of the variable interest entities by means of capital contributions given the mainland China’s legal restrictions on foreign ownership of value-added telecommunication-based services and production and operation of radio and television programs. In May 2014, SAFE promulgated the Provisions on the Foreign Exchange Administration Rules on Cross-border Guarantee, which, along with the PRC Foreign Currency Administration Rules, provides that failure to register a cross-border guarantee may subject the violator to order to rectify, warning and a fine no more than RMB300,000. In June 2016, SAFE promulgated SAFE Circular No. 16, which removed certain restrictions previously provided under several SAFE circulars in respect of conversion by a foreign-invested enterprise of foreign currency registered capital into RMB and use of such RMB capital. However, SAFE Circular No. 16 continues to prohibit foreign-invested enterprises from, among other things, using RMB fund converted from its foreign exchange capitals for expenditure beyond its business scope, and providing loans to non-affiliated enterprises except as permitted in the business scope. On October 23, 2019, the SAFE issued the Circular on Further Promoting Cross-border Trade and Investment Facilitation, or SAFE Circular 28. Among others, SAFE Circular 28 relaxes prior restrictions and allows foreign-invested enterprises that do not have equity investments in their approved business scope to use their capital obtained from foreign exchange settlement to make domestic equity investments as long as the investments are real and in compliance with the foreign investment-related laws and regulations. In light of the various requirements imposed by the regulations of mainland China on loans to and direct investment in entities in mainland China by offshore holding companies, including the SAFE rules and circulars referred to above, we cannot assure you that we will be able to complete the necessary government registrations or filings on a timely basis, if at all, with respect to existing and future loans by us to our mainland China subsidiaries and the variable interest entities or additional capital contributions by us to our mainland China subsidiaries, and conversion of such loans or capital contributions into RMB. If we fail to complete such registrations or filings, our ability to capitalize or otherwise fund our operations in mainland China may be negatively affected, which could adversely affect our ability to fund and expand our business. Our subsidiaries and the variable interest entities in mainland China are subject to restrictions on paying dividends or making other payments to our holding company, which may restrict our ability to satisfy our liquidity requirements. We are a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands. As a result of the holding company structure, it currently relies on dividend payments from our subsidiaries in mainland China. However, the regulations of mainland China currently permit payment of dividends only out of accumulated profits, as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. Our subsidiaries and the variable interest entities in mainland China are also required to set aside a portion of their after-tax profits according to PRC accounting standards and regulations to fund certain reserve funds. The PRC government also imposes controls on the conversion of RMB into foreign currencies and the remittance of foreign currencies out of mainland China. We may experience difficulties in completing the administrative procedures necessary to obtain and remit foreign currency. See “—Governmental control of currency conversion may affect the value of your investment.” Furthermore, if our subsidiaries or the variable interest entities in mainland China incur debt on their own in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other payments. If our subsidiaries and the variable interest entities in mainland China are unable to pay dividends or make other payments to us, we may be unable to pay dividends on our ordinary shares and ADSs. In addition, the EIT Law, and its implementation rules provide that a withholding tax rate of up to 10% will be applicable to dividends payable by Chinese companies to non-mainland China-resident enterprises unless otherwise exempted or reduced according to treaties or arrangements between the PRC central government and governments of other countries or regions where the non-mainland China-resident enterprises are incorporated. 48 Table of Contents Governmental control of currency conversion may affect the value of your investment. The PRC government imposes controls on the convertibility of RMB into foreign currencies and, in certain cases, the remittance of foreign currency out of mainland China. We receive most of our revenues in RMB. Under our current structure, our income at the Cayman Islands holding company level will primarily be derived from dividend payments from our mainland China subsidiaries. Shortages in the availability of foreign currency may restrict the ability of our mainland subsidiaries and the variable interest entities to remit sufficient foreign currency to pay dividends or other payments to us, or otherwise satisfy their foreign currency denominated obligations. Under existing foreign exchange regulations of mainland China, payments of current account items, including profit distributions, interest payments and expenditures from trade-related transactions, can be made in foreign currencies without prior approval from the SAFE by complying with certain procedural requirements. However, approval from appropriate government authorities is required where RMB is to be converted into foreign currency and remitted out of mainland China to pay capital expenses such as the repayment of loans denominated in foreign currencies. The PRC government may also at its discretion restrict access in the future to foreign currencies for current account transactions. If the foreign exchange control system prevents us from obtaining sufficient foreign currency to satisfy our currency demands, we may not be able to pay dividends in foreign currencies to our shareholders or ADS holders. We may not be able to obtain certain treaty benefits on dividends paid to us by our subsidiaries in mainland China through our subsidiaries in Hong Kong. Under the EIT Law and its implementation rules, dividends generated from retained earnings from a mainland China company and distributed to a foreign parent company are subject to a withholding tax rate of 10% unless the foreign parent’s jurisdiction of incorporation has a tax treaty with mainland China that provides for a preferential withholding arrangement. Pursuant to the Arrangement between Mainland China and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with respect to Taxes on Income, or the Hong Kong Tax Treaty, which became effective on December 8, 2006, a company incorporated in Hong Kong, such as Tarena HK and Kids IT Education (HK) Limited, will be subject to withholding income tax at a rate of 5% on dividends it receives from its subsidiary in mainland China if it holds a 25% or more interest in that particular subsidiary in mainland China, or 10% if it holds less than a 25% interest in that subsidiary. Pursuant to the Notice of the State Administration of Taxation on the Issues concerning the Application of the Dividend Clauses of Tax Agreements, or Circular 81, the 5% withholding tax rate does not automatically apply and certain requirements must be satisfied, including, without limitation, that (a) the Hong Kong enterprise must be the beneficial owner of the relevant dividends; and (b) the Hong Kong enterprise must directly hold at least a 25% share ownership in the mainland China enterprise during the 12 consecutive months preceding its receipt of the dividends. However, a transaction or an arrangement entered into for the primary purpose of enjoying a preferential tax treatment should not be a reason for the application of the preferential tax treatment under the Hong Kong Tax Treaty. If a taxpayer inappropriately is entitled to such preferential tax treatment, the competent tax authority has the power to make appropriate adjustments. According to the Circular on Several Issues Regarding the “Beneficial Owner” in Tax Treaties, which was issued on February 3, 2018, by the State Administration of Taxation and took effect from April 1, 2018, or Circular 9, when determining the applicant’s status of the “beneficial owner” regarding tax treatments in connection with dividends, interests or royalties in the tax treaties, several factors, including, without limitation, whether the applicant is obligated to pay more than 50% of his or her income in 12 months to residents in a third country or region, whether the business operated by the applicant constitutes the actual business activities, and whether the counterparty country or region to the tax treaties levies any tax or grants a tax exemption on relevant incomes or levies tax at an extremely low rate, will be taken into account, and such determination will be analyzed according to the actual circumstances of the specific cases. Circular 9 further provides that an applicant who intends to prove his or her status as the “beneficial owner” shall submit relevant documents to the tax authority according to the Administrative Measures for Tax Convention Treatment for Non-resident Taxpayers, or Circular 60, which was replaced and repealed by Administrative Measures for Non-Resident Taxpayers to Enjoy Treatments under Tax Treaties, or Circular 35. Circular 35, which was issued in October 2019 by the State Administration of Taxation and became effective on January 1, 2020, sets forth that non-resident enterprises and their withholding agents shall enjoy treaty benefits by means of “self-judgment of eligibility, declaration of entitlement, and retention of relevant materials for future reference.” However, if a competent tax authority finds out that it is necessary to apply the general anti-tax avoidance rules, it may start general investigation procedures for anti-tax avoidance and adopt corresponding measures for subsequent administration. Moreover, according to Circular 81 and Circular 35, if the tax authorities consider the transactions or arrangements we have are for the primary purpose of enjoying a preferential tax treatment, the tax authorities may adjust the preferential withholding tax in the future. 49 Table of Contents It may be difficult for overseas regulators to conduct an investigation or collect evidence within China. Shareholder claims or regulatory investigations that are common in jurisdictions outside mainland China are difficult to pursue as a matter of law or practicality in mainland China. For example, in mainland China, there are significant legal and other obstacles to providing information needed for regulatory investigations or litigation initiated outside mainland China. Although the authorities in mainland China may establish a regulatory cooperation mechanism with the securities regulatory authorities of another country or region to implement cross-border supervision and administration, such cooperation with the securities regulatory authorities in the United States or other jurisdictions may not be efficient in the absence of a mutual and practical cooperation mechanism. Furthermore, according to Article 177 of the PRC Securities Law which became effective in March 2020, no overseas securities regulator is allowed to directly conduct investigation or evidence collection activities within the territory of mainland China, and without the consent of the Chinese securities regulatory authorities and the other competent governmental agencies, no entity or individual may provide documents or materials related to securities business to any foreign party. While detailed interpretation of or implementation rules under the article have yet to be promulgated, the inability of an overseas securities regulator to directly conduct investigation or evidence collection activities within mainland China and the potential obstacles for information provision may further increase difficulties you face in protecting your interests. See also “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our ADSs—You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law.” Fluctuations in exchange rates could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and the value of your investment. The conversion of Renminbi into foreign currencies, including U.S. dollars, is based on rates set by the People’s Bank of China and by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. The value of Renminbi against the U.S. dollar and other currencies is affected by changes in China’s political and economic conditions and by China’s foreign exchange policies, among other things. The RMB has fluctuated against the U.S. dollar, at times significantly and unpredictably. It is difficult to predict how market forces or PRC or U.S. government policy may impact the exchange rate between the RMB and the U.S. dollar in the future. Significant revaluation of the RMB may have a material and adverse effect on your investment. For example, to the extent that we need to convert U.S. dollars into RMB for capital expenditures and working capital and other business purposes, appreciation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar would have an adverse effect on the RMB amount we would receive from the conversion. Conversely, if we decide to convert our RMB into U.S. dollars for the purpose of making payments for dividends on our ordinary shares or ADSs or for other business purposes, appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the RMB would have a negative effect on the U.S. dollar amount available to us. In addition, appreciation or depreciation in the value of the RMB relative to U.S. dollars would affect the U.S. dollar equivalent of our earnings, regardless of any underlying change in our business or results of operations. We have not entered into any foreign currency forward contract since 2017. Due to the fluctuation in the exchange rate between U.S. dollars and RMB, we may decide to enter into additional foreign currency contracts in the future, the availability and effectiveness of these hedges may be limited and we may not be able to adequately hedge our exposure or at all. In addition, our currency exchange losses may be magnified by exchange control regulations of mainland China that restrict our ability to convert Renminbi into foreign currency. As a result, fluctuations in exchange rates may have a material adverse effect on your investment. 50 Table of Contents Uncertainties exist with respect to the interpretation and implementation of the PRC Foreign Investment Law and its implementation regulations and how it may impact the viability of our current corporate structure, corporate governance and business operations. On January 1, 2020, the PRC Foreign Investment Law and the Regulations for Implementation of the PRC Foreign Investment Law came into effect and replaced the trio of prior laws regulating foreign investment in mainland China, namely, the Sino-foreign Equity Joint Venture Enterprise Law, the Sino-foreign Cooperative Joint Venture Enterprise Law and the Wholly Foreign-invested Enterprise Law, together with their implementation rules and ancillary regulations. The PRC Foreign Investment Law and its implementation regulations embody an expected regulatory trend of mainland China to rationalize its foreign investment regulatory regime in line with prevailing international practice and the legislative efforts to unify the corporate legal requirements for both foreign and domestic investments. However, there are still uncertainties in relation to the interpretation and implementation of the PRC Foreign Investment Law and its implementation regulations. For instance, under the PRC Foreign Investment Law, “foreign investment” refers to the investment activities directly or indirectly conducted in mainland China by foreign individuals, enterprises or other entities. Though it does not explicitly classify contractual arrangements as a form of foreign investment, there is no assurance that foreign investment via contractual arrangement would not be interpreted as a type of indirect foreign investment activities under the definition in the future. In addition, the definition contains a catch-all provision which includes investments made by foreign investors through means stipulated in laws or administrative regulations or other methods prescribed by the State Council. Therefore, it still leaves leeway for future laws, administrative regulations or provisions promulgated by the State Council to provide for contractual arrangements as a form of foreign investment. In any of these cases, it will be uncertain whether our contractual arrangements will be deemed to be in violation of the market access requirements for foreign investment under the laws and regulations of mainland China. Furthermore, if future laws, administrative regulations or provisions prescribed by the State Council mandate further actions to be taken by companies with respect to existing contractual arrangements, we may face substantial uncertainties as to whether we can complete such actions in a timely manner, or at all. If any of the variable interest entities were deemed as foreign invested enterprise under any such future laws, administrative regulations or provisions and any of our business were included in any negative list or other form of restrictions on foreign investment, we may need to take further actions to comply with such future laws, administrative regulations or provisions. Such actions may have a material and adverse impact on our business, financial condition, result of operations and prospects. If we or any of the variable interest entities is found to be in violation of any existing or future laws, administrative regulations or provisions of mainland China, or fail to obtain or maintain any of the required permits or approvals, the PRC regulatory authorities would have broad discretion to take corresponding action regarding such violations or failures to such entities, such as: ● order to immediately terminate prohibited investment activities and to take certain measures to return to the pre-investment status; ● order to rectify within prescribed period and to take necessary measures to comply with such laws, administrative regulations or provisions; ● revocation of such entities’ business licenses and/or operating licenses; ● shutting down of our website, or discontinuance or restriction on any transactions between certain of our mainland China subsidiaries with them; ● fines, confiscation of the income from our mainland China subsidiaries or the variable interest entities, or other requirements with which we or the variable interest entities may not be able to comply; ● order to restructure our ownership structure, corporate governance and business operations, including terminating the contractual arrangements with the variable interest entities and deregistering the equity pledges of the variable interest entities, which in turn would affect our ability to consolidate, derive economic interests from, or impose control over the variable interest entities; or ● restriction or prohibition on our use of the proceeds of any financing outside mainland China to finance our business operations in mainland China, and other regulatory or enforcement actions that could be harmful to our business. 51 Table of Contents Any of the above penalties may result in a material and adverse effect on our business operation. In addition, if the PRC regulatory authorities were to find our legal structure and contractual arrangements to be in violation of any laws, administrative regulations or provisions of mainland China, we are uncertain what impact of above PRC regulatory authorities’ actions would have on us and our ability to consolidate the variable interest entities in the consolidated financial statement. If any of these regulatory actions result in us losing our right to direct the activities of the variable interest entities or to receive substantially all the economic benefits and residual returns from the variable interest entities and we are not able to restructure our ownership structure and operations in a satisfactory manner, we would no longer be able to consolidate the financial results of the variable interest entities in the consolidated financial statements. Any of the above results, or any other significant unfavorable actions that might be imposed on us in this event, would have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Failure to take timely and appropriate measures to cope with any of these or similar regulatory compliance challenges could materially and adversely affect our current corporate structure, corporate governance and business operations. The tension in international trade and rising political tension, particularly between the U.S. and China, may adversely impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations. There have been heightened tensions in international economic relations, such as in the relations between the United States and China. The U.S. government has imposed, and has proposed to impose additional, new, or higher tariffs on certain products imported from China to penalize China for what it characterizes as unfair trade practices. China has responded by imposing, and proposing to impose additional, new, or higher tariffs on certain products imported from the United States. It remains unclear what additional actions, if any, will be taken by the U.S. or other governments with respect to international trade agreements, the imposition of tariffs on goods imported into the United States, tax policy related to international commerce, or other trade matters. While cross-border business may not be an area of focus for us, any unfavorable government policies on international trade, such as capital controls or tariffs, may affect the demand for our services, impact the competitive position of our services or prevent us from expanding internationally. If any new tariffs, legislation and/or regulations are implemented, or if existing trade agreements are renegotiated or, in particular, if the U.S. government takes retaliatory trade actions due to ongoing U.S.-China trade tensions, such changes could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. The situation is further complicated by the political tensions between the United States and China that escalated during the COVID-19 pandemic and in the wake of the PRC National People’s Congress’ decision on Hong Kong national security legislation, sanctions imposed by the U.S. Department of Treasury on certain officials of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and the central government of the PRC and the executive orders issued by the U.S. President in August 2020 that prohibit certain transactions with certain China-based companies and their respective subsidiaries. Against this backdrop, China has implemented, and may further implement, measures in response to the changing trade policies, treaties, tariffs and sanctions and restrictions against Chinese companies initiated by the U.S. government. The United States and various foreign governments have imposed controls, license requirements and restrictions on the import or export of technologies and products (or voiced the intention to do so). For instance, in October 2022, the U.S. government imposed a set of export control measures with respect to China. On October 17, 2023, the U.S. government announced additional semiconductor regulations expanding and enhancing export controls under these export control measures. On August 9, 2023, the Biden administration released an executive order directing the Treasury Department to create an outbound foreign direct investment review program that will require reporting on or (in more narrow circumstances) will prohibit investments by U.S. persons involving “covered national security technologies and products,” which is defined to include “sensitive technologies and products in the semiconductors and microelectronics, quantum information technologies, and AI sectors that are critical for the military, intelligence, surveillance, or cyber-enabled capabilities” of China (to include Hong Kong and Macau). On the same day, the Treasury Department issued an advance notice of proposed rulemaking, which provides a conceptual framework for outbound investment controls focused on China. As of the date of this annual report, the final rules implementing the executive order has not become effective yet, and the scope of the outbound foreign direct investment review program may be materially different from what is currently contemplated. In addition, the United States is in the process of developing new export controls with respect to “emerging and foundational” technologies, which may include certain AI and semiconductor technologies. The U.S. government also reportedly is considering imposing new restrictions on the ability of U.S. persons to make investments in or engage in transactions with certain Chinese companies. The United States has also restricted U.S. persons from investing in publicly-traded securities of “Chinese Military-Industrial Complex” companies identified by the Treasury Department. Measures such as these could deter suppliers in the United States and/or other countries that impose export controls and other restrictions from providing technologies and products to, making investments in, or otherwise engaging in transactions with Chinese companies. 52 Table of Contents As a result, Chinese companies would have to identify and secure alterative supplies or sources of financing, while they may not be able to do so in a timely manner and at commercially acceptable terms, or at all. In addition, Chinese companies may have to limit and reduce their research and development and other business activities, or cease conducting transactions with parties, in the United States and other countries that impose export controls or other restrictions. Rising trade and political tensions could reduce levels of trade, investments, technological exchanges and other economic activities between China and other countries, which would have an adverse effect on global economic conditions, the stability of global financial markets, and international trade policies. Although the direct impact of the current international trade and political tension, and any escalation of such tension, on the education industry in China is uncertain, the negative impact on general, economic, political and social conditions may adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. Risks Related to Our ADSs The trading prices of our ADSs have fluctuated and may be volatile, which could result in substantial losses to investors. The trading prices of our ADSs have fluctuated since we first listed our ADSs. The trading prices of our ADSs may continue to fluctuate and be volatile due to factors beyond our control. This may happen because of broad market and industry factors, such as the performance and fluctuation of the market prices of other companies with business operations located mainly in mainland China that have listed their securities in the United States. In recent years, the widespread negative publicity of alleged fraudulent accounting practices and poor corporate governance of certain U.S. public companies with operations in mainland China were believed to have negatively affected investors’ perception and sentiment towards companies with a connection with China, which significantly and negatively affected the trading prices of some companies’ securities listed in the U.S. Any similar negative publicity or sentiment may affect the performances of our ADSs. A number of mainland China companies have listed or are in the process of listing their securities on U.S. stock markets. The securities of some of these companies have experienced significant volatility, including price declines in connection with their initial public offerings. The trading performances of these mainland China companies’ securities after their offerings may affect the attitudes of investors toward mainland China companies listed in the United States in general and consequently may impact the trading performance of our ADSs, regardless of our actual operating performance. Furthermore, the stock market in general has experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of companies like us. These broad market and industry factors may materially reduce the market price of our ADSs, regardless of our operating performance. In addition to market and industry factors, the price and trading volume for our ADSs may be highly volatile for factors specific to our own operations, including the following: ● the financial projections that we may choose to provide to the public, any changes in those projections or our failure for any reason to meet those projections; ● variations in our net revenues, net income and cash flow; ● announcements of new investments, acquisitions, strategic partnerships, or joint ventures; ● announcements of new services and expansions by us or our competitors; ● changes in financial estimates by securities analysts; ● additions or departures of key personnel; ● release of lock-up or other transfer restrictions on our outstanding equity securities or sales of additional equity securities; ● potential litigation, regulatory investigations or other legal proceedings involving us; and ● detrimental negative publicity about us or our industry. Any of these factors may result in large and sudden changes in the volume and price at which our ADSs will trade. 53 Table of Contents If we fail to meet Nasdaq’s minimum bid price or minimum market value of publicly held shares requirements, our ADSs could be subject to delisting, which may significantly reduce the liquidity of our ADSs and cause further declines to the market price of our ADSs. Our ADSs were previously listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market and we transferred the listing of our ADSs from the Nasdaq Global Select Market to Nasdaq Capital Market in November 2023. The Nasdaq Listing Rules have minimum requirements that a company must meet for continued listing on Nasdaq Global Select Market and Nasdaq Capital Market. The requirements for continued listing when our ADSs were listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market include maintaining a minimum closing bid price of US$1.00 per ADS and a minimum Market Value of Publicly Held Shares, or MVPHS, of US$15 million for a period of 30 consecutive trading days. On December 10, 2021 and January 20, 2022, we received written notifications from Nasdaq advising us that (i) our ADS had been trading at a price that would subject our ADSs to delisting if we fail to regain compliance with the Nasdaq minimum bid price requirement by June 8, 2022 and that (ii) we no longer meet the minimum MVPHS requirement for the Nasdaq Global Select Market and were granted a grace period of 180 calendar days, expiring on July 19, 2022, to regain compliance, respectively. We regained compliance with (i) the Nasdaq minimum bid price requirement by changing the ratio of our ADS to our Class A ordinary shares since January 6, 2022, and (ii) the minimum MVPHS requirement for Nasdaq Global Select Market since June 1, 2022. On July 28, 2023, we received a further notice from Nasdaq indicating that we no longer meet the minimum MVPHS requirement for the Nasdaq Global Select Market and were granted a grace period of 180 calendar days, expiring on January 24, 2024, to regain compliance. As a result, in November 2023 we applied to Nasdaq and Nasdaq approved for transferring the listing of our ADSs from the Nasdaq Global Select Market to the Nasdaq Capital Market, effective on November 17, 2023. As of the date of this annual report, we have met all of the continued listing requirements for the Nasdaq Capital Market, including the requirement on minimum MVPHS as set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(5) upon the transfer. However, there can be no assurance that we will meet all of the requirements for continued listing in the future. There can be no assurance that we will stay compliant with the requirements for continued listing at all times going forward. The delisting of our ADSs or transfer of listing may significantly reduce the liquidity of our ADSs, cause further declines to the market price of our ADSs, and make it more difficult for us to obtain adequate financing to support our continued operation. If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or if they adversely change their recommendations regarding our ADSs, the market price for our ADSs and trading volume could decline. The trading market for our ADSs is influenced by research or reports that industry or securities analysts publish about our business. If one or more analysts who cover us downgrade our ADSs or publish unfavorable research about us, the market price for our ADSs would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease to cover us or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause the market price or trading volume for our ADSs to decline. We cannot guarantee that any share repurchase program will be fully consummated or that any share repurchases will enhance long-term shareholder value, and share repurchases could increase the volatility of the price of our Class A ordinary shares and/or ADSs and could diminish our cash reserves. Our board of director have authorized a few share repurchase programs in recent years, some of which were not fully consummated: ● On December 31, 2021, our board of directors authorized a share repurchase program, under which we may purchase up to US$2.5 million of our shares over the next six months; ● On June 29, 2022, our board of directors authorized to extend the share repurchase program over the next six months, pursuant to which we may repurchase up to approximately US$1.36 million of our shares through December 31, 2022; and ● On November 28, 2022, our board of directors authorized a new share repurchase program over the next twelve months, pursuant to which we may repurchase up to US$3 million of our shares during the 12-month period beginning from November 28, 2022. From January 1, 2022 to November 28, 2023, we repurchased approximately 781,064 ADSs at a weighted average price of US$3.48 per ADS pursuant to our share repurchase program. In addition, we also repurchased 5,119,698 of the Company’s class A ordinary shares beneficially owned by Talent Fortune Investment Limited, an affiliate of KKR & Co. Inc., at a repurchase price of $0.2 per share in January 2024. 54 Table of Contents Our board of directors also has the discretion to authorize additional share repurchase programs or share repurchase transactions in the future. The share repurchase programs do not obligate us to repurchase any specific dollar amount or to acquire any specific number of ADSs and/or shares. We cannot guarantee that any share repurchase activity will enhance long-term shareholder value. The share repurchase activities could affect the price of our listed securities and increase volatility and may be suspended or terminated at any time, which may result in a decrease in the trading price of our ADSs. Furthermore, share repurchases could increase the volatility of the price of our ADSs and could diminish our cash reserves. Our dual class share structure with different voting rights will limit your ability to influence corporate matters and could discourage others from pursuing any change of control transactions that holders of our Class A ordinary shares and ADSs may view as beneficial. Our ordinary shares are divided into Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares. Holders of Class A ordinary shares are entitled to one vote per share, while holders of Class B ordinary shares are entitled to ten votes per share, with Class A and Class B ordinary shares voting together as one class on all matters subject to a shareholders’ vote. As of February 28, 2025, our Class B ordinary shares represent 14.5% of our total issued and outstanding ordinary shares on an as-converted basis and entitle their holders to 62.9% of our total voting power. As a result of the dual class share structure and the concentration of ownership, holders of our Class B ordinary shares have substantial influence over our business, including decisions regarding mergers, consolidations and the sale of all or substantially all of our assets, election of directors and other significant corporate actions. They may take actions that are not in the best interest of us or our other shareholders. This concentration of ownership may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company, which could deprive our shareholders of an opportunity to receive a premium for their shares as part of a sale of our company and may reduce the price of our ADSs. This concentrated control will limit your ability to influence corporate matters and could discourage others from pursuing any potential merger, takeover or other change of control transactions that holders of Class A ordinary shares and ADSs may view as beneficial. For more information regarding our principal shareholders and their affiliated entities, see “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions.” The sale or availability for sale of substantial amounts of our ADSs could adversely affect their market price. Sales of substantial amounts of our ADSs in the public market, or the perception that these sales could occur, could adversely affect the market price of our ADSs and could materially impair our ability to raise capital through equity offerings in the future. We cannot predict what effect, if any, market sales of securities held by our significant shareholders or any other shareholder or the availability of these securities for future sale will have on the market price of our ADSs. We may be classified as a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, which could result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. Holders of our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares. A non-U.S. corporation, such as our company, will be classified as a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes for any taxable year, if either (i) 75% or more of its gross income for such year consists of certain types of “passive” income, or (ii) 50% or more of the value of its assets (generally based on an average of the quarterly values of the assets) during such year is attributable to assets that produce passive income or are held for the production of passive income, or the asset test. A separate determination must be made after the close of each taxable year as to whether a non-U.S. corporation is a PFIC for that year. Passive income generally includes dividends, interest, royalties, rents, annuities, net gains from the sale or exchange of property producing such income and net foreign currency gains. For this purpose, cash and assets readily convertible into cash are categorized as passive assets and our unbooked intangibles associated with active business activity are taken into account as non-passive assets. In addition, a non-U.S. corporation will be treated as owning a proportionate share of the assets and earning a proportionate share of the income of any other corporation in which we own, directly or indirectly, 25% or more (by value) of the stock. Although the law in this regard is unclear, we treat the VIEs as being beneficially owned by us for U.S. federal income tax purposes because we control the entities’ management decisions, we are entitled to substantially all of the economic benefits associated with the entities, and, as a result, we consolidate the entities’ results of operations in our U.S. GAAP financial statements. If it was determined, however, that we are not the owner of the VIEs for U.S. federal income tax purposes, we may be treated as a PFIC for the current taxable year and any subsequent taxable year. 55 Table of Contents Based on the market price of our ADSs and outstanding Class A ordinary shares, the value of our assets and the composition of our assets and income, we do not believe that we were a PFIC for our taxable year ended December 31, 2024. No assurances can be given with regard to our PFIC status for the current taxable year or the foreseeable future because the determination of whether we will be or become a PFIC is a factual determination made annually that will depend, in part, upon the characterization and composition of our income, assets and liabilities. It is possible that the IRS may challenge our classification of certain items of income, assets and liabilities, which may result in our company being or becoming a PFIC. Because the value of our assets for purposes of the asset test will generally be determined by reference to the market price of our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares, fluctuations in the market price of our ADSs or Class A ordinary shares may cause us to be or become a PFIC for the current or subsequent taxable years. In particular, recent declines in the market price of our ADSs significantly increased our risk of being or becoming a PFIC. The market price of our ADSs may continue to fluctuate considerably and, consequently, we cannot assure you of our PFIC status for any taxable year. The determination of whether we will be or become a PFIC will also depend, in part, on the composition of our income and assets, which will be affected by how, and how quickly, we use our liquid assets. Under circumstances where we determine not to deploy significant amounts of cash for active purposes, our risk of being classified as a PFIC may substantially increase. If we were treated as a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder (defined below) held an ADS or a Class A ordinary share, certain adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences could apply to the U.S. Holder. See “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—United States Federal Income Taxation—Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations.” You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law. We are an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. Our corporate affairs are governed by our fifth amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, the Companies Act, Cap 22 (Law 3 of 1961, as consolidated and revised) of the Cayman Islands, and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders to take action against the directors, actions by minority shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors to us under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as from the common law of England, the decisions of whose courts are of persuasive authority, but are not binding, on a court in the Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedent in some jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands has a less developed body of securities laws than the United States. Some U.S. states, such as Delaware, have more fully developed and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law than the Cayman Islands. In addition, Cayman Islands companies may not have the standing to initiate a shareholder derivative action in a federal court of the United States. The Cayman Islands courts are also unlikely: ● to recognize or enforce against us judgments of courts of the United States based on certain civil liability provisions of U.S. securities laws; and ● to impose liabilities against us, in original actions brought in the Cayman Islands, based on certain civil liability provisions of U.S. securities laws that are penal in nature. There is no statutory recognition in the Cayman Islands of judgments obtained in the United States, although the courts of the Cayman Islands will in certain circumstances recognize and enforce a non-penal judgment of a foreign court of competent jurisdiction without retrial on the merits. As a result of all of the above, public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by management, members of the board of directors or controlling shareholders than they would as public shareholders of a company incorporated in the United States. 56 Table of Contents Judgments obtained against us by our shareholders may not be enforceable. We are a Cayman Islands company and almost all of our assets are located outside the United States. Substantially all of our current operations are conducted in mainland China. In addition, most of our current directors and executive officers are nationals and residents of countries other than the United States. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for you to bring an action against us or against these individuals in the United States in the event that you believe that your rights have been infringed under the United States federal securities laws or otherwise. Even if you are successful in bringing an action of this kind, the laws of the Cayman Islands and of China may render you unable to enforce a judgment against our assets or the assets of our directors and officers. The voting rights of holders of ADSs are limited by the terms of the deposit agreement, and you may not be able to exercise your right to vote your Class A ordinary shares. As a holder of our ADSs, you will only be able to exercise the voting rights with respect to the underlying Class A ordinary shares in accordance with the provisions of the deposit agreement. Under the deposit agreement, you must vote by giving voting instructions to the depositary. Upon receipt of your voting instructions, the depositary will vote the underlying Class A ordinary shares in accordance with these instructions. You will not be able to directly exercise your right to vote with respect to the underlying shares unless you withdraw the shares. Under our fifth amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, the minimum notice period required for convening a general meeting is ten calendar days. When a general meeting is convened, you may not receive sufficient advance notice to withdraw the shares underlying your ADSs to allow you to vote with respect to any specific matter. If we ask for your instructions, the depositary will notify you of the upcoming vote and will arrange to deliver our voting materials to you. We cannot assure you that you will receive the voting materials in time to ensure that you can instruct the depositary to vote your shares. In addition, the depositary and its agents are not responsible for failing to carry out voting instructions or for their manner of carrying out your voting instructions. This means that you may not be able to exercise your right to vote and you may have no legal remedy if the shares underlying your ADSs are not voted as you requested. We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of the rules under the Exchange Act, and as such we are exempt from certain provisions applicable to United States domestic public companies. Because we qualify as a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, we are exempt from certain provisions of the securities rules and regulations in the United States that are applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, including: ● the rules under the Exchange Act requiring the filing with the SEC of quarterly reports on Form 10-Q or current reports on Form 8-K; ● the sections of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents, or authorizations in respect of a security registered under the Exchange Act; ● the sections of the Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their share ownership and trading activities and liability for insiders who profit from trades made in a short period of time; ● the selective disclosure rules by issuers of material nonpublic information under Regulation FD; and ● certain audit committee independence requirements in Rule 10A-3 of the Exchange Act. The information we are required to file with or furnish to the SEC are less extensive and less timely as compared to that required to be filed with the SEC by United States domestic issuers. As a Cayman Islands company listed on Nasdaq, we are subject to the Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards. However, Nasdaq rules permit a foreign private issuer like us to follow the corporate governance practices of its home country. Certain corporate governance practices in the Cayman Islands, which is our home country, may differ significantly from the Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards. 57 Table of Contents We relied on the exemption available to foreign private issuers for the requirement that such issuers hold an annual general meeting of shareholders no later than December 31, 2024. In this respect, we elected to follow home country practice and did not hold an annual general meeting of shareholders in 2024. In addition, in lieu of the requirements of Rule 5635(c) of the Nasdaq Rules that shareholder approval be required prior to the issuance of securities when a stock option or purchase plan is to be established or materially amended or other equity compensation arrangement made or materially amended, pursuant to which stock may be acquired by officers, directors, employees, or consultants, we elected to follow our home country practices with respect to the adoption of the 2024 Plan. We may also continue to rely on this and other exemptions available to foreign private issuers in the future, and to the extent that we choose to do so in the future, our shareholders may be afforded less protection than they otherwise would under the Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards applicable to U.S. domestic issuers. As a result, you may not be afforded the same protections or information which would be made available to you if you were investing in a United States domestic issuer. You may not receive dividends or other distributions on our Class A ordinary shares and you may not receive any value for them, if it is illegal or impractical to make them available to you. The depositary of our ADSs has agreed to pay to you the cash dividends or other distributions it or the custodian receives on Class A ordinary shares or other deposited securities underlying our ADSs, after deducting its fees and expenses. You will receive these distributions in proportion to the number of Class A ordinary shares your ADSs represent. However, the depositary is not responsible if it decides that it is unlawful or impractical to make a distribution available to any holders of ADSs. For example, it would be unlawful to make a distribution to a holder of ADSs if it consists of securities that require registration under the Securities Act but that are not properly registered or distributed under an applicable exemption from registration. The depositary may also determine that it is not feasible to distribute certain property through the mail. Additionally, the value of certain distributions may be less than the cost of mailing them. In these cases, the depositary may determine not to distribute such property. We have no obligation to register under U.S. securities laws any ADSs, ordinary shares, rights or other securities received through such distributions. We also have no obligation to take any other action to permit the distribution of ADSs, ordinary shares, rights or anything else to holders of ADSs. This means that you may not receive distributions we make on our ordinary shares or any value for them if it is illegal or impractical for us to make them available to you. These restrictions may cause a material decline in the value of our ADSs. You may not be able to participate in our rights offerings and may experience dilution of your holdings. We may, from time to time, distribute rights to our shareholders, including rights to acquire securities. Under the deposit agreement, the depositary will not distribute rights to holders of ADSs unless the distribution and sale of rights and the securities to which these rights relate are either exempt from registration under the Securities Act with respect to all holders of ADSs, or are registered under the provisions of the Securities Act. The depositary may, but is not required to, attempt to sell these undistributed rights to third parties, and may allow the rights to lapse. We may be unable to establish an exemption from registration under the Securities Act, and we are under no obligation to file a registration statement with respect to these rights or underlying securities or to endeavor to have a registration statement declared effective. Accordingly, holders of ADSs may be unable to participate in our rights offerings and may experience dilution of their holdings as a result. You may be subject to limitations on transfer of your ADSs. Your ADSs are transferable on the books of the depositary. However, the depositary may close its books at any time or from time to time when it deems expedient in connection with the performance of its duties. The depositary may close its books from time to time for a number of reasons, including in connection with corporate events, such as a rights offering, during which time the depositary needs to maintain an exact number of ADS holders on its books for a specified period. The depositary may also close its books in emergencies, and on weekends and public holidays. The depositary may refuse to deliver, transfer or register transfers of our ADSs generally when our share register or the books of the depositary are closed, or at any time if we or the depositary thinks it is advisable to do so because of any requirement of law or of any government or governmental body, or under any provision of the deposit agreement, or for any other reason. We incur increased costs as a result of being a public company, and we cannot predict or estimate the amount of additional future costs we may incur or the timing of such costs. As a public company, we incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company, including additional costs associated with our public company reporting obligations. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as well as rules subsequently implemented by the SEC and Nasdaq, impose various requirements on the corporate governance practices of public companies. Compliance with such rules and regulations have increased, and we expect such compliance to continue to increase our legal and financial compliance costs and to make certain corporate activities more time-consuming and costly. 58 Table of Contents In the past, shareholders of a public company often brought securities class action suits against the company following periods of instability in the market price of that company’s securities. We have been investigated by several law firms in the U.S. for potential securities claims in the past. TCTM Kids IT Education Inc. (formerly known as Tarena International Inc.) and certain of its current and former officers and directors have been named as defendants in a putative securities class action captioned Yili Qiu v. Tarena International, Inc. et al., (Case No. 1:21-cv-03502) filed on June 22, 2021, in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of New York. The complaint asserts that defendants made false or misleading statements in certain SEC filings between August 16, 2016, and November 1, 2019, related to the company’s business and operating results in violation of Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder. On September 1, 2021, the court entered an order appointing lead plaintiff in this action. On September 14, 2021, the parties filed a joint status report and proposed scheduling stipulation, pursuant to which, the lead plaintiff filed an amended complaint on November 1, 2021. On January 18, 2022, TCTM Kids IT Education Inc. (formerly known as Tarena International Inc.) moved to dismiss the complaint. On April 4, 2022, lead plaintiff served its opposition to the motion. Briefing was completed on May 19, 2022. While the motion to dismiss was pending, the plaintiffs and the company reached an agreement in principle to settle all claims. On July 13, 2022, the plaintiff filed a letter informing the court of the settlement in principle. On August 31, 2022, the parties filed a motion for preliminary approval of the proposed settlement agreement. Preliminary approval hearing took place on November 8, 2022, and the court reserved judgement on the motion pending submission of additional information. In December 2022, the parties submitted revised settlement materials to the court. On August 3, 2023, the court ordered additional revisions to the settlement papers, which the parties submitted on August 18, 2023. On September 5, 2023, the court granted preliminary approval for the settlement agreement with us. On September 9, 2024, the court granted final approval of the settlement. We cannot ascertain the final result of the class action, and our involvement in the class actions, whatever the final result may be, could divert a significant amount of our management’s attention and other resources from our business and operations, which could harm our results of operations and require us to incur significant expenses to defend the suit. Any such class action suit, whether or not successful, could harm our reputation and restrict our ability to raise capital in the future. In addition, if a claim is successfully made against us, we may be required to pay significant damages, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. ​