Many aspects of the Company's business involve substantial risks of liability. In the normal course of business, the Company has been named as defendant or co-defendant in various legal actions, including arbitrations, class actions and other litigation, creating substantial exposure and periodic expenses. Certain of the actual or threatened legal matters include claims for substantial compensatory and/or punitive damages or claims for indeterminate amounts of damages. These proceedings arise primarily from securities brokerage, asset management and investment banking activities. The Company is also involved, from time to time, in other reviews, investigations and proceedings (both formal and informal) by governmental and self-regulatory agencies regarding the Company's business, which may result in expenses, adverse judgments, settlements, fines, penalties, injunctions or other relief. The investigations include inquiries from the SEC, FINRA and other regulators. The Company accrues for estimated loss contingencies related to legal and regulatory matters within other expenses in the condensed consolidated income statement when available information indicates that it is probable a liability had been incurred and the Company can reasonably estimate the amount of that loss. In many proceedings, however, it is inherently difficult to determine whether any loss is probable or even possible or to estimate the amount of any loss. In addition, even where a loss is possible or an exposure to loss exists in excess of the liability already accrued with respect to a previously recognized loss contingency, it is often not possible to reasonably estimate the size of the possible loss or range of loss or possible additional losses or range of additional losses. For certain legal and regulatory proceedings, the Company cannot reasonably estimate such losses, particularly for proceedings that are in their early stages of development or where plaintiffs seek substantial, indeterminate or special damages. Counsel may be required to review, analyze and resolve numerous issues, including through potentially lengthy discovery and determination of important factual matters, and by addressing novel or unsettled legal questions relevant to the proceedings in question, before the Company can reasonably estimate a loss or range of loss or additional loss for the proceeding. Even after lengthy review and analysis, the Company, in many legal and regulatory proceedings, may not be able to reasonably estimate possible losses or range of losses. For certain other legal and regulatory proceedings, the Company can estimate possible losses, or range of loss in excess of amounts accrued, but does not believe, based on current knowledge and after consultation with counsel, that such losses individually, or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on the Company's condensed consolidated financial statements as a whole. For legal and regulatory proceedings where there is at least a reasonable possibility that a loss or an additional loss may be incurred, the Company estimates a range of aggregate loss in excess of amounts accrued of up to $3 million. This estimated aggregate range is based upon currently available information for those legal proceedings in which the Company is involved, where the Company can make an estimate for such losses. For certain cases, the Company does not believe that it can make an estimate. The foregoing aggregate estimate is based on various factors, including the varying stages of the proceedings (including the fact that some are currently in preliminary stages), the numerous yet-unresolved issues in many of the proceedings and the attendant uncertainty of the various potential outcomes of such proceedings. Accordingly, the Company's estimate will change from time to time, and actual losses may be more than the current estimate. On June 6, 2025, a complaint in a putative class action entitled Liberty Capital Group, Individually and on Behalf of All Others Similarly Situated v. Oppenheimer Holdings Inc., Oppenheimer & Co. Inc., and Oppenheimer Asset Management Inc., was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York ("District Court"). Plaintiff's purports to represent customers who had cash deposits or balances in the Advantage Bank Deposit (“ABD”) program. Plaintiff alleges that the Company paid customers unreasonably low interest rates in the ABD program and seeks unspecified damages. On August 8, 2025, Oppenheimer filed a motion to dismiss the complaint on a number of grounds. On October 4, 2025, the court issued an order dismissing Oppenheimer Holdings Inc. and Oppenheimer Asset Management Inc. from the case, and granting in part, and denying in part, Oppenheimer’s motion to dismiss. On October 21, 2025, plaintiff moved for class certification, which Oppenheimer opposed. On December 8, 2025, the Court issued its decision granting class certification on plaintiff’s causes of action for breach of the terms and conditions and implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. The case was scheduled for trial commencing in June 2026. On April 24, 2026 the parties entered into a settlement of the litigation pursuant to which Oppenheimer agreed to pay $70 million in full and final settlement of all claims brought in the litigation. On May 13, 2026, Plaintiff filed in the district court a Motion for Preliminary Approval of Class Action Settlement. On May 22, 2026, the district court entered an Order Granting 58 Table of Contents Preliminary Approval of Class Action Settlement, Approving Form and Manner of Notice, and Setting Date for Hearing on Final Approval of Settlement (“Order”) attached hereto. Pursuant to the terms of the Order on June 8, 2026 Oppenheimer deposited $70 million into an escrow account for the benefit of the class. The Order set a final approval hearing for September 17, 2026. The Settlement Agreement provides that the Company will receive a release from any and all claims arising from the facts and circumstances alleged in the litigation. The settlement contemplates that the resolution of the matter would be without any admission of liability or wrongdoing by the Company. If the District Court grants final approval to the settlement, all claims asserted against the Company in the litigation would be resolved. The Company expects that the amount of the settlement will be fully tax deductible. 59 Table of Contents