Merck & Co., Inc.
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A maker of prescription medicines and animal health products, Merck produces well-known drugs like the cancer treatment Keytruda and the HPV vaccine Gardasil, along with livestock and pet-care vaccines used by doctors, veterinarians, and farmers. Founded in 1891 as the American branch of a German family firm, the company was seized during World War I and later bought back, becoming an independent U.S. company that today goes by the name MSD outside North America. A fun quirk: its blockbuster Keytruda nearly got shelved — researchers originally set out to calm the immune system, not fight cancer.