GFS

We are exposed to market risks in the ordinary course of our business. Market risk represents the risk of loss that may impact our financial position due to adverse changes in financial market prices and rates. Our market risk exposure is primarily the result of fluctuations in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates. See Note 29. Financial Risk Management Objectives and Policies to our Annual Consolidated Financial Statements for additional details. Foreign Currency Risk – As a result of foreign operations, we have costs, assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies, primarily the Euro, the Singapore dollar and the Japanese yen. Therefore, movements in exchange rates could cause foreign currency-denominated expenses to increase as a percentage of net revenue, which are denominated in U.S. dollars, affecting profitability and cash flows. We use foreign currency forward contracts to reduce exposure to foreign currency fluctuations. We also incur a certain portion of our interest expenses in Euro and Singapore Dollar, exposing us to exchange rate fluctuations between U.S. dollar and Euro and Singapore Dollar. We use cross currency swaps to reduce our exposure to variability from foreign exchange impacting cash flows arising from our foreign currency-denominated debt cash flows to the extent that it is practicable and cost effective to do so. As of December 31, 2025, we do not believe that a hypothetical 10% change in the relative value of the U.S. dollar to currencies other than the Euro, Japanese Yen, and Singapore Dollar would have a material effect on our operating results. Interest Rate Risk—The Company’s exposure to market risk for changes in interest rates relates primarily to interest-earning financial assets and interest-bearing financial liabilities. The Company’s interest-earning financial assets are mostly highly liquid investments and includes money market funds, marketable securities and time deposits. As these financial assets have weighted-average maturity of less than one year with majority of the assets in fixed-rate instruments, the Company’s exposure to interest risk is not material. The Company’s interest-bearing financial liabilities include fixed and floating rate loans and lease obligations. Floating rate loans bear interest at Base Rate SOFR or EURIBOR plus a premium, which is fixed. The Company uses pay-fixed / receive-float interest rate swaps to protect the Company against adverse fluctuations in interest rates and to reduce its exposure to variability in cash flows on the Company’s forecasted floating-rate debt facility to the extent that it is practicable and cost effective to do so. As of December 31, 2025, a hypothetical 10% change in existing interest rates would not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements (see Note 29. Financial Risk Management Objectives and Policies to our Annual Consolidated Financial Statements).

A.Reserved. B.Capitalization and Indebtedness Not applicable. C.Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds Not applicable. D.Risk Factors The following important factors, and those factors described in other reports submitted to, or filed with, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), among other factors, could affect our actual results and could cause our actual results to differ materially from those expressed in any forward-looking statements made by us or on our behalf, and such factors may adversely affect our business and financial status and therefore the value of your investment: Risk Factors Summary Risks Related to our Business and Industry •General global economic and geopolitical conditions and related changes in laws and policies governing the terms of foreign trade, and in particular increased trade restrictions, tariffs or taxes on imports, could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects. •Reductions in demand and ASPs for our customers’ end products may decrease demand for our products and services and could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects. •The cyclical nature and seasonality of the semiconductor industry make us vulnerable to significant and sometimes prolonged economic downturns. •Securing and maintaining design wins, in particular single-sourced awards, and managing our LTAs may present challenges to our business in differing demand environments. •We depend on a small number of customers for a significant portion of our revenue and any loss of these or our other key customers, including potentially through further customer consolidation, could result in significant declines in our revenue. •We rely on a complex silicon supply chain and breakdowns in that chain could affect our ability to produce our products and could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects. •If we are unable to attract customers with our technology and services, respond to fast-changing semiconductor market dynamics or maintain our leadership in product quality, we will become less competitive. •Overcapacity in the semiconductor industry, including prolonged periods of overcapacity beyond the periodic cyclical periods of overcapacity, could have a material adverse effect on our revenue, earnings and margins. If we are unable to compete effectively with other sophisticated players in the highly competitive foundry segment of the semiconductor industry, we may lose customers and our profit margins and earnings may decrease. •Our competitors and Integrated Device Manufacturers (“IDMs”) have commenced or announced expansions and may continue to expand in the United States, Europe and Singapore, which could materially and adversely affect our competitive position. •The semiconductor industry is capital-intensive and, if we are unable to invest the necessary capital to operate and grow our business, we may not remain competitive. •We receive subsidies and grants in certain countries and regions in which we operate, and a reduction in the amount of governmental funding available to us, demands for repayment and/or other contractual restrictions related to government grants could increase our costs, affect our results of operations, and limit our flexibility to pursue changes in business strategy or transactions that may increase shareholder value. 3 •Strong government support in China for their domestic capacity expansion, combined with strained economic relations with that country, could lead to underutilization or significant ASP erosion for our fabrication facilities (“fabs”). •We may not be able to implement our planned growth and development or maintain the differentiation of our solutions if we are unable to recruit and retain skilled technical personnel, key executives and managers. •Sales to government entities and highly regulated organizations are subject to a number of challenges and added risks, and our failure to comply with these heightened compliance requirements, or effectively manage these challenges or risks, could impact our operations and financial results. •We have increased legal and regulatory requirements, and stakeholder expectations relating to compliance with environmental and responsible business standards, and failure to comply with such requirements on a timely basis could impact our business, operations and financial conditions •We may not achieve all of the expected benefits of strategic optimization efforts undertaken from time to time, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, operations, financial condition and results of operations. Risks Related to Manufacturing, Operations and Expansion •If we are unable to manage our capacity and production facilities effectively, including through technology transfers between our sites, our competitiveness may be weakened. •Our manufacturing processes are highly complex, costly and potentially vulnerable to impurities and other disruptions and cost increases that can significantly increase our costs and delay product shipments to our customers. •We are subject to risks associated with the development and implementation of new manufacturing technologies. •Our profit margin may substantially decline if we are unable to continually improve our manufacturing yields, maintain stable shipment utilization or fail to optimize the process technology mix of our wafer production. •If we are unable to obtain adequate supplies of raw materials in a timely manner and at commercially reasonable prices, our revenue and profitability may decline. •Failure to adjust our supply chain volume due to changing market conditions or failure to estimate our customers’ demand could adversely affect our sales and/or our gross margin and could result in additional charges for obsolete or excess inventories or non-cancelable purchase commitments. •Aging infrastructure and power grids and risks to the supply of natural gas, electricity or fresh water could interrupt production. •The increasing risk of cyberattacks and other data security breaches requires us to incur significant costs to maintain the security of our networks and data, and, in the event of such breaches, may expose us to liability, adversely affect our operations, damage our reputation, and affect our net revenue and profitability, and our efforts to combat breach and misuse of our systems and unauthorized access to our data may not be successful. •If we are unable to successfully deploy artificial intelligence (“AI”) and machine learning (“ML”) across our products and services and our business operations and adequately anticipate and keep up with developments in the AI/ML space, we may become less competitive against our peers and we may incur significant costs that do not provide us with commensurate returns. •Certain of our debt agreements contain covenants that may constrain the operation of our business, and our failure to comply with these covenants could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects. Risks Related to Intellectual Property •Any failure to obtain, maintain, protect or enforce our intellectual property and proprietary rights could impair our ability to protect our proprietary technology and our brand. •There is a risk that our trade secrets, know-how and other proprietary information will be stolen, used in an unauthorized manner, or compromised, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects. •The laws of some foreign countries may not be as protective of intellectual property rights as those in the United States, and mechanisms for enforcement of intellectual property rights may be inadequate. •We have been, and may continue to be, subject to intellectual property disputes, which are costly and may subject us to significant liability and increased costs of doing business. •Our success depends, in part, on our ability to develop and commercialize our technology without infringing, misappropriating or otherwise violating the intellectual property rights of third parties and we may not be aware of such infringements, misappropriations or violations. 4 •We may be unable to provide technology to our customers if we lose the support of our technology partners. Risks Related to Strategic Transactions •We have undertaken and may in the future undertake strategic transactions, and such transactions may introduce significant risks and uncertainties, including risks related to executing the transaction, integrating the acquired companies, assets or businesses, or otherwise realizing the anticipated benefits of such transactions, any of which can negatively impact our business. Political, Regulatory and Legal Risks •We are subject to governmental export and customs compliance requirements that could impair our ability to compete in international markets or subject us to liability if we violate the controls. •We have been, and may in the future be, subject to litigation that could result in substantial costs, divert or continue to divert management’s attention and resources, and materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects. Risks Related to Our Status as a Controlled Company and Foreign Private Issuer •Our majority shareholder, Mubadala Investment Company PJSC (“Mubadala”), will continue to have substantial control over the Company, which could limit our ability to influence the outcome of key transactions, including a change of control, and otherwise affect the prevailing market price of our ordinary shares. •We are a foreign private issuer and, as a result, are not subject to U.S. proxy rules but are subject to reporting obligations that, to some extent, are more lenient and less frequent than those of a U.S. issuer. Risks Related to Operating as a Public Company •Our management has identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting (“ICFR”) and has concluded that our ICFR was not effective as of December 31, 2025, which may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition for future periods. Risk Factors Risks Related to our Business and Industry General global economic and geopolitical conditions and related changes in laws and policies governing the terms of foreign trade, and in particular increased trade restrictions, tariffs or taxes on imports, could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects. As part of the semiconductor industry, we rely on a global supply chain and are subject to impacts from political, economic and financial crises and tensions among major trading countries. There have been political and trade tensions among and between a number of the world’s major economies, most notably in our industry between the United States and China, with Taiwan implicated in the tensions, the possible spillover hostilities between Russia and other nearby member nations of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the tensions in the Middle East, as well as others. These tensions have resulted in the implementation of trade barriers, including the use of economic sanctions and export control restrictions against certain countries and individual companies. Since 2022, the United States has increased U.S. export controls and other restrictions on semiconductor manufacturing equipment, AI and advanced computing products and has partnered with other nations to impose similar restrictions. The United States is expected to continue expanding U.S. export controls on certain such products. For example, the U.S. Department of Commerce’s Bureau of Industry and Security (“BIS”) implemented an interim final rule it rescinded in May 2025, which would have imposed a requirement on us as a Trusted Foundry to ensure physical goods, regardless of the ship to location, are appropriately reported to BIS to track potential diversion of semiconductor chips that enable military and surveillance applications in countries like China. As of January 2026, a replacement rule has yet to be introduced and there has been no indication of expected timing for a replacement rule. Trade tensions between the United States and China have resulted in U.S. restrictions on China’s access to U.S. commodities, software and technology, and Chinese restrictions against the United States from selling certain U.S.-origin products into China and accessing Chinese-sourced minerals. Additionally, China has implemented measures to promote domestic chip production and reduce reliance on foreign technology, including initiatives such as the "Made in China 2025" program. These developments have impacted our supply chain, the way in which we strategize business growth and scaling in our end markets, and how we compete with our peers in China. We and our trade partners are subject to U.S. and non-U.S. economic sanctions and export control regimes, which prohibit or restrict dealings with or relating to certain countries, entities, individuals, or activities. Such regulatory programs are subject to significant discretion by governmental authorities and could change rapidly, potentially requiring us to suspend or terminate existing businesses or relationships with little to no notice. Violations of economic sanctions and export control restrictions, even if unintentional (e.g., due to inadvertent administrative error), can result in significant civil and criminal penalties. Additionally, certain violations, even if unintentional or not reasonably known to us at the time of the violation, have constituted or could in the future constitute a breach of covenants in our debt agreements that could result in an event of 5 default under such agreements, which could significantly negatively impact our liquidity and ability to fund our operations. We have in the past inadvertently violated certain of these regulations resulting in warning letters or immaterial penalties, which in turn triggered events of default under certain of our debt agreements. Although our lenders agreed to waive the defaults, there is no guarantee that we will always be able to obtain default waivers if such a breach were to occur again, and any inability to obtain such default waivers in the future following any such breach could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects. Tariff rates have fluctuated as the U.S. government negotiates with other countries, and new tariffs are likely, which could impact the Company’s business and financial results. The U.S. government has initiated numerous trade-related investigations in the past year and has announced and imposed tariffs under a variety of legal authorities. In January 2026, following completion of one such investigation relating to the semiconductor industry, the President issued a Proclamation imposing 25% additional tariffs on limited advanced computing chips and certain derivative products. Although we do not believe our business is currently implicated by the new tariffs, the Proclamation contemplates continued negotiations with other countries in early 2026 to mitigate the national security effects of such imports, which could result in the imposition of additional tariffs targeting the semiconductor industry. The ultimate impact of the tariffs and other foreign trade-related restrictions and any future tariffs will depend on various factors, including the scope of tariffs and other restrictions, any retaliatory actions taken by foreign governments to the tariffs, and ongoing legal challenges to U.S. tariffs. If we cannot find ways to mitigate the potential impacts of these tariffs and other restrictions successfully or in a timely manner, these additional tariffs and restrictions could have a significant impact on our business and operating results, specifically due to actions imposed on China and any potential tariffs that may be imposed on Europe, where GF has significant business operations. Although we have historically relied on the benefits afforded under the Information Technology Agreement (“ITA”), which is enforced by the World Trade Organization and eliminates general tariffs on certain information and communication technology products, there is no guarantee that the ITA can be relied upon to obtain duty-free status for products that are otherwise subject to the additional special tariffs proposed by the U.S. administration. Any increase in the use of economic sanctions, export control restrictions or retaliatory state actions to target certain countries, industries and/or companies could increase compliance and operating costs, impact our ability to continue supplying products and services to customers and our customers’ demand for our products and services, and could disrupt semiconductor supply chains. We have manufacturing facilities and sales and marketing channels and information technology design and other support services in the United States, Europe, and Singapore, as well as Japan, India, Taiwan and China. Our operations rely upon a supply chain that is highly distributed, and any disruption or trade tensions impacting our supply chain could significantly and adversely impact our ability to obtain critical components and supply our customers with products. Additionally, the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine created uncertainty regarding supply of materials needed for our operations (including natural gas) in Europe where we have manufacturing operations, while conflict in the Middle East has disrupted shipping through the Red Sea, which could cause shipping delays and increase costs for materials needed for our operations. If we are not able to find new ways to win new customers, continue to develop and innovate in spite of the trade and related restrictions imposed on us, and successfully compete with our peers in the semiconductor industry, our business and prospects and financial condition could be materially impacted. If the economic conditions in the markets in which our customers operate or the financial condition of our customers were to deteriorate, the demand for our products and services may decrease and impairments, write-downs and other accounting charges may be required, which could reduce our operating income and net income (loss). Further, in times of market instability, sufficient external financing, including equity capital, debt financing, customer prepayments and government subsidies, may not be available to us on a timely basis, on commercially reasonable terms or at all. If sufficient external financing is not available when we need such financing to meet our demand-driven capital requirements, we may be forced to curtail expansion, modify plans and delay the deployment of new or differentiated technologies, products, or services until we obtain such financing. Further escalation of trade tensions, the increased use of economic sanctions or export control restrictions or any future global systemic crisis or economic downturn could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects. Reductions in demand and ASPs for our customers’ end products may decrease demand for our products and services and could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects. The substantial majority of our revenue is derived from customers who use our products in intelligent and highly connected devices in markets such as Smart Mobile Devices, Home and Industrial internet of things (“IoT”), Communications Infrastructure & Data Center, and Automotive. A deterioration or a slowdown in the growth of such end markets, due to, among other things, a potential recession and/or prolonged inflation, resulting in a substantial decrease in the demand for overall global semiconductor foundry services, including our products and services, could adversely affect our revenue and profit margins. Demand for semiconductors used in AI and ML applications may be volatile and difficult to forecast. We may allocate capital and fab capacity to such products that subsequently experience rapid obsolescence, oversupply, or reduced customer demand. If demand for AI-related products declines or shifts to process technologies we do not manufacture, our revenues and margins could be adversely affected, and we may incur impairment or underutilization charges. Semiconductor manufacturing facilities require substantial investment to construct and are largely fixed-cost assets once they are in operation. Because we own our manufacturing facilities, a significant portion of our operating costs are fixed. In 6 general, these costs do not decline when customer demand or our shipment utilization rate drops, and thus declines in customer demand, among other factors, may significantly decrease our profit margins. Our costs may also increase as a result of, among other things, inflation, which may have a greater impact on our profit margins than ASPs. In the past, there have been periods of sustained decline in ASPs of our customers’ end products and applications, and such periods have sometimes coincided with periods of economic volatility, including recessions. A return to historical trends could place downward pressure on the prices of the components, including our products, that go into such end products and applications. If ASPs decline, potentially due to a recession, and our cost reduction programs and actions do not offset the decrease or our costs increase due to inflation or otherwise and are not offset by an increase in ASPs, our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects may be materially and adversely affected. The cyclical nature and seasonality of the semiconductor industry make us vulnerable to significant and sometimes prolonged economic downturns. The semiconductor industry has exhibited cyclicality in the past and, at various times, has experienced downturns from time to time, as a result of global economic conditions as well as industry-specific factors, including inventory corrections, excess capacity, price volatility in raw materials and other inputs, and changes in end-customer preferences. Fluctuations in our customers’ demand drive significant variations in order levels for our products and services and can result in volatility in our revenue and earnings. Also, increases in inflation rates or fluctuations in cross border expenses in the markets in which we operate, as we have experienced in recent years, may affect our business by increasing costs of our manufacturing inputs and by decreasing demand for our customers’ products. Increases in inflation rates in the markets in which we operate may lead us to experience higher costs related to labor, energy, water, transportation, research and development, wafer and other raw materials costs from suppliers. Because our business is, and will continue to be, largely dependent on the requirements of both consumer and industrial high-end technology product suppliers for our services, downturns in this broad industry will likely lead to reduced demand for our products and services. Demand for our customers’ end products is affected by seasonal variations in market conditions that contribute to the fluctuations of demand and prices for semiconductor services and products. The seasonal sales trends for semiconductor services and products closely mirror those for automotive, consumer electronics, communication and computer sales. These seasonal variations, and seasonal variation changes that we cannot anticipate, may result in increased volatility in our results of operations and could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects. Securing and maintaining design wins, in particular single-sourced awards, and managing our LTAs may present challenges to our business in differing demand environments. We endeavor to utilize our existing manufacturing capacity and pursue growth beyond our existing capacity via a design funnel to design award process, with the aim of securing as many single-sourced awards through differentiation as possible. We define single-sourced products as those that we believe can only be manufactured with our technology and cannot be manufactured elsewhere without significant customer redesigns. Given the time and costs associated with moving a single-sourced product to a competitor, clients are more likely to continue awarding us single-source contracts for such products. If we are unable to fill the funnel and convert enough opportunities into design wins and ultimately awards due to differentiation, pricing, competition, or any other reasons, there will be a material adverse impact on our financial performance. In past years, and especially during peak periods of demand when global supply is tight, we were able to sell reserved production capacity through LTAs as opposed to shorter contracts or via more traditional purchase order based contracts. In light of current demand dynamics, our ability to enter into LTAs has diminished, and the focus of our commercial operations has shifted to building a wider funnel of potential customers across a breadth of end markets, aiming to secure more single-sourced design wins. Notwithstanding this shift in industry dynamics, we continue to have significant existing LTAs, which continue to be an important part of our strategy, for certain longer term, more durable end markets, such as automotive. Entering into LTAs to secure supply contractually is subject to certain risks, which can be magnified in the case of unpredictable market demand, including: customers defaulting on their obligations to us, which may include significant payment obligations and customers seeking to renegotiate key terms of their contracts, such as pricing and specified volume commitments, in the event market conditions change during the contract term. Against the current backdrop of macroeconomic and geopolitical uncertainty, some customers under LTAs have requested to adjust their demand outlook downward and have sought renegotiation of their LTAs. We have renegotiated a number of LTAs with certain of our customers, including in 2025, as a result of which some of our LTAs now have longer commitment periods over which the customer may purchase the same volume as originally negotiated, and some of our LTAs have lower pricing or volume commitments than originally negotiated. We expect a more limited number of these discussions to continue into 2026. We also face the risk that we may be unable to extend contracts when they expire and cannot backfill with additional customer demand. If we are unsuccessful in preserving the economic benefits of our existing LTAs in negotiations with our customers and we are unable to backfill that demand with customers through our design awards process, such re-negotiations could lead to a reduction of our revenue and long-term outlook. We must maintain sufficient capacity or expand our capacity in a timely manner, as well as manage manufacturing risks detailed elsewhere in these “Risk Factors,” to meet anticipated customer demand for our products and capacity reservation 7 commitments we have made to our customers. We have entered into multiple LTAs that provide for significant customer commitments in return for capacity reservation commitments from us. If we’re unable to meet the capacity reservation commitments, we face the risk of defaulting on our obligations to our customers, which could result in us owing substantial cash penalties to our customers. Capacity reserved for certain customers could also prevent us from securing potentially more profitable business. If we overestimate customer demand or a customer defaults on its contractual obligations to us, we could experience underutilization of capacity at these facilities without a corresponding reduction in fixed costs. Given the breadth of the end markets we serve, these risks are not mutually exclusive and we may experience demands for additional capacity from some customers at the same time other customers are seeking to renegotiate their LTAs. Our ability to successfully manage our LTAs depends on a variety of factors, including, among other things, our ability to finance our operations, maintain high-quality and efficient manufacturing operations, respond to competitive and regulatory changes, access semiconductor manufacturing equipment or quality raw materials in a cost-effective and timely manner, and retain and attract highly skilled personnel. As a result, we may not realize the anticipated benefits of these contracts. We depend on a small number of customers for a significant portion of our revenue and any loss of these or our other key customers, including potentially through further customer consolidation, could result in significant declines in our revenue. We have been largely dependent on a small number of customers for a substantial portion of our revenue. Our ten largest customers in 2025, 2024 and 2023 accounted for approximately 63%, 65% and 72% of our wafer shipment volume, respectively. We expect that a significant portion of our revenue will continue to come from a relatively limited number of customers. We cannot assure you that our revenue generated from these customers, individually or in the aggregate, will reach or exceed historical levels in any future period. Loss or cancellation of business from, significant changes in scheduled deliveries to, or a decrease of products and services sold to, any of these customers could significantly reduce our revenue. In addition, a significant portion of our revenue is derived from specialty technologies serving the automotive and industrial end markets. Economic downturns, changes in customer demand for electric vehicles, reductions in government subsidies, or technological shifts in these markets could reduce demand for our products. Because of our concentration in these sectors, such downturns may disproportionately affect the results of our operations compared to our peers. We rely on a complex silicon supply chain and breakdowns in that chain could affect our ability to produce our products and could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects. We rely on a small number of suppliers for wafers, which is a key input into our products. In particular, only a limited number of companies in the world are able to produce silicon-on-insulator (“SOI”) wafers. If there is an insufficient supply of wafers, particularly SOI wafers, to satisfy our requirements, we may need to limit or delay our production, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects. If our limited source suppliers and suppliers for wafer preparation were to experience difficulties that affected their manufacturing yields or the quality of the materials they supply to us, it could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects. In order to secure attractive pricing, we have undertaken purchases of raw wafers from multiple suppliers ahead of customer demand, risking the build up of excess inventory. If we are unable to obtain 300mm SOI wafers from Soitec S.A. (“Soitec”), our primary supplier, for any reason, we expect that it would take us an extended period to find a replacement supplier on commercially acceptable terms. In 2025, Soitec accounted for approximately 71% of our SOI wafer spend. While we are in the process of developing relationships with alternate suppliers, we do not expect to be able to acquire a significant amount of SOI wafers from those suppliers in the near term, and there is no assurance that we will ever be able to do so. The ability of our suppliers to meet our requirements could be impaired or interrupted by factors beyond their control, such as earthquakes or other natural phenomena, labor strikes or shortages, or political unrest or failure to obtain materials for their suppliers. For example, Soitec is reliant on third-party providers to obtain raw silicon wafers—difficulties in obtaining raw silicon wafers may result in Soitec’s inability to produce SOI wafers. In the event one of our suppliers is unable to deliver products to us or is unwilling to sell materials or components to us, our operations may be adversely affected. Further, financial or other difficulties faced by our suppliers, or significant changes in demand for the components or materials they use in the products they supply to us, could limit the availability of those products, components, or materials to us. Any breakdown of our wafer supply chain could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects. If we are unable to attract customers with our technology and services, respond to fast-changing semiconductor market dynamics or maintain our leadership in product quality, we will become less competitive. The semiconductor industry and the technologies it brings to market are constantly being created and evolving. We primarily compete by developing process technologies that incorporate increasingly higher performance and advanced features, offering increasing functionality depending upon the customer’s application requirements, and we have recently completed strategic transactions to gain the capability to offer our customer custom silicon design and other semiconductor-related services. If we do not anticipate changes in technology requirements and our customers’ demands or fail to rapidly develop new and innovative solutions to meet those demands, we may not be able to provide foundry or design and engineering services on competitive terms with respect to capability, cost, schedule or volume manufacturing capacity. There is a risk that our competitors may successfully adopt new or more differentiated technology before we do, resulting in us losing 8 design wins (including in cases in which we have expended significant resources to pursue design wins) and market share. If we are unable to continue to offer differentiated services and processes on a competitive and timely basis, we may lose customers to competitors providing similar or better technologies. Some of our customers may alter their process technology roadmaps and adopt single-digit nanometer manufacturing technologies (e.g., 3nm, 5nm, 7nm) faster than their original plans. Some original equipment manufacturers may develop their own in-house application-specific ICs, cut out the fabless GF customer and adopt a different foundry strategy. Nearly all of our customers already maintain their own semiconductor design capability, and they may choose to leverage those design resources instead of utilizing our services. If this happens and we are unable to offset with additional revenue from existing and new customers in the technology offerings and services we do provide, our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects may be materially and adversely affected. A key differentiator in the marketplace is to significantly reduce the time in which differentiated technology products or services are launched into the market. If we are unable to meet the shorter time-to-market requirements of our customers, fail to impress them with our newer feature sets or differentiated technology solutions, are unable to allocate or develop new production capacity to meet those customers’ demands in a timely manner, or fail to anticipate their demand for our services, we risk losing their business and not generating the market adoption needed to pay for our development efforts. These factors have also been intensified by the shift of the global technology market to consumer-driven products and increasing concentration of customers and competition. Further, the increasing complexity of technology also imposes challenges for achieving expected product quality, cost and time-to-market expectations. If we fail to maintain quality, it may result in loss of revenue and additional cost, as well as loss of business or customer trust. If we are unable to meet the expected production yields of a new technology, we will not be able to meet the expected costs of that technology. In addition, the market prices for technology and services tend to fall over time, except in times of extreme supply shortage. As a result, if we are unable to offer new differentiated services and processes on a competitive and timely basis, we may need to decrease the prices that we set for our existing services and processes. If we are unable to innovate new and differentiated technologies and bring them to a cost-competitive volume manufacturing scale that meets the demand of our customers, we may become less competitive and our revenue and margins may decline significantly. External risks also exist that can impact our position as a technology leader. Differentiated technology offerings may rely upon unique or specialized materials as compared to our competitors, including specialized wafers upon which some of our technologies are currently manufactured, raw materials for wafer fabrication, and materials used in the packaging of ICs to enable them to be used in the end products. A disruption in the availability or quality of these raw materials, as well as a significant increase in the price of these new or unique materials during technology development can have a variety of negative impacts. These impacts include increased time-to-market, decreased quality of finished goods or increased cost of finished goods in the marketplace. Similarly, our technology roadmap relies on externally sourced design tools, intellectual property, component circuit designs and other resources that enable us to offer differentiated design services and allow our end customers to more readily realize their products in our technologies. Disruption or delays in our ability to obtain those resources may impair our ability to compete effectively and serve our customers. The rapidly changing nature of advanced semiconductor technology can also culminate in the emergence of highly disruptive or unconventional design and manufacturing technologies and new disruptive solutions using existing technologies, which can create a rapid inflection point leaving those on a conventional technology roadmap path at a significant disadvantage and unprepared to react in a timely manner. Overcapacity in the semiconductor industry, including prolonged periods of overcapacity beyond the periodic cyclical periods of overcapacity, could have a material adverse effect on our revenue, earnings and margins. The prices that we can charge our customers for manufacturing services are significantly related to the overall worldwide supply of integrated circuits (“ICs”) and semiconductor products. The overall supply of semiconductors is based in part on the capacity of other companies, which is outside of our control. For example, we and some other companies, including IDMs and competitors with access to material government support, have announced and/or implemented plans to increase capacity expenditures. As IDMs expand internal capacity to service internal production needs, the demand from those companies for foundry services from us and other pure-play foundries may be negatively impacted as they service a higher percentage or all of their production requirements. In addition, the increased capacity and internal production. especially for prolonged periods, may allow those IDMs to more effectively compete with pure-play foundry customers in certain markets, including our customers, resulting in lower demand for pure-play foundry services in markets we serve. For example, as an IDM adds internal capacity, if it is successful in securing market share from competitors that utilize pure-play foundry services, the overall market we serve could be negatively impacted, which could result in a material and adverse effect to our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects. In addition, in periods of industry overcapacity, the Company may have aged construction in progress due to equipment that may not be installed until customer demand recovers. The Company has in the past faced and in periods of overcapacity will continue to face the risk of potential future impairment charges if demand does not recover in a timely manner. For a discussion of risks related to China’s domestic capacity expansion, see Item 3. Key Information — D. Risk Factors – Risk Factors – Risks Related to our Business and Industry - Strong government support in China for their domestic capacity expansion, combined with strained economic relations with that country, could lead to underutilization or significant ASP erosion for our fabs. In periods of overcapacity, if we are unable to offset the adverse effects of overcapacity through, among other things, our technology and product mix, we may have to lower the prices we charge our customers for our products 9 and services and/or our average cost per wafer could increase given the high fixed cost nature of our industry. Such actions could reduce our margin and profitability and weaken our financial condition and results of operations. We cannot give any assurance that an increase in the demand for foundry services in the immediate and short-term will not lead to overcapacity in the future, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects. If we are unable to compete effectively with other sophisticated players in the highly competitive foundry segment of the semiconductor industry, we may lose customers and our profit margins and earnings may decrease. We believe the foundry market is comprised of five major foundries (including four scaled pure-play foundries) that accounted for the vast majority of worldwide foundry revenue in 2025. We define a scaled pure-play foundry as a company that focuses on producing ICs for other companies, rather than those of its own design, with more than $3 billion of annual foundry revenue. Key competitors include Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, Limited (“TSMC”), United Microelectronics Corporation (“UMC”) and Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation. We also compete with the foundry operation services of some IDMs, such as Texas Instruments, Inc. (“Texas Instruments”), Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. (“Samsung”) and, more recently, Intel. IDMs principally manufacture and sell their own proprietary semiconductor products but may also offer foundry services. Other smaller dedicated foundry competitors include HuaHong Group, X-FAB Silicon Foundries, Tower Semiconductor Ltd., Vanguard International Semiconductor Corporation, and Powerchip Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation. Some of our competitors may offer more advanced or differentiated technologies than we do and some have greater access to capital and substantially greater production capacity, research and development (“R&D”), marketing and other resources, including access to government subsidies and economic stimulus (including protective demand-side measures), than we do. As a result, these companies may be able to compete more aggressively over a longer period of time than we can. The principal elements of competition in the wafer foundry market include: •scale and the ability to access capital, whether public or private, to fund future growth; •capacity utilization; •technical competence, including internal and access to external design enablement capabilities; •technology leadership and differentiation, coupled with a strong patent portfolio; •price; •cost management; •time-to-volume production and cycle time; •time-to-market; •investment in R&D and related quality of results; •manufacturing yields; •optimization of the technology mix of wafer production at particular process technology nodes; •design/technology interaction and resulting chip reliability; •customer service and design support; •management expertise and core engineering/technical talent; •the ability to access integration of advanced packaging solutions; and •strategic alliances in both the private and public sectors and geographic diversification. We may fail to compete successfully in any one or more of these elements, any or all of which could impair our business performance and our ability to scale our operations in a way that adequately responds to our long-term strategy. Our ability to compete successfully also depends on factors partially outside of our control, including component supply, intellectual property, including cell libraries that our customers embed in their product designs, and industry and general economic trends. Our competitors and IDMs have commenced or announced expansions and may continue to expand in the United States, Europe and Singapore, which could materially and adversely affect our competitive position. TSMC, Samsung, Intel, Texas Instruments and others have commenced construction or initiated plans to develop new fabs and substantially increase their manufacturing capacity in the United States, and other competitors may seek to do likewise. Similarly, our competitors are developing or seeking to develop new fabs in Europe and Singapore (including TSMC and UMC in Dresden, Germany, and Singapore, respectively) and substantially increase their manufacturing capacity. Such expansions may increase the attractiveness of our competitors to customers who wish to utilize fabs located in the United States or Europe, use geographically dispersed suppliers or mitigate risks posed by geopolitical tensions and export 10 controls. Further, it may lead to increased competition for funding and talent in those jurisdictions. This increased competition could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects. The semiconductor industry is capital-intensive and, if we are unable to invest the necessary capital to operate and grow our business, we may not remain competitive. To remain competitive and comply with evolving regulatory requirements, we must constantly improve our facilities and process technologies and carry out extensive R&D, each of which requires investment of significant amounts of capital. The costs of manufacturing facilities and semiconductor manufacturing equipment continue to rise and because we operate primarily in countries with higher labor and overhead costs relative to many of our competitors, we are exposed to higher costs than some of our peers. Our actual expenditures may exceed our planned spend due to global economic and industry-wide equipment or material price increases during the long lead time to build capacity. Given the fixed-cost nature of our business, we have in the past incurred, and may in the future incur, operating losses if our revenue and planned cost reductions do not adequately offset the impact of our capital expenditures and the cost of financing these expenditures. We invest significantly in R&D, and to the extent our R&D efforts are unsuccessful, our competitive position may be harmed and we may not be able to realize a return on our investments. To compete successfully, we must maintain a successful R&D effort, develop new product technologies, features and manufacturing processes, and improve our existing products and services, technologies and processes. Our R&D efforts may not deliver the benefits we anticipate. To the extent we do not timely introduce new technologies and features relative to competitors, we could face cost, product performance, and time-to-market disadvantages, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects. Financing, including equity capital, debt financing, customer co-investments and government subsidies, may not be available on commercially acceptable terms or at all. Any additional debt financing we may undertake could require debt service and financial and operational requirements that could adversely affect our business. If we are unable to generate sufficient cash or raise sufficient capital to meet both our debt service and capital investment requirements, or if we are unable to raise required capital on favorable terms when needed, we may be forced to curtail revenue expansion plans or delay capital investment, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects. Subject to market requirements and customer demand as well as receipt of expected government funding, among other factors, GF plans to invest more than $16 billion over the next 10 or more years across our Fab 8 facility and our Fab 9 facility. There is no guarantee at this time as to when or if GF will complete the work and how (or to what degree) the total $16 billion investment will be allocated to each year over the next 10 or more years (or that the total amount actually invested will be $16 billion or more). GF has announced plans to execute such investments through public-private partnerships with support from the federal and state governments, but such plans are subject to GF receiving such support in the manner and on the timelines expected, and may be subject to change. There can be no assurance these projects will not be delayed or otherwise impacted if we are unable to secure the funding we expect. In the event we have invested a substantial portion of our expected $16 billion into these projects and we are not able to receive the governmental funding described above (or if they seek to recover any subsidies or grants from us), these projects may be indefinitely delayed until we can secure sufficient funding to complete them, and we may not see returns on our $16 billion investment until we do. See the following Risk Factor for more details. We receive subsidies and grants in certain countries and regions in which we operate, and a reduction in the amount of governmental funding available to us, demands for repayment and/or other contractual restrictions related to government grants could increase our costs, affect our results of operations, and limit our flexibility to pursue changes in business strategy or transactions that may increase shareholder value. As is the case with other large semiconductor companies, we receive subsidies and grants from governments in certain countries and regions in which we operate. In response to increased geopolitical tensions, national security and supply chain concerns, the United States and the European Union have implemented new semiconductor industry incentive programs. For example, the United States enacted the Creating Helpful Incentives to Produce Semiconductors for America and Science Act of 2022 (the “CHIPS and Science Act”) and the European Union approved the European Chips Act in 2023 (see also Note 3. Summary of Material Accounting Policies to our Annual Consolidated Financial Statements). These programs represent significant new sources of government funding for capital and R&D investment for our industry, that we and various participants in our industry plan to benefit from. The CHIPS and Science Act provided for a 25% investment tax refund and appropriated $52 billion in grants to support the domestic semiconductor industry, of which $39 billion was earmarked for manufacturing capacity expansion. The EU has enacted the European Chips Act, which is intended to provide, through its member states, significant funding to strengthen the EU’s semiconductor industry. Historically, we have benefited from these kinds of government programs (albeit to a lesser extent than others in our industry), and we intend to continue to benefit from government programs to help fund our expansion efforts. Starting in 2023, GF began benefiting from the CHIPS and Science Act and sought a refund for the advanced manufacturing investment tax credit under Internal Revenue Code Section 48D on its 2023 U.S. federal income tax return. GF anticipates continuing to benefit from this law going forward, which helped subsidize 25% of all capital investment made by us in the U.S. in 2025, at our Fab 8 and Fab 9 facilities, in the States of New York and Vermont, respectively. 11 In November 2024, the Company entered into a direct funding agreement (the “Direct Funding Agreement”) with the U.S. Department of Commerce for up to $1.5 billion in planned direct funding of Company projects in Malta, New York, and Burlington, Vermont, under the CHIPS and Science Act. These projects will enable us to expand and create new manufacturing capacity and capabilities to securely produce more essential chips for automotive, IoT (including aerospace, defense), and other vital markets. The funding supports three GF projects: expansion of our existing Fab 8 facility, construction of a new state-of-the-art fab on the Fab 8 campus, and modernization of our Fab 9 facility in Burlington, Vermont. In January 2025, an additional $75 million of funding was added to the Direct Funding Agreement to support GF’s plans to create a new center for advanced packaging and testing of essential chips at the Fab 8 facility. The Direct Funding Agreement contains detailed milestones we must achieve in order to receive funds, including with respect to, among others, capital expenditures, process technology development or process transfer and facility completion. It also contains restrictions with respect to certain “change of control” transactions, expansion of manufacturing capacity in certain countries, joint research or technology licensing in certain countries, as well as dividends and share repurchases. In 2025, we received funding for the achievement of the first two milestones for the expansion of the Fab 8 facility. In 2025, the Company executed an agreement with the State of New York to secure $570 million to further support the Fab 8 projects (the “NY Agreement”). Like the Direct Funding Agreement, the NY Agreement contains milestones to be achieved in order to receive funds, including with respect to job commitments, workforce development and infrastructure upgrades, as well as certain other requirements. We may be unable to secure other government funding at the levels we expect or at all, and the availability of government funding is outside our control. Moreover, should we terminate or fail to commence any activities or operations, fail to comply with contractual restrictions, or fail to achieve milestones related to government funds that we receive or upon which government funds have been conditioned, or should the government’s objectives with respect to government funding of semiconductor manufacturing change, we may face adverse consequences. In particular, government agencies could seek to recover subsidies or grants from us, seek repayment of loans or grants, could cancel, reduce or deny our requests for future subsidies or grants, or otherwise seek to modify the conditions for our receipt of anticipated subsidies or grants. This could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects, limit our flexibility to pursue changes in business strategy or enter into certain transactions favorable to our shareholders. Strong government support in China for their domestic capacity expansion, combined with strained economic relations with that country, could lead to underutilization or significant ASP erosion for our fabs. The Chinese government has invested heavily in its indigenous semiconductor manufacturing and has continued to promote the expansion of fabrication capacity for semiconductors. This has contributed to and may continue to lead to overcapacity and increased competition, in particular in the current and legacy node market. China’s decision to build capacity for China will likely have the dual effect of limiting the Chinese market (which will have a preference for domestic sourcing) for other global suppliers like us and significantly increasing the competition we face globally. We have a material amount of direct business in China, and if we cannot adequately compete with Chinese semiconductor manufacturers, our market share in China could be impacted, which could result in a material impact to our business and financial performance. The United States has implemented export controls that are intended to, among other things, prevent Chinese expansion with respect to certain semiconductor process technologies (i.e., 16nm/14nm FinFET and smaller technology nodes). Following the implementation of those controls, the Chinese semiconductor industry, with significant government support, has accelerated building its own foundry capacity, and shifted to focus domestic manufacturing on mature nodes (i.e., 28nm and larger technology nodes), and China's foundry capacity is expected to grow faster than expected demand at those nodes. This projected oversupply of capacity, if carried out as planned, will increase the industry-wide capacity and could result in overcapacity in the future and our business performance and financial results may be materially impacted. Further, the business we do around the world outside of China, in markets in which Chinese semiconductor manufacturers are our direct competitors, also represents a significant portion of our business. If we are unable to keep up with competition from such Chinese manufacturers, our market share in jurisdictions outside of China could also be impacted as they work to saturate the market, which could materially impact our business and financial performance. Further, there can be no assurance that the tightening of export controls and other countermeasures (e.g., tariffs) established by the U.S. government and other governments will meaningfully limit China’s semiconductor manufacturing supply to current or mature nodes in the long term. To the extent any such measures are put in place, not only may they be ineffective, but may also heighten the potential risk to our business of retaliatory measures. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risk Factors—Risks Related to our Business and Industry—Global economic and geopolitical conditions could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects.” Any changes or further developments (many of which would be outside our control and ability to adequately predict with any certainty) may make it more difficult for us to retain existing and obtain new customers, may result in material reductions in ASPs, and may have material impacts on our business operations, financial performance, and strategy. We may not be able to implement our planned growth and development or maintain the differentiation of our solutions if we are unable to recruit and retain skilled technical personnel, key executives and managers. We rely on the continued services and contributions of our skilled technical and professional personnel and management team as we continually update and advance our technologies offerings to attract additional business from new and existing customers. In this industry, the competitive pressures to find and retain the most talented personnel are intense and constant and may be limited by restrictive immigration policies, labor shortages or local labor-market conditions. The 12 sources for highly skilled talent in the industry are often well-known and pursued by competitors for talent, including IDMs. With the rapid pace of technological and business change, we must have the right mix of skilled workers at all times, which requires constant attention to our employees’ skill-set and providing adequate training and other educational opportunities to allow for growth and advancement of our highly educated workforce. Our business could suffer if we are unable to fulfill and sustain resource requirements with qualified individuals in required positions globally. Fulfilling new resource needs on a timely basis continues to be a challenge in this highly competitive market for semiconductor talent. Competition for talent is particularly high both in locations where we and our competitors have operations and in locations where our competition is hiring in anticipation of planned expansion. Competition for talent exists in all of our operating regions, at all levels, emphasizing the importance of strong employee retention, and if we fail to attract and retain highly skilled talent or provide adequate opportunities for further training and professional development, our business and results of operations could be materially adversely impacted. Sales to government entities and highly regulated organizations are subject to a number of challenges and added risks, and our failure to comply with these heightened compliance requirements, or effectively manage these challenges or risks, could impact our operations and financial results. We currently sell to the U.S. federal government and to customers in highly regulated industries, and may sell to state and local governments and to foreign governmental agency customers in the future. Sales to such entities are subject to a number of compliance challenges and risks, including regarding access to and required protection of classified information. Failure to comply with our Foreign Ownership, Control or Influence agreements could lead to a loss of our security clearance and, therefore, certain government business and reputational harm. Selling to governmental and highly regulated entities can be highly competitive, expensive and time-consuming, often requiring significant upfront time and expense without any assurance that these efforts will generate a sale. Government contracting requirements may change and in doing so restrict our ability to sell into the government sector until we have attained any revised necessary certification or authorization. We may also be required to submit additional certifications as to internal corporate policies and initiatives in order to maintain existing government contracts or win new government contracts. Government demand and payment for our products and services are affected by public sector budgetary cycles and funding authorizations, with funding reductions or delays adversely affecting public sector demand for our products and services. Such sales are made more difficult by the fact that many of our product design and life cycles are very long, compared to public fiscal budget calendars. We have faced, and may in the future face, a prolonged U.S. government shutdown, which could lead to program cancellations or disruptions, delays in funding authorizations or appropriations and limitations on the U.S. government's ability make timely payments, which could in turn harm our business and financial condition. Further, governmental and highly regulated entities may demand contract terms that differ from our standard commercial arrangements, and those contract terms may be in some respects less favorable than terms agreed to by private sector customers. Governments routinely retain certain rights to IP developed in connection with government contracts. Such entities may have statutory, contractual or other legal rights to terminate contracts with us or our partners for convenience or for other reasons that are out of our control or influence. Any such terminations, or other adverse actions, may materially adversely affect our ability to contract with other government customers, as well as our reputation, results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects. In addition, our U.S. government contracts obligate us to comply with various cybersecurity requirements. These requirements include ongoing investment in systems, policies and personnel, and we expect these requirements to continue to impact our business in the future by increasing our legal, operational and compliance costs. Certain of our government contracts require us to notify the applicable governmental agency and discuss options with the governmental agency before making certain potential transfers of intellectual property developed under those contracts, and certain of our government contracts impose specific limitations on our use and licensing of certain of our intellectual property. Additionally, production of sensitive, export-controlled products for governmental and highly regulated entities requires adherence to strict export and security controls. In the event of a breach or other security event involving one of these products, which may be unintentional, we have been and may in the future be subject to investigations to determine the extent and impact to such products, regulatory proceedings, litigation, mitigation and other actions, as well as penalties, fines, increased insurance premiums, indemnification expenditures and administrative, civil and criminal liabilities, breach of covenants under our existing debt agreements, and reputational harm, each of which could negatively impact operations for multiple products and future business, cause production and sales delays and materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects. We have increased legal and regulatory requirements, and stakeholder expectations relating to compliance with environmental and responsible business standards, and failure to comply with such requirements on a timely basis could impact our business, operations and financial conditions Increasingly, our customers and investors require compliance with environmental and responsible business standards, including renewable energy sourcing, carbon-reduction targets, human rights practices, and supply chain audits. Failure to satisfy such requirements may cause customers to reduce purchases, fail to renew agreements, or disqualify us from producing for them. In addition, changes and instability in regulatory frameworks, such as the EU Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive, could increase our compliance costs. We may face scrutiny from stakeholders, including governmental authorities, regarding the scope or nature of our responsible business initiatives or any changes to these initiatives. Incomplete or inaccurate responsible business-related data, failure to achieve responsible business goals, or government 13 enforcement actions or litigation relating to responsible business standards could negatively impact our ability to attract or retain employees, our attractiveness as an investment or business partner, and ultimately our business and financial condition. We may not achieve all of the expected benefits of strategic optimization efforts undertaken from time to time, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, operations, financial condition and results of operations. In order to achieve maximum efficiency in our business processes, we are continually realigning our business and strategic priorities and from time to time we engage in strategic optimization efforts. These global efforts may include, but are not limited to, driving a high-performance culture through vigorous performance management, reevaluating partnerships and resources such as leased workspaces and engagement of consultants for strategic support, and dynamic analysis of organizational structure, labor costs, and the number of full-time employees. During the implementation of our strategic optimization efforts, it is possible that we may not be able to realize all the cost savings and benefits that are anticipated in connection with such efforts, and they may present a number of significant risks, including: •actual or perceived disruption of our manufacturing and/or delivery processes; •inadvertent triggering of mass layoff obligations, such as under federal or state Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification (“WARN”) provisions; •failure to meet terms and conditions of government grants or funding, such as net jobs creation targets; •potential adverse effects on our internal control environment and inability to preserve adequate internal controls relating to our general and administrative functions in connection with the decision to outsource certain business service activities; •actual or perceived disruption to distribution networks and other important operational relationships and the inability to resolve potential conflicts in a timely manner; •potential difficulty in or failure of meeting our financial or production targets; •diversion of management attention from ongoing business activities and strategic objectives; and •failure to maintain employee morale and retain key employees. Because of these and other factors, we may not fully realize the purpose and anticipated operational benefits or cost savings of any productivity actions and, if we do not, it may have a material adverse effect on our business, operations, financial condition and results of operations. We may be exposed to liabilities if it is determined that our compensation arrangements do not comply with, or are not exempt from, Section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”). Section 409A (“Section 409A”) of the Code, sets forth the rules governing non-qualified deferred compensation arrangements. Section 409A contains many technical, complicated and ambiguous rules and regulations, including proposed but not yet finalized regulations that do not currently have the force of law, making compliance with Section 409A difficult to assess and to ensure. While we have attempted to structure our compensation arrangements (including our equity incentive awards) so that they either comply with, or are exempt from, Section 409A, it is possible that some of these compensation arrangements are not so exempt or compliant. In some instances, we have determined that amendments to certain of our compensation arrangements were advisable in order to mitigate or eliminate potential Section 409A non-compliance risk, though there can be no assurance that such amendments will mitigate or eliminate any such risk. If it is determined that any of our compensation arrangements are neither compliant with, nor exempt from, Section 409A, we may be subject to significant liabilities and costs, including penalties for failing to properly report deferred compensation arrangements under Section 409A and to withhold taxes payable by our service providers, including our employees, and we may be required to pay to the applicable governmental authorities the amount of taxes we should have withheld and related interest and penalties. In addition, those of our service providers, including our employees, participating in such arrangements may experience significant adverse tax consequences under Section 409A, including a 20% federal penalty tax imposed on the amount of compensation involved (and, as applicable, similar excise taxes under state law or foreign law). These liabilities may be significant and the imposition of such liabilities may materially affect our employee relations. In addition, in the event any such liabilities were imposed on our service providers, including our employees, we could decide to take remedial action, including making cash payments to adversely affected service providers, including our employees. Any amounts so paid by us could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects. Improper disclosure of confidential information could negatively impact our business. In the ordinary course of our business, we maintain sensitive data on our networks, including our and our customers’ intellectual property and proprietary or confidential business information relating to our business and that of our customers 14 and business partners. In addition, we regularly enter into confidentiality obligations with our customers, suppliers and parties that we license intellectual property to or from. The secure maintenance of this information is critical to our business and reputation. We have put in place policies, procedures and technological safeguards designed to protect the security of this information. However, we cannot guarantee that this information will not be improperly disclosed or accessed. Disclosure of this information could harm our reputation, subject us to liability under our contracts and harm our relationships with key counterparties, including our customers, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects. Any outbreak of contagious disease could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects. Any outbreak of contagious disease may disrupt our ability to adequately staff our business and may generally disrupt our operations and cause significant fluctuations in demand for our products and services, which could in turn cause uncertainty for our capacity planning, production delays and reduced workforce availability. Generalized outbreaks of contagious diseases may slow economic growth, including in regions of the world where we, our customers and suppliers operate, and can negatively impact the global supply chain, market and economies. We have significant operations in the United States, Europe, and Singapore, including supply chain and manufacturing facilities and sales and marketing channels and information technology (“IT”) design and other support services in these regions as well as in other countries, including Japan, India, Taiwan and China. Risks Related to Manufacturing, Operations and Expansion If we are unable to manage our capacity and production facilities effectively, including through technology transfers between our sites, our competitiveness may be weakened. We prepare long-term market demand forecasts for our products to manage, and plan for, our overall capacity. Because market conditions are dynamic, our market demand forecasts may change significantly, or prove to be inaccurate, at any time. During periods of decreased demand, certain manufacturing lines or tools in some of our manufacturing facilities may be idled or shut down temporarily, to save costs while preserving capacity. However, if subsequent demand increases rapidly, we may not be able to restore the capacity in a timely manner to take advantage of the upturn. In light of long-term market demand forecasts, we have been modifying capacity to meet market needs for our products. In order to respond to expected orders, or to assure sufficient line loading for planned process or yield learning, we may initiate “risk starts” in anticipation of actual orders. This could result in periodically increased inventory costs and/or obsolescence costs if those expected orders do not materialize. In some instances, we may increase or otherwise manage capacity by transferring technologies from one location to another. Expansion of our capacity will increase our costs. For example, we will need to purchase additional equipment and hire and train additional personnel to operate the new equipment. In case of a technology transfer, we may also need to source new tooling and materials, train personnel to learn and stabilize new processes and, depending on the technology, obtain government approval for such transfer. If demand does not increase as planned, expansion is delayed or we fail to successfully transfer a technology as planned, we may not increase our net revenue accordingly, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects. Because we own and operate high-tech manufacturing facilities, our operations have high costs that are fixed or difficult to reduce in the short term, including our costs related to utilization of existing facilities, facility construction and equipment, R&D, and the employment and training of a highly skilled workforce. Additionally, in the past we concentrated, and in the future may concentrate, some of our fabs on certain technologies and/or products. However, this strategy exposes us to the risk that our operations, including our utilization rate for entire fabs, may be severely impacted if there is a sudden or prolonged downturn in demand for those technologies and/or products, particularly if we are unable to predict such downturn sufficiently in advance to pivot our operations. See Notes 3. Summary of Material Accounting Policies and 9. Property, Plant and Equipment to our Annual Consolidated Financial Statements. Additionally, we may struggle to diversify the technologies and/or products of some of our fabs in a cost-effective and timely manner. To the extent demand decreases, capacity does not increase in time to meet demand or we fail to forecast demand accurately, we could be required to write off inventory or record underutilization charges, which would lower our gross margin. To the extent any demand decrease is prolonged, our manufacturing capacity could be underutilized, and we may be required to write down our long-lived assets, which would increase our expenses. In addition, deployment of capital for new capacity projects occurs prior to full factory utilization. Consequently, increases in depreciation could be misaligned with planned revenue growth until the factory achieves full utilization, which could materially and adversely affect our operations and financial results. We may also be required to shorten the useful life of under-used facilities and equipment and accelerate depreciation. Our manufacturing processes are highly complex, costly and potentially vulnerable to impurities and other disruptions and cost increases that can significantly increase our costs and delay product shipments to our customers. Our semiconductor manufacturing processes are highly complex, require advanced and costly equipment, are difficult to transfer and are continuously being modified to improve manufacturing yields and product performance intended to improve or protect our ability to achieve our revenue and profit plan. Disruptions in manufacturing operations could be caused by numerous issues including impurities in our raw materials (such as chemicals, gases and wafers), supply chain changes to support expansion plans, facilities issues (such as electrical power and water outages), equipment failures (such as 15 performance issues or defects) or IT issues (such as down computer systems and viruses). Any of these issues, and others, could lower production yields or interrupt manufacturing, which could result in the loss of products in process that could cause delivery delays, reduced revenue, increased cost or reduced quality delivered to our customers. These factors could significantly affect our financial results as well as our ability to attract new and retain existing customers. In the past, we have encountered, among other issues: •capacity constraints due to changes in product mix or the delayed delivery of equipment critical to our production; •construction delays during expansions of our clean rooms and other facilities; •difficulties in upgrading or expanding existing facilities; •failure of Manufacturing Execution Systems or automatic transportation systems; •unexpected breakdowns in manufacturing equipment and/or related facilities; •disruptions in connection with changing, transferring or upgrading our process technologies; •electrical power outages and disruptions; •raw materials shortages and impurities; and •delays in delivery or shortages of spare parts used in the maintenance of our equipment. If the above issues recur or we face similar challenges in the future, we may suffer delays in our ability to deliver our products, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects. In addition, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to increase our manufacturing capacity and efficiency in the future to the same extent as in the past. If the above issues recur or we face similar challenges in the future, our ability to expand or ramp production as planned may be delayed. Additionally, if we are unable to offset increases in the costs of key inputs to fabs (including raw materials, electric power and water) through cost reduction programs, the cost increases could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects. We are subject to risks associated with the development and implementation of new manufacturing technologies. Production of ICs is a complex process. We are continually engaged in the development of new manufacturing process technologies and features. Forecasting our progress and schedule for developing new process technologies and features is challenging, and at times we encounter unexpected delays due to the complexity of interactions among steps in the manufacturing process, challenges in using new materials, and other issues. We may expend substantial resources on developing new technologies that are ultimately not successful, or on existing technologies that are then determined to no longer be in line with our long-term business strategy, which may result in our recognizing significant impairment charges. Diagnosing defects in our manufacturing processes often takes a long time, as manufacturing throughput times can delay our receipt of data about defects and the effectiveness of fixes. We are not always successful or efficient in developing or implementing new technologies and manufacturing processes. Our profit margin may substantially decline if we are unable to continually improve our manufacturing yields, maintain stable shipment utilization or fail to optimize the process technology mix of our wafer production. Our ability to maintain our profit margin depends, in part, on our ability to: •maintain stable shipment utilization; •maintain or improve our production yields; and •optimize the technology mix of our production by increasing the number of wafers manufactured by utilizing different processing technologies. Our shipment utilization affects our operating results because a large percentage of our operating costs is fixed. Our manufacturing yields directly affect our ability to attract and retain customers, as well as the prices of our services. Different technologies load the available capacity differently, and an increase of lower margin product demand could lower the financial performance of a factory while still fully utilizing the available capacity. If we are unable to continuously maintain high capacity utilization, improve our manufacturing yields or optimize the technology mix of our wafer production, our profit margin may substantially decline. Our manufacturing processes are highly complex, require advanced and costly equipment and are continuously being modified in an effort to improve yields, product performance or productivity. Minute impurities or other difficulties in the manufacturing process can lower yields. Further, at the beginning of each semiconductor technological upgrade, the manufacturing yield utilizing the new technology may be lower than the yield under current technology. Our manufacturing efficiency is an important factor in our profitability, and there can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain our manufacturing efficiency or increase manufacturing efficiency to the same extent as our competitors. We may experience manufacturing problems in achieving acceptable yields or experience product delivery delays in the future as a result of, among other things, capacity constraints, upgrading or expanding our existing facilities, transferring technologies between our sites or introducing new manufacturing materials (e.g., Gallium Nitride (“GaN”)). 16 If we are unable to obtain adequate supplies of raw materials in a timely manner and at commercially reasonable prices, our revenue and profitability may decline. Our production operations require that we obtain adequate supplies of raw materials, such as silicon wafers, gases, chemicals and photoresist, on a timely basis and at commercially reasonable prices, many of which are not commodities easily replaced with substitutions. In the past, shortages in the supply of some materials, whether by specific vendors or by the industry generally, have resulted in occasional industry-wide price adjustments and delivery delays. Moreover, major natural disasters, trade barriers and political or economic turmoil occurring within the country of origin of such raw materials may also significantly disrupt the availability of such raw materials or increase their prices. Further, since we procure some of our raw materials from sole-sourced suppliers, including raw materials that are significant to our production operations, there is a risk that our need for such raw materials may not be met or that back-up supplies may not be readily available. In addition, escalating trade tensions between the United States and China, as well as the conflict in Ukraine, have resulted in, and could further exacerbate, substantial price volatility and reduced availability of raw materials, including rare earth metals and natural gas used in our products or in our production operations. Similar price volatility risks may be presented by the conflict in Israel and its potential expansion. Tariffs, including those imposed by the U.S. on imports from China, Mexico and Canada, the global 50% tariff on most steel and aluminum imports and the retaliatory tariffs imposed by other countries, sanctions, export controls, other non-tariff barriers, and other measures undertaken by state actors due to global or local economic conditions could also affect material cost and availability. If the availability of such raw materials is disrupted, manufacturing lines may be stopped or significantly disrupted, impacting our supply chain, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations. From time to time, including recently, we are advised of shortages of raw materials that could impact our operations. We currently are seeking, and in the future will continue to seek, alternative suppliers and substitute materials and work closely with our existing vendors to support their efforts to provide us with uninterrupted supply. Failure to obtain adequate supplies could result in our being unable to meet commitments under our contracts with customers, which could expose us to substantial liquidated damages and other claims, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects. Further, in order to assure supply and control costs, GF may enter into long-term supply agreements that cause us to rely on customer demand meeting expectations in order for us to meet our contractual commitments and achieve expected financial results. For some supplies and raw materials, we have, and may in the future, enter into long-term agreements with minimum purchase agreements. Due to the perishable nature of some of these supplies and materials and the risk of delayed customer orders, we may incur higher costs in a given period or experience increased obsolescence charges, which could adversely affect our profitability. If we are unable to obtain adequate supplies of energy at commercially reasonable prices our profitability may decline. Certain energy products (e.g., electricity, natural gas, petroleum) and water, necessary for our production operations, have experienced and may continue to experience substantial price volatility, including related to shortages or political or economic instability, in regions where we operate our fabs. We have experienced and may continue to experience increases in electricity costs, particularly in Dresden, Germany and Singapore. Electricity costs may fluctuate as a result of various factors. For example, climate change is increasing governmental regulation, which could impact costs. In Vermont, all industries are now required to seek renewable sources of energy, which may result in increased costs to secure supply suitable for the sensitive equipment our production facilities require. Additionally, the conflict in Israel, especially if it expands throughout the Middle East, and turmoil in Venezuela may result in substantial volatility of oil prices, which could impact all our sites worldwide. Hedging transactions for many of these materials and other inputs are not always available to us, or are not always available on terms we believe are commercially acceptable. Hedges that we enter into with respect to certain inputs, such as electricity, oil, or alternative energy supplies we may seek to secure, may not be effective to avoid disruptions to our manufacturing operations. Additionally, once our prices with a customer are negotiated, we are generally unable to revise pricing with that customer until our next regularly scheduled price adjustment. As a result, if market prices for essential components increase, we may be unable to pass the price increases through to our customers for products purchased under an existing agreement. Consequently, we are exposed to the risks associated with the volatility of prices for these components and our cost of revenue could increase and our gross margins could decrease in the event of price increases. Failure to adjust our supply chain volume due to changing market conditions or failure to estimate our customers’ demand could adversely affect our sales and/or our gross margin and could result in additional charges for obsolete or excess inventories or non-cancelable purchase commitments. We make significant decisions, including determining the levels of business that we will seek and accept, production schedules, personnel needs and other resource requirements, based on our estimates of customer requirements. The possibility of rapid changes in demand for our customers’ products reduces our ability to accurately estimate our customers’ future requirements for our products. On occasion, our customers may require rapid increases in production, which can challenge our resources. We may not have sufficient capacity at any given time to meet our customers’ demands. Conversely, downturns in the semiconductor industry have in the past caused and may in the future cause our customers to significantly reduce the amount of products ordered from us. Because many of our sales, R&D, and manufacturing expenses are relatively fixed, a reduction in customer demand may decrease our gross margins and operating income, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects. 17 In addition, we base many of our operating decisions, and enter into purchase commitments, on the basis of anticipated sales, which are highly unpredictable. Some of our purchase commitments are non-cancelable, and in some cases we are required to recognize a charge representing the amount of material or capital equipment purchased or ordered that exceeds our actual requirements. For example, we have non-cancelable purchase commitments with vendors and LTAs with certain of our third-party wafer fabrication partners, under which we are required to purchase a minimum number of wafers per year or face financial penalties. These types of commitments and agreements could reduce our ability to adjust our inventory to address declining market demands. If demand for our products is less than we expect, we may experience additional excess and obsolete inventories and be forced to incur additional charges. If sales in future periods fall substantially below our expectations, or if we fail to accurately forecast changes in demand mix, we could be required to record substantial charges for obsolete or excess inventories or non-cancelable purchase commitments. Moreover, during a market upturn, we may not be able to purchase sufficient supplies or components to meet increasing product demand, which could prevent us from taking advantage of opportunities and limit our sales. In addition, a supplier could discontinue a component necessary for our design, extend lead times, limit supply, increase prices due to capacity constraints or other factors or face shortages of a component. For example, beginning in late 2025 and continuing in 2026, the global memory and storage market has experienced significant shortages due to AI demand, leaving supply constrained, which may have an adverse impact on our operations and our customers’ demands. Our failure to adjust our supply chain volume or estimate our customers’ demands could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects. Historically, we do not typically operate with any significant backlog, except in periods of capacity shortage. The historic lack of significant backlog and the unpredictable length and timing of semiconductor cycles makes it more difficult for us to accurately forecast revenue in future periods. Moreover, our expense levels are based in part on our expectations of future revenue, and we may be unable to fully adjust costs in a timely manner to compensate for revenue shortfalls. Aging infrastructure and power grids and risks to the supply of natural gas, electricity or fresh water could interrupt production. The semiconductor fabrication process requires extensive amounts of fresh water and a stable source of electricity and natural gas. In addition, it requires effective facilities to manage wastewater. As our production capabilities and our business grow, our requirements for these factors will grow substantially. Although we have not, to date, experienced any instances of lack of sufficient supplies of natural gas or water, or material disruptions in the electricity supply to, or wastewater processing capacity of, any of our fabs beyond temporary or short-term stoppages, the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine has in the past created, and may in the future again create, a substantial risk of natural gas shortage in Europe, which may impact our manufacturing site in Dresden, Germany. Further, we may not have access to sufficient supplies of natural gas, electricity, water or wastewater processing capacity to accommodate our planned growth. Pipeline interruptions, power interruptions, electricity shortages, droughts, geopolitical tensions, or government intervention, particularly in the form of rationing, are factors that could restrict our access to these utilities in the areas in which our fabs are located. If there is an insufficient supply of fresh water, natural gas, electricity or wastewater processing capacity to satisfy our requirements, we may need to limit or delay our production. In addition, a power outage, even of very limited duration, could result in a loss of wafers in production and a deterioration in yield. Any of these occurrences could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects. The increasing risk of cyberattacks and other data security breaches requires us to incur significant costs to maintain the security of our networks and data, and, in the event of such breaches, may expose us to liability, adversely affect our operations, damage our reputation, and affect our net revenue and profitability, and our efforts to combat breach and misuse of our systems and unauthorized access to our data may not be successful. In the ordinary course of our business, we maintain a large amount of sensitive data on our networks, including our and our customers’ intellectual property and proprietary or confidential business information relating to our business and that of our customers and business partners. Our and our service providers’ information technology ("IT") and computer systems store and transmit customer information, trade secrets, corporate data and personal information, and are otherwise essential to the operation of our production lines, which may make us and our service providers targets for cyberattacks. The secure maintenance of this information is critical to our business and reputation. In addition, our accreditation as a Trusted Foundry by the Defense Microelectronics Activity and our processing of sensitive information has in the past and may continue to make us an attractive and frequent target for attacks by third parties, including industrial or nation-state espionage, organized criminals, and terrorist cyberattacks. Further, we depend on our employees and the employees of our service providers to appropriately handle confidential and sensitive data and deploy our IT resources in a safe and secure manner that does not expose our network systems to security breaches or the loss of data. However, there is always a risk that inadvertent disclosure or actions or internal malfeasance by our employees or those of our service providers could result in a loss of data or a breach or interruption of our IT systems. 18 As a result of the nature of our business and operations, we have been subject to and will continue to be subject to cyberattacks from various bad actors. Over the past few years, we have identified a few cybersecurity incidents. The incidents were thoroughly investigated, and in each case we concluded that there was no material adverse impact to our business, operations or financial results. While we continue to enhance and strengthen our cybersecurity monitoring and preventative controls, state actors have significant resources at their disposal. Some of our third-party service providers have also experienced cyberattacks. There can be no assurance that a third party (including a state actor) will not successfully gain unauthorized access to our systems again, or to the systems of our third-party service providers, or that future cyberattacks will not have a material adverse effect on our business, operations, or financial results. We continue to make significant investments in cybersecurity and data security, as well as other efforts to combat breach and misuse of our systems and unauthorized access to our and our customers’ data by third parties. While we seek to continuously review and assess our cybersecurity policies and procedures to ensure their adequacy and effectiveness, all IT and computer systems are vulnerable to attacks, especially via methods that have not been observed yet or quickly evolve. The risk of security breaches may be higher during times of a natural disaster or pandemic due to remote working arrangements. Also, the development and proliferation of AI/ML, in addition to other related technologies, may increase our exposure to cyberattacks and other cybersecurity risks by providing third parties with enhanced capabilities to breach our systems, and may require us to spend additional resources to further strengthen our defenses against such threats. We cannot guarantee that our IT and computer systems which control or maintain vital corporate functions, such as our manufacturing operations and enterprise accounting, would be immune to cyberattacks. In the event of a serious cyberattack, our systems may lose important customer information, trade secrets, corporate data or personal information, or our production lines may be shut down pending the resolution of such an attack. Despite requiring certain third-party service providers to comply with the confidentiality and security requirements in our service agreements with them, there is no assurance that each of them will strictly fulfill their obligations or that they will be successful in preventing further cyberattacks. The on-site network systems and the off-site cloud computing networks, such as servers maintained by these service providers and/or their contractors, are also subject to risks associated with cyberattacks. While we attempt to take prompt action once we are alerted to a cyberattack against one of our third-party service providers and implement steps designed to mitigate associated risks to our systems and data, we may in the future not be made aware of such events in a timely manner or may be unable to successfully sever network connectivity or otherwise limit the risk to our own systems. If we or our service providers are not able to timely contain, remediate and resolve the respective issues caused by cyberattacks and data breaches, or ensure the integrity and availability of our systems and data (or data belonging to our customers or other third parties) or control of our or our service providers’ IT or computer systems, then such attacks, breaches or failures could: •disrupt the proper functioning of these networks and systems and, therefore, our operations and/or those of certain of our customers; •result in the unauthorized access to, and destruction, loss, theft, misappropriation or release of, proprietary, confidential, sensitive or otherwise valuable information of ours, our customers or our employees, including trade secrets, which could be used to compete against us or for disruptive, destructive or otherwise harmful purposes and outcomes; •result in litigation and governmental investigation and proceedings that could expose us to civil or criminal liabilities; •compromise national security and other sensitive government functions; •require significant management attention and resources to remedy the damages that result; •result in our incurring significant expenses in implementing remedial and improvement measures to enhance our IT network or computer systems; •result in costs which exceed our insurance coverage and/or indemnification arrangements; •subject us to claims for contract breach, damages, credits, penalties or termination; and •damage our reputation with our customers (including the U.S. government) and the general public. Further, remediation efforts may not be successful and could result in interruptions, delays or cessation of service, unfavorable publicity, damage to our reputation, customer allegations of breach-of-contract, possible litigation, and loss of existing or potential customers that may impede our sales or other critical functions. Additionally, any such attack or unauthorized access may require unplanned spending and resources to focus on correcting the breach and indemnifying the relevant parties and litigation, regulatory investigations, regulatory proceedings, increased insurance premiums, lost revenue, penalties fines and other potential liabilities. Any of the foregoing factors could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects. 19 We may be unable to obtain manufacturing equipment in a timely manner and at a reasonable cost that is necessary for us to remain competitive. Our operations and ongoing revenue expansion plans depend on our ability to obtain complex and specialized manufacturing equipment and related services from a limited number of suppliers in a market that is characterized from time to time by limited supply and long delivery cycles. During such times, supplier-specific or industry-wide lead times for delivery can be as long as twelve months or more. Further, growing complexities of the most valuable equipment may delay the timely delivery of such equipment and parts needed to capitalize on time-sensitive and perishable business opportunities. Industry-wide demand increases for this equipment could increase market prices as well as the market prices of replacement parts and consumable materials needed to operate the equipment. Due in part to demand driven by significant new sources of funding in China as well as potentially other governments (such as Korea, the United States and Europe), the demand for semiconductor manufacturing equipment may result in longer than normal lead times for such equipment. Similarly, an industry-wide increase in demand may result in longer than normal lead times for such equipment or higher prices. If we are unable to obtain equipment in a timely manner to fulfill our customers’ demand on technology and production capacity, or at a reasonable cost, we may be unable to meet commitments under our contracts with customers, which could expose us to substantial liquidated damages and other claims and could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects. With the recent escalation of trade restrictions and increased tensions between nations, particularly between the U.S and China, trade or contractual restrictions may limit access to certain equipment and components. These restrictions may lead to increased downtime or increased development and qualification costs to find replacement equipment or spare parts. We may be subject to the risk of loss due to fire because the materials we use in our manufacturing processes are highly flammable. We use highly flammable materials such as silane and hydrogen in our manufacturing processes and may therefore be subject to the risk of loss arising from fires. The risk of fire associated with these materials cannot be completely eliminated. We maintain insurance policies to reduce losses caused by fire, including business interruption insurance. However, our insurance coverage is subject to deductibles and self-insured retention and may not be sufficient to cover all of our potential losses. If any of our fabs were to be damaged or cease operations as a result of a fire, our manufacturing capacity would be reduced, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects. Our operations are subject to the risks of earthquakes, wildfires, floods, severe weather incidents and other natural catastrophic events, and to interruption by man-made problems such as power disruptions, industrial accidents, or terrorism. Significant natural disasters such as earthquakes, wildfires, floods, severe weather incidents or acts of terrorism occurring in any of our manufacturing or office locations, or where a business partner, such as a customer or supplier, is located, could adversely affect our operational and financial performance. In addition, natural disasters, spills or hazardous exposure incidents, accidents and acts of terrorism could cause disruptions in our business or our suppliers’ or customers’ businesses, national economies or the global economy as a whole, and we may not have insurance coverage for these matters. Our operations, as well as our computing systems, are vulnerable to interference, or interruption from terrorist attacks, natural disasters or pandemics, the effects of climate change (such as sea level rise, drought, flooding, wildfires, increased average temperatures and increased storm severity), power loss, telecommunications failures, criminal fraud or impersonation, inadvertent or intentional actions by our employees, or other attempts to harm or access our systems. In the event of a major disruption caused by a natural disaster or any of the foregoing, we may be unable to continue our operations and may endure system interruptions, reputational harm, delays in our development activities, lengthy interruptions in service, breaches of data security and loss of critical data or personal information, any of which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects. If we are unable to successfully deploy AI/ML across our products and services and our business operations and adequately anticipate and keep up with developments in the AI/ML space, we may become less competitive against our peers and we may incur significant costs that do not provide us with commensurate returns. AI/ML has the potential to generate significant business value for semiconductor companies, including foundries. Manufacturing is the semiconductor industry's largest cost driver and AI/ML has the potential to, among other things, reduce costs, improve yields, shorten processing times, and increase production. Use cases include utilizing AI/ML to handle repetitive tasks, improve predictive maintenance, develop and optimize process design kits, optimize process times, improve and shorten wafer inspections and optimize inventory and supply chain management and operations. If we do not adopt and deploy AI/ML as quickly or efficiently as our competitors, we may not be able to provide foundry services on competitive terms, including with respect to cost, schedule, and volume manufacturing capacity, which may lead to us losing design wins, losing market share and losing customers. The rapid pace of AI/ML’s development may require the investment of significant resources for us to remain competitive, and we may not receive commensurate returns if we are not successful in achieving the outcomes we expect (either on the timelines we expect or at all). The risk of falling behind our competitors could expose us to higher costs than our peers, as we operate primarily in countries that have higher labor and overhead costs relative to many of our competitors. Any failure on our part to safely and effectively utilize AI/ML to enhance our operations, products and services and manufacturing strategy may result in material impacts to our financial performance, financial results and overall business strategy. 20 Any use of AI/ML technologies in our operations may present additional labor, legal, regulatory, and social risks, which could lead to additional costs and impact our competitive position. AI/ML and related new technologies could disrupt our workforce needs. As AI/ML becomes more prevalent in the semiconductor industry, there may be higher demand for, and fiercer competition to recruit, personnel with specific skillsets that are currently not abundant in the industry. GF’s existing workforce may also need to undergo changes to account for developments in the way semiconductor manufacturing and foundries operate as a result of incorporating AI/ML. New technologies in the market that disrupt our workforce needs may also cause us to undergo other changes to better respond to changing market conditions and to stay ahead of our peers. All of these may result in significant costs to GF, and there can be no assurance that any initiatives, strategies or projects GF pursues will be successful in mitigating or preventing these risks. Because AI/ML is a developing technology in its nascency, legal frameworks for AI/ML governance are unsettled, quickly developing, and unpredictable. Some uses of AI pose emerging ethical issues and present a number of risks that cannot be fully mitigated. Using AI/ML while the technology is still developing may expose us to additional liability, reputational harm, and threats of litigation, particularly if the AI/ML we adopt produces errors, AI bias, AI hallucination, harmful content, discrimination, intellectual property infringement or misappropriation, data privacy or cybersecurity issues, or otherwise does not function as intended. For example, AI/ML technologies are highly reliant on the collection and analysis of large amounts of data and complex algorithms, which may be overly broad, insufficient, or contain biased information. Moreover, with the use of AI/ML technologies, there often exists a lack of transparency of the sources of data used to train or develop the AI/ML technologies or how inputs are converted to outputs and we cannot fully validate this process and its accuracy. The accuracy of such inputs and the resulting impacts on the results of AI/ML technologies cannot be verified and could result in outputs that may include or be derived from inaccurate or erroneous information. The use of AI/ML, including potential inadvertent disclosure of confidential information or personal identifiable information, could also lead to legal and regulatory investigations and enforcement actions, or may give rise to specific obligations, including required notices, consents and opt-outs, under various data privacy, protection and cybersecurity laws and regulations in a number of jurisdictions. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risk Factors—Risks Related to Manufacturing, Operations and Expansion—Compliance with applicable data security and data privacy laws and regulations may be costly and, in the case of a breach of applicable law, could harm our reputation” for more information relating to risks relating to data protection and compliance with existing and future laws and regulations. See also “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risk Factors—Risks Related to Manufacturing, Operations and Expansion—The risk of cyberattacks and other data security breaches requires us to incur significant costs to maintain the security of our networks and data, and, in the event of such breaches, may expose us to liability, adversely affect our operations, damage our reputation, and affect our net revenue and profitability, and our efforts to combat breach and misuse of our systems and unauthorized access to our data may not be successful” for more information on the cybersecurity risks relating to AI/ML technologies. Further, despite our investment in AI/ML, there is no assurance that new laws and regulations will not restrict the ways we can use the AI/ML we have adopted, including by limiting or changing global AI/ML adoption trends that may impede our strategy. Moreover, regulations relating to AI/ML technologies may also impose certain obligations on organizations, and the costs of monitoring and responding to such regulations, as well as the consequences of non-compliance, could have an adverse effect on our operations or financial condition. For example, the EU AI Act formally went into effect in August 2024 and will generally become fully applicable after a two-year transitional period (although certain obligations take effect at an earlier or later time), and includes specific transparency and other requirements for general purpose AI systems and the models on which those systems are based, which may apply to the AI/ML we have adopted. In the U.S., there is increasing uncertainty as to the federal government’s approach to AI regulation going forward, as the White House's 2023 Executive Order on the Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence was rescinded in 2025 and followed up by the White House’s Executive Order Removing Barriers to American Leadership in Artificial Intelligence, which instead prioritizes deregulation. However, several states are considering enacting or have already enacted regulations concerning the development and use of AI. Unfavorable legal and regulatory developments could also impact our vendors, suppliers and industry as a whole, and we may be exposed to increased risk of liability, reputational harm, and other significant costs if we need to make business and operational changes in response to such developments. Our failure, or perceived failure, to comply fully with developing interpretations of AI/ML laws and regulations, or meet evolving and varied stakeholder expectations and industry standards, could harm our business, reputation, financial condition, and operating results. Certain of our debt agreements contain covenants that may constrain the operation of our business, and our failure to comply with these covenants could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects. Restrictive covenants in our credit facilities may prevent us from pursuing certain transactions or business strategies, including by limiting our ability to, in certain circumstances: •incur additional indebtedness; •pay dividends or make distributions; •acquire assets or make investments outside of the ordinary course of business; 21 •sell, lease, license, transfer or otherwise dispose of assets; •enter into transactions with our affiliates; •create or permit liens; •guarantee indebtedness; •enter into change of control transactions; and •engage in certain extraordinary transactions. Failure to comply with any of the covenants in our debt agreements, including due to events beyond our control, or unintentional violations of applicable laws and regulations, have resulted in and could in the future result in an event of default. We have in the past inadvertently violated certain of these provisions, which triggered events of default under certain of our debt agreements. Although our lenders agreed to waive the defaults, there is no guarantee that we will always be able to receive default waivers, and if we are unable to acquire waivers from our lenders, our lenders could terminate commitments to lend and accelerate amounts outstanding to be due and payable immediately. This could also result in cross-defaults under our other debt instruments, significantly impacting our liquidity and ability to fund our operations. Any of these occurrences could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects. See Note 13. Long-Term Debt to our Annual Consolidated Financial Statements for more information about the export regulations breach and resulting default waivers. Compliance with applicable data security and data privacy laws and regulations may be costly and, in the case of a breach of applicable law, could harm our reputation. In the United States, federal and state laws impose limits on, or requirements regarding, the collection, distribution, use, security and storage of personal information of individuals, and there has been increased regulation of data privacy and security particularly at the state level, including the California Consumer Privacy Act (effective on January 1, 2020), and the California Privacy Rights Act (effective on January 1, 2023). Furthermore, many other states have enacted or are actively considering or enacting similar laws and we operate in many of these jurisdictions. Outside the United States, the European Union and other countries in which we operate also have privacy and data protection laws, regulations and standards, including the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (the “EU GDPR”), the United Kingdom’s GDPR (the “UK GDPR”), and India’s new Digital Personal Data Protection Act. The interpretation and application of many of these existing or recently enacted laws and regulations are increasingly complex, uncertain and fluid, and could be inconsistent with our existing data management practices. For example, the EU GDPR and UK GDPR generally restrict the transfer of personal information to countries outside the European Economic Area (“EEA”) and the United Kingdom (“UK”) to the United States and other jurisdictions without appropriate safeguards or other measures. Additionally, while the EU-U.S. Data Privacy Framework, which went into effect on July 10, 2023, allows companies to transfer personal information from the European Union to the United States without relying on certain additional safeguard measures (e.g., standard contractual clauses or binding corporate rules), such framework (like past frameworks) is subject to legal challenge. These developments could lead to substantial costs, require significant changes, divert the attention of our technology personnel, adversely affect our margins, increase costs and subject us to additional liabilities. If we are unable to transfer personal data between and among countries and regions in which we operate, it could affect the geographical location or segregation of our relevant systems and operations and could adversely affect our financial results. Inappropriate disclosure of personal and other sensitive data, even if inadvertent, or other actual or perceived violations of or noncompliance with such laws and regulations could expose us to significant administrative, civil or criminal liability, breach of covenants under our existing debt agreements, as well as reputational harm. For example, a breach of the GDPR could result in fines of up to 20 million euros (“EUR”) under the EU GDPR or British pound sterling (“GBP”) 17.5 million under the UK GDPR or up to 4% of the annual global revenue of the infringer, whichever is greater, as well as regulatory investigations, reputational damage, orders to cease or change our processing of personal data, enforcement notices and/or assessment notices (for a compulsory audit). Privacy-related claims or lawsuits initiated by governmental bodies, employees or other third parties, whether meritorious or not, could be time-consuming, result in costly regulatory proceedings, litigation, penalties and fines, or require us to change our business practices, sometimes in expensive ways, or other potential liabilities. Additionally, to be eligible for a contract award pursuant to which we will handle U.S. Government controlled unclassified information (“CUI”), the Department of War (“DoW”) may require us to receive a specific third-party cybersecurity certification or self-certify that we meet certain cybersecurity requirements. As the program is being phased in gradually over a three year period, which started in November 2025, and there are different levels of compliance that may be required for specific contracts, GF may not be eligible to bid for and be awarded certain DoW contracts. To the extent we or our subcontractors on which we rely are unable to provide a required self-certification or a required third-party certificate for a contract award, we will be unable to bid on certain contract awards or follow-on awards for existing work with the DoW, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects. In addition, some of the obligations to manage CUI are different from and in addition to those otherwise required by applicable laws and regulations, which will result in additional expense for compliance. 22 Our products may contain defects that could harm our reputation, be costly to correct, delay revenue and expose us to litigation. Our products are highly complex and sophisticated and, from time to time, may contain defects, errors, hardware failures or other failures that are difficult to detect and correct. Errors, defects and other failures may be found in new solutions, products or services or improvements to existing solutions, products or services after delivery to our customers. If these defects, errors and failures are discovered, we may not be able to successfully correct them in a timely manner or otherwise mitigate or eliminate the impact of the error or failure. The occurrence of errors, defects and other failures in our products could result in the delay or the denial of market acceptance of our products and alleviating such errors, defects and other failures may require us to make significant expenditure of our resources. Our products are often used for critical business processes and as a result, any defect in or failure of our products may cause customers to reconsider renewing their contract with us, cause significant customer dissatisfaction and possibly give rise to claims for indemnification or other monetary damages. The harm to our reputation resulting from errors, defects and other failures may be material. Any claims for actual or alleged losses to our customers’ businesses may require us to spend significant time and money in litigation or arbitration or to pay significant settlements or damages. Defending a lawsuit, regardless of merit, can be costly and divert management’s attention and resources. Accordingly, any such claim could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects. Any problem in the semiconductor outsourcing infrastructure could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects. Many of our customers depend on third parties to provide assembly, testing and other related services. Many of these services are geographically concentrated primarily in Asia. If these customers cannot timely obtain those services on reasonable terms, they may not order foundry products and services from us, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects. Risks Related to Intellectual Property Any failure to obtain, maintain, protect or enforce our intellectual property and proprietary rights could impair our ability to protect our proprietary technology and our brand. Our success depends to a significant degree on our ability to obtain, maintain, protect and enforce our intellectual property rights. We rely on a combination of patents, trade secrets, copyrights, trademarks, service marks, and other forms of intellectual property, contractual restrictions and confidentiality procedures to establish and protect our proprietary rights. However, the steps we take to obtain, maintain, protect and enforce our intellectual property rights may be inadequate. We may not be able to protect our technology, know-how, and/or brand if we are unable to enforce our rights for whatever reason or if we do not detect unauthorized use of our intellectual property rights. If we fail to protect our intellectual property rights adequately, our competitors may gain access to our proprietary technology and develop and commercialize substantially similar products, services or technologies, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects. We have filed various applications for certain aspects of our intellectual property in the United States and other countries, and we have built a comprehensive patent portfolio of approximately 8,500 worldwide patents. In the future, we may acquire additional patents or patent portfolios, license patents from third parties or agree to license the technology of third parties, which could require significant cash expenditures. Our patents do not cover all of our technologies, systems, products and product components and our competitors or others may design around our patented technologies. Further, when we seek patent protection for a particular technology, there is no assurance that the applications we file will result in issued patents or that, if patents are issued as a result, that they will be found to be valid and enforceable or that they will effectively block competitors from creating competing technology. In addition, we may need to license technology from third parties to develop and market new products and we cannot be certain that we could license that technology on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Our inability to license this technology could harm our ability to compete and materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects. Some of our know-how or technology is not patented or patentable and may constitute trade secrets. To protect our trade secrets, we have a policy of requiring our employees, consultants, advisors and other collaborators who contribute to our material intellectual property to enter into confidentiality agreements. We also rely on customary contractual protections with our suppliers and customers, and we implement security measures intended to protect our trade secrets, know-how and other proprietary information. However, no assurances can be given that those contracts will not be breached. Further, those contracts and arrangements may be ineffective in protecting our intellectual property and may not prevent unauthorized disclosure. See the following Risk Factor for more details. In addition, third parties may independently develop technologies that may be substantially equivalent or superior to our technology. There is a risk that our trade secrets, know-how and other proprietary information will be stolen, used in an unauthorized manner, or compromised, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects. Our trade secrets, know-how and other proprietary information may be stolen, used in an unauthorized manner, or compromised through a direct intrusion by private parties or foreign actors, including those affiliated with or controlled by state actors, through cyber intrusions into our computer systems, physical theft through corporate espionage or other 23 means, or through more indirect routes, including by joint venture partners, licensees that do not honor the terms of the license, potential licensees that were ultimately not licensed, or other parties reverse engineering our company’s solutions, products or components. AI/ML technologies can also be misused or misappropriated by third parties and/or our employees. Moreover, there is a risk that an employee may input confidential information, including material non-public information, trade secrets or personal identifiable information, into AI/ML technologies applications, resulting in such information becoming accessible by third parties, including our competitors. Any of the foregoing factors could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects. The laws of some foreign countries may not be as protective of intellectual property rights as those in the United States, and mechanisms for enforcement of intellectual property rights may be inadequate. The absence of internationally harmonized intellectual property laws and different enforcement regimes makes it more difficult to ensure consistent protection of our proprietary rights. Our strong international presence may lead to increased exposure to unauthorized copying and use of our manufacturing technologies and proprietary information. Moreover, policing unauthorized use of our technologies, trade secrets, and intellectual property may be difficult, expensive and time-consuming, particularly in foreign countries where the laws may not be as protective of intellectual property rights as those in the United States and where mechanisms for enforcement of intellectual property rights may be weak. Accordingly, despite our efforts, we may be unable to prevent third parties from infringing upon, misappropriating or otherwise violating our intellectual property rights. Our inability to secure or enforce our intellectual property rights could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects. We have been, and may continue to be, subject to intellectual property disputes, which are costly and may subject us to significant liability and increased costs of doing business. The semiconductor industry is subject to claims of infringement by patent owners and is characterized by frequent litigation regarding patent rights. From time to time, we receive communications from third parties that allege that our products or technologies infringe their patent or other intellectual property rights and we have had patent infringement lawsuits filed against us claiming that certain of our products, services, or technologies infringe the intellectual property rights of others. We may continue to become subject to such intellectual property disputes in the future. Further, we have entered into licenses, including patent licenses with third parties in settlements of claims or in order to avoid intellectual property disputes and the loss of license rights, including as a result of a termination or expiration of such licenses, may limit our ability to use certain technologies in the future, which could cause us to incur significant costs, prevent us from commercializing certain of our products or otherwise have a material adverse effect on us. In addition, there may be issued patents held by third parties that, if found to be valid and enforceable, could be alleged to be infringed by our current or future technologies or products. There also may be pending patent applications of others that may result in issued patents, which could be alleged to be infringed by our current or future technologies or products. In order to protect our intellectual property rights, we may be required to spend significant resources to monitor and protect those rights. Litigation brought to protect and enforce our intellectual property rights could be costly, time-consuming and distracting to management. Further, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights may be met with defenses, counterclaims and countersuits attacking the validity and enforceability of our intellectual property rights, and if such defenses, counterclaims or countersuits are successful, we could lose valuable intellectual property rights. Our inability to protect our proprietary technology against unauthorized copying or use, as well as any costly litigation or diversion of our management’s attention and resources, could delay the implementation of our manufacturing technologies, delay introductions of new solutions or injure our reputation and could have a material and adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects. Further, many of our agreements with our customers and partners, the terms of which often survive termination or expiration of the applicable agreement, require us to defend such parties against certain intellectual property infringement claims and indemnify them for damages and losses arising from certain intellectual property infringement claims against them, which have in the past resulted, and could in the future result, in increased costs for defending such claims or significant damages if there is an adverse ruling in any such claims. These defense costs and indemnity payments could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects. Such customers and partners may also discontinue the use of our products, services, and solutions, as a result of injunctions or otherwise, which could result in loss of revenue and adversely affect our business. We may also have to seek a license for the technology, which may not be available on reasonable terms, if at all, and may significantly increase our operating expenses or may require us to restrict our business activities and limit our ability to develop and deliver our products. As a result, we may also be required to develop alternative non-infringing technology, which could require significant effort and expense or which may not be possible, which could negatively affect our business. Moreover, intellectual property indemnities provided to us by our suppliers, when obtainable, may not cover all damages and losses suffered by us and our customers arising from intellectual property infringement claims. Even if we were to prevail in such a dispute, any litigation regarding our intellectual property could be costly and time-consuming and divert the attention of our management and key personnel from our business operations. Any of the foregoing factors could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects. 24 Our success depends, in part, on our ability to develop and commercialize our technology without infringing, misappropriating or otherwise violating the intellectual property rights of third parties and we may not be aware of such infringements, misappropriations or violations. Third parties may bring claims alleging infringement, misappropriation or violation of intellectual property rights. We cannot guarantee that we have not, do not or will not infringe, misappropriate or otherwise violate the intellectual property rights of others. Our technologies may not be able to withstand any third-party claims against their use. In addition, some companies may have the capability to dedicate substantially greater resources to enforce their intellectual property rights and to defend claims that may be brought against them. Furthermore, third parties have and may continue to assert infringement claims against us in the future, including the sometimes aggressive and opportunistic actions of non-practicing entities whose business model is to obtain patent-licensing revenue from operating companies such as us. Regardless of the merit of such claims, any claim that we have violated intellectual property or other proprietary rights of third parties, whether or not it results in litigation, is settled out of court or is determined in our favor, could be expensive and time-consuming, and could divert the time and attention of management and technical personnel from our business. The litigation process is subject to inherent uncertainties, and we may not prevail in litigation matters regardless of the merits of our position. In some jurisdictions, plaintiffs can also seek injunctive relief that may limit the operation of our business or prevent the marketing and selling of our services that infringe or allegedly infringe on the plaintiff’s intellectual property rights. If a third party is able to obtain an injunction preventing us from using our technology, accessing third-party intellectual property rights, or if we cannot license or develop alternative technology for any infringing aspect of our business, we could be forced to limit or stop manufacturing activities or sales of our products or cease other business activities related to such intellectual property. To resolve these claims, we may enter into licensing agreements with restrictive terms or significant fees, stop selling our products or services or be required to implement costly or inferior redesigns to the affected products or services, or pay damages to satisfy contractual obligations to others. If we do not resolve these claims in advance of a trial, there is no guarantee that we will be successful in court. These outcomes could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects. We may be unable to provide technology to our customers if we lose the support of our technology partners. Enhancing our manufacturing process technologies is critical to our ability to provide services for our customers. We intend to continue to advance our process technologies through internal R&D and alliances with other companies. In addition to our internal R&D focused on developing new and improved semiconductor manufacturing process technologies, our business involves collaboration, including customization and other development of technologies and intellectual property, with and for our customers, vendors and other third parties. We frequently enter into agreements with customers, vendors, equipment suppliers and others that involve customization and other development of technologies and intellectual property. As a result of these agreements, we may be required to limit use of, or refrain from using, certain technologies and intellectual property rights in parts of our business. Determining inventorship and ownership of technologies and intellectual property rights resulting from development activities can be difficult and uncertain. Disputes may arise with customers, vendors and other third parties regarding ownership of and rights to use and enforce these technologies and intellectual property rights or regarding interpretation of our agreements with these third parties, and these disputes may result in claims against us or claims that intellectual property rights are not owned by us, are not enforceable, or are invalid. In addition, we may face claims based on the alleged theft or unauthorized use or disclosure of customer, vendor or other third-party trade secrets, confidential information, or end-user data that we obtain in conducting our business. The cost and effort to resolve these types of disputes, or the loss of rights in technologies in intellectual property rights if we lose these types of disputes, could harm our business and financial condition. In addition, our customers, vendors and other third parties may suffer delays, quality issues, or other problems affecting their development activities and ability to supply us with certain technology and intellectual property, which could adversely affect our business and operating results. Further, if we are unable to continue any of our joint development arrangements or other agreements, on mutually beneficial terms, or if we cannot re-evaluate the technological and economic benefits of such relationships with these partners, vendors or suppliers in a timely manner sufficient to support our ongoing technology development, we may be unable to continue providing our customers with leading edge or differentiated mass-producible process technologies and may, as a result, lose important customers, which could have a materially adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, businesses and prospects. We depend on third-party intellectual property, design tools, and technology partnerships to support our silicon design offerings and process development and production. Restrictions on access to such technologies, disputes with licensors, or termination of key agreements could impair our ability to manufacture certain products or offer certain services. In particular, export controls or sanctions affecting providers of electronic design automation tools or critical intellectual property could materially adversely impact our competitiveness and operations. Risks Related to Strategic Transactions We have undertaken and may in the future undertake strategic transactions, and such transactions may introduce significant risks and uncertainties, including risks related to executing the transaction, integrating the acquired 25 companies, assets or businesses, or otherwise realizing the anticipated benefits of such transactions, any of which can negatively impact our business. We have in the past sought, and may in the future seek, to acquire or invest in businesses, joint ventures, strategic collaborations, and technologies that we believe could complement or expand our capacity, enhance our technology offerings or otherwise offers growth opportunities. These transactions, particularly acquisitions, may be subject to regulatory approvals, including approval from the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (“CFIUS”) and approvals from competition authorities. With regard to CFIUS, our transactions may be more likely to require CFIUS review given the expansion of CFIUS jurisdiction to critical technologies as well as the increased public scrutiny on the industry due to the CHIPS and Science Act. Failure to obtain CFIUS approval, as applicable, and other required regulatory approvals may delay or otherwise limit our ability to make strategic transactions. In addition to domestic regulatory focus, semiconductor technology has been the focus of international regulatory review. China has been particularly focused on transactions in the technology industry and has rejected some proposed transactions. The changing nature of government reviews may impact the ability for inorganic growth of our business. Efforts to pursue and complete a strategic transaction may divert the attention of management, divert capital and other resources, and cause us to incur expenses in identifying, investigating and pursuing suitable opportunities, whether or not the transactions are completed, and may result in unforeseen operating difficulties and expenditures. Any transactions that we are able to complete may not result in the synergies, efficiencies or other benefits we expected to achieve, cause us to incur damages due to failure of our due diligence processes to identify significant issues with the assets or companies in which we are investing or acquiring, or result in initiation of legal proceedings against us, which could result in substantial impairment charges and other losses and expenses. Any of the foregoing factors could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects. If we pursue a particular strategic transaction and/or are unable to timely complete such a transaction, we may limit our ability to enter into other transactions that could help us achieve our other strategic objectives, technology may evolve and reduce the expected benefits of the transaction, and changes in the economy or the markets in which we or a transaction partner compete can occur, any of which could reduce the anticipated benefits of the transaction and negatively impact our business and prospects. In the course of implementing a transaction or other collaboration, we may have disagreements with our partner or have interests or goals that are inconsistent with our partner’s goals, which may result in conflicting views as to plan and timing of the strategic transaction. We or our partner may not perform the obligations or meet the milestones necessary for both parties to reap the benefits of the transaction, including receipt of substantial government funding or paying for certain capital investments. Further, we or our partner may decide not to move forward with the transaction depending on a variety of factors and/or due to current market dynamics. As a result, any prior or current investments or related financing agreements may result in losses. We have in the past, and may in the future, acquire certain businesses outside our core wafer foundry business. These acquisitions are more challenging for us to model, value, integrate and operate than foundry acquisitions because they frequently have different capital and operating expense needs, business models and processes, IT and infrastructure considerations, and customer engagement practices. Failure or delay in understanding and resolving these differences may eliminate, reduce or delay our ability to realize anticipated benefits from these acquisitions. We may encounter difficulties assimilating or integrating the businesses, technologies, products, personnel or operations (including integrating accounting, forecasting and controls, procedures and reporting cycles) of any acquired companies, particularly if the key personnel of an acquired company cannot be retained, or we have difficulty preserving the customers of any acquired business. Additionally, our integration efforts may expose deficiencies in an acquisition target’s controls and procedures relating to cybersecurity and compliance with data privacy and protection laws, regulations and standards that were not identified in our pre-transaction due diligence. Additional risks related to strategic transactions include, but are not limited to: coordinating and integrating operations, particularly in countries in which we do not currently operate; stock price impact, fines, fees or reputational harm if we are unable to obtain regulatory approval for an acquisition or are otherwise unable to close an acquisition; dilutive issuances of equity securities; potential issuances of debt to finance our acquisitions, resulting in increased debt, increased interest expense, and compliance with debt covenants or other restrictions; the potential variability of the amount and form of any performance-based consideration; negative changes in general economic conditions in the regions or the industries in which we or our target operate; and impairment of relationships with, or loss of our or our target’s employees, vendors and customers, which could adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects. We have also in the past sought, and may in the future seek, to divest ourselves of businesses, dispose of assets, cease investments, or wind down joint ventures or manufacturing alliances. Current market conditions may increase the difficulty and costs of finding buyers and may cause us to obtain less-favorable transaction terms. Winding down joint ventures or manufacturing alliances may cause us to be subject to penalties, unrecoverable initial investments, and other losses. In 26 addition, in the case of the divestiture of manufacturing facilities, we may be obligated to rely on buyers’ wafer production in order to fulfil existing customer commitments in the short run. Further, our strategic investments may generate losses up to the value of the investment. In addition, we have invested and may continue to invest in private companies to further our strategic objectives and to support certain key business initiatives. These companies can include early-stage companies still defining their strategic direction. Many of the instruments in which we invest are non-marketable and illiquid at the time of our initial investment, and we are not always able to achieve a return. To the extent any of the companies in which we invest are not successful, we could recognize an impairment and/or lose all or part of our investment. Our investment portfolio contains industry sector concentration risks, and a decline in any one or multiple industry sectors could increase our impairment losses. Political, Regulatory and Legal Risks Environmental, health and safety laws and regulations expose us to liability and risk of non-compliance, and any such liability or non-compliance could adversely affect our business. In each jurisdiction in which we operate, our operations are subject to diverse environmental, health and safety laws and regulations that govern, among other things, emissions of pollutants into the air, wastewater discharges, the use and handling of hazardous substances, waste disposal, the investigation and remediation of soil and ground water contamination and the health and safety of our employees. Semiconductor manufacturing depends on a wide array of process materials, including hazardous materials that are subject to local, state, national and international regulations. These materials, our manufacturing operations and our products and services are subject to diverse environmental, health and safety laws, regulations and regulatory requirements. Sourcing of materials could also present reputational risks if our direct or indirect suppliers are found to be in violation of environmental health and safety regulations, or ethical or human rights regulations or standards. Regulatory changes, including restrictions on new or existing materials critical to our manufacturing processes, proposed regulations to address emerging contaminants such as per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, increased restrictions related to discharges into water, air emissions and hazardous substances, changes to necessary permitting requirements, or changes in interpretations, could cause disruptions to our operations or necessitate additional costs or capital expenditures, such as those associated with identifying and qualifying substitute materials or processes, or with installing additional controls related to wastewater, air emissions or waste management. Regulatory limitations or restrictive covenants at contaminated properties could affect our ability to expand manufacturing operations or capacities and may affect our ability to import materials or equipment. Industrial accidents or releases, including those associated with storage, use, transportation or disposal of hazardous materials or wastes, could expose us to liabilities or remediation obligations and we may not have insurance coverage for such matters. Non-compliance with environmental, health and safety regulations or associated permit requirements may result in liabilities or monetary penalties. Non-compliance with or public controversy regarding environmental, health and safety matters could result in reputational harm. Certain environmental laws, including the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act and state equivalents, make us potentially liable on a strict, joint and several basis for the investigation and remediation of contamination at, or originating from, facilities that are currently or formerly owned or operated by us and third-party sites to which we send or have sent materials for disposal or materials for recycling, along with related natural resources damages. We could become subject to potential material liabilities for the investigation and cleanup of historic contamination (including, potentially, emerging contaminants) on the U.S. properties where we operate should the currently responsible parties cease their ongoing remediation efforts notwithstanding their contractual obligations to us. Regulations and customer-imposed requirements in response to climate change could result in additional costs related to changes in process materials, control of process emissions, “carbon taxes” or related fees, and sourcing of energy supplies. Increased frequency of extreme weather events, and chronic conditions like higher temperatures and droughts could cause disruptions to our manufacturing facilities, non-manufacturing operations and supply chain. We have policies, controls, and procedures designed to help ensure compliance with applicable laws, including as part of our Sustainability initiatives. However, there can be no assurance that our employees, contractors, suppliers or agents will not violate such laws or our policies, including due to inadvertent human error. Violations of these laws and regulations have resulted in, and in the future, can result in fines, criminal sanctions against us, our officers, or our employees, prohibitions on the conduct of our business, breach of covenants under our existing debt agreements that could result in events of default under such agreements, and damage to our reputation. Any of the foregoing factors could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects. We are subject to anti-corruption, anti-bribery, anti-money laundering, counter-terrorist financing laws and similar laws and regulations, and non-compliance with such laws, regulations and standards can subject us to administrative, criminal or civil liability and harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and reputation. 27 We are subject to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended (“FCPA”), U.S. anti-bribery laws and other anti-corruption, anti-bribery, anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing laws and regulations in the countries in which we conduct business. Anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws have been enforced aggressively in recent years and are interpreted broadly to generally prohibit companies, their employees and their third-party intermediaries from authorizing, offering or providing, directly or indirectly, improper payments or benefits to recipients in the public or private sectors. In connection with our international sales and business and sales to the public sector, we may engage with business partners and third-party intermediaries to market our products and services and to obtain necessary permits, licenses, and other regulatory approvals. In addition, our third-party intermediaries, or other business partners, may have direct or indirect interactions with officials and employees of government agencies or state-owned or affiliated entities. We can be held liable for corrupt or other illegal activities of these third-party intermediaries or other business partners, their employees, representatives, contractors, partners, and agents, even if we do not explicitly authorize such activities. Although we have policies and procedures to address compliance with such laws and regulations, there remains the risk that our employees and agents will take actions, unintentional or otherwise, in violation of our policies and applicable law, for which we may be ultimately held responsible. Additionally, failure to comply with applicable anti-corruption, anti-bribery, anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing laws and regulations, including violations that are unintentional or that we did not have knowledge of, could in the future result in a breach of covenants under our existing debt agreements which could result in an event of default. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risk Factors—Risks Related to Manufacturing, Operations and Expansion—Certain of our debt agreements contain covenants that may constrain the operation of our business, and our failure to comply with these covenants could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects.” for more information. Detecting, investigating and resolving actual or alleged violations of anti-corruption laws can require a significant diversion of time, resources and attention from senior management. In addition, noncompliance with anti-corruption, anti-bribery, anti-money laundering or counter-terrorist financing laws and regulations has subjected us and could in the future subject us to whistleblower complaints, investigations, sanctions, settlements, prosecution, enforcement actions, fines, damages, other civil or criminal penalties or injunctions, suspension or debarment from contracting with certain persons, reputational harm, adverse media coverage and other collateral consequences. In the past, we have experienced minor issues related to anti-corruption investigations involving vendors attempting to influence employees at our Singapore location. To date, we have not experienced any such investigations that were determined to be material to our business or financial results. If any subpoenas or investigations are launched, or governmental or other sanctions are imposed, or if we do not prevail in any possible civil or criminal proceeding, our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects could be materially and adversely affected. Even in the event of a positive outcome in such an investigation or proceeding, the cost of the investigation or defense could be significant and negatively affect our financial performance. These laws, regulations and standards require ongoing review and revision of many corporate policies and systems, often at significant expense. Until there is a settling of a consistent and stable global approach, our company, with customers and employees around the world, will be exposed to financial risk in complying with these requirements. Any of the foregoing factors could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects. We are subject to governmental export and customs compliance requirements that could impair our ability to compete in international markets or subject us to liability if we violate the controls. Our products and technology are subject to export controls in the jurisdictions where we do business. For example, in the United States, we are subject to the Export Administration Regulations and the International Traffic in Arms Regulations (“ITAR”). Under these regulations, certain commodities, software and technology may be exported only with the required export authorizations. Some technology and software that we create or possess is controlled under these regulations, and in certain cases, we are required to maintain controls limiting the access to such technology and software, even among our own employees. Furthermore, our activities may be subject to economic sanctions laws and regulations, including U.S. economic sanctions laws and regulations administered by the U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control that prohibit or restrict dealings that are within U.S. jurisdiction with, in or involving certain jurisdictions subject to comprehensive U.S. sanctions and certain designated persons and entities. We have corporate policies and procedures in place reasonably designed to ensure compliance with all applicable export control and economic sanctions laws and regulations. However, there can be no assurance that our employees, contractors, suppliers or agents will not violate such laws or our policies, including due to inadvertent human error. Failure to comply with applicable export and customs compliance requirements or applicable sanctions laws, including violations that are unintentional or that we did not have knowledge of, have impacted and could in the future impact covenants under our existing debt agreements and result in an event of default. We have in the past inadvertently violated certain of these regulations resulting in warning letters or immaterial penalties, which in turn triggered events of default under certain of our debt agreements. Although our lenders agreed to waive the defaults, there is no guarantee that we will always be able to obtain default waivers if such a breach were to occur again, and any inability to obtain such default waivers in the future following any such breach could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects. In some cases, our compliance obligations may result in the loss of sales opportunities. In other cases, we may experience delays in our ability to conduct business as we await government authorization. Violations of economic sanctions or export control regulations can result in significant administrative fines or penalties or even criminal prosecution. 28 In the past year, there has been a significant increase in the changes in these rules and regulations. Much of the compliance with these rules is based on automated systems that must be updated, in many cases manually. Those updates could be prone to human error, which would increase any risk of inadvertent violations. Also, in some cases, if updates are delayed, there will be an increased dependency on human oversight. In light of the large volume of products and shipments, this could also raise the risk of inadvertent violations. Any of the foregoing factors could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects. We have been, and may in the future be, subject to litigation that could result in substantial costs, divert or continue to divert management’s attention and resources, and materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects. We have been, and may continue to be, subject to legal proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of business, such as claims brought by our customers in connection with commercial disputes, product liability claims, employment claims made by our current or former employees or claims of infringement raised by intellectual property owners, in connection with the technology used in our manufacturing operations. The risk of such litigation may increase due to use of our products in safety-related systems of other advanced technologies, including automobiles. Any existing or future disputes, claims or proceedings could result in substantial costs and may divert management’s attention and resources. Insurance might not cover such claims, might not provide sufficient payments to cover all the costs to resolve one or more such claims and might not continue to be available on terms acceptable to us. A claim brought against us that is uninsured or underinsured could result in unanticipated costs, potentially harming our business, financial position and results of operations. Any of the foregoing factors could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects. Further, negative publicity arising from disputes, claims or proceedings may damage our reputation and adversely affect the image of our brand and our products. In addition, if any verdict or award is rendered against us, we could be required to pay significant monetary damages, assume other liabilities and even to suspend or terminate related business ventures or projects. If regular or statutory consultation processes with employee representatives such as works councils fail or are delayed, or if our employees were to engage in a strike or other work stoppage, our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects could be materially and adversely affected. We may be required to consult with our employee representatives, such as works councils, on items such as work hours, restructurings, acquisitions and divestitures. Although we believe that our relations with our employees, employee representatives, labor unions and works councils are satisfactory, no assurance can be given that we will be able to successfully extend or renegotiate these agreements as they expire from time to time or, in the case of transactions, to conclude potential consultation processes in a timely way. A significant number of our employees in Dresden, Germany are covered by collective bargaining agreements, and our employees in the U.S. could also potentially unionize. If we fail to extend or renegotiate our labor agreements, collective bargaining agreements, and social plans, if significant disputes with unions arise, or if our workers engage in a strike or other work stoppage, we could incur higher ongoing labor costs or experience a significant disruption of operations. We have in the past faced minor work stoppages at certain of our manufacturing facilities in connection with negotiations of labor agreements. While none of these past incidents have resulted in material impacts to our production, there can be no assurance that there will not be material impacts to our production and our ability to timely provide products to our customers in the event that larger, longer or more frequent work stoppages occur in the future. Our collective bargaining agreements are typically subject to negotiation every one to two years, and our ability in the past to resolve such negotiations does not mean that we will be able to resolve future negotiations without strikes or disruptions, or on terms we consider reasonable. Any of the foregoing factors could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects. Currency and Interest Rate Risks We are exposed to foreign currency risk, which could materially adversely affect our expenses and profit margins and could result in exchange losses. The majority of our sales are denominated in U.S. dollars, and therefore, our revenue is not subject to foreign currency risk. However, an increase in the value of the U.S. dollar can increase the real cost to our customers of our products and services in those markets outside of the United States where we sell in U.S. dollars. Conversely, a weakened U.S. dollar can increase the cost of expenses such as our direct labor, raw materials and overhead that are incurred outside of the United States. These operating expenses are denominated in foreign currencies and are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Additionally, this could impact our capital expenditures with foreign suppliers we pay in non-U.S. dollar currencies. We also engage in financing activities in local currencies. Our hedging programs may not be able to effectively offset any, or more than a portion, of the impact of currency exchange rate movements. As a result, unfavorable changes in exchange rates could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, business and prospects. A portion of our debt is primarily based on floating interest rate benchmarks, and fluctuations in interest rates may have adverse effects on our financial condition and results of operations. 29 A portion of our debt is primarily based on floating interest rate benchmarks such as the Euro Interbank Offered Rate ("EURIBOR") and the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”). EURIBOR is a broad measure of the cost of Eurozone banks borrowing unsecured funds from counterparties in the euro wholesale money market. SOFR is a broad measure of the cost of borrowing cash overnight collateralized by U.S. Treasury securities. SOFR has a limited history, and the future performance of SOFR cannot be predicted based on its limited historical performance. Since the initial publication of SOFR, daily changes in the rates have, on occasion, been more volatile than daily changes in comparable benchmark or market rates and the level of SOFR over time may bear little or no relation to historical, actual or indicative data. Prior observed patterns, if any, in the behavior of market variables and their relation to SOFR, such as correlations, may change in the future. While EURIBOR has a longer history, similar to SOFR, historical patterns and data may not be indicative of future performance. Although EURIBOR rates have been on a decline in recent years and has at times been or remained negative, there can be no assurance that rates will continue to trend in similar ways. There is also no guarantee that the methodology and inputs for EURIBOR will stay the same over time, and any shifts in methodology could result in volatility and changes to EURIBOR rates that could impact our debt instruments. Additionally, while EURIBOR has survived the launch of new risk-free rates such as €STR in 2019, EURIBOR is still subject to risks of operational disruption and discontinuation. Because a portion of our debt is primarily based on floating interest rate benchmarks (including EURIBOR and SOFR), fluctuations in interest rates could have an effect on our business. We currently utilize, and may in the future utilize, derivative financial instruments such as interest rate swaps or interest rate caps to hedge some of our exposure to interest rate fluctuations, but such instruments may not be effective in reducing our exposure to interest fluctuations, and we may discontinue utilizing them at any time. As a result, we may incur higher interest costs if interest rates increase. These higher interest costs could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and the levels of cash we maintain for working capital. Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors, including governmental monetary policies, domestic and international economic and political conditions, and other factors beyond our control. If EURIBOR and/or SOFR increase as a result of events over which we have no control, this could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. If EURIBOR and/or SOFR increase, our debt service obligations would increase even if the amount borrowed remained the same, and our net loss will increase and cash flows from operating activities, including cash available for servicing our indebtedness, will correspondingly decrease. Risks Related to Changes in Effective Tax Rate and Accounting Principles Changes in our effective tax rate or tax liability may have an adverse effect on our results of operations. Our effective tax rate or tax liability could increase due to several factors, including, but not limited to: •changes in the relative amounts of income before taxes in the various jurisdictions in which we operate that have differing statutory tax rates; •changes in tax laws, tax treaties and regulations or the interpretation of them; •changes to our assessment about our ability to realize our deferred tax assets that are based on estimates of our future results, the prudence and feasibility of possible tax planning strategies, and the economic and political environments in which we do business; •the outcome of current and future tax audits, examinations or administrative appeals; •limitations or adverse findings regarding our ability to do business in some jurisdictions; and •significant changes to our majority ownership may inhibit our utilization of net operating losses and certain tax attributes against future income tax liabilities. Changes such as these that affect our effective tax rate could materially and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. Our international operations subject us to potentially adverse tax consequences. We generally conduct our international operations through subsidiaries and report our taxable income in various jurisdictions worldwide based upon our business operations in those jurisdictions. Our intercompany relationships are subject to complex transfer pricing regulations administered by taxing authorities in various jurisdictions. The relevant taxing authorities may disagree with our determinations as to the value of assets sold or acquired or income and expenses attributable to specific jurisdictions. If such a disagreement were to occur, and our position were not sustained, we could be required to pay additional taxes, interest, and penalties, which could result in one-time tax charges, higher effective tax rates, reduced cash flows, and lower overall profitability of our operations. Legislative bodies and government agencies in the U.S. and other countries, as well as the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (“OECD”) have focused on issues related to the taxation of multinational corporations. One example is in the area of “base erosion and profit shifting,” for which the OECD has released several components of its comprehensive plan that have been adopted and expanded by many taxing authorities to address perceived tax abuse and 30 inconsistencies between tax jurisdictions. As a result, the tax laws in the U.S. and other countries in which we do business could change on a prospective or retroactive basis, and any such changes could adversely affect our business and financial statements. The jurisdictions in which we conduct business where we are primarily subject to income taxes are Germany, Singapore and the United States, and these jurisdictions may also have the most material OECD Pillar 2 impacts. As a result, global minimum corporate tax rate and any other implemented changes in these jurisdictions could significantly increase tax uncertainty due to differing interpretations and increased audit scrutiny. The Company was not impacted by Pillar 2 top-up minimum tax in 2024 and was not materially impacted in 2025. We will continue to monitor and evaluate the impact of OECD policy changes as it could materially affect our financial results, including our earnings and cash flows. In addition, our status as a Controlled Company due to Mubadala’s majority ownership interest may subject us to further complexities related to OECD initiatives as further OECD and jurisdictional guidance is released. In July 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (“OBBBA”) was signed into U.S. law. The OBBBA contained significant tax legislation which will impact the Company, including an increase to the AMITC under the CHIPS Act from 25% to 35%, beginning in tax year 2026. The OBBBA also allows for immediate deduction of certain research and development costs rather than capitalization and amortization, expands 100% accelerated tax depreciation for most qualified property placed in service in 2025 and future years, modifies the interest deduction limitations under IRC Section 163(j), and contains various international tax law changes. The Company has analyzed the legislation and determined no impact to the effective tax rates for fiscal years 2025 or 2026 and does not expect a material impact to fiscal year 2027 cash flows due to payments of the enhanced CHIPS Act AMITC. See also Note 3 to our Annual Consolidated Financial Statements. Risks Related to Our Status as a Controlled Company and Foreign Private Issuer Our majority shareholder, Mubadala, will continue to have substantial control over the Company, which could limit our ability to influence the outcome of key transactions, including a change of control, and otherwise affect the prevailing market price of our ordinary shares. Mubadala beneficially owns, in the aggregate, approximately 81% of our outstanding ordinary shares. See “Item 7. Major Shareholder and Related Party Transactions.” In addition, we have entered into a shareholder’s agreement with Mubadala, which entitles Mubadala, subject to the level of Mubadala’s beneficial ownership of our ordinary shares, to certain consent rights and director nomination rights and, from time to time, we contract with Mubadala to provide management and operations support. As a result, Mubadala will continue to have significant influence over the management and affairs of our company, as well as the ability to control the outcome of matters submitted to our shareholders for approval, including the election of directors and the approval of significant corporate transactions, including any merger, consolidation or sale of all or substantially all of our assets and the issuance or redemption of equity interests in certain circumstances. The interests of Mubadala may not always coincide with, and in some cases may conflict with, our interests and the interests of our other shareholders. For instance, Mubadala could attempt to delay or prevent a change in control of our company even if such change in control would benefit our other shareholders, or attempt to force or accelerate a change in control even if such change in control would not benefit our other shareholders. Additionally, Mubadala could sell their shares at a discount. Any of the above could deprive our other shareholders of an opportunity to receive a premium for their ordinary shares. This concentration of ownership may also affect the prevailing market price of our ordinary shares due to investors’ perceptions that conflicts of interest may exist or arise, and because Mubadala may sell, or investors may perceive that Mubadala is likely to sell, a significant amount of our ordinary shares. As a foreign private issuer and a controlled company, we are not subject to certain corporate governance rules applicable to U.S.-listed companies. As a foreign private issuer that has listed our ordinary shares on Nasdaq, we rely on a provision in the Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards that allows us to follow Cayman Islands law with regard to certain aspects of corporate governance. This allows us to follow certain corporate governance practices that differ in significant respects from the corporate governance requirements applicable to U.S. companies listed on Nasdaq. For example, we are exempt from Nasdaq regulations that require a listed U.S. company to: •have a majority of the Board of Directors consist of independent directors; •require non-management directors to meet on a regular basis without management present; •have an independent compensation committee; •have an independent nominating committee; and •seek shareholder approval for the implementation of certain equity compensation plans and issuances of ordinary shares. As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted to follow home country practice in lieu of the above requirements. Our Audit, Risk and Compliance Committee (“Audit Committee”) is required to comply with the provisions of Rule 10A-3 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), which is applicable to U.S. companies listed on Nasdaq. Accordingly, we have a fully independent Audit Committee. 31 We are a foreign private issuer and, as a result, are not subject to U.S. proxy rules but are subject to reporting obligations that, to some extent, are more lenient and less frequent than those of a U.S. issuer. We are a non-U.S. company with foreign private issuer status. Because we qualify as a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, and although we follow the laws and regulations of the Cayman Islands with regard to such matters, we are exempt from certain provisions of the Exchange Act that are applicable to U.S. public companies, including: (i) the sections of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents or authorizations in respect of a security registered under the Exchange Act, (ii) the sections of the Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their stock ownership and trading activities and liability for insiders who profit from trades made in a short period of time and (iii) the rules under the Exchange Act requiring the filing of quarterly reports on Form 10-Q containing unaudited financial and other specified information, or current reports on Form 8-K, upon the occurrence of specified significant events. Foreign private issuers are required to file their annual report on Form 20-F within four months after the end of each fiscal year. Foreign private issuers are also exempt from the Regulation Fair Disclosure, aimed at preventing issuers from making selective disclosures of material information. As a result of the above, you may not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are not foreign private issuers. This may be the case even though we intend to make interim reports available to our shareholders, copies of which we are required to furnish to the SEC on a Form 6-K, and even though we are required to file reports on Form 6-K disclosing whatever information we have made or are required to make public pursuant to Cayman Islands law or distribute to our shareholders and that is material to us. On June 4, 2025, the SEC published a Concept Release on Foreign Private Issuer Eligibility (the “Concept Release”), inviting public comment on potential amendments to the definition of “foreign private issuer.” The Concept Release highlights possible approaches to amending the foreign private issuer definition, some of which could impact our eligibility to qualify as a foreign private issuer. To the extent the SEC adopts rules amending the definition of “foreign private issuer,” we may no longer qualify as a foreign private issuer in the future. If we lose our status as a foreign private issuer, or are required to list our shares on a foreign exchange to maintain our status as a foreign private issuer, it would increase our legal and financial compliance costs and make some activities highly time-consuming and costly, and members of our management would likely have to divert time and resources from other responsibilities to ensuring these additional regulatory requirements are fulfilled. If we lost our status as a foreign private issuer, we would be required to comply with the Exchange Act reporting and other requirements applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, which are more detailed and extensive than the requirements for foreign private issuers and the requirements under Cayman Islands law. We may also be required to prepare our financial statements in accordance with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles and make changes in our corporate governance practices in accordance with various SEC rules, resulting in significant compliance costs, operational complexity and increased regulatory exposure. We are a Cayman Islands exempted company and, because judicial precedent regarding the rights of shareholders is more limited under Cayman Islands law than that under U.S. law, you may have less protection for your shareholder rights than you would under U.S. law. Our corporate affairs are governed by our Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association (the “Memorandum and Articles of Association”), as amended and restated from time to time, the Cayman Islands Companies Act (as amended) (the “Cayman Companies Act”) and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders to take action against the directors, actions by minority shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors to us under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as that from English common law, which has persuasive, but not binding, authority on a court in the Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly defined as they would be under statutes or judicial precedent in some jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands has a less prescriptive body of securities laws than the United States. In addition, some U.S. states, such as Delaware, have more fulsome and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law than the Cayman Islands. As a result of all of the above, public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by management, members of the Board of Directors or controlling shareholders than they would as shareholders of a corporation incorporated in a jurisdiction in the United States. Specifically, subject to limited exceptions, under Cayman Islands law, a minority shareholder may not bring a derivative action against the Board of Directors. Our Cayman Islands counsel is not aware of any reported class actions having been brought in a Cayman Islands court. Class actions are not recognized in the Cayman Islands, but groups of shareholders with identical interests may bring representative proceedings, which are similar. Further, while Cayman Islands law allows a dissenting shareholder to express the shareholder’s view that a court-sanctioned reorganization (by way of a scheme of arrangement) of a Cayman Ltd. would not provide fair value for the shareholder’s shares, Cayman Islands statutory law does not specifically provide for shareholder appraisal rights in connection with a court sanctioned reorganization (by way of a scheme of arrangement). This may make it more difficult for you to assess the value of any consideration you may receive in a merger or consolidation (approved by way of a scheme of arrangement) or to require that the acquirer gives you additional consideration if you believe the consideration offered is insufficient. However, the Cayman Companies Act does provide a mechanism for a dissenting shareholder in a statutory merger or consolidation to apply to the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands for a determination of the fair value of the dissenter’s shares if it is not possible for the company and the dissenter to agree on the fair value of such shares within the time limits prescribed by the Cayman Companies Act. 32 In addition, a shareholder of a Cayman Ltd. has no general rights under Cayman Islands law to inspect corporate records and accounts or to obtain copies of lists of shareholders. Our Board will have discretion under the Memorandum and Articles of Association to determine whether or not, and under what conditions, our corporate records may be inspected by our shareholders, but we will not be obliged to make them available to our shareholders. This may make it more difficult for you to obtain information needed to establish any facts necessary for a shareholder motion or to solicit proxies from other shareholders in connection with a proxy contest. Our officers and directors presently have, and any of them in the future may have, additional fiduciary or contractual obligations to other entities, and, accordingly, may have conflicts of interest in determining to which entity a particular business opportunity should be presented. Our directors and officers presently have, and any of them in the future may have, additional fiduciary or contractual obligations to other entities pursuant to which such officer or director is or will be required to present a business opportunity to such entity, subject to his or her fiduciary duties under Cayman Islands law. Accordingly, they presently or in the future may have conflicts of interest in determining to which entity a particular business opportunity should be presented. These conflicts may not be resolved in our favor and a potential business opportunity may be presented to another entity prior to its presentation to us, subject to their fiduciary duties under Cayman Islands law. Our Memorandum and Articles of Association provide that, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law: (i) no individual serving as a director or an officer shall have any duty, except and to the extent expressly assumed by contract, to refrain from engaging directly or indirectly in the same or similar business activities or lines of business as us; (ii) we renounce any interest or expectancy in, or in being offered an opportunity to participate in, any potential transaction or matter which may be a corporate opportunity for any director or officer, on the one hand, and us, on the other; and (iii) no individual serving as a director or an officer shall have a duty to communicate or offer any such corporate opportunity to us, nor shall such individuals be liable to us for a breach of fiduciary duty solely by reason of the fact that such party pursues or acquires such corporate opportunity for himself or herself, directs such corporate opportunity to another person, or does not communicate information regarding such corporate opportunity to us. For a complete discussion of our executive officers’ and directors’ business affiliations and the potential conflicts of interest that you should be aware of, please see “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees” and “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions.” The Cayman Islands Economic Substance Act may affect our operations. The Cayman Islands has implemented economic substance legislation responsive to global OECD Base Erosion and Profit Shifting standards regarding geographically mobile activities. The International Tax Co-operation (Economic Substance) Act (the “Cayman Economic Substance Act”) requires certain reporting and economic substance requirements for “relevant entities” conducting “relevant activities”. As we are a Cayman Islands exempted company, compliance obligations include filing annual notifications stating whether we are carrying out any “relevant activities” and, if so, whether we have satisfied applicable economic substance tests. As of 2025, GlobalFoundries Inc. does not conduct any relevant activities in the Cayman Islands requiring economic substance reporting or satisfaction of economic substance tests. Our subsidiary, GLOBALFOUNDRIES Finance Inc., a Cayman Islands exempted company, conducts “financing business” as defined in the Cayman Economic Substance Act and satisfies the applicable economic substance and reporting requirements.. Failure to satisfy applicable requirements may subject us to penalties under the Cayman Economic Substance Act, including fines of up to CI$100,000 (approximately US$125,000) or, following two consecutive years of non-compliance, an order from the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands that a non-compliant entity be struck off. Risks Related to Operating as a Public Company Our management has identified material weaknesses in our ICFR and has concluded that our ICFR was not effective as of December 31, 2025, which may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition for future periods. Ensuring that we have adequate internal financial and accounting controls and procedures in place so that we can produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis is a costly and time-consuming effort that needs to be re-evaluated frequently. Our ICFR is a process meant to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. We regularly undertake the process of documenting, reviewing and improving our internal controls and procedures for compliance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (“Sarbanes-Oxley Act”), which requires annual management assessment of the effectiveness of our ICFR. Over the course of 2025, we completed the testing of our internal controls to comprehensively evaluate our controls. For the fiscal years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, our management identified material weaknesses in our ICFR. For further information on the material weaknesses identified by our management, see “Item 15—Controls and Procedures.” In light of the identified material weaknesses, our management concluded that our ICFR was not effective as of December 31, 2025. Although we are continuing to develop and implement several measures to remedy these material weaknesses, there is no assurance that the actions we are taking or plan to take will give us the results we expect, that our remediation plan will be effective, or that our remediation plan will be completed on the timelines that we expect. 33 In addition to the foregoing, during 2025 we undertook efforts to remediate the material weaknesses over ICFR identified for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023. For further information on the 2023 material weaknesses identified by management, see “Item 15—Controls and Procedures” in our Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024. As of December 31, 2024, we completed the remediation of the 2023 material weakness over ICFR related to the design and implementation of general IT user access controls for information systems that are relevant to the preparation of the consolidated financial statements. Notwithstanding the completion of such remediation, there is no assurance that such controls will continue to operate effectively or that additional material weaknesses will not be discovered in the future. See “Item 15—Controls and Procedures” for further discussion on remediation activities. If our efforts to remediate the material weaknesses are unsuccessful or if we are unable to maintain an effective internal control environment or effective disclosure controls or procedures, we may experience adverse effects to our business, financial condition or results of operations, and be unable to record, process and report financial information for future periods accurately and in a timely manner and make our required filings with government authorities, including the SEC. We cannot be certain that additional material weaknesses will not develop or be discovered in the future. In the course of remediating the material weaknesses, there may also be impacts to our disclosure controls and procedures, whereby we may not have the ability to prevent or detect on a timely basis (or at all) any material misstatement in the Company’s accounts or disclosures that could result in a material misstatement to the Company’s consolidated financial statements or other disclosures. Implementing any appropriate changes to our internal controls will require the attention of our officers and employees, entail substantial costs to modify our existing processes and take significant time to complete the change and any required training. In addition, investors’ perceptions that our internal controls are inadequate or that we are unable to produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis may harm the trading price of our ordinary shares, which could subject us to litigation or investigations requiring management resources and payment of substantial legal and other expenses, and make it more difficult for us to effectively develop, market and sell our products and services to new and existing customers. Any of these occurrences could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. We are incurring increased costs and expenses as a result of operating as a public company and our management is required to devote substantial time to compliance with our public company responsibilities and corporate governance practices. As a public company, we incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses related to compliance matters. We are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010, and the rules and regulations of Nasdaq, which impose various requirements on public companies, including establishment and maintenance of effective disclosure and financial controls and corporate governance practices. These requirements may invite lawsuits or shareholder actions that could distract management and negatively impact financial results due to required responses and increased our legal, accounting, and financial compliance costs and make some activities more difficult, time-consuming, and costly, and place significant strain on our personnel, systems and resources. These rules and regulations are often subject to varying interpretations, in many cases due to their lack of specificity, and, as a result, their application in practice may evolve over time as new guidance is provided by regulatory and governing bodies. This could result in continuing uncertainty regarding compliance matters and higher costs necessitated by ongoing revisions to disclosure and governance practices. Risks Related to our Ordinary Shares Future sales or distributions of our shares by Mubadala could depress the price of our ordinary shares. Sales by Mubadala in the public market or other distributions of substantial amounts of our ordinary shares, or the filing of a registration statement relating to a substantial amount of our ordinary shares, have in the past reduced, and could in the future depress, our ordinary share price. We have entered into agreements with Mubadala that provide a framework for our ongoing relationship, including a Shareholder’s Agreement and Registration Rights Agreement. Under the Registration Rights Agreement, Mubadala has the right, subject to certain conditions, to require us to file registration statements covering its shares or to include its shares in other registration statements that we may file. Mubadala has in the past, such as in May 2024, and may in the future conduct underwritten secondary sales of our ordinary shares pursuant to a registration statement filed by the Company. By further exercising its registration rights and selling a large number of additional shares in the future, Mubadala could cause the price of our ordinary shares to decline. We have not historically paid dividends on our ordinary shares, and while we may consider doing so in the future, we cannot assure you that we will ever pay cash dividends. We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our ordinary shares and do not have a current plan to do so. Consequently, investors must rely on sales of their shares of our ordinary shares after price appreciation, which may never occur, as the only way to realize any future gains on their investment. Investors seeking dividends should not purchase shares of our ordinary shares. Any future determination to pay dividends will be at the discretion of the Company’s Board of Directors (the “Board of Directors” or “Board”) and will be subject to or depend on, among other things, our compliance with applicable law, our business prospects, financial condition, results of operations, cash requirements and availability, debt repayment obligations, capital expenditure needs, the terms of any preferred equity securities we may issue in the future, 34 covenants in the agreements governing our current and future indebtedness, other contractual restrictions, industry trends and any other factors or considerations our Board of Directors may regard as relevant. Any cash dividends paid in the future could affect the trading price of our ordinary shares and decrease our cash reserves, which could reduce the amount of cash we have available to fund working capital, capital expenditures, strategic acquisitions or business opportunities, and other general corporate purposes. See “Item 8. Financial Information—A. Consolidated Financial Statements and Other Financial Information—Dividends and Dividend Policy.” We cannot guarantee that our stock repurchase program will be fully consummated or that it will enhance long-term stockholder value. In February 2026, we announced that our Board of Directors approved a share repurchase authorization of up to $500 million of our ordinary shares. The authorization is valid for an initial period of 12 months and may be modified, suspended or terminated at any time. Our repurchase program does not require us to repurchase any specific dollar amount or to acquire any specific number of ordinary shares. We cannot guarantee that the program will be fully consummated or renewed, or that it will enhance long-term stockholder value. The timing and amount of any repurchases, if any, will depend on factors such as our historical and expected business performance and cash and liquidity positions, the price of our ordinary shares, economic and market conditions and regulatory requirements. The program could also affect the trading price of our ordinary shares and increase volatility, and any announcement of a termination or change of this program may result in a decrease in the trading price of our ordinary shares. In addition, any purchases made under this program would diminish our cash reserves and therefore could reduce the amount of cash we have available to fund working capital, capital expenditures, strategic acquisitions or business opportunities, and other general corporate purposes. Anti-takeover provisions in our organizational documents and Cayman Islands law may discourage or prevent a change of control, even if an acquisition would be beneficial to our shareholders, which could depress the price of our ordinary shares and prevent attempts by our shareholders to replace or remove our current management. Our Memorandum and Articles of Association contain provisions that may delay, deter or prevent a tender offer or takeover attempts that shareholders may consider to be in their best interests, including attempts that might result in a premium being paid over the market price for the ordinary shares. These provisions are also designed, in part, to encourage persons seeking to acquire control of us to first negotiate with our Board of Directors. However, under Cayman Islands law, our Board of Directors may only exercise the rights and powers granted to them under our Memorandum and Articles of Association for a proper purpose and for what they believe in good faith to be in the best interests of the Company. Our Board of Directors is divided into three classes with staggered, three-year terms. Our Board of Directors has the ability to designate the terms of and issue preferred shares without shareholder approval. We are also subject to certain provisions under Cayman Islands law that could delay or prevent a change of control. Together these provisions may make more difficult the removal of management and may discourage transactions that otherwise could involve payment of a premium over prevailing market prices for our ordinary shares. Our Memorandum and Articles of Association provide that the courts of the Cayman Islands will be the exclusive forum for certain disputes between us and our shareholders, which could limit our shareholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for complaints against us or our directors, officers or employees. Our Memorandum and Articles of Association provide that unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the courts of the Cayman Islands will, to the fullest extent permitted by the law, have exclusive jurisdiction over any claim or dispute arising out of or in connection with our Memorandum and Articles of Association or otherwise related in any way to each shareholder’s shareholding in us, including but not limited to (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of any fiduciary or other duty owed by any of our current or former directors, officers or other employees to us or our shareholders, (iii) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the Cayman Companies Act or our Memorandum and Articles of Association, and (iv) any action asserting a claim against us governed by the “Internal Affairs Doctrine” (as such concept is recognized under the laws of the United States) and that each shareholder irrevocably submits to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts of the Cayman Islands over all such claims or disputes. Our Memorandum and Articles of Association provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, to the fullest extent permitted by law, the federal district courts of the United States will be the exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause or causes of action arising under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (“Securities Act”), or Exchange Act, including all causes of action asserted against any defendant named in such complaint. Our Memorandum and Articles of Association also provide that, without prejudice to any other rights or remedies that we may have, each of our shareholders acknowledges that damages alone would not be an adequate remedy for any breach of the selection of the courts of the Cayman Islands as exclusive forum and that accordingly we shall be entitled, without proof of special damages, to the remedies of injunction, specific performance or other equitable relief for any threatened or actual breach of the selection of the courts of the Cayman Islands as exclusive forum. This choice of forum provision may increase a shareholder’s cost and limit the shareholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other employees, which may discourage lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and other employees. Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any of our shares or other securities, whether by transfer, sale, operation of law or otherwise, shall be deemed to have notice of and have irrevocably agreed and consented to these provisions. There is uncertainty as to whether a court would 35 enforce such provisions, and the enforceability of similar choice of forum provisions in other companies’ charter documents (including exclusive federal forum provisions for actions, suits or proceedings asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act) has been challenged in legal proceedings. Additionally, our shareholders cannot waive compliance with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder. It is possible that a court could find this type of provisions to be inapplicable or unenforceable, and if a court were to find this provision in our Memorandum and Articles of Association to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving the dispute in other jurisdictions, which could have adverse effect on our business and financial performance. Our Memorandum and Articles of Association provide for indemnification of officers and directors at our expense, which may result in a major cost to us and hurt the interests of our shareholders because corporate resources may be expended for the benefit of officers and/or directors. Our Memorandum and Articles of Association and applicable law of the Cayman Islands provide for the indemnification of our directors and officers, under certain circumstances, against any liability, action, proceeding, claim, demand, costs, damages or expenses, including legal expenses, whatsoever which they or any of them may incur as a result of any act or failure to act in carrying out their functions in connection with our company, other than such liability (if any) that they may incur by reason of their own actual fraud, dishonesty, willful neglect or willful default. We will also bear the expenses of such litigation for any of our directors or officers, upon such person’s undertaking to repay any amounts paid, advanced, or reimbursed by us if it is ultimately determined that any such person shall not have been entitled to indemnification. This indemnification policy could result in substantial expenditures by us that we will be unable to recoup. We have been advised that, in the opinion of the SEC, indemnification for liabilities arising under federal securities laws is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act, and is, therefore, unenforceable. 36

A. History and Development of the Company GLOBALFOUNDRIES Inc. (“GlobalFoundries,” “GF,” “we,” “us,” or “our”) is an exempted company with limited liability that was incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Island in October 2008. Our principal executive offices are located at 400 Stonebreak Road Extension, Malta, New York, 12020, United States, and our telephone number is +1 (518) 305-9013. We have appointed Corporation Service Company as our agent to receive service of process with respect to any action brought against us in the United States under the federal securities laws of the United States or of any state in the United States. The address of the Corporation Service Company is 251 Little Falls Drive, Wilmington, DE 19808. GF is a leading global semiconductor manufacturer with operations spanning three continents. GF was established in 2009 when a wholly-owned subsidiary of Mubadala, acquired Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.’s (“AMD”) manufacturing operations in Dresden, Germany, as well as their fab project site in Malta, New York. Since our founding, we have achieved the following key milestones: We continue to expand our global manufacturing capacity, including through ongoing investments at our Malta, New York site, new advanced packaging capabilities in the United States, and expansions of our Dresden and Singapore fabs. These investments are supported in part by incentive programs including the U.S. CHIPS and Science Act, European Union semiconductor initiatives, and programs sponsored by the Singapore government. Proceeds received from government grants related to capital expenditures as of December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, were $148 million, $10 million and $138 million, respectively. Our capital expenditures including purchases of property, plant and equipment, intangible assets and capitalized development costs for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 amounted to $722 million, $625 million and $1.804 billion, respectively. We continue to build on our core strengths with strategic investments that broadened our role in AI and expanded our semiconductor design capabilities. Our website address is www.gf.com. Information contained on, or that can be accessed through our website is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report, and you should not consider information on our website to be part of this Annual Report. In addition, the SEC maintains an Internet website (www.sec.gov) that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information about issuers, like us, that file electronically with the SEC. B. Business Overview Since our founding, we’ve grown into a leading global semiconductor foundry, focused on delivering differentiated, essential chip technologies that enable billions of devices across a broad range of end markets, including automotive, communications infrastructure and data center, smart mobile devices, home and industrial IoT. We are the only scaled foundry with a global manufacturing footprint spanning the United States, Europe, and Asia operating for more than a decade. Our business strategy is built on three core pillars: 37 Creating differentiated, essential chip technology: We specialize in differentiated technologies engineered for high-performance, power efficiency, and scalability. These technologies support a wide array of critical customer applications, including advanced connectivity, power management, and high-speed data processing. Our portfolio includes six differentiated product lines: power, ultra-low power Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (“CMOS”), silicon photonics, radio frequency (“RF”), and feature-rich CMOS, and in 2025, we’ve expanded our customizable Intellectual Property (“IP”) offerings and RISC-V expertise, with the acquisition of MIPS Holding, Inc. (“MIPS”), a leader in AI and processor IP, to accelerate edge artificial intelligence and embedded computing innovation. We believe the continuing rapid adoption of AI technologies, particularly physical AI, is introducing broader workloads that are reshaping the requirements for semiconductors. Multi-modal sensing, distributed intelligence, actuation, memory and power efficiency are becoming critical for performance in the AI-driven chip sector. Our multi-year strategy is designed to enable us to compete in this growing market and increase in demand through our enhanced products and foundry capabilities, including through our recent acquisitions of MIPS, a leader in AI and processor IP, and Synopsys, Inc., which will allow us to offer a comprehensive processor IP suite tailored for physical AI applications. Delivering dependable, geographically diverse operations: GF operates four manufacturing sites globally – Malta, New York; Burlington, Vermont; Dresden, Germany; and Singapore – with design, development, and R&D centers in multiple international locations. Our multi-site technology qualifications and geographic diversity are designed to reduce concentration risk and enhance supply chain resilience. In addition, through a strategic partnership with a China-based foundry we are proceeding with plans to enable our customers to access GF production, performance, and quality to serve their domestic Chinese demand. Building deep customer and ecosystem partnerships: We serve a diverse customer base of global semiconductor designers and collaborate with a broad ecosystem of IP providers, Electronic Design Automation (“EDA”) vendors, design service firms, and Outsourced Semiconductor Assembly and Test (“OSAT”) partners. Our design enablement capabilities and integrated partnerships help accelerate customer time-to-market and optimize performance across use cases. Technology Solutions We focus on essential chip technologies spanning digital, analog, mixed-signal, RF, ultra-low power and embedded memory enabling the connected, secure and intelligent systems that power the digital world. To meet diverse customer requirements, we invest in a broad portfolio, including ultra-low power and feature-rich CMOS, RF, power, silicon photonics, advanced packaging and IP. Our core technologies such as FinFET, FD-SOI (“FDX™”), RF-SOI, SiGe, RF GaN, BCD and high-voltage BCD, power GaN and silicon photonics deliver the performance, efficiency and integration needed to support next-generation applications in connectivity, power management and high-speed data processing. Our wide range of differentiated solutions serve applications across the following end markets, as illustrated below: Smart Mobile Devices Home and Industrial IoT Communications, Infrastructure and Data Center Automotive FEATURE-RICH CMOS FR-CMOS ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ULTRA-LOW POWER CMOS FinFET ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ FDXTM ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ SILICON PHOTONICS SiPh ✓ ✓ RF RF-SOI ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ SiGe ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ RF GaN ✓ ✓ POWER BCD ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Power GaN ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ MIPS ✓ ✓ ✓ 38 End Markets We serve four primary end markets: (i) Automotive; (ii) Smart Mobile Devices; (iii) Home & Industrial IoT; and (iv) Communications Infrastructure & Data Center. Our Automotive and Home & Industrial IoT end markets require long lifetimes and high reliability; our Communications Infrastructure & Data Center end market demands bandwidth and performance; and our Smart Mobile Devices end market prioritizes cost, power, and integration. Across all markets, customers increasingly value supply assurance and geographic diversity, which align with our global manufacturing footprint and multi-site qualification capabilities. Automotive Automotive applications increasingly rely on semiconductors for electrification, safety, connectivity and user experience. We manufacture devices used in advanced driver assistance systems (“ADAS”) – including radar front‑ends and signal‑processing components—power management for electric and hybrid vehicles, in‑vehicle networking, body and chassis control, infotainment and telematics. Smart Mobile Devices We provide differentiated semiconductors for smartphones, tablets and wearables, enabling cellular connectivity (sub‑6 GHz and millimeter wave), Wi‑Fi/Bluetooth, RF front‑end modules, sensors and sensor hubs, power management ICs, charging and audio components. These applications are highly cost‑ and power‑sensitive and operate on compressed design and qualification cycles. Home & Industrial IoT We serve the Home and Industrial IoT market, which includes connected home devices, industrial automation and control, building and energy management solutions, and edge AI sensing and compute applications. These applications demand long lifecycles, extended temperature ranges, robust security and ultra‑low‑power operation. This end-market also includes aerospace and defense systems requiring radiation-hardening, secure manufacturing and mission-critical reliability. Communications Infrastructure & Data Center This market includes wireless and wireline infrastructure (5G, 6G), optical networks, satellite communications, and data center interconnect. Key devices—such as RF front-end components, transceivers, timing ICs, and optical modulators—require high linearity, low noise, power efficiency, and thermal stability. Data center deployments also demand high bandwidth, low latency, and energy efficiency. The following chart illustrates our revenue mix based on customer end markets: Revenue by End Markets 2025 2024 2023 Net Revenue Percentage Net Revenue Percentage Net Revenue Percentage Automotive 1,410 21% 1,206 18% 1,046 14% Smart Mobile Devices 2,678 39% 3,048 45% 3,023 41% Home and Industrial IoT 1,189 18% 1,267 19% 1,604 22% Communications, Infrastructure & Data Center 745 11% 577 9% 863 12% Non-Wafer Revenue 769 11% 652 10% 856 11% Total 6,791 100% 6,750 100% 7,392 100% In addition, for a breakdown of our revenue by geography (based on the location of our customers’ headquarters), see Note 31. Operating Segments Information. Seasonality Our revenue is subject to some seasonal variation and has historically been lower in the first half of the year. The seasonal sales trends for semiconductor services and products closely mirror those for automotive, consumer electronics, communication and computer sales due to increased holiday consumer spending. Customers and Sales We primarily sell our manufacturing services through a direct sales organization supported by technical account managers and customer application engineers, who work closely with customers to understand and meet their design and production requirements. This direct engagement is complemented by our GlobalSolutions® partner ecosystem, which includes IP providers, EDA vendors, OSAT partners, and design service firms, enabling us to offer a comprehensive design-to-silicon solution. We also leverage digital customer platforms, such as GF Connect, to streamline collaboration, design enablement, and support across the product lifecycle. 39 Recent Industry and Market Dynamics Competition The foundry segment of the semiconductor industry is highly competitive globally. Our competitors include major pure-play foundries as well as IDMs that offer their own foundry services. We compete primarily in areas such as technology leadership and differentiation, manufacturing yields, time-to-volume production and cycle time, pricing and customer service, and design support. We believe that our global footprint is one of our key advantages, appealing to customers seeking geographically diversified suppliers. This strategic positioning is designed to enable us to provide a reliable supply of semiconductor products globally. Government Regulations In November 2024, the Company entered into a Direct Funding Agreement with the U.S. Department of Commerce for up to $1.5 billion in planned direct funding of Company projects in Malta, New York, and Burlington, Vermont, under the CHIPS and Science Act. We believe that these projects will enable us to expand and create new manufacturing capacity and capabilities to securely produce more essential chips for automotive, IoT (which includes aerospace and defense), smart mobile devices and data center and communications. The funding will support three GF projects: expansion of our existing Fab 8 facility in Malta, New York, construction of a new state-of-the-art fab on the Fab 8 campus, and modernization of our Fab 9 facility in Burlington, Vermont. In January 2025, an additional $75 million of proposed funding was added to the Direct Funding Agreement to support GF’s plans to create a new center for advanced packaging and testing of essential chips at the Fab 8 facility. In 2025, we received funding for the achievement of the first two milestones for the expansion of the Fab 8 facility. In 2025, the Company executed an agreement with the State of New York to secure $570 million to further support the Fab 8 projects. Subject to market requirements and customer demand as well as receipt of expected government funding, among other factors, GF plans to invest more than $16 billion over the next 10 or more years across its two U.S. sites. See “Item 3. Key information – D. Risk Factors – Political, Regulatory and Legal Risks" for additional details. We are subject to a wide range of environmental, health, and safety laws and regulations, which guide our practices in areas such as air emissions, wastewater management, handling of hazardous substances, and waste disposal. Our products and technology subject to export controls in the regions where we operate. See “Item 4. Information on the Company – Employee Safety, Health and Well-being” and “Item 4. Information on the Company – Environmentally Sustainable Manufacturing and Operations” for more information on the Company’s policies related to these topics. Additionally, we are subject to anti-corruption, anti-bribery, anti-money laundering, and counter-terrorist financing laws, and have adopted policies and practices reflecting our dedication to ethical business practices and regulatory compliance across all jurisdictions in which we conduct business. Raw Materials We use various raw materials during our manufacturing processes, such as silicon wafers, gases, chemicals and photoresist, many of which are not commodities that can be easily replaced with substitutions. Although most of our raw materials are available from multiple suppliers, we procure some of our raw materials from sole-sourced suppliers, including raw materials that are significant to our production operations. From time to time, we are advised of shortages of raw materials that could impact our operations. We work closely with our existing vendors to support their efforts to provide us with uninterrupted supply and continue to seek alternative suppliers and substitute materials. We regularly review raw material supply, and we maintain a safety stock depending on the critical nature of materials, typical lead times, shelf life and sourcing status. In addition, due to our global footprint, with fabs on three continents, we believe we have the ability to diversify our supply chain and leverage alternative sources for key supplies. One of the most important raw materials used in our production processes is silicon wafers, which is the basic raw material from which ICs are made. In order to secure a reliable and flexible supply of high-quality wafers, we have entered into multiple long-term agreements with the majority of our principal suppliers, the largest of which is Soitec. We believe the close relationships with our silicon wafer suppliers allows us to maintain a sufficient supply of silicon wafers. Research and Development We have a strong commitment to R&D, focusing efforts primarily on delivering a comprehensive and expanded portfolio of highly-differentiated, essential chip solutions for our customers. As of December 31, 2025, we had approximately 1,600 employees dedicated to R&D. We invest across a wide spectrum of innovation from advanced materials and substrates to chip architecture, integration, and packaging, while also expanding services and strengthening our ecosystem partnerships. We have developed and continue to develop resources that allow our customers to develop innovative products to fuel the global economy. In 2025, 2024 and 2023, we spent $518 million, $496 million and $428 million, respectively, on R&D, which represented approximately 8%, 7% and 6% of our net revenue in each respective year. Intellectual Property We rely on IP rights, particularly patents and trade secrets, as well as contractual arrangements, to protect our core process and design enablement technologies and provide our customers with protected technology to enable their mission-critical offerings. As of December 31, 2025, we held approximately 6,400 U.S.-issued patents and approximately 2,000 patents 40 issued outside of the United States. We periodically conduct in-depth reviews of our patents and the industry’s manufacturing technologies, and we cull patents having limited or no value, yielding both savings in patent office maintenance fees and a strong, active patent portfolio. We have entered into patent cross-licenses with a number of other leading advanced semiconductor companies, including AMD, Samsung, TSMC and IBM. These cross-licenses provide us with valuable freedom of operation under patents owned or subsequently divested by such companies. As is common practice in the semiconductor industry, we have periodically received communications from third parties, asserting patents that allegedly cover certain of our technologies, and we expect to receive similar communications in the future. Some of the patents asserted against us are not valid based on pre-existing prior art, and we have successfully defended ourselves using inter partes review (“IPR”) and other procedures in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Many of our agreements with our customers and partners require us to defend such parties against certain IP infringement claims and indemnify them for damages and losses arising from certain intellectual property infringement claims against them, which could result in us incurring significant costs and devoting significant management resources See 3. Key Information – D. Risk Factors – Risk Factors – Risks Related to Intellectual Property – We have been, and may continue to be, subject to intellectual property disputes, which are costly and may subject us to significant liability and increased costs of doing business.” Responsible Business Initiatives We are dedicated to ethical and responsible business practices, the personal and social well-being of our employees, and supply chain and environmental stewardship. Responsible business initiatives are fundamental to our culture and our value proposition to our customers, the communities in which we live and do business, and our full range of global stakeholders. Employee Safety, Health and Well-being Our Journey to Zero commitment is the leading theme of our Global Environmental Health and Safety (“EHS”) Policy and Standards, which serves as the foundation of health and safety programs at each of our manufacturing locations. We strive to continuously reduce occupational injuries and illnesses in all of our operations, and aspire to achieve the goal of zero annual incidents. Our enterprise-wide health and safety management system is certified to the ISO 45001:2018 standard. Environmentally Sustainable Manufacturing and Operations Semiconductor manufacturing is generally resource intensive. Therefore, our Journey to Zero commitment also represents our pursuit of sustainable and environmentally efficient operations, seeking to minimize environmental- and climate-related impacts from our operations through pollution prevention and resource conservation. Our Global EHS Policy and Standards establish a continual improvement process and performance requirements that apply throughout the company. Our enterprise-wide environmental management system is certified to the ISO 14001:2015 standard. In 2021, we launched our Journey to Zero Carbon commitment that aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In 2025, we submitted an increased commitment to the Science Based Targets Initiative to reduce Scope 1 and Scope 2 greenhouse gas emissions by 42% by 2030, compared to a 2021 baseline. In 2024, we announced our commitment to achieve net-zero greenhouse gas emissions and 100% carbon-neutral power by 2050, in alignment with the Paris Agreement goals. Responsible Sourcing As a member of the Responsible Business Alliance (“RBA”), we are committed to responsible sourcing practices. We progressively apply the RBA Code of Conduct to our major suppliers and monitor its application. We encourage and support our suppliers to do the same in our continuous pursuit of excellence in corporate responsibility and extension of responsible practices throughout the supply chain. Technology Solutions for Humanity We are focused on creating innovations in the largest and most pervasive segments of the semiconductor industry. As power efficiency has become a critical success factor for the semiconductor industry, we strive to develop solutions that can lower the power consumption of digital technology. Human Capital We believe that our success rests on empowering employees to bring their authentic selves to the company and that building a culture of anti-discrimination and inclusion drives better business outcomes. As a global company, we recognize and value the wide variety of cultural values, traditions, experiences, education and perspectives of our team and communities. As of December 31, 2025, we employed a multicultural workforce across three continents, representing more than 86 nationalities across 17 countries. We believe that our culture of inclusion leads to higher levels of belonging, engagement and ultimately, higher-performing teams. We strive to improve the employee experience on all aspects of the employee lifecycle, including recruitment, retention, professional development, and advancement of a wide range of talent, skills, experiences and perspectives. We use an annual engagement survey process to help measure employee engagement and our workforce culture strategy progress. 41 Global Support Strategy We have continued to grow our operations in India, Malaysia and Bulgaria as an important part of our global support strategy. Our operations in those locations span a broad range of functions including engineering, operations support, design enablement, procurement, IT and Human Resources. Community Support and Engagement We have a long history of community involvement, with well-established programs and global and local teams dedicated to enriching the lives of the people in our communities around the world. Through our worldwide GlobalGives program, we provide employees with the opportunity to make a positive impact in their local communities through personal donations, company-matched donations as well as through volunteering their time. C. Organizational Structure The following is a chart of our corporate structure as of December 31, 2025: *Please refer to Note 28. Related Party Disclosures to our Annual Consolidated Financial Statements for more information on our subsidiaries. D. Property, Plant and Equipment We have four world-class manufacturing sites on three continents, providing the scale, technology differentiation and geographic diversification that we believe are critically important to our customers’ success. We currently operate four manufacturing sites in the following locations: Dresden, Germany; Singapore; Malta, New York; and Burlington, Vermont. The total clean room space is approximately 239,000 square meters spread across our four manufacturing sites. 42 We have continued to invest in our capacity footprint and at the end of 2025 our total installed capacity was approximately 2.8 million wafers per annum. The rate and pace at which we expect to increase shipments within our capacity footprint will be subject to, among other things, a reduction in channel inventory across the end markets we serve, improvement in the global macro-economic landscape and increased customer demand. The following table describes each of our manufacturing facilities and their key technologies as of December 31, 2025: ● Production 300mm 200mm ◍ Development Malta, NY Germany Singapore China(1) Burlington, VT Singapore ULP CMOS FinFET ● FDX ● ● Adv Packaging ◍ ◍ SiPh Photonics ● ● Feature Rich CMOS 22 CMOS ◍ 28 CMOS ● ◍ 40/45 CMOS ◍ ● ● ◍ 55-90 CMOS ● 110-180 CMOS ● ● ● Power 55 BCDx ● ● 130 BCDx ● ◍ 150-180 BCDx ● ● GaN Power ◍ RF SOI SWSOI ● ● ● Other RFSOI ● ● ● SiGe ● ● ● GaN RF ◍ (1) Not a wholly owned Fab. Each site is equipped with thousands of highly sophisticated pieces of manufacturing equipment and tools. We currently have more than 7,000 tools across all of our fabs. Each site has dedicated power, water, gas and chemical distribution systems. Various assets have been pledged to secure borrowings under pledged agreements for the Company. See Note 13. Long-Term Debt to our Annual Consolidated Financial Statements. The majority of our manufacturing facilities are built on land we own, with the exception of our Malta, New York, and Singapore fabs, which are built on land leased to the Company by the industrial development agencies of their respective regions. Occasionally, we announce plans to expand our global capacity including those discussed elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 20-F. The anticipated timing and capacity of these proposed expansions or modernizations are always contingent on market demand, the receipt of anticipated funding, whether public or private, achievement of conditions for receipt of certain public funding, and customer commitments for secured supply. See “Item 4. Information on the Company – B. Business Overview—Recent Industry and Market Dynamics—Government Regulations” for a discussion of plans announced relating to Fab 8, and “Item 3. Key Information – D. Risk Factors – Risk Factors – Risks Related to our Business and Industry and Risks Related to Strategic Transactions” for a discussion of plans announced relating to strategic transactions. 43

You should read the following discussion and analysis together with the consolidated financial statements and the notes to such statements included in this Annual Report. This discussion may contain forward-looking statements based upon current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth under “Item 3. Key Information – D. Risk Factors” or in other parts of this Annual Report on Form 20-F. A discussion of the changes in our results between the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024, has been omitted from this Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2025. In order to view that discussion, please see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects – A. Operating Results” and “Item 5. Operating and Financial Reviews and Prospects – B. Liquidity and Capital Resources” in our Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2024, filed with the SEC on March 20, 2025, which is available on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov and our website at https://gf.com/. Overview In 2025, the semiconductor industry began to recover from the cyclical downturn experienced in prior periods. Customers reduced excess inventory levels, resulting in a gradual normalization of demand across most major end markets. In addition, tariffs and geopolitical tensions reinforced the importance of semiconductor supply resilience and flexibility – key characteristics offered by GF’s unique and diverse geographic footprint. Against this backdrop, GF made substantial progress toward its strategic objectives in 2025. Notably, the Company achieved a record number of design wins, reflecting strong customer engagement and confidence in our differentiated technology solutions. We also completed the strategic, complementary acquisitions of AMF, MIPS and Infinilink, which expanded our technology portfolio and enhanced our ability to serve complementary markets. GlobalFoundries remains one of the world’s leading semiconductor foundries, manufacturing complex ICs that enable billions of electronic devices that are pervasive throughout nearly every sector of the global economy. Our ability to attract a significant share of single-sourced products is supported by our scaled manufacturing footprint and highly differentiated technology offerings. As we look forward, factors influencing our business performance include: •Global demand for semiconductor products •Customer demand for diversified global semiconductor supply including non-China and non-Taiwan based suppliers •Design wins with new and existing customers •Single-sourced revenue mix •Technology solutions mix and pricing •Long-term agreements •Supply chain •Shipment utilization •Government policy and grants, see “Item 4. Information on the Company - Government Regulations.” Global Demand for Semiconductor Products The principal source of our revenue is wafer fabrication and sales of finished semiconductor wafers, which accounted for approximately 89% of our net revenue in 2025. The rest of our net revenue was mainly derived from photomask manufacturing, sourcing services, post-fab manufacturing services and earning intellectual property license and royalty fees. Demand for these products is dependent on market conditions in the end markets in which our customers operate, which are generally subject to seasonality, as well as macroeconomic, cyclical and competitive conditions. Semiconductor Industry Cycle We believe that semiconductor customers in the end markets we serve reduced some of their excess inventory built up in the prior two years. Inventory dynamics vary by customer and end market, with some pockets of elevated inventory persisting compared to historical averages, particularly in the consumer centric end markets. The industry remained subject to volatility due to uncertainties in global trade policy and the macroeconomic environment. These factors led to incremental caution and uncertainty in the demand outlook, particularly for consumer-centric end markets. The company continues to monitor and adapt to changes in key macro indicators, such as inflation, interest rates, and GDP growth. The company remains focused on executing its strategic priorities, including but not limited to: 1) deepening customer and ecosystem relationships, 2) achieving operational scale and efficiencies across our manufacturing footprint, 3) pursuing continuous improvement in cost optimization, 4) investing in a diversified and differentiated product portfolio. 44 Technology Megatrends Technology megatrends including IoT, physical AI, satellite communications, cloud and next-generation automotive are reshaping the global economy. A significant driver of semiconductor demand has been, and we believe will continue to be, growth in intelligent, connected and AI-enabled edge devices, which are transforming business functions across all sectors. The wide-scale adoption of mobile devices and software solutions has increased expectations for high-speed connectivity, convenience and security in all applications. This is serving as a catalyst for increased semiconductor content in nearly every industry, and we believe that accelerated adoption of technologies such as video conferencing, telemedicine and e-education will serve to drive increased requirements for these technologies going forward. Additionally, the electrification of automobiles, including autonomous driving applications, are contributing to an increase in semiconductor sensors. Semiconductors are increasingly integral to the performance, safety and comfort of automotive vehicles, and we believe the continued electrification of automobiles will only further accelerate this trend. Single-sourced Revenue Mix We manufacture products based on a combination of our own technologies and our customers’ IP, resulting in a significant number of products that can only be sourced from us. Our sales and marketing strategy centers on deepening relationships with top customers and investing in technologies to become their single-source supplier for mission-critical applications. We believe a key measure of our success as a differentiated technology partner to our customers is the mix of our wafer shipment volume attributable to single-sourced business, which represented approximately 63% of wafer shipment volume in 2025. We define single-sourced products as those that we believe can only be manufactured with our technology or cannot be manufactured elsewhere without significant customer redesigns. We believe that single-sourced business will continue to represent a stable percentage of our wafer shipment volume. Technology Solution Mix and Pricing Product mix is among the most important factors affecting revenue and margins, as our wafer price varies significantly across technology platforms. The value of a wafer is determined principally by the uniqueness and complexity of the technology, performance characteristics, cost structure, yield and defect density. Devices with richer feature sets, higher performance, better yields and greater system-level integration require more substantial R&D investments and more complex manufacturing expertise and equipment, and thus generally command higher wafer prices. Demand, pricing and margins for our products depend on the volumes and features of the solutions we deliver. We continually monitor and work to reduce the cost of our products and improve the potential value that our solutions deliver to our customers as we target new win opportunities. While individual product prices may decline, we believe our R&D investments, differentiated product and single-sourced strategy should lead to improvements in pricing mix and overall margins if we compete effectively. Long-Term Agreements We derive a portion of our net revenue from sales to customers that purchase large volumes of our products. We have entered into multiple LTAs with leading companies in the industry. Many of these contracts include customer advanced payments and capacity reservation fees in order to secure future supply. As of December 31, 2025, the aggregate remaining revenue commitment reflected by LTAs was approximately $11 billion. These LTAs include binding, multi-year, reciprocal minimum purchase and supply commitments with wafer pricing and associated mechanics outlined for the contract term. From time to time our wafer revenue consists of restructuring or underutilization payments from customers unable to meet their volume commitments. We continue to collaborate closely with our customers to support their supply needs. Shipment Utilization We define shipment utilization as the ratio of wafer shipment volume divided by our estimated total capacity for wafer manufacturing in a specified period. Shipment utilization remains a very important factor in driving our financial performance, as we incur significant costs regardless of the number of wafers we actually produce. These fixed costs include staffing, electricity, infrastructure, depreciation and maintenance costs at each fab. Our average shipment utilization rate across our global fabs was 86% and 77% for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Factors affecting shipment utilization rates include efficiency in production facilities, complexity and mix of wafer types ordered by customers, including the impact of export controls and other regulatory changes affecting customers and competitors. Our production capacity is determined based on the capacity ratings of the equipment in the fab, adjusted for expected down time due to set up for production runs and maintenance and R&D. In 2025, we operated below our production capacity driven by customer demand and market conditions. Components of Results of Operations Net Revenue We generate the majority of our revenue from volume production and sales of finished semiconductor wafers, which are priced on a per-wafer basis for the applicable design. We also generate non-wafer revenue from rendering non-recurring engineering (“NRE”) services, mask production, process qualification, pre-fabrication services such as bump, test, and packaging, and earning intellectual property licenses and royalties. 45 Cost of Revenue Cost of revenue consists primarily of material expenses, depreciation and amortization, employee-related expenses, facility costs and costs of fixed assets, including maintenance and spare parts. Material expenses primarily include the costs of raw wafers, test wafers, photomasks, resists, process gases, process chemicals, other operating supplies and external service costs for wafer manufacturing. Costs related to NRE services are also included within the cost of revenue. As it pertains to inflation, inflationary headwinds and costs brought about by ongoing tariff uncertainties we are facing within our business, we have experienced an increase in costs for materials and energy, and we expect these increases to continue to have an adverse impact on our financial results of operations, while these economic conditions persist. Depreciation and amortization charges primarily include the depreciation of clean room production equipment. Commencement of depreciation related to construction in progress and property, plant and equipment involves determining when the assets are available for their intended use (see Note 3. Summary of Material Accounting Policies to our Annual Consolidated Financial Statements). Employee-related expenses primarily include employee wages and salaries, social security contributions and benefit costs for operators, maintenance technicians, process engineers, supply chain, IT production, yield improvement and health and safety roles. Facility costs primarily consist of the costs of electricity, water and other utilities and services. Operating Expenses Our operating expenses consist of R&D, selling, general and administrative expenses, restructuring charges, and impairment charges. Personnel costs are the most significant component of our operating expenses and consist of salaries, benefits, bonuses, share-based compensation, and commissions. Research and Development Our R&D efforts are focused on developing highly-differentiated process technologies and solutions. As part of our strategic repositioning, we shifted our R&D efforts to focus on technologies where we can deliver highly-differentiated solutions and discontinued our R&D-intensive single-digit node program. Our R&D expense includes personnel costs, material costs, software license and intellectual property expenses, facility costs, supplies, professional and consulting fees, and depreciation on equipment used in R&D activities. Our development roadmap includes new platform investments, platform features and extensions, and investments in emerging technology capabilities and solutions. We expense R&D costs as incurred. We believe that continued investment in our technology portfolio is important for our future growth and acquisition of new customers. We expect our R&D as a percentage of revenue to grow modestly over time driven by an increased focus on new product technologies. Selling, General and Administrative (“SG&A”) SG&A expenses consist primarily of personnel-related costs, including sales commissions to independent sales representatives and professional fees, including the costs of accounting, audit, legal, regulatory and tax compliance. Additionally, costs related to advertising, trade shows, corporate marketing and allocated overhead costs are also included in SG&A expenses. Based on our current business activities we expect our SG&A as a percentage of revenue to be relatively stable over time as expenses grow in line with increased revenue. Restructuring Charges We incurred restructuring charges related to a 2022 reduction in our global workforce (a small portion of which carried through to 2024), reduction in leased workspace and engaging consultants for strategic support. Impairment Charges Impairment charges relates to legacy investments in our production capacity at our fab in Malta, New York. Other Operating Charges Finance Income Finance income consists primarily of income related to investing activities. Finance Expenses Finance expenses consists primarily of interest on borrowings, amortization of debt issuance costs under our term loans, revolving credit facility, finance leases and the other credit facilities we maintain with various financial institutions. Other Income (Expense), net Other income (expense), net consists of one-time gains and losses and other miscellaneous income and expense items unrelated to our core operations, including gains and losses related to hedging activities. Income Tax Expense Income tax expense consists primarily of income taxes in certain foreign jurisdictions in which we conduct business, which mainly include Germany, Singapore and U.S. federal and state income taxes. 46 The following discussion covers items for and a comparison between the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024. A.Operating Results The following table sets forth our consolidated statements of operations data for the periods indicated: (in millions) For the year ended December 31, 2025 2024 Net revenue $ 6,791 $ 6,750 Cost of revenue(1) 5,101 5,099 Gross profit 1,690 1,651 Research and development expenses(1) 518 496 Selling, general and administrative expenses(1) 375 427 Restructuring charges — 7 Impairment charges — 935 Operating expenses 893 1,865 Income (loss) from operations 797 (214) Finance income 159 201 Finance expenses (93) (145) Other income (expense) 48 (12) Income (loss) before income taxes 911 (170) Income tax expense (23) (92) Net income (loss) $ 888 $ (262) (1)Includes share-based compensation expense as follows: (in millions) For the year ended December 31, 2025 2024 Cost of revenue $ 61 $ 58 Research and development $ 42 $ 31 Selling, general and administrative $ 102 $ 98 Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 Net Revenue (in millions) Year ended December 31, 2025 2024 Change % Change Net revenue $ 6,791 $ 6,750 $ 41 0.6 % Net revenue increased by $41 million, or 0.6%, for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. The year-over-year change was driven by higher wafer shipment volumes totaling 2.3 million (300mm equivalent), a 10.4% increase from prior period, and by a 17.9% increase in non-wafer revenue driven by stronger licensing fee revenue and non-recurring engineering services revenue. This was offset by a 10.4% decrease in average selling prices (“ASPs”) primarily attributable to lower pricing from certain customers in specific end markets, as well as lower underutilization payments from customers under long term agreements. 47 The following table presents the Company’s revenue disaggregated based on end markets for the years ended December 31, 2025, and 2024. End Markets (in millions): Year ended December 31, 2025 2024 Change % Change Smart Mobile Devices $ 2,678 $ 3,048 $ (370) (12.1) % Communications Infrastructure & Data Center 745 577 168 29.1 % Home and Industrial IoT 1,189 1,267 (78) (6.2) % Automotive 1,410 1,206 204 16.9 % Non wafer revenue 769 652 117 17.9 % Total $ 6,791 $ 6,750 $ 41 0.6 % For the year ended December 31, 2025, two of four end markets experienced growth compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. Communications, Infrastructure & Data Center grew 29.1% year-over-year, supported by growth in silicon photonics optical networking and satellite communications. Automotive increased 16.9% year-over-year, driven by continued content expansion, diversification and share gains, supported by growing business associated with the introduction of new products at key customers. Home and Industrial IoT declined 6.2% year over year, primarily due to a reduction of revenue from wafer shipments to certain aerospace and defense (“A&D”) customers with end-of-life products. Smart Mobile Devices decreased by 12.1% year-over-year, primarily due to lower underutilization payments from customers and pricing adjustments where customers are dual sourced. Additionally, non-wafer revenue increased 17.9% year-over-year, driven by strength in license activity and non-recurring engineering services revenue. Cost of Revenue (in millions) Year ended December 31, 2025 2024 Change % Change Cost of revenue $ 5,101 $ 5,099 $ 2 — % Gross margin % 24.9 % 24.5 % 40bps Cost of revenue remained relatively flat for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. The year-over-year stability in cost of revenue primarily reflects a 10.4% increase in shipments, offset by reduction in depreciation and amortization due to some of our manufacturing equipment being fully depreciated and to, a lesser extent, the impact of the 2024 impairment of certain long-lived assets. Gross margin increased to 24.9% for the year ended December 31, 2025 from 24.5% for the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase of 40 basis points was primarily driven by improved factory loading and lower factory spending, partially offset by reduced customer underutilization payments and capacity reservation fees and a decline in ASPs as discussed in the net revenue section above. Research and Development (in millions) Year ended December 31, 2025 2024 Change % Change Research and development expenses $ 518 $ 496 $ 22 4.4 % As a % of revenue 7.6 % 7.3 % Research and development expenses increased by $22 million, or 4.4%, for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. The change was a result of $11 million higher share-based compensation and $22 million higher employee-related expenses due to 28% increased headcount to support R&D efforts partially offset by $12 million lower R&D portfolio investments. 48 Selling, General and Administrative Expenses (in millions) Year ended December 31, 2025 2024 Change % Change Selling, general and administrative expenses $ 375 $ 427 $ (52) (12.2) % As a % of revenue 5.5 % 6.3 % Selling, general and administrative expenses decreased by $52 million, or 12.2%, for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. The change was primarily a result of $59 million higher tool sales gains, $17 million lower withholding tax related to an intercompany loan, and $19 million lower digital transformation expenses due to lower consulting spend, offset by an increase of $21 million employee-related expenses due to 17% increased headcount, increased depreciation and amortization of $12 million, higher stock based compensation of $4 million and a decrease of $3 million advanced manufacturing investment tax (“AMITC”). Finance income (in millions) Year ended December 31, 2025 2024 Change % Change Finance Income $ 159 $ 201 $ (42) (20.9) % Finance income decreased by $42 million, or 20.9%, for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. The decrease was primarily due to lower interest income generated from lower year-over-year cash balance and a decline in interest rates. Finance expense (in millions) Year ended December 31, 2025 2024 Change % Change Finance (expenses) $ (93) $ (145) $ 52 35.9 % Finance expenses decreased by $52 million or 35.9% for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. The decrease in interest expense was due to lower debt balances as a result of prepayment of the term loan in 2025. Other Income (expense), net (in millions) Year ended December 31, 2025 2024 Change % Change Other income (expense), net $ 48 $ (12) $ 60 *N/M *N/M - Not meaningful Other income (expense), net increased by $60 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase was primarily due to a $31 million gain on the remaining equity interest of a joint venture, a nonrecurring gain of $24 million recognized in connection with the liquidation of a manufacturing plant that was not material to the Company’s operations, $16 million increase in gains on equity investments and $7 million of increased interest income related to an AMITC refund. This was partially offset by a $9 million contingency loss and $8 million higher foreign exchange currency losses. Income tax expense (in millions) Year ended December 31, 2025 2024 Change % Change Income tax (expense) $ (23) $ (92) $ 69 75.0 % Income tax expense decreased by $69 million, or 75.0%, for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. The decrease is primarily due to $187 million of tax benefit from the recognition of German deferred tax assets that are no longer contingent, offset by $116 million of tax expense related primarily to the revaluation of Singapore deferred tax assets and liabilities and nondeductible expenses. 49 B.Liquidity and Capital Resources We have historically financed operations primarily through cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities, as well as cash generated from our business operations, including prepayments under LTAs, debt and government grants. As of December 31, 2025, our cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities balances of $4.0 billion included $1.8 billion of cash and cash equivalents and $2.2 billion of marketable securities. As of December 31, 2024, our cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities of $4.2 billion included $2.2 billion of cash and cash equivalents and $2.0 billion of marketable securities. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, we had an undrawn revolving credit facility of $1.0 billion. In addition to our available revolvers, we had $1.2 billion and $1.8 billion of debt outstanding as of December 31, 2025, and 2024, respectively, which was comprised of multiple term loans and other debt facilities in various currencies. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including our revenue growth rate, the timing and the amount of payments we receive from customers pursuant to our LTAs and other business arrangements, the timing and extent of spending to support development efforts, the introduction of new and enhanced products and solutions, the continuing market adoption of our platform, and our obligations to repay our indebtedness from time to time. We may from time to time seek to raise additional capital to support our growth. As of December 31, 2025, we believe that our existing cash, cash equivalents, investment in marketable securities, credit under our revolving credit facility, and expected cash generated from operations are sufficient to meet our capital requirements for at least the next 12 months and beyond. The following table shows a summary of our term loan facilities, other debt facilities, which consists of the loan agreement with Singapore Economic Development Board and our committed undrawn revolvers. (in millions) Year ended December 31, 2025 2024 Term loan facilities $ 53 $ 798 Other debt facilities $ 1,098 $ 1,008 Revolvers and letters of credit $ 1,011 $ 1,012 Government grants are also a source of capital. Those grants are primarily provided in connection with construction and operation of our wafer manufacturing facilities, employment and R&D. For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, we received $315 million and $107 million, respectively, in proceeds from government grants. The grants received in 2025 relate primarily to grant programs in Singapore and U.S. We monitor capital using a gearing ratio, which is net debt divided by total capital plus net debt. Our policy is to keep the gearing ratio within a range to meet our business needs. We may from time to time seek to raise additional capital to support our growth. Any equity financing we may undertake could be dilutive to our shareholders, and any additional debt financing we may undertake could require debt services and financial and operational requirements that could adversely affect our business. We cannot provide any assurance that we would be able to obtain future financing on favorable terms or at all. Cash Flows The following table shows a summary of our cash flows for the periods presented: (in millions) Years Ended December 31, 2025 2024 Change Cash provided by operating activities $ 1,731 $ 1,722 $ 9 Cash used in investing activities (1,274) (1,125) (149) Cash used in financing activities (845) (785) (60) Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents 5 (7) 12 Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents $ (383) $ (195) $ (188) Operating Activities Cash provided by operating activities was $1,731 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, a $9 million increase from the $1,722 million provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase reflects higher net income of $1,150 million due to the impact of prior-year impairment charges as well as $81 million of higher inflows from working capital driven by $218 million favorable movement in inventory as a result of inventory builds during 2024. Trade and other payables decreased by $72 million driven by capacity reservation fees offset by timing differences. Unfavorable movement in receivables and prepayments of $209 million was also largely attributable to reduced capacity reservation fees. Cash paid or received for interest and taxes increased $51 million driven by $59 million decrease of interest paid due to lower debt balances and $12 million decrease in taxes paid offset by $20 million lower interest received as a result of lower cash balances and interest rates. The favorable changes were offset by lower non cash adjustments of $1,273 million primarily due to the impact of prior-period impairment charges of $935 million and reduced depreciation and amortization of 50 $254 million driven by some manufacturing equipment being fully depreciated in 2025 and to a lesser extent, the impact of the 2024 impairment of certain long-lived assets. Investing Activities Cash used in investing activities was $1.3 billion for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to cash used in investing activities of $1.1 billion for the year ended December 31, 2024, reflecting a $149 million increase. The year-over-year change was primarily attributable to a $613 million increase in cash paid for acquisitions, $97 million higher purchases of property, plant and equipment and intangible assets and a $59 million increase in purchases of equity securities. These changes were offset by a $258 million decrease in purchases of marketable securities, $138 million increase in proceeds from government grants, $114 million increase in proceeds from the sales of property, plant and equipment, primarily related to tool sales, and $110 million higher proceeds from the sales and maturities of marketable securities. Financing Activities Cash used in financing activities was $845 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to cash used in financing activities of $785 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, reflecting a $60 million increase. The year-over-year increase was due to higher repayments of debt and finance lease obligations of $223 million, a $28 million decrease in proceeds from issuance of equity instruments, net of taxes paid, and $11 million decrease in net proceeds from borrowings. These were offset by the purchase of treasury stock for $200 million in 2024. Contractual Obligations As of December 31, 2025, we had $800 million of purchase commitments related to contracts for capital expenditures. Of the total balance, $619 million is due within the next 12 months as of December 31, 2025. See Note 30. Commitments and Contingencies to our Annual Consolidated Financial Statements for additional details. C.Research and Development, Patents and Licenses Refer to “Item 4. Information on the Company” for discussion on our research and development and intellectual property. D.Trend Information Please refer to “Item 5. Operating and Financial Reviews and Prospects – Executive Overview and Other Recent Events” for a discussion of material recent trends in our production, sales, costs and selling prices, and other known trends, uncertainties, demands, or other events that we believe are reasonably likely to have a material effect on our operating revenues, income from continuing operations, profitability, liquidity or capital resources, or that would cause reported financial information not necessarily to be indicative of future operating results or financial condition. E.Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates Our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”). Management must make certain estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements, based on experience, existing and known circumstances, authoritative accounting guidance and pronouncements and other factors that management believes to be reasonable, but actual results could differ materially from these estimates. To the extent there are differences between our estimates and actual results, our future financial statement presentation, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows will be affected. Note 4. Critical Accounting Judgments, Estimates and Assumptions to our consolidated financial statements contains a description that sets forth information about critical judgments, estimates and assumptions in applying accounting policies that have the most significant effect on the amounts recognized in the consolidated financial statements. Off Balance Sheet Arrangements During the periods presented, we did not have, and we do not currently have, any off-balance sheet financing arrangements or any relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, including entities sometimes referred to as structured finance or special purpose entities, that were established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes. Safe Harbor See “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Information.” 51